1

x A x A
2.1.1. A,B
(a) A B x A x B A B
(subset) A B( A B)
(b) A B B A A=B
(c) A B A B A B (proper subset)

R = 0, = 0
={x Rx 0}
+

2.1.2. A,B
AB {(a,b)a A,b B}
d

A B (product set)
AB BA
1.
(a) A= {1,2,3} , B= {x,},
AB = {(1,x) , (1,) , (2,x) , (2,) , (3,x) , (3,)}
(b) A= {1,2,3} , B= {x,} , C= {+,} ,
(AB)C = {((1,x),+) , ((1,),+) , ((2,x),+) , ((2,),+) , ((3,x),+),
((3,),+) , ((1,x),) , ((1,),) , ((2,x),) , ((2,),),
((3,x),) , ((3,),)}
2.1.2.
2.1.3. Ai,1 i n
n

A
i 1

d
A1A2An
{(a1,,an)ai Ai,1 i n}

 A1,A2,,An
A1A2A3, (A1A2)A3, A1(A2A3)
A1A2A3 = (A1A2)A3 = A1(A2A3)
n

1 < j < n(A1Aj)(Aj+1An) = A1An = A i

i 1

2.
(a) A,B,C 1.(b)
(AB)C = {(1,x,+) , (1,,+) , (2,x,+) , (2,,+) , (3,x,+) , (3,,+) , (1,x,),
(1,,) , (2,x,) , (2,,) , (3,x,) , (3,,)} = ABC
2
(b) R = RR ={(x,y)x R, y R}

(c) R3 = RRR ={(x,y,z)x R, y R, z R}

()

1. A={1,2,,x} A
2. I = [a,b] R
A ={(x,y)x I,y I,x<y}
B ={(x,y)x I,y I,x y}
3. A ={(x,y) R2|x| + |y| 2}
4. 0,A={(x,y) R2: |x-y| }
5. 0.1 Pi 1i3
P1 x,y R x+y R =

(x, y)R

P2 R x R x R =
P3 P1

(x+y R)

( , x)R R

(x R )

P2

x P3 x P3 0.1 R

(universal set)

2.2.1. A,B U
(a) A B ={xx A x B}= A B
(b) A B ={xx A x B}= A B
(c) AB ={xx A x B}= A B
(d) Bc =UB ={xx U x B}= B
(a)(b)(c) U(d)
1. A = R+ = 0, Ac
R+ R Ac = (,0)
C R+ C
Ac = (R+)c ={z = x + iyx,y R,y 0 y = 0,x < 0}
2.2.1. A,B,C
(a) A B = B A, A B = B A
()
(b) (A B) C = A (B C) = A B C ,
(A B) C =A (B C) = A B C
()
(c) (A B) C = (A C) (B C), (A B) C = (A C) (B C) ()
(d) A = , A = A
(e) A B A, A B = A A B
(f) A B A, A B = A A B
(g) A B A C B C, A C B C
2.2.2. U A U
(a) A Ac = A Ac =U
(b) A1 AB1 BA B= A1 B1=
(c)x A x Ac, y Ac y A
Pt t {tPt}= Pt t
{tPt}c ={tPt }={tPt} Ptt A A ={tt A}
Ac ={tt A} Px =( x2 4)A={xPx}={x x2 4}
Ac ={xPx }={xPx}={xx2 4}
2.2.3. A,B,C

(a) (Ac)c = A
(b) A B Ac Bc
(c) (A B)c = Ac Bc
(d) (A B)c = Ac Bc
(e) AB = A Bc
(f) ( A B) C ( A C ) ( B C )
1(b)(x A x B)(x B x A)
2(c)(d) de Morgans Law
3 AB
(1) A=B
(2) A BA B A=B
(a) x (Ac)c x (Ac) x A . (Ac)c = A
(c)

A B ={tt A B}
={tt A t B}
={t(t A) (t B)}
={tPt} Pt(t A) (t B)
(A B)c ={tPt}c
={tPt }
={t(t A) (t B)}
={t(t A) (t B)}
={t(t Ac) (t Bc)}
={tQt} Qt(t Ac) (t Bc)
= Ac Bc

(d)
A B A
(i)

A B B

(A B) c A c

c
c
c
(A B) A B

(A B) B
c

(ii) x (A B) c x A B.

