Makalah Studi Kasus PDAM

Tugas Ekonomi Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan

Fadjri Rianda
1306401864

Universitas Indonesia
FAKULTAS EKONOMI
ILMU EKONOMI
DEPOK
25 MEI 2016

Introduction

Although Indonesia enjoys 21 percent of the total freshwater available in the AsiaPacific region, many of the countrys water security issues are tied to its rapid development,
poor urban infrastructure, and stretched institutional capacity. Economic growth has not been
accompanied by a corresponding expansion of infrastructure and institutional capacity. As a
result, nearly one out of two Indonesians lacks access to safe water, and more than 70 percent
of the nations 220 million people rely on potentially contaminated sources. The country also
has undergone significant land-use changes, and deforestation and extractive industries have
polluted, altered the landscape, and left many areas more vulnerable to extreme events such
as monsoon floods.

Indonesia has become a pollution hotspot as a result of its rapid urbanization and
economic development. Expanding waste streams are evident across the growing industrial,
domestic, and agriculture sectors. Extractive industries account for much of the development,
and waste from industrial and commercial processes is increasingly making its way into both
surface water and groundwater supplies. The countryparticularly its urban slumssorely
lacks wastewater treatment, and the basic sanitation infrastructure necessary to prevent
human excrement from contaminating water supplies is virtually nonexistent. Roughly 53
percent of Indonesians obtain their water from sources that are contaminated by raw sewage,
and this exposure greatly increases human susceptibility to water-related diseases.

Water Laws and Related Regulation

The Current Law
Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK) decision Nomor 85/PUU-XI/2013 state that UU Sumber
Daya Air (SDA) Nomor 7 Tahun 2004 is against UUD 1945. The reason is because the law
tend to support the water to go commercially and relieve the role of the government to
provide the water.

It makes the derivatives regulation from UU Sumber Daya Air (SDA) Nomor 7 Tahun
2004 related to Peraturan Pemerintah, Keputusan Presiden, Peraturan Presiden, and Peraturan
Menteri has no legal force anymore. Such as Kerjasama Pemerintah Swasta (KPS), Biaya
Jasa Pengelolaan SDA (BJPSDA), Lembaga Koodinasi (Dewan SDA, TKPSDA WS),
Pembagaian Wilayah Sungai (WS) for the basis integrated sustainable water resource
operational, water resource management (Balai WS, BPPSPAM), the existence of the patterns
and plans, maintenance activity, and DAM management.
With the abolishment of UU SDA Nomor 7 Tahun 2004, MK state that UU Nomor 11
Tahun 1974 about water is reenacted. In the short term, there will be RUU about SDA to
renew UU No. 11 Tahun 1974. To renew its current law, Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan
Perumahan Rakyat (PUPR) should meet the requirements that have made by Mahkamah
Konstitusi (MK) about water management qualification.
The 6 requirements are; People rights to use the water is a must (prior); The Country
must fulfill people rights to use the water, as well as the access; Environmental sustainability,
due to Pasal 28 H ayat (1) UUD 1945; Water monitoring and controlling is only government
rights; BUMN or BUMD is the main priority to undertaking the water; and Private enterprise
of the water source is possible with terms and conditions from the government.
Taxation
Taxation system of the water is imposed by the local government upon retrieval and
utilization of ground water and surface water. Taxation object is the retrieval and utilization
of ground water and surface water by the individual or private. Taxation subject is the
individual or private who retrieve and utilize the water (ground and surface). The basis for the
imposition ground water tax, based from; Nilai Perolehan Air Tanah (NPAT), NPAT made by
local government. Ground water tax rate maximum is 20% and regulated by local
government. It could be below 20% depend on the condition of the region.
Study Case: PDAM Semarang Selatan
Since the establishment in 1911, until today PDAM Semarang customers continue to
increase. Increasing the number of these customers due to the human need for clean water is
getting increase along with the increase in the population from year to year.

Based on the type of customer, the customers of PDAM Semarang are divided into two
major parts: active customers and inactive customers. Active customer is customer actively
use the services of PDAM Semarang to meet the need for clean water. While passive
customer is customer who use services PDAM but not every month depending on the
customers' needs, even in general, they also have another source of water to meet water needs
such as deep wells and artesian wells.
Based on the categories of customers, customers of PDAM Semarang divided into nine
categories of customers which include: social, household, industrial, domestic trade,
commerce, government agencies, educational institutions, special public taps and water
terminal.
In the service area of PDAM South Semarang, the amount of customers is 22,141 customers.
For the Region of Srondol Wetan Urban Village contained 3247 customers. Based on Srondol
Wetan village population of which amounts to 18,980 people, with 4846 family, then the level
of PDAM services reached 67%.
Water Source and Production Capacity
Water resources used by PDAM Semarang derived from sharing of resources, such as:
surface water, spring water, and ground water. The sources of the raw water is directly used
as a no water net directly supplied to consumers without going through treatment for has met
water quality standards are set, but there is also a go through the stages of water treatment at
the Water Treatment Plant in order to meet water quality standards are set, as in surface water
sources.
After the raw water from the source water quality has met the appropriate with the
quality standards established in Indonesia, namely KEPMENKES-RI 907 / Menkes / SK / VII
/ 2002 on the terms and Quality Supervision Water, then the water distributed to customers
through the reservoir-distribution pipes.
Based on data obtained from PDAM South Semarang, to meet water needs of
customers in the Village Srondol Wetan, used source of raw water coming from Ungaran,
Zone E-4, namely Artesis Gowongan who have a discharge of 50 l / s. Clean water from
sources Artesis Gowongan, and then streamed to the transmission pipeline Reservoir
Distribution Banyumanik located on Highway Banyumanik. this reservoir capacity of 900
m3. These reservoirs collect water from the raw water source for then flowed to serve the

