Transcript of Energy production

in plants and animals

Although the overall equation for
photosynthesis is shown as one
reaction, it is really two.
Energy production in animals
and plants
The photosynthesis equation
carbon dioxide + water (gives)
glucose + oxygen + water
6 CO2 + 12 H2O (gives) C6H12O6
+ 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Photosynthesis is an endothermic
reaction
it requires an input of energy.
Disordered
energy from sunlight is
transformed into
ordered energy in the form of
chemical
bonds in the glucose molecule.
Where does photosynthesis
happen?
Photosynthesis occurs in organelles
called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts
are mainly found in the leaf cells
of plants, and in some algae and
protists. Plants absorb light energy
and change this into chemical
energy using chlorophyll, which is
found in chloroplasts.
One plant leaf, on average, has
tens of thousands of cells, and a
single cell contains about 4050
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts are also
responsible for making amino
acids,
fatty acids and the lipid

components
of their own membranes. They
also convert nitrite ions (NO2)
to ammonia (NH3), which is an
essential step in making
compounds
such as proteins.
The carbon dioxide required for
photosynthesis,
as well as the oxygen and water
vapour produced
during photosynthesis, move in and
out of leaf
cells through microscopic pores,
called stomata
(singular = stoma), in the leaves.
Guard cells,
which open and close the stomata,
also contain
chloroplasts. Water enters a plant
through the
roots and travels to the
chloroplasts through
xylem vessels.
What is photosynthesis?
What is so important about
photosynthesis? Living things
need energy to grow and repair, to
defend themselves and
to move around. Plants, some
algae and some bacteria are
able to produce this energy during
photosynthesis. In this
process, glucose is synthesised
from water and carbon
dioxide. This requires light energy
and the presence of
chlorophyll, a green pigment. The
solar energy is converted into

chemical energy in the bonds of

glucose.
Cellular Respiration
Whenever we burn a fuel, such as
wood or oil, we
release energy that has been
chemically stored in the molecules.
This energy in the fuel molecules is
organised, or ordered, because it is
tied into the bonds in the molecule.
Burning requires oxygen and is a
very rapid process, producing a lot
of heat energy, carbon dioxide and
water.
You are going to read a paragraph,
then you will need to answer the
following question:
In cellular respiration what are the
following like:
cheque
money
cash
read the
paragraph
Respiration is similar to burning. In
all organisms, energy must be
transferred to a molecule called
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) before it
can be used in cells. This occurs in
cellular respiration. Sugars such as
glucose are like a chequethey
contain energy (money) but it is
not directly useable. ATP is cashit
contains energy that is directly
useable. Fats and proteins can also
be used in cellular respiration.
Oxygen is used during cellular

respiration, and
carbon dioxide and water are waste
products.
The process occurs in the
mitochondria of all
eukaryotic cells.
The energy stored in the chemical
bonds of
glucose (C6H12O6) is transferred
into ATP
during cellular respiration. The
general
equation is shown below.
glucose + oxygen (gives) carbon
dioxide + water + energy
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 (gives) 6 CO2 + 6
H2O + ATP
The complete breakdown of
glucose to carbon dioxide and
water requires two major steps:
1. Glycolysis. This happens in the
cytoplasm and produces two ATP
molecules plus pyruvate (C3H4O3).
This does not need oxygen.
2. Aerobic respiration. This happens
in the mitochondria in aerobic
conditions (when oxygen is
present). It produces 34 ATP
molecules.
When we exercise strenuously, our
muscle cells have insufficient
oxygen for aerobic respiration. The
cells quickly produce energy
anaerobically and make lactic acid
as a waste product. The build-up of
lactic acid makes your muscles feel

sore and causes you to breathe

very heavily.
In yeast cells, anaerobic
respiration, known as fermentation,
produces alcohol.
eukaryotic cells - any animal cells
that have a cell membrane,
nucleus and other organelles.
What do you know about cellular
respiration? pg 104
Inside the mitochondria...
The light reaction requires sunlight
to
occur and takes place in the grana
in
chloroplasts. Electrons are excited
by
the light from the Sun and the
bonds
within water molecules are broken,
releasing oxygen and forming
energyrich
molecules.
The dark reaction does not require
sunlight and takes place in the
stroma
of chloroplasts. The energy-rich
molecules are used to power some
of the dark reaction. Other energy
molecules formed in the light
reaction,
together with carbon dioxide, are
used to make carbohydrate
molecules,
such as glucose. This process is
called
the CalvinBenson cycle, or carbon
fi xation.