Px : x Ax B
x
Px : x Ax B
x Px x A B x A B

 x Px Px
Pxx A x B
= x Ac x Bc
x Ac Bc
(A B) c A c B c
(i)(ii) (A B) c A c B c
2. (A B)(A B) = (AB) (BA)
= (A B) (A B)c
= (A B) (Ac Bc)
= ((A B) Ac) ((A B) Bc)
= ((A Ac) (B Ac)) ((A Bc) (B Bc))
= ( (BA)) ((AB) )
= (BA) (AB) =

1. 2.2.3 (c),(d),(e)
2. A,B,C
(a) A(A Bc)= A B
(b) (AB)c(BA)c = BA
(c) (A Bc) Cc = (A Cc)(B Cc)
(d) (AB)C = (AC)(BC)
3.
(a) (AB) C = A(B C)
(b) (A B)C = (A Cc) (BC)

De Morgans Law

I
() i IAi ()

={Aii I}= {Ai} iI

A A

1.
(a) A (A) ={BB A} A
2A (A)
(b) I ={(a,b) R2a < b} ( 2)
A ={ a, b (a,b) I}
R A (R)
2.3.1. {Ai,i I}

Ai= Ai ={x j I,x Aj}={x i

(x Ai)}
I
i

iI

Ai =
(x Ai)}
Ai ={x j I,x Aj}={x i
I
i

iI

2.
1
1
1
1

(a) a < b n N An = a , b Bn = a , b
n
n
n
n

1
1
1
1

Cn = a , b D n = a , b

An= Bn = Cn = Dn=[a,b]

nN

1
1
1
1

(b) a < b n N An = a , b Bn = a , b -
n
n
n
n

1
1
1
1

Cn = a , b D n = a , b

nN

An= Bn = Cn = Dn=(a,b)
n

(a). E = [a,b] An E n N

An E ...(1)
n

 x E x > b x < a
(i) x > b. xb > 0 no xb >

1
no

x>b+
n

x a

1
1
= A no
,b
no
n o

x An
n
(ii) x < a. x

An
n

x E x An
n

1.2.1. x

An x E
n

An E (2)
n

An= E

(1)(2)

(b). 2
2.3.1(De Morgans Law). {Ai ,i I}

(b) A = A
c

(a) A j = i Ai

(b). (i) Ai

A
j

i I

A (1)
c

A i c A j i I
j

i Ai

(ii) y i Ai

y A i c i I
y Ai

i I

 y j A j

A A (2)
(1)(2) A = A
y A j

(a). Bi = A iC i I(b)

B = B = A
A = B = A
c

3. 2.

(a).

n


=

n


=

n


=

n

1
1
, a b , (, a ) (b, )
n
n
1
1
, a b ,

n
n
1
1
, a b ,

n
n

(b).

n


=

n


=

n


=

n

1
1
, a b , (, a ] [b, )
n
n
1
1
, a b ,

n
n
1
1
, a b ,

n
n

1
1
, a
b ,
n
n

1
, a
n

A j = i Ai

b ,
n

1. (a) 2.3.1(b) 2.3.1(a)

(b) 2.3.1(a) 2.3.1(b)
2. 2
3. An n N An

An+1 n Bn n

(1) Bn m n Bn Bm=
n

(2) An = Bk
k 1

A n = Bn
(3)
n
n
Hint B1=A1Bn=An-An-1 n 2

B f : A B
1 a1 , a2 A, a1 a2 f (a1 ) f (a2 )
d

2 f ( A) R ( f ) { f (a ) : a A} f Range B

( f (a1 ) f (a2 ))
1 a1
a2
2 b B a A b f (a )
(b f ( a))
b
B aA
2.4.1 f : A B
(a) 1 f injective1 1
(b) 2 f surjective onto
(c) 1 2 f bijective
1 1 and onto
3x 1
f 1 1
x2
3 5 f 1 1 onto
3 Range( f )
1. A R-{2} B R f ( x )

