DLT 5054-1996

DL
PROFESSIONAL STANDARD OF
THE POPEPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
DL/T 5054-1996
Technical Specification for the Steam/Water

Piping Design of Fossil Fuel Power Plant
Issued on May 30, 1996
Implemented on October 01, 1996
Issued by the Ministry of Energy of the Peoples Republic of China
Notice on the issuing of power industry standard Electric Power Industry of People Republic
of China
Dian Ji [1996] No.340
After inspection and approval, Technical Specification for the Steam/Water
Piping Design of Fossils Fuel Power Plant is approved to be a reference specification and is
hereby issued. The standard code is: DL/T 5054-1996
This standard shall be implemented from October 1, 1996.
Please notify the Ministry of Electric Industry, Electric Power Planning and Design General
Institution of the problems and suggestions during the specifications implementation, also a copy
of it shall be sent to the office of ministry standardization leading group.
This standard is under the charge of China Water Power Press to publish.
Unit and meaning of the frequently used symbols:

Symbol
Unit
Meaning
MPa
designed pressure
PN
MPa
nominative pressure
PT
MPa
test pressure
Pd
Pa, MPa
dynamical pressure of the

media inside the pipe
Pd1
Pa, MPa
dynamical pressure at
initial end of the pipe
Pd2
Pa, MPa
dynamical pressure of the pipe

end
PO
Pa, MPa
stagnation pressure at
initial end of the pipe
P1
Pa, MPa
pressure at the initial end of

the pipe
P2
Pa, MPa
pressure of the pipe end
PC
Pa, MPa
critical pressure of the media

inside the pipe
Pd
Pa, MPa
critical dynamical pressure of

the media inside the pipe
ratio of the pressure at the

initial end of the pipe and the
pressure at the end of the space
ratio of the pressure at the

initial end of the pipe and the
critical pressure
design temperature or working

temperature
ter
design installation temperature
b20
MPa
minimal tensile strength of the

steel products at 20
MPa
minimal yield limit of the steel

products at design temperature
t3 (0.2%)
MPa
minimal yield limit when the

steel
products
residual
deformation is 0.2% at design
temperature
MPa
100, 000 h average endurable

strength of the steel materials
at design temperature
[ ]T
MPa
safe allowable stress of the

steel products at design
temperature
safe
allowable
the
the
stress
2
compensation factor
DN
mm
inside nominal diameter
DO
mm
pipe external diameter
Di
mm
internal pipe size
sm
mm
minimal straight pipe wall

thickness
SC
mm
calculated wall thickness of

the straight pipe
mm
wall thickness of the straight

pipe
negative deviation coefficient

of the pipe thickness
t/h
media mass flow
Gmax
t/h
media maximal mass flow
Gmin
t/h
media minimal mass flow
m /h
media volumetric flow
media specific volume
m /kg
v0
m /kg
pipeline initial end stagnation

specific volume
v1
m3/kg

at the pipe initial
v2
m3/kg
media specific volume at the

pipe terminal
m3/kg
media critical specific volume
media specific volume ratio at

the pipe terminal and initial
end
ratio of media critical specific

volume and pipeline initial
kg/m3
media density
kg/m
media density at the pipeline

initial
kg/m3
media density at the pipe

terminal
m/s
media flow velocity

2
kg/(m s)
media mass velocity
w0
m/s
media critical velocity

2
m0
kg/(m s)
media critical
velocity
overall
length
pipeline friction coefficient
pipeline
mass
flow
stretched
Reynolds number
resistance
pipeline+
pipelines general coefficient

of local resistance
coefficient
of
pipe equivalent roughness

2
m/s
acceleration of gravity
steam adiabatic exponent
media mass flow velocity ratio

before and after the local
changes of the pipeline
H1
height mark of the pipe initial

end
H2
height mark
terminal end
Pat
Pa
atmospheric Pressure
Pop
working load of the spring
installation load of the spring
Pmax
maximal allowable load of the

spring
max
mm
maximal allowable distortion

of the spring
Hop
mm
spring working height
Het
mm
spring fitting height
H0
mm
spring free height
Zt
mm
thermal walking value of the

pipes supports and hangers
along the vertical direction
mm/N
spring coefficient
friction coefficient
Lmax
maximal allowable spacing of

the supporter and hanger
cm4
pipe section moment of inertia
kN/m
self weight of the pipeline per

unit length
E20
kN/mm2
elastic modulus of the steel

products at 20
Et
kN/mm2
elastic modulus of the steel

products
under
design
temperature
10-6/
linear expansibility of steel

products
at
working
temperature
of
the
pipe
MPa
shear Stress
Hf
mm
weld height
hu
mm
effective throat thickness
mm
axial displacement absorbed