Banyumanik Housing, Territory Breadfruit, and Graha Aesthetics. Once accommodated at

Reservoir Transmission Banyumanik, then water piped distribution to distribution reservoir
Housing Banyumanik Housing Banyumanik for customer service, which is located in Jalan
Nusa Beautiful, Village Srondol Wetan, Housing Banyumanik. Based on data obtained from
PDAM South Semarang capacity of clean water distributed to customers in the Village
Srondol Wetan, Housing Banyumanik amounted to 41 l / s.

Some of the problems facing by PDAM in the provision of clean water in Indonesia are
the problem of quality and quantity level.
1. Water Quality Issues
Raw water quality, especially in some urban areas water is not eligible for the class B,
which designed for drinking water. On the other hand, technology used by PDAM was not
designed for less qualified raw water conditions. As a result, the quality of water also
unsatisfactory, if forced to achieve a good quality, it require substantial processing cost. In
addition, some of PDAM use groundwater as raw water which has been processed. This
method is the cheapest process because the technology used is simply some disinfection
process and directly supplied to consumers. But if the content of iron or manganese in the
water is high enough, then with the ordinary disinfection process will make the water
becomes turbid and smelly.
For urban areas in coastal region affected by the tidal seawater, raw water quality
contaminated with seawater often become a serious problem. Water process technologies
commonly used by PDAM are not designed to process salty raw water.
2. Water Quantity Issues
Another serious problem faced by PDAM in Indonesia is a problem of availability of raw
water. changes in land use from upstream to downstream create high fluctuations in the
amount of water in the rainy season and the dry season. This has resulted in a decrease in a
very sharply of the discharge of raw water during the dry season. For urban areas with poor
surface water resources, to meet the needs of water supply for the community, PDAM
generally use ground water. With the greater rate of population then the amount of the taking
groundwater for the purposes to society and industry becomes increasingly large. On the

other hand, with changes in land use, the amount of rainwater that seeped into the ground is
decline. Consequently, PDAM becomes difficult to get raw water.
In addition, PDAMoften encountered the problem of leakage water pipe. This can be caused
by factors of accidental such as natural disasters or intentional as the theft of water. This
makes the water supply to the community is decline.

How does PDAM cope with the problem.

To overcome the shortage of raw water, a few of PDAM build dams on water sources such as
rivers. One is PDAM Sinjai who do damming on the Tangka river. The dam is intended that
the machine of PDAM can still suck water when the water flow started to decrease. In
addition one of the PDAM in the city of Bontang, PDAM Tirta Tuah Benua Sangatta planned
to build a dam on the sangatta river. It will overcome the decline in the flow of water in the
Sangatta River as a result of persistent drought.
Pipeline leak repair is also done by PDAM as one way to reduce water loss. One of them at
PDAM Malang that use Clamp Repair tool, which is the tool that attaches to the point of
leaking pipe without the need to cut the pipe and without stopping the flow of water. It is
also beneficial because it can save time and costs
To purify water, PDAM typically use chlorine. But to a larger problem it doesnt enough only
using chlorine. PDAM Tirta in Bangka, monthly cleaning the water tank and the pipes in the
PDAM office. If not cleaned regularly, the impact on the water quality of PDAM water would
be dirty due to silt. On the other hand, PDAM Karawang already made improvements on
system of filtration to produce truly clean water.

How PDAM cope with the issue of sustainability.

One way PDAM to support the issue of sustainability of water in Indonesia is always
encourage the communities to participate in keeping the water and not to exploiting
excessively. PDAM through the messages in the media demonstrate to the community how to
save water, such as by repairing damaged faucet, using enough water, and planting trees to
keep water.

Some PDAM also makes the preservation of nature as a form of corporate social
responsibility in order to support the issue of sustainability. One of them PDAM Tirta Pakuan
Bogor, implemented the environmental program in order to meet the needs of today and can
be developed further for future purposes.
Environmental programs conducted by the PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor include:
1. Seedling seed, planting and maintenance of trees in the area of water resources and areas of
PDAM work operations.
2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).
3. Participate actively in the activities of Sanitation
4. Participate in the construction of drinking water facilities in one of the environmental
education program (ADHIWIYATA).
5. Water Ambassador, in an effort to educate the community in saving water, avoiding water
pollution and conserving water.
6. Distribute tree seed to the community.
7. Help process the waste into organic fertilizer.

References

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Keohane, Nathaniel, O. and Sheila M. Olmstead. 2007. Markets and the
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