2. A R-{2} B R-{3} f ( x)

3x 1
f
x2

(a) 1 f
(b) b B R {3} b 3 a
f (a)

2b 1

b3

3a 1
....... b
a2

f
(c)(a)(b) f
3. f : A B f ( x ) x 2 2 x 3
(a) A R B f
(b) A [1, ), B R f
(c) A R , B [2, ) f
(d) A [1, ), B [2, ) f

m n m n 1

m n
(a) m n
(b) m n
(c)(a)(b) m n
A m B n a A a
b b f (a )

b=f( a )

f A B
( a )* f 1 1
( b )* f onto
( c )* ( a )* ( b )* f 1 1 onto

2.4.1 f : A B A A B B
(a) f 1 1 A B
(b) f onto A B
(c) f 1 1 onto A B

1. 2 f ( x)

3x 1
2b 1
,b 3 a
f ( a) b
x2
b3

2x 3
f 1 1
5x 4
3. f ( x) x 3 x 2 x 2 f 1 1
2. f ( x)

4.
(a) f 1 1 onto
(b) f 1 1 onto
(c) f onto 1 1
(d) f 1 1 onto

2.5.1. A

Card( A ) = | A |=A
A cardinality
N 0 {0} N 0 A
A 0 N0

2.5.2. A A N 0 A A
1 A 1 {x : 2 x 5}, A2 R, A3 N, A4 A 1 , A2 , A3
A4 16 N 0
N 0 0 n N 0
An An n
Cd
N 0 Cd N R
c0 Card ( N) N , c Card (R ) R
N R c0 c c0 c
Cd N 0 {c0 , c} {}
={0,1,2,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;c0 , c; }

1 AB A B
Card ( A B ) Card ( A) Card ( B)
1 Cd

 2 AB
(a) A B Card ( A) Card ( B )
(b) A B Card ( A) Card ( B )
AB A , B
(a) AB A , B 0
(b) AB

(c) AB A
B

2.5.3. AB
(a) h : A B h 1 1
Card ( A) Card ( B )

A B

(b) g : A B g onto
Card ( A) Card ( B )

A B

(c) f : A B f 1 1 onto
Card ( A) Card ( B )

A B

(a)(b)(c) A (1,1) N B R

h : A B,
h ( x ) x,
x A
h1 1 A B ..*

g : A B,

x
g ( x)
2
0 ,

tan

x (1,1)
xN

Range( g ) R g onto A B .**

*** A B f : A B
f 1 1 onto (c) A B

2.5.1. Schroeder-Bernstein
AB Card ( A) Card ( B ) Card ( A) Card ( B )
A B Card ( A) Card ( B )
2.5.2. AB
(a) A B h : A B h 1 1 A B
(b) A B g : A B g onto A B
12
2.5.2. 2
2.5.3. a b
Card ((a, b)) Card ((1,1)) Card ( R ) c
(1,1)
f ( x)

ba ba
ba

xa
( x 1)
2
2
2

 f (1,1) (a, b) 1 1 onto

Card ((a, b)) Card ((1,1)) .i
(1,1)
g ( x) tan

x
2

g (1,1) R
Card ((1,1)) Card (R ) c ii
(i)(ii) 2.5.3
2.5.4. A R A Card ( A) c

A ( a, b) (a, b) A R 2(a)
2.5.3
c Card ((a, b)) Card ( A) Card ( R) c
Card ( A) c
1 A1 (1, 0), A2 ( 1, 0) N, A3 (1, 0) N 0 (1,1] N,
A4 (

1 1
,
) Q Card ( Ai ) c,1 i 4
105 104

2.5.5. (a) n N 0 n c c
(b) c+c=c

(a) An {1, 2,..., n}, B ( 1, 0) An B

Card ( An B ) Card ( An ) Card ( B )

c nc

(b) A (1, 2), B (1, 0) A B

Card ( A B ) Card ( A) Card ( B) c c
2.5.4 Card ( A B ) c c c c

1. 2.5.2a
2. 2.5.2b
3.
(a) A1 (0,1) (b) A2 (0,1) Q

(c) A3 [4, 6]