by the expansion joint
mm
transversal
displacement
absorbed by the expansion
joint
X0
mm
maximal
compensation
quantity of the hose balance by
the expansion joint
Y0
mm
maximal
compensation
quantity of the transverse
balance by the expansion joint
1. General Provisions
1.0.1 The purpose of this specification is to direct the design of the water/steam pipeline of fossil
fuel power plant to ensure a secure, full-load, and economical operation.
1.0.2 This specification is suitable for the steam/water piping design in the fossil fuel power plant
with the unit main steam parameter as 27MPa, 550 (high temperature and reheated steam can be
as high as 565) or below.
The steam/water piping design within the generating units and the furnace shall not only comply
with this specification, but also needs to be determined after being negotiated with the
manufacturer.
The heating network pipe and the pipe for transferring oil and air inside the power plant can refer
to this specification.
This specification is not suitable for the designs of fuel pipeline, fuel gas pipeline, hydrogen gas
pipeline and underground straight buried pipe.
1.0.3 Related standards quoted by this specification:
Nominal diameter of the pipeline parts (3131047)
Nominal pressure of the pipeline parts (3131048)
Seamless steel pipe shall be used for high-pressure boiler (385310)
For low- and media-pressure boiler, seamless steel pipe is used (GB3087)
Carbon construction steel (313700)
Spiral welded steel pipe (SY5036~5039)
Low-pressure stream conveyance with welding steel pipe (3133092)
Steel pressure vessel (GB150)
Carbon steel covered electrode (GB5117)
Low alloy structural steel (GB5118)
Technical specifications on pipeline stress calculation of fossil fuel power plant (SDGJ6)
Electric power construction and technical specification for the acceptance (pipeline section)
(DJ56)
Electric power construction and technical specification for the acceptance
(Welding in fossil fuel power plant) (DL5007)
Electric power construction and technical specification for the acceptance
(Radio examination of the steel load-bearing pipeline butt-jointed seams) (SD143)
Metallic technical supervision specification of the fossil fuel power plant (DLA38)
Supervision code for boiler of power industry (SDl67)
2 General policy conditions

2.0.1 Design specifications
Piping design shall be carried out according to the thermodynamic system and setup. It requires
good material sources, proper setup, good indemnification, smooth drainage, smaller flow
resistance, low construction cost, appropriate hanger and support, convenient installation as well
as maintenance, flexible extension, and shall be tidy and nice in appearance. Hydraulic impact and
resonance shall be avoided, and noise shall be reduced.
Piping design shall comply with related standards and specifications of the state and the ministry.
2.0.2 Design parameter
2.0.2.1 Design pressure
Piping design pressure (gauge pressure) refers to the maximal working pressure of the interior
media in service. For the utility of water pipe and design pressure, the influence of water column's
static pressure shall be considered; when the pressure is lower than 3% of the nominal pressure, it
will not be considered.
The design pressure of the main pipe is applicable in the following specifications:
(1) Main steam line
Nominal working pressure at the boiler super-heater exit or working pressure at the
maximum-continuous evaporative capacity of boiler shall be taken.
When the boiler and steam turbine permits the pressure to be 5% greater (5% OP for short), 5%
overpressure value shall be added.
(2) Reheat steam pipeline
The pressure shall be 1.15 times of the pressure cylinder exhaust pressure under steam turbine's
maximal design capacity operating condition (see note). Pressure of the high temperature reheat
pipe can be reduced to the undermost set-pressure of the safety valve at the re-heater outlet.
Note: maximal design capacity operating condition of the steam turbine refers to the valve widely
open condition (VWO for short) or valve widely open condition + 5% overpressure (VWO+5%OP
for short) condition.
(3) Steam turbine's extraction line
Non-regulated extraction line's pressure shall be 1.1 times of the extraction pressure of the steam
turbine at maximal design capacity condition, which shall be no lower than 0.1MPa:
Regulated extraction line will use its maximum operating pressure.

