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Fluid Mechanics- The science that deals with the behavior of fluids at
rest or in motion, and the interaction of fluids with solids or other fluids at
the boundaries.
Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of FlowFlow
Viscosity- internal resistance to flow. measure of internal stickiness
of the fluid Occurs when two fluid layers move relative to each
other, a friction force develops between them as one tries to slow
down the other. Caused by cohesive forces between the molecules
in liquids, and by molecular collisions in gases. There is no fluid with
zero viscosity.
Viscous Flows- Flows in which the effects of viscosity are
significant are However, in many flows of practical interest, there
are regions (typically regions not close to solid surfaces) where
viscous forces are negligibly small compared to inertial or
pressure forces. Neglecting the viscous terms in such inviscid
flow regions greatly simplifies the analysis without much loss in
accuracy
Internal versus External Flow A fluid flow is classified as being
internal or external, depending on whether the fluid is forced to flow in
a confined channel or over a surface.
Gases, on the other hand, are highly compressible. Note that the
flow of a gas is not necessarily a compressible flow. Small density
changes of liquids corresponding to large pressure changes can still
pumping.
Natural (or Unforced) versus Forced Flow A fluid flow is said to be
natural or forced, depending on how the fluid motion is initiated.
Forced flow- a fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by
denser) fluid.
Steady versus Unsteady Flow Steady implies no change at a point with time. The term uniform
temperature-jump condition.
A fluid flowing over a stationary surface comes to a complete stop at
Psat .
Vapor Pressure-
cavities in the liquid) collapse as they are swept away from the
low-pressure regions, generating highly destructive, extremely highpressure waves.
Viscosity - It appears that there is a property that represents the internal
F
A
=shear stress
F=constant parrallel force
A=contact area between platefluid
Velocity- The fluid in contact with the lower plate assumes the
velocity of that plate which is zero (again because of the no-slip
condition). In steady operation, the fluid velocity between the plates in
most cases varies linearly between 0 and, and thus the velocity profile
and the velocity gradient are
y
du V
Velocity Profile=u ( y )= V VelocityGradient = =
l
dy l
V =velocity
d
du
dt
dy
du
dy
of proportionality
( =constant
)
F=shear Force
F=A=A
du
V
=A =
dy
l
Kinematic Viscosity
Gases
aT2
=
b
1+
T
Liquids
b
=a10 Tc
Torque
T =FR=
3
2 3
2 R L
4 R n L
=
l
l
T =torque
F=force
R=moment arm , radius of inner L=lenght of cylinder
n =number of revolutions per unit time
tension. The pulling force that causes this tension acts parallel to the
surface and is due to the attractive forces between the molecules of the
liquid. The magnitude of this force per unit length is called surface
tension
N
m
(or
lbf
ft
in
English units). This effect is also called surface energy and is expressed in
Nm J
2
2
m
m . In this case,
represents the
stretching work that needs to be done to increase the surface area of the
liquid by a unit amount.
F
s=
2b
Droplet
2s
R
Bubble
2 (2 R ) s =( R 2) P bubble P bubble=PiP o=
4 s
R
tangent to the liquid surface makes with the solid surface at the point of
contact. The surface tension force acts along this tangent line toward the
solid surface.
W =mg=g( R2 h)
W =F surface g ( R 2 h ) =2 R s cos
Capillary rise
h=
2 s
cos
gR