HOW PLANTS ACQUIRE THEIR

ENERGY
Plants must get food into their
systems in order to acquire energy
and continue living, similar to
animals. Plants create energy for
animals to use, so they must
replenish their nutrients. And
plants breathe, in a way. They take
in the carbon dioxide that all the
animals give off, and they give off
oxygen for all the animals to use.
Pretty cool design, isnt it?
MAKING ENERGY FROM THE
ULTIMATE ENERGY SOURCE
Photosynthesis is the process by
which plants convert energy from
the sun. It is the process that
allows plants to create organic
molecules that they use as fuel.
Here is how it works.

The molecules of
chlorophyll contained in
the chloroplasts absorb
energy in the form of light
from the sun. Some plants

need more sunlight than

Enzymes within the plant

others, but all need at least a

then catalyze the

little.

combination of hydrogen

Instead of taking in
oxygen and breathing out
carbon dioxide like
animals do, plants take in
carbon dioxide from the
atmosphere. Plants absorb

and carbon dioxide to

create a carbon
compound that is called
anintermediate. An
intermediate is a compound
used to continue a process to
create a different compound.

water from the ground up

through their roots.

In plants, the intermediate is

called phosphoglyceraldehyd

During photosynthesis, the

energy from the sun splits
the water molecules into
hydrogen and oxygen. The
oxygen molecules are given
off by the plant and emitted
into the atmosphere.
Molecules of ATP are created
within the plant cell. These
reactions are
called photochemical or light
reactions because they
require light to occur.

e (PGAL). PGAL goes on in

the process to produce
glucose, which the plant uses
as fuel to survive. These
reactions are called carbonfixation reactions (or dark
reactions to differentiate
them from the light reactions
above) because atoms of
carbon are fixed; that is,
they are put into stable
compounds that can be used
purposefully instead of just

floating around the cell

FLOWIN THROUGH THE XYLEM

AND PHLOEM

aimlessly.
Plants undergo photosynthesis to

When the plant has

created more glucose
than it needs to sustain
life, it combines glucose
molecules into larger

produce energy for themselves

(and ultimately humans). Light and
water are needed to perform this
process. But, how do the plants get
the water and light into their cells?

carbohydrate molecules
called starch. The starch

Tissues called the xylem and the

molecules are stored within

phloem usually are found together

the large vacuoles in the

in what are called vascular

plant cells. When necessary,

bundles. Both types of tissue

the plant can break the

conduct substances up through the

starch molecules down to

root and stem of a plant. The xylem

retrieve glucose for energy or

conducts water and minerals from

to create other compounds,

the soil; the phloem flows sugar

such as proteins, nucleic

molecules.

acids, or fats.

All plant cells have a cell wall, but

cells in the xylem have an
additional cell wall to give them
extra strength (helps to avoid a
blowout of water through the
stem).Vessel elements are
specialized cells in the xylem that
form columns called vessels. Water

passes through holes at the ends of

hallway. Or water can flow between

each vessel element, and

cells through tubes connecting the

continues up through the entire

cytoplasm of each cell, much like

vessel column.

people can walk through doors of

adjoining rooms.

Phloem tissue contains cells

called sieve-tube elements, which

THE INSPIRATION FOR

TRANSPIRATION

connect in columns called sieve

tubes. Each sieve-tube element has

Transpiration is the technical term

a pore on the end of it, through

for the evaporation of water from

which the cytoplasm from one

plants. As water evaporates from

sieve-tube element can touch the

the leaves (or any part of the plant

cytoplasm of the next sieve-tube

exposed to air), it creates a tension

element. This structure allows the

in the leaves and tissues of the

fuel that the plant makes in the

xylem. Because plants lose water

leaves to pass through and nourish

through openings in the leaves

the rest of the plant. This process is

called stomata, they must regain

called translocation.

water. Therefore, the inspiration for

TRANSPORTING WATER FROM

CELL TO CELL

transpiration is the loss of water.

The loss of the medium that carries
necessary minerals inspires the

Plants have two ways of moving

water from outside the root toward
the inside of the root to the xylem
and phloem tissue. Water can flow
between the cell walls of adjacent
cells. Think of this area as a

plant to pull more water in from the

ground.