(4) Blow-down line of the backpressure steam turbine
Its maximum operating pressure shall be adopted.
(5) Steam pipe behind the reliever
The maximum operating pressure shall be adopted.
(6) Steam water pipeline connected to the monopipe boiler starting vessel
The maximum possible operating pressure in all kinds of segregator operating conditions shall be
adopted.
(7) High pressure feed water pipeline
For non-variable speed feed water pump outlet pipe, from fore pump to main feed pump or from
the main feed pump to boiler economizer entrance, pressures for each shall take the sum of the
summit value of the performance curve with fore pump or main feed pump and the pump's water
inlet side pressure respectively;
As for variable speed feed water pump outlet pipe, from the feed pump outlet to the stop valve, the
design pressure shall take the sum of the rated speed performance curve summit value and the
water inlet side pressure; From stop valve at the pump outlet to entrance of the boiler economizer,
the pressure shall take the sum of the pump water inlet side pressure and 1.1 times of pump
popping pressure at the pump's rated speed and design flow.
(8)Above high pressure feed water pipeline pressure shall consider the amendment on pressure
made by water pump inlet temperature.
For the constant-pressure deoxidizing system, the sum of the desecrator rated pressure and the
water column static pressure at the maximum water level shall be adopted.
For sliding pressure operation of deaerator, the sum of 1.1 times of the heated deaerator extraction
pressure at steam turbines maximal design capacity condition and the water column static
pressure at the deaerators maximal water level shall be taken.
(9) Condensate pipe
For pipeline at the inlet side of the condensate pump, the water column static pressure (by this
time, the pressure inside the condenser shall be taken as the air pressure) from the pump inlet
center line to the turbine exhaust casing's interface section and it shall be no lower than 0.35mpa;
For the bypath at the outlet of the single stage pump and system pump, the pressure shall take the
8
sum of the pump lift when the outlet valve is closed and the water inlet side pressure (the aforesaid
water column static pressure);
The pipeline at the condensate pump's outlet side of the two-stage pump system shall adopt the
same pressure as that of the corresponding single stage pump system.
The pipeline at the condensate booster pump outlet side of the two-stage pump system shall adopt
the sum of the pump lifts of two pumps (condensate pump and condensate booster pump) when
the outlet is shut down.
(10) Heater's drainage pipe
It shall be 1.1 times of the extraction pressure under the steam turbine's maximal design capacity
operating condition and shall be no lower than 0.1MPa. When the drainage static pressure inside
the pipeline triggers the pressure lifting and makes it larger than 3% of the extraction pressure, the
influence of the static pressure shall be taken into account.
(11) Boiler water blow-down pipeline
Before the boiler blow-down valve or when the pipeline after the blow-down valve is equipped
with valve or closure plate that can elevate the pipe internal pressure, the design pressure for the
periodic blow-down pipeline shall be no smaller than the sum of the undermost set-pressure of all
the safety valves on the steam drum and the water column static pressure from the steam drum's
maximum water level to the pipe coupling points; as for the continuous blow-down pipeline, the
design pressure shall be no lower than the undermost set-pressure of all the safety valves on the
steam drum.
If the pipe internal pressure will not go up after the boiler blow down valve, the design pressure of
the blow-down line (periodic blow-down or continuous blow-down) shall be selected from Table
2.0.2-1.
Table 2.0.2-1: The piping design pressure after the boiler blow-down valve [MPa (g)]
Boiler pressure
1.750~4.150
Piping
pressure
1.750
design
4.151~6.200
2.750
6.201~10.300
10.301
4.150
6.200
(12) Feedwater recirculation line

When the unit system is taken, the last stop valve entering the deaerator and the previous pipeline
shall take the design pressure of corresponding high pressure feed water pipe; for pipeline after the
stop valve, the constant pressure deoxidizing system shall take the rated pressure of the deaerator;
for the sliding pressure operation of deaerator, the design pressure shall be 1.1 times of the
deaerator's heat-up extraction pressure at the maximal design capacity operating condition of the
steam turbine.
9
When the piping-main scheme system is adopted, the restriction orifice and its previous pipeline
shall adopt the design pressure of corresponding high pressure feed water pipe; for pipeline after
the restriction orifice, when no valve is installed or valve on the media double outlets cannot be
closed at the same time, the deaerator's rated pressure shall be adopted.
(13)Exhaust pipe after the safety valve
It shall be determined according to the hydraulic calculation result of the blow-down pipe.
2.0.2.2 Design temperature
It refers to the maximal working temperature of the media inside the pipe.
The design temperature for the main pipe shall be selected according to the following
specifications:
(1) Main steam line
It shall take the steam's rated working temperature at the outlet of the boiler superheater plus the
allowable temperature deviation during the boiler's normal operation. Suggested temperature
deviation is 5.
(2) Reheat steam pipeline
High temperature reheat pipe shall take the steam rated working temperature at the boiler reheater
outlet plus the allowable temperature deviation during the boiler's normal operation. Suggested
temperature deviation is 5.
Low-temperature reheat pipe shall adopt the high pressure cylinder steam exhaust parameter under
the steam turbine's maximal design capacity operating condition; get the isentropic corresponding
temperature under the piping design pressure. If the manufacturer has special requirements, the
design temperature shall take the maximal possible working temperature.
(3) Steam turbine's extraction line
Non-regulated extraction line take the extraction steam parameter under the steam turbine's
maximal design capacity operating condition and calculate the corresponding temperature by
constant entropy under the design pressure of the pipeline;
Regulated extraction line takes the maximal working temperature of the exhaust gas.
(4) Blow-down line of the backpressure steam turbine
Steam exhaust's maximal working temperature shall be taken.
10
(5) Steam pipe after temperature reducing device