(d) A4 [4, 6] N (e) A5 () N

(f) A6 [2,5)
(h) A8 [0,1] Q

(g) A7 [0,1] Q

(a)
(a.1) Card(E)=0 E= A E=A Card(A E) =Card(A)= co
(a.2) Card(E)=n N E={e1e1en}
Aa1 a2 a3 an an+1


Ee1 e2 e3 en
A E Card(A E)= co
(b)
Aa1 a2 a3 an an+1


Ee1 e2 e3 en en+1
A E Card(A E)= co
2.6.2Card (Z)= co
2.6.3Card (Q)= co
Q +={ q Q q >0}
1 2 3 4 n

1/2 2/2 3/2 4/2 n/2

1/3 2/3 3/3 4/3 n/3

1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4 n/4

Card(Q+)= co
Q -={ q Q q <0} Card(Q -)= Card(Q +)= co
2.6.1(a)(b) Card(Q )= Card(Q - {0} Q +) = co

 2.6.4(a) n 0 n + co = co
(b) co + co = co
(c) co + c = c
5

1. (a) A={} N A
(b) B={} N B
A n )= co
2. n N Card( A n )= co Card(
n
( A n ={ an1 , an 2 ,..., ann ,... } 2.6.3 )
3. A={(x,y) R 2 x Q ,y Q }=
Card(A)= co
4. A= R Q =
Card(A)=Card( Q )= co
5. 2.6.4

 2.5.3 Card((0,1))= c co c
2.7.1 co cco c
A = (0,1) A A A={a1,a2,}.
an
a1 = 0.b11b12b1n
a2 = 0.b21b22b2n
....
an = 0.bn1bn2bnn
...
...
0
5

n1 tn =

,b nn 5
t n b nn (n) .....(*)
,b nn 5

t 0, t1 , t 2 ,..., t n ,...
i t (0,1) A
ii n(*) t n b nn n t a n
t {a1 , a 2 ,..., a n ,...} A
t (0,1) = A t A A
Card(A) Card(N) = co c =Card((0,1)) co

2.4.2 Cd
0,1,2,co,c

(1) Cd
(2) co c
(1)

2.7.2 A (A) = 2A A

Card(A) Card( (A))Card(A) Card( (A))

(a) A Card(A) = n < 2n = Card( (A)).

(b) A () Card(A) = Card( (A)).
A (A) f

a f(a)

b f(b)

X ={a Aa f(a)} Y={b Ab f(b)}= Xc

f Y (A) y A f(y) = Y.
(i) y Y y f(y) = Y .
(ii) y Y = f(y) Y y Y .
A (A) f
Card(A) Card( (A)) |A| | (A)|
1 Card(2N) = Card((0,1)) = c. 2.7.2 2.7.1
A1 = Rc1 = Card(A1) = Card(R) = c,
An+1 = 2An = (An)cn+1 = Card(An+1) = |An+1|n 1
2.7.2 ckk 1 Cd
(2) Cantor
(Continum Hypothesis)co c
co c c1
cnn 2 n

1. Card( (N)) = Card(2N) = Card(R) Card(2N) = Card([0,1])

2. A1 Q [0,3] , A 2 Q [0,3] , A 3 Q [0,3] Card( A i ),1i3
3. A= R Q =() Card(A)= c

 2.8.1 X 2X = (X)( X )

(a) X
(b) A B A B
A
(c) A I
I

X (topology)
1.
(a) X ={a,b,c,d} = { ,X,{c},{b,c},{c,d},{b,c,d}} X

1= { ,X,{c},{b,c},{c,d},{b,c,d},{a,b,c},{a,c,d}} 1

(b) X = R = { ,R, 0,1 , 0,3 , 2,1 , 2,3 } R

1
2.
X = RA R A
PA x A r > 0(xr,x + r) A =

xA r 0

((xr,x + r) A)

A ()

= {A RA = A }
R

1. 2 2.8.1
2. X 1 2 X = 1 2
X