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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 43, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2005
I. INTRODUCTION
A digital elevation model (DEM) can be extracted automatically
from stereo satellite images. Numerous applications are based on DEM,
and their validity directly depends on the quality of the original elevation data. High-quality DEMs are seldom available, even though photogrammetric technology, the most common to work with DEMs, has
been around for a few years.
The possibility of using stereoscopic images from satellites for a
global digital elevation data production did not arise until the launch
of the Systeme Pour lObservation de la Terre (SPOT) series in 1986.
Today, several satellites also offer the possibility for stereoscopic
acquisition: SPOT [1], the Modular Optoelectronic Multispectral
Stereo Scanner [2], the Indian Remote Sensing satellite, the Korea
Multipurpose Satellite, the Advanced Visible and Near-Infrared Radiometer sensor [3], Terra [4], and more recently, the high-resolution
pushbroom scanners IKONOS, EROS-A1, QUICKBIRD-2, SPOT 5,
and ORBVIEW-3. Thus, some studies focus on constructing DEMs
from stereoscopic images by means of high-resolution pushbroom
scanners such as IKONOS [5], [6], EROS-A1 [7], and SPOT-5 [8];
furthermore, it is assumed that the automatic generation of a DEM
from remotely sensed data with a Z subpixel accuracy is possible [9].
Automation allows the construction of DEMs with an almost randomly large point density. The selection of very important points,
common in manual processing for the construction of triangulated irregular network (TIN) structures, is not applicable to automatic photogrammetric processes. The result often entails a very hard DEM
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 43, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2005
TABLE I
ANTECEDENTS ABOUT SPOT DEM ACCURACY DETERMINATION
405
For this reason, we have conducted a set of experiments that guarantee reliability in error control and analyze factors such as the inuence of software, discarded in previous research.
III. OBJECTIVES
TABLE II
ANTECEDENTS ABOUT ASTER DEM ACCURACY DETERMINATION
R(e) =
()
2(n 0 1) 2 100%
(1)
406
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 43, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2005
DEPURATION
OF
TABLE III
DEM SPOT BY CHANGE IN
CORRELATION VALUES
THE
THRESHOLD
TABLE IV
ERROR STATISTICS FOR DEMS
= 95% = 0 05
= 79
= 80
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING, VOL. 43, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2005
12:2). MDE94 contains only 18.5% of the points of the massive original DEM (MDE00), while the MDE93 contains 23%. We emphasize
that the depuration process does not imply an improvement in accuracy
statistics, but it contributes to making the structure much more manageable in a GIS environment.
VI. CONCLUSION
Automated DEM extraction using cross-track SPOT satellite, has
been known for 17 years. The addition of along-track ASTER provides
an alternative for the extraction of DEM data. In addition, ASTER data
are very attractive because they can be downloaded and are very affordable.
We concluded that both the along-track Terra ASTER and crosstrack SPOT images will provide the opportunity for the generation of
DEMs with RMSE Z values less than the pixel size. We cannot conclude that the accuracy results are affected by other factors such as the
stereo capture method (along-track versus cross-track).
Photogrammetric programs are not identical. SPOT geometry and
data are fully implemented, but ASTER data cause more problems. Geomatica shows good ASTER RMSE values, but blunders are common.
Erdas shows bad ASTER RMSE values, but blunders are infrequent.
We emphasize the obligatory use of many accurate check points. The
use of a very limited number of points implies a very unreliable error
control that can make the results useless. We suggest a minimum of 100
points which corresponds to a condence value of about 0.10. Since
quality control procedures are ever required, carrying out the type of
tests described in this communication should not be a burden. Instead,
this experimentation should be done to lighten the DEM before it can
be regarded as a nished product.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Thanks to A. Curado for the linguistic revision of this
communication.
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