The steam's maximal working temperature at the temperature reducing device outlet shall be
taken.
(6) Aerated water pipeline connected to the monopipe boiler starting vessel
The maximal possible working temperature that the pipeline can have during all segregator
operation conditions shall be taken.
(7) High pressure feed water pipeline
The maximal working temperature of the high pressure feed water after using the high pressure
heater.
(8) Low pressure feed-water piping
For the constant pressure deaerator system, the corresponding saturation temperature of the
deaerator's rated pressure shall be taken.
As for the sliding pressure deaerator system, 1.1 times of the corresponding saturation temperature
of the heated extraction pressure at the steam turbine's maximal design capacity operating
condition shall be taken.
(9) Condensate pipe
Maximal working temperature of the condensation water after the low pressure heater shall be
taken.
(10) Drainage pipe of the heater
The corresponding saturation temperature according to the heater extraction line's design pressure
shall be taken.
(11) Boiler water blow-down pipe
Pipeline before the boiler blow-down valve or after the blow-down valve installed with valve or
closure plate, when the valve or closure plate can elevate the pipe internal pressure, the design
temperature of the blow-down line (periodic blow-down or continuous blow-down) shall take the
corresponding saturation temperature according to the undermost set-pressure for all steam drums
safety valves.
If the pipe internal pressure does not rise after the boiler blow-down valve, the design temperature
of the blow-down line (periodic blow-down and continuous blow-down) can be selected from
11
Table 2.0.2.2..
Table 2: 2.0.2-2 Piping design temperature after the boiler blow-down valve
Boiler pressure
1.750~4.150
Piping
design
Temperature ()
210
4.151~6.200
230
6.201~10.300
10.301
255
280
(12) Feed-water recirculation line

For the constant pressure deoxidizing system, the corresponding saturation temperature at
deaerator's rated pressure shall be adopted; for the sliding pressure operation of deaerator, 1.1
times of the saturation temperature under deaerator heating extraction pressure at the steam
turbine's maximal design capacity operating condition shall be adopted.
(13) Blow-down line of safety valve
Design temperature for the blow-down line shall be selected from the corresponding statistics
according to the blow-down line's hydraulic calculation.
2.0.2.3 Design installation temperature
Design installation temperature can adopt 20.
2.0.2.4 Nominal pressure and inside nominal diameter of the pipe
The rating of the pipeline parameter shall be expressed by nominal pressure, and the symbol is
PIN. The pressure rating shall be in compliance with the regulations of national standard
"Nominal pressure of pipeline parts" series (GB1048).Pipeline parameter rating can also be
expressed by labeled pressure and temperature, like p5414 means its design temperature is 540
and its pressure is 14mpa.
The pipelines inside nominal diameter shall be expressed by DN and the nominal diameter rating
shall be in compliance with the regulations specified in national standard Nominal diameter of
pipeline parts(GBl047).
2.0.2.5 Conversion of the pipeline's nominal pressure
The allowable working pressure and nominal pressure of the pipes and fittings can be converted as
the equation below:
PN
[ ]t
[ ] x
(2.0.2-1)
12
Where:
[p] - The allowable working pressure, MPa;
[ ]t - The safe allowable stress of the steel products at design temperature, MPa.
[ ] x - .The corresponding reference stress of the nominal pressure; it refers to the media
volumetric flow safe allowable stress of the steel products at certain temperature, MPa.
Nominal pressures for the general home-made steel products are listed in APPX A.10~A.15.
2.0.3 Water pressure test

Water pressure test is used in testing the strength of pipe and its fittings as well as pipe
system's tightness.
2.0.3.1 Strength test
Pressure of the pipe and the fittings at the strength test (gauge pressure) shall be determined
according to the equation below:
1.25 p [ ] t
[ ]
pT =
Or 1.5 P
(2.0.3-1)
p + 01
The greater one between the two shall be adopted.

Where:
pT test pressure, MPa;
P Design pressure, MPa;
[ ] T - Safe allowable stress of the material under the test temperature, MPa
At the water pressure test, the circumferential stress value of the test specimen shall be no greater
than 90% of the yield limit of the material under test temperature. Circumferential stress is
calculated according to:
p T [ Di + ( s a c)]
=
2( s a c)
t
(2.0.3-2)
13
Where:
t - Circumferential stress of pipe or its fittings under the test pressure, MPa;
Di - Internal diameter of pipe, mm;
S - Wall thickness of the pipe, mm;
a - The extra thickness required due to the consideration of erosion, abrasion and mechanical
strength;
c - Negative deviation value of the pipe wall thickness, mm;
- Compensation factor of the safe allowable stress; for the value refer to Table 3.2.1.
2.0.3.2 Tightness test
On the completion of the installment of the pipe, tightness test must be carried out.
The pressure (gauge pressure) of the water pressure test shall be no smaller than 1.5 times of the
design pressure, and it shall be no smaller than 0.2MPa.
Circumferential stress of the pipe at the water pressure test and the internal pressure at the pressure
test, and axial stress caused by mobile load and constant load shall be no greater than 90% of the
materials' yield limit under test temperature. Axial stress shall be calculated according to:
Where:
L - The sum of the test pressure, self weight and the axial stress generated from other
continuous loads, MPa;
DO - External diameter of the pipe, mm;
MA - Resultant moment on the pipe cross section for its self weight and other continuous external
load, Nman;
W - Pipe's section bending resistance trisquare, mm3
Temperature of the water used in water pressure test shall be no lower than 5, and shall be no
greater than 70. Temperature of the experimental environment shall be no lower than 5;
14
otherwise, measures must be taken to prevent freezing and cold-short rupturing.

