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Tubewell Site Selection Using GIS and Multi Criteria Analysis in the Gulberg
Town, Lahore
Submitted as Assignment of
Environmental Modeling And Spatial Simulation
Submitted to:
Mr. Adeel Ahmad
Mr. Muhammad Asif Javad
Submitted by:
Rohila Tabasum
Muhammad Rehman
Kamran Baig
26 June 2016
SS015-01
SS011-22
SS011-21
ABSTRACT
Present study is about identifying tubewell sites for the Gulberg town with an area of 13.14 square
kilometers and projected population of 222462 persons in 2016, by developing tubewell site
suitability map using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytic Hierarchy Process
(AHP).The influencing factors considered as inputs for the development of the site suitability map
are (i) areas where water resources are scarce under environmental pressure, (ii) Ground water
quality (arsenic and TDS contamination) (iii) Ground water level. The factors and the classes
within each factor are assigned weight and rank values respectively. To avoid subjectivity, the
assignment of weight and rank values and the analysis have been executed by the application of
AHP method. Ultimately, a map for each criterion has been developed depicting suitable, less
suitable, least suitable and un-suitable areas with respect to each specific criterion. Afterwards,
these maps have been spatially overlaid which resulted in the development of a final map that
identifies most suitable, less suitable and un-suitable sites for tubewell.
Keywords: Geographical Information System, Analytic Hierarchy Process, site suitability map,
Ground water level, Tubewell, Gulberg
1. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
In many countries, groundwater is the primary resource for irrigation and domestic supply. For
this reason, preserving its availability and quality is crucial for the future (UNESCO 1998). One
of the major issues that need to be addressed by hydrogeological research concerns the definition
of the most suitable sites for the drilling of new boreholes, especially in areas where water
resources are scarce or under environmental pressure (Antonakos, Voudouris and Lambrakis 2014)
Present study uses GIS and spatial multi criteria analysis for tubewell site selection in rapidly
growing Gulberg Town Lahore.
1.1 Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis
Conventional multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques have largely been non-spatial.
The most significant difference between spatial multi-criteria decision analysis and the
conventional multi-criteria decision analysis is the explicit presence of a spatial component. Spatial
multi-criteria decision analysis therefore requires data with respect to geographical locations of
alternatives and/or geographical data on criterion values. GIS and MCDM are tools that can
support the decision makers in achieving greater effectiveness and efficiency in the spatial
decision-making process. The combination of multi-criteria evaluation methods and spatial
analysis is referred as spatial multiple criteria evaluation. SMCE is an important way to produce
policy relevant information about spatial decision problems to decision makers. (Sharifi and
Retsios, Site selection for waste disposal through spatial multiple criteria decision analysis. 2004).
1.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)
Analytical Hierarchy Process, the most widely used AHP Multi Criteria approach has been
developed by a renowned scholar the Thomas L. Saaty. This technique is extensively used in world
for effective decision making purposes (Saaty, A Scaling Method for Priorities in a Hierarchical
Structure 1977). This technique involves a mechanism to determine the relative weight of multiple
criteria in comparison to each criterion. Priorities of the criterion on the basis of their importance
are to be defined by the decision makers or experts in the absence of any quantitative ratings. Pair
wise comparison matrix is used to determine the relative importance of each factor on which basis
a number on scale is assigned to each factor. Weight and scores of each criterion among each other
is achieved by the Paired comparison matrix.
AHP is quite helpful in solving the complex sustainability issues and the difficulties regarding the
decisions which are decomposed into small components and are organized hierarchically. Paired
comparison approach is considered as most reliable technique because each individual trade-off is
included by the decision makers which increase the accuracy of the process and results (Ahmad,
et al. 2016).
AHP has been employed into the GIS-based land use suitability procedures (Marinoni 2004).
3.2 Material
The data were collected into two formats such as spatial from WASA, LDA Lahore and weights
(decision) by experts. The datasets were selected of this study such as study area boundary, water
contamination (Arsenic, total dissolved solid), existing tubwells and depth to water level.
