Skeletal System Outline (Chapter 6) AP&P

I.

Components
A. Cartilage
B. Bone
C. Joints
D. Ligaments and Tendons

II.

Functions
A. Support
B. Movement
C. Protection
D. Mineral storage
E. Blood cell synthesis - hematopoiesis

III.

Cartilage
A. Hyaline cartilage most abundant; spherical chondrocytes with thin collagen fibers
1. Articular cartilage covers ends of bones and moveable joints
2. Costal cartilage attach ribs to the sternum
3. Respiratory cartilage forms respiratory passages and larynx
4. Nasal cartilage forms external nose
B. Elastic cartilage
1. Forms external ear
2. Forms epiglottis
C. Fibrocartilage withstands heavy pressure and tensile forces
1. Intervertebral disks
2. Knees and elbows

IV.

Bone (Cell, tissue, organ)

A. Skeleton Greek for dried up body; composed of 206 bones
1. Axial skeleton 80 bones
2. Appendicular skeleton 126 bones
B. Classification of bone
1. Long bones
a. Diaphysis shaft
b. Epiphysis ends of bone; contain red marrow
c. Medullary cavity contains yellow marrow
d. Epiphyseal plate found between diaphysis and epiphysis; long bone growth
2. Short bones roughly cuboidal in shape
3. Sesamoid bones form within a tendon e.g. patella
4. Flat bones Thin, flattened, and slightly curved
a. Diploe spongy bone found between compact bone layers
5. Irregular bones complicated shapes e.g. vertebrae, pelvis
C. Bone cells
1. Osteoclast cells which dissolve bone (puts calcium into the blood for muscular
contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting, etc)
2. Osteoblast cells which build bone by removing calcium and phosphates from the
blood in the presence of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase secreted by osteoblasts

3. Osteocyte mature cells found within compact bone (living bone)

4. Bone remodeling occurs under the periosteum (White, double layered membrane)
which is held to bone by Sharpeys fibers

D. Osseous tissue
1. Compact bone (Lamellar bone) Dense and hard; found on the external surfaces of
bones
a. Osteon or Haversian System structural unit of compact bone (cylindrical in
shape) which bear weight
b. Lamella each ring of an osteon
c. Haversian canal contains blood vessels and nerve fibers which travel vertically
in bone

d. Volkmanns canal contain blood vessels and nerve fibers which travel
horizontally in bone
e. Lacuna spaces found in compact bone occupied by osteocytes
f. Canaliculi lateral canals which connect lacunae which allow osteocytes to
diffuse nutrients and wastes into or out of bone tissue through gap junctions
2. Spongy bone - contain trabeculae (little beams) which align along lines of stress; and
open spaces filled with red or yellow marrow
E. Chemical composition
1. Hydroxyapatites mineral
salts; mainly calcium
phosphates
2. Glycoproteins which make
up collagen fibers

F. Bone markings
1. Sites of muscle and ligament attachment
a. Tuberosity large rounded projection
b. Crest narrow prominent ridge
c. Trochanter large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (Only found on the femur)
d. Tubercle small rounded projection or process
e. Epicondyle raised area above a condyle
f. Spine sharp, slender, often pointed projection
g. Process any bony prominence
2. Projections that help form joints
a. Head bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
b. Condyle rounded articular projection
c. Ramus arm like bar of bone
3. Depressions and openings allowing blood vessels and nerve fibers to pass
a. Meatus canal like passage way
b. Sinus Cavity within bone filled with air and lined with mucous membrane
c. Fossa shallow basin like depression in bone
d. Fissure narrow, slit like opening
e. Foramen round or oval opening through a bone
G. Hormone Control of Bone Remodeling
1. Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is regulated by two hormones; PTH and Calcitonin
A. PTH (Parathyroid hormone) is released by parathyroid glands when serum calcium
levels are low which increase osteoclast activity.
B. Calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland when serum calcium levels are to high
which stimulate osteoblast activity
H. Homeostatic Imbalance

1.

Fracture a break in the bone

a. Comminuted bone broken into 3 or more pieces
b. Spiral ragged break due to twisting forces
c. Depressed broken bone is pressed inward
d. Compression bone is crushed
e. Epiphyseal epiphysis separates from diaphysis
f. Greenstick incomplete break where only one side of bone is fractured; like
when you break a branch from a live tree
g. Open fracture bone penetrates through the skin
h. Closed fracture bone does not penetrate skin
2. Fracture treatment
a. Closed reduction When a physician pulls on bone to realign bone ends
b. Open reduction When a physician surgically inserts pins or wires to realign
bones
3. Fracture healing
a. Hematoma formation
b. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
c. Bony callus formation
d. Bone remodeling