Water used in the water pressure test must be clean and it must have very little corrosiveness on
the pipe system. The austenitic stainless steel pipeline must adopt drinking water, and the chloride
ion content shall be no greater than 25mg/L.
Weld joints in the main steam line and reheat steam pipeline of subcritical units or units with the
above stated parameters or other trunk main can also have tightness test by adopting
non-destructive test in place of water pressure test. The requirements for non-destructive test shall
be in compliance with the specifications in electric power construction and technical
specification for the acceptance (radio examination of steel load-bearing pipeline butt-jointed
seam)"; for pipeline leading to atmosphere (like blow-down line or drainage pipe behind the last
stop valve door) and no proof test are needed.
2.0.4 Pipe materials

The steel materials of the pipe shall be in compliance with the current standard steel products
related specifications of state or Ministry of Metallurgical Industry. When a new type of steel is
demanded, it can only be adopted after being approved by related departments. When abroad steel
products are needed, they must be analyzed according to reliable materials and be affirmed to be
suitable to the operating conditions before being adopted.
Home made steel products in common use and their commendatory service temperatures see Table
2.0.4.
Table 2.0.4 Home made steel products in common use and their commendatory service
temperatures
Steel
classification
Steel grade
commendatory
service
temperature
Allowable upper
limit
Notes
Carbon
Construction
Steel
Q235-A.F
Q235-B.F
0-200
250
GB 700
Q235-A
Q235-B
Q235-C
0-300
350
GB 700
Q235-D
-20-300
350
GB 700
10
-20-425
430
GB 3087
Carbon
Constructional
Quality Steel
20
-20-425
430
GB 3087
20G
-20-430
450
GB 5310
Common
alloy steel
16 Mng
-40-400
400
GB 713
low
15
Alloy steel
15CrMo
510
550
GB 5310
12Cr1MoV
540-555
570
GB 5310
12Cr2MowVTiB
540-555
600
GB 5310
12Cr3MoVSiTiB
540-555
600
GB 5310
As for 20-G steel pipe, if it is required that its service life shall be no longer than 20 years, then its
service temperature can be raised to 450, but during the service period, the surveillance on the
metal shall be reinforced.
2.0.5 Allowable stress

Allowable stress of the steel products shall take the minimal value of the following three items
according to steel products' related strength property:
b20/3, st/1.5 or s(0.2%)t/1.5, Dt/1.5
Thereinto,
b20 - Minimal value of the steel products' tensile strength at 20, MPa;
st - Yield limit minimal value of the steel products at design temperature, MPa;
s(0.2%)t - Under design temperature, steel products' residual deformation is 0.2%, MPa;
Dt - Steel products' average rupture life at design temperature 105h, MPa.
Data for the allowable stress of home-made steel products in common use is listed in Appendix
A.1.
Data for the allowable stress of abroad steel products in common use is listed in Appendix A.4,
A.7.
2.0.6 Weld
The selection of welding electrode and welding wire shall be based on the chemical composition,
mechanical property and crack resistance, carbon diffusion, weld preheating, postweld heat
treatment of the welded joint as well as operating conditions of the base material.
2.0.6.1 When steel products of the same kind are welded, adoption of the welding electrode
(welding wire) shall be in compliance with the following requirements:
(1) Performance and chemical composition of the weld metal shall be equivalent to the base
material.
16
(2) Good processing property.

2.0.6.2 When steel products of different kinds are welded, adoption of the welding electrode
(welding wire) shall be in compliance with the following requirements:
(1) For steel products with neither side as austenitic stainless steel, welding electrode (welding
wire) that is between the two in terms of composite or the ones that is suitable to the side with
lower alloy content can be adopted.
(2) For steel with one side as austenitic stainless steel, chromium-nickel stainless steel or nickel
base alloy covered electrode (welding wire) can be adopted.
2.0.6.3 Types and performance of the steel welding electrodes in common use
(1) Type of the carbon steel covered electrode see Appendix A.16.
(2). Type of the low alloy structural steel see Appendix A.17.
(3) Types and chemical composition of the welding wire in common use see Appendix A.18.
(4) Chemical composition and mechanical property at ambient temperature of welding electrodes
deposited metal in common use see Appendix A.19.
(5) Commendatory values for welding electrode (welding wire) to weld heterogeneous steel and
postweld heat treatment temperature see Appendix A.20.
(6) Applicable welding electrode and welding wire types for home-made steel products in
common use see Appendix A.21.
(7) Applicable welding electrode and welding wire types for abroad steel products in common use
see appendix A.22 and Appendix A.23.
2.0.6.4 Fundamental form and dimension of welded joint in common use see Appendix A.24.
2.0.6.5 Processing method of contra-aperture for dissimilar thickness see Appendix A.25.
3 Selections of pipes
3.1 Pipe diameter selection

3.1.1 Diameter sizes of the main ducts like main steam line, reheat steam pipeline and high
pressure feed water pipeline shall be determined according to the optimization calculation.
Pipeline of the monophasic fluid shall be calculated according to the equation below with the
17
recommendatory media velocity of flow:
Di = 594.7
Gu
(3.1.1-1)
w
Or
Di = 18.81
Q
(3.1.1-2)
w
Where Di - inner diameter of the pipe, mm;

G Medias mass flow, t/h;
U - Specific volume of media, m3/kg;
W Medias flow velocity, m/s;
Q - Volumetric flow of the media, m3/h
For pipelines of aerated water two-phase fluid (like high pressure heater drainage, boiler
blow-down, and so on), pipe diameter or its swallowing capacity shall be calculated according to
6.4 calculation method of two-phase fluid pipe.
3.1.2 Flow velocity of media in the aerated water pipe shall be selected according to 3.1.2.
Table 3.1.2 Commendatory pipe media flow speeds (m/s)
Media category
Pipeline name
Commendatory
velocity
draught (m/s)
Main steam
Main steam line
40~60
Reheat steam
High temperature reheat pipe
50~65
Low-temperature reheat pipe
30~45
Extraction or supplementary steam pipe: overheat

steam, Saturated vapor,
Warm-up steam
30~60
30~50
20~35
Steam pipe leading to pressure reducer and

attemperator
60~90
High pressure feed water pipeline
2~6
Low pressure feedwater piping
0.5~2.0
Pipeline at the downstream side of the condensate

pump
2.0~3.5
Pipeline at the inlet side of the condensate pump
0.5~1.0
Other steam
Feedwater
Condensation
Water
Heater
flow
Heater drainage pipeline :

18
drainage
Drainage pump downstream side

Drainage pump inlet side
Adjusting valve downstream side
Adjusting valve inlet side
Other water
Raw water, chemical water, service water and other

water conduits :
Centrifugal pump outlet pipe and other pressure
pipes
Centrifugal pump inlet pipe
Gravity flow and overflowing non-pressure drainage
pipeline
1.5~3.0
0.5~1.0
20~100
1~2
2~3
0.5~1.5
<1
During the selection of specific flow velocity within the recommendatory media's ranges of flow
rates, attention shall be paid on the influence of diameter size and parameter. For pipeline of small
diameter and low environmental parameters, a low value shall be adopted.
3.2 Calculation of the wall thickness
3.2.1 For
Do
1.7 aerated water pipeline bearing internal pressure, the minimal wall thickness
Di
of the straight pipe sm shall be calculated as below:

If calculation is made according to the exterior diameter:
sm =
pDo
(3.2.1-1)
2[ ] 2Yp
t
If calculation is made according to the inner diameter:
sm =
pDi2[ ]t 2Yp
(3.2.1-2)
2[ ]t 2 p (1Y)
Where:
sm - Minimal wall thickness of the straight pipe, mm;
Do - External diameter of the pipe, nominal external diameter shall be adopted, mm;
Di - Internal diameter of the pipe, the maximal internal diameter shall be adopted, mm;
Y - Reduction coefficient of the temperature on the equation of calculating the pipe's wall
thickness; for ferrite steel, when the temperature is under 482, Y = 0.4; when it is 510, Y =
0.5; when it is 538 or above, Y = 0.7; for austenitic steel, if the temperature is 566 or below,
Y = 0.4; if the temperature is 593, Y = 0.5; if the temperature is 621 or above, Y = 0.7; Y at
19
media temperature can be calculated according to interpolation method;

- Reduction coefficient of the allowable stress; for seamless steel pipe =1.0; for longitudinal
seam welding steel pipe, if they are qualified in manufacturing technology conditional test, then
shall take the value in Table 3.2.1; for spiral seam-welding steel pipe, if they are qualified in
SY5036 standard manufacturing and nondestructive test, = 0.9;
- Suitable appended thickness after considering erosion, abrasion and mechanical strength, mm;
for general steam pipe and water pipe, influences of erosion and abrasion are not necessarily to be
considered; for drainage pipe of high pressure heater, feedwater recirculation line, blow-down line
and service water pipeline, the erosion and allowance for abrasion shall adopt 2mm; for pipelines
with serious erosion and abrasion, if it is evaluated that during the pipe's service period its erosion
and abrasion velocity is greater than 0.06mm/a, then the erosion and allowance for abrasion shall
be the overall erosion and abrasion loss of the pipeline's total running years; the appending
tolerance required by the mechanical strength shall be determined according to physical
circumstances.
Table 3.2.1 Allowable stress' reduction coefficient of longitudinal seam welding steel pipe
Welding
method
Welded joint type
Electric
welding
by
hand
Or
autogenously
welding
Double side welding butt-jointed seam with

groove, 100% non-destructive test;
One side welding with argon arc as the
underlay of the butt-jointed seam with groove;
one side welding without argon arc as the
underlay of the butt-jointed seam with groove
1.00
0.90
0.75
Automatic
welding under
the flux layer
Double side welding butt-jointed seam, 100%

non-destructive test;
One side welding butt-jointed seam with
groove;
One side welding plain butt weld
1.00
0.85
0.80
3.2.2 Calculated wall thickness and adopted wall thickness of the straight pipe
3.2.2.1 Calculated wall thickness of the straight pipe shall be calculated according to the equation
below:
sc=sm+c (3.2.2-1)
Where:
sc - Calculated wall thickness of the straight pipe, mm;
c - Added value for wall thickness' negative deviation, mm;
20
3.2.2.2 The wall thickness of the straight pipe adopted shall be expressed by nominal wall
thickness. For pipes classified by outer diameter wall thickness, the wall thickness shall be
selected according to the calculated wall thickness of straight pipe and the nominal wall thickness
series of its product specification; for pipes classified as the minimal internal diameter minimal
wall thickness, the wall thickness shall be selected from the wall thickness series according to the
calculated wall thickness of straight pipe and relevant regulations of the product technology
conditions. In any case, the wall thickness adopted shall be no smaller than the pipe's calculated
wall thickness.
3.2.3 Negative deviation added value of the straight pipe's negative deviation shall be selected
according to the following specification:
For seamless steel pipe marked with an exterior diameterwall thickness, the following equation
can be used in the determination of this value:
c=Asm (3.2.3-1)
Where:
A - negative deviation coefficient of the straight pipe wall thickness; it shall be calculated
according to the allowable wall thickness negative deviation specified in the product technology
qualification m%( see Appendix B) and the equation A=
m
or directly adopt values from
100m
table 3.2.2.
Table 3.2.2 Straight pipe wall thickness negative deviation coefficient

Allowable
straight
pipe
wall thickness
negative
deviation
-5
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12.5
-15
0.053
0.087
0.099
0.111
0.124
0.143
0.176
Wall thickness negative deviation is 0 for seamless steel pipe with a specification of minimal
internal diameter minimal wall thickness;
For welding steel pipe, longitudinally-welded pipe adopts negative deviation of the steel plate
thickness; helically welded pipe adopts from Table 3 according to regulations of the product
technological qualification. Plus, wall thickness negative deviation of the straight pipe for both the
aforesaid steel pipes shall be no smaller than 0.5 mm.
3.2.4 Wall thickness of angle pipe
21
Minimal wall thickness of any point of the angle pipe (finished product) according to actual
measurement shall be no smaller than the calculated wall thickness of the corresponding point,
and the outer wall thickness shall be no smaller than the minimal allowable wall thickness of the
attached straight pipe Sm.
To compensate the thickness loss of the outer side of the angle pipe during its manufacturing
process, thickness of the straight pipe used to make angle pipe shall be no smaller than the
minimal wall thickness specified in Table 3.2.4.
Table 3.2.4 Straight pipe's minimal wall thickness before making into angle pipe,
Bending Radius
Before making into

angle pipe, the straight
pipe's minimal wall
thickness
Bending Radius
Before making into

angle pipe, the straight
pipe's minimal wall
thickness
6Times the external

diameter of the pipe
1.06sm
4 times the external

1.14sm

1.08sm

1.25sm
When the minimal internal diameterminimal wall thickness specification straight pipe is taken to
make the angle pipe, it is appropriate to adopt pipes with an added wall thickness. When the
minimal outer diameter wall thickness specification straight pipe is taken to make the angle pipe,
it is appropriate to adopt pipe that has a wall thickness with positive deviation.
Bending radius of the angel pipe shall be 4 - 5 times of the external diameter, and the ellipticity
after being bent shall be no greater than 5%.
Ellipticity of the angle pipe refers to the ratio of Difference between the Maximum External
Diameter and Minimum External Diameter and the nominal external diameter at the same section
of the angle pipe's bending part.
3.3 Type selection
3.3.1 Selection principle

Pipe types shall be selected according to the media property inside the pipe, media's parameter and
its security as well as economical efficiency under different kinds of operating conditions.
3.3.2 Selection of main pipe
3.3.2.1 Seamless steel pipe is suitable for pipelines of all kinds of parameters
3.3.2.2 Low-temperature reheat pipe can adopt welded steel pipe of high quality
22
3.3.2.3 Pipeline with a parameter of PN2.5 or lower can also choose welded steel pipe.
3.3.2.4 Conveyance of low-pressure liquid can use welded steel pipe (GB3092-1982), but it is
only applicable to products with the parameter as PN1.6 or lower, and media's design temperature
no greater than 200.
4 selection of pipeline fittings
4.1 General Provisions

4.1.1 Fittings of the pipeline shall be selected according to the requirements of system and setup,
nominal diameter, design parameter, media category and the accepted standard. Spare parts of the
pipeline shall be matured product in compliance with the national standard (or industry standard).
If important pipe fittings of new style structure need to be designed and manufactured additionally,
it shall be appraised and proved to be qualified. Calculation of pipeline spare parts and fittings in
common use see Appendix C. During the selection of fittings, attention shall be paid to reduce the
category and specification.
4.1.2 For the connection of pipes and attachments, other than the ones that need to be dismantled,
welding method shall be adopted.
4.1.3 Threaded joint shall be adopted for the welded steel pipe delivering low-pressure stream
with a design pressure no greater than 1.6MPa and a design temperature no greater than 200.
4.2 Selection principle
4.2.1 Flange subassembly

For pipeline with a design temperature of 300 or below, and its PN2.5, flat welding flange
shall be adopted; for pipeline with a design temperature greater than 300 or PN4.0, Welding
neck (WN) flange shall be adopted.
The selection of flange shall be in compliance with the national standard. When special flange is
selected and fitted, except that the interface flange dimension needs to be checked, it also needs to
be guaranteed that the adopted flange thickness is no smaller than the national standard flange
thickness under nominal pressure of the connection pipeline.
Calculation of the flange and flanged connection can proceed according to Appendix C.6.
For pipelines with a design pressure of 14MPa or above, or design temperature as 540 or above,
the welded type flow measuring device shall be adopted; for pipelines of other parameters, the
flange form flow measuring device can be adopted.
23
4.2.2 Angle pipe and flanged bend

For pipeline with PN6.3, intermediate frequency heating pipe bender shall be adopted; flanged
bend in compliance with national standard (or industry standard) can also be adopted according to
the setup; for pipeline with PN<1.0, DN<50, cold bending angle pipe can be adopted; for pipeline
with ;PN<6.3, thermoforming flanged bend shall be adopted.
For pipeline with PN 2.5, longitudinal seam thermoforming flanged bend shall be adopted and its
bending radius shall be DN+50mm.
For flanged bend of big diameter for reheated steam pipeline of high-capacity machine unit with
PN>2.5, high quality longitudinal seam thermoforming welded elbow can be adopted. Wall
thickness calculation of angle pipe (flanged bend) see appendix C.1.
4.2.3 Tapered pipe

Tapered pipe welded with steel plate shall be used for pipeline with PN2.5; steel pipe moulded
tapered pipe can be used for pipeline with PN4.0. For wall thickness calculation of tapered pipe,
see Appendix C.2.
4.2.4 T-joint
T-joint types used for the main ducts can be selected from Table 4.2.4 - 1.
Table 4.2.4-1 T-joint types used for the main pipe
T-joint types
Unit
Unit capacity (MW)

600
300~350
125~210
100 or lower
Main steam line
Forge
Forge, compress
Forge, weld
Compress, weld
High temperature reheat

pipe
Forge
Forge, welding
Forge, weld
Low-temperature
pipe
Welding
Welding
Forge,
compress
Forge, forge
welding
Compress,
and forge
Forge, weld
Forge, weld
Pipeline
reheat
High pressure feed water

pipeline
weld,
For pipeline with PN10, compression and welded T-joint shall be adopted; if single
reinforcement reinforced welded T-joint is adopted, welding quality shall be guaranteed. Wall
thickness calculation of T-joint and stub pipe shall adopt area compensation method, see the
appendix for details.
24
The straight cutting and stub pipe shall be selected according to " typical design of aerated water
pipeline fittings and spared parts".
The maximal allowable diameter on the main pipe that is not reinforced for the hole opened shall
be calculated according to the equation listed in Appendix C.3. When the diameter of the opened
hole is bigger than the maximal allowable, it shall be reinforced as required.
4.2.5 Shell cover and stopple
Spheroidical shell cover and ball-like stopple shall be adopted. Butt welding stopple can also be
adopted.
For pipeline with PN2.5, flat position welded stopple, welded stopple with reinforced rib or
conical head can be adopted.
Calculation of shell cover or stopple see Appendix C.5.
4.2.6 Closure plate and orifice plate
Closure plate clipper between two flanges shall adopt rotary closure plate or middle closure plate.
Flange welded or welded joint can be adopted for the restriction orifice. For the calculation of the
restriction orifice diameter, see Appendix C.7.
4.2.7 Corrugated expansion joint
Corrugated expansion joint shall be selected according to the technical specifications of
manufacturer. Its fatigue life shall be calculated according to the operation conditions, thermal
movement and its born stress of the compensator. Stress calculation of the corrugated expansion
joint see Appendix C.10.
4.2.8 Valve
Valve shall be selected according to the parameter, nominal diameter, leaking degree, and
start-stop timing, and it shall satisfy the requirements on boiler circuit's shutoff, regulation, and
safe operation as well as the requirements of the setup. The type and operation mode of the valve
shall be determined according to requirements of its structure, manufacturing characteristic,
installation and overhauling. If there are special requirements, the selection can be upgraded too.
For example, valves directly connected to the high pressure deaerator and feed-tank and feed
pump intake valves shall both adopt steel valves.
4.2.8.1 Sluice valve: used for shutoff double disc gate valve shall be used for the horizontal pipe
and the valve stem shall be perpendicularly upwards. Single restrictor sluice valve can be installed
25
in pipeline of any position.

Sluice valve shall be adopted when the requirement for flow resistance is low or the media need to
flow in two directions.
4.2.8.2 Stop valve: used for shutoff. When the tightness requirements are high, stop valve shall be
adopted. It can be installed in pipeline of any position.