3.3 Methods
Methodology applied for this study is shown in figure 2.Upcoming paragraph will elaborate all
these.
3.3.1 Structuring
In this step, the problem is structured, by identifying the alternatives, on which criteria the decision
should be based, and what is their impact. This study try to look for a site in the area where water
resources are scarce or under environmental pressure and where water level is not deep enough as
well as water quality is also good. In order to achieve this, three criteria viz. water quality; ground
water level, and served/un-served area were identified for site selection for a tubewell. These are
then the three alternatives from which a choice is made. Those are grouped and inserted into a
criteria tree in order to determine their impact.
i. Ground Water Quality
The choice of criteria is based on the assumption that ground water from any tubewell must attain
certain water quality standards, which will propose it as appropriate for any particular use
(domestic, irrigation, industrial).
To ensure water quality 18 sample points of TDS and Arsenic were interpolated by using IDW to
generate raster for each. These raster were converted into feature data sets on the basis of
contamination value by using Raster to Feature tool.
ii. Ground Water Level
The ground water level layer was prepared by considering the highest elevations of the static water
levels (Tadios 2013). Thus, for the observation of the static water level 20 existing tubewell have
been considered as ground water level (GWL) observation wells. The 20 sample points were
interpolated and feature dataset was generated similarly as explained above for water
contamination.
iii. Service Area
For tubewell site selection, a feature dataset is prepared having both served and un-served area by
using proximity analysis. Served /un-served area was calculated as follow:
Per capita water consumption= 90 Gallon (USGS)
1 US gallon= 3.78541 Liter
Per capita water consumption=90*3.78541 liter=340.6869 Liter
Tubewell running time in second= 16 hours=16*60*60=57600s
As tubewell capacity is in cusec therefore we will convert cusec into litters
1 cusec=28.317 Liter per second
4 cusec = 4 * 28.317 = 113.268 liters
2 cusec = 2 * 28.317 = 56.634 liters
Tube well discharged water per day =capacity(in liters) * Tubewell run time
Population served by a tubewell=Total discharge in liters per day/Per capita consumption
Population Density=Total Population /total area
Served area of a tube well = Total Population/Population density
Served/Un-served
Area
1
1/6
1/8
Water
Level
4
1
1/5
1/7
TDS
Arsenic
6
5
1
1/5
8
7
5
1
Equally preferred
Equally to moderately preferred
Moderately preferred
Moderately to strongly preferred
Strongly preferred
Strongly to very strongly preferred
Very strongly preferred
Very to extremely strongly preferred
Extremely preferred
SUM of
Row
19
13.25
6.37
1.47
40.08
Weight for
each factor
0.47
0.33
0.16
0.037
1
4.2.
Arsenic
Presence of arsenic higher than permissible limit is a hot issue in the world in these days. The
world health organization (WHO) safe limit for arsenic in drinking water is 0.01mg/l or 10 ppb.
But it is different for India & Bangladesh viz. 50 ppb. So PSQCA has also fixed it at 50 ppb for
Pakistan. Pakistan is also facing this crisis and arsenic is reported higher than WMO guidelines
and standards. (Drinking Water Standard 2016).
Keeping in view the importance of this parameter for TWS evaluation, site for which arsenic value
0-20 ppb were considered suitable, 20-50 ppb as less suitable and greater than 50 ppb as not
suitable. Reclassified map for arsenic is shown in figure 3(right).
Figure 3: (Left): Service area analysis map, (Right) Reclassified Arsenic Map
Figure 4: (left) Reclassified TDS Map, (Right) Reclassified water level map
CONCLUSION
Through the analysis of multiple parameters layers, the tubewell sites were identified. Reclassified
layers were given weights that were determined first using pair-wise comparison method in AHP
which ultimately yielded a final map showing sites best suitable for Tubewell. The result revealed
672.525 meter square area as suitable, 5493.375 meter square as less suitable and 6975.225 meter
square as un-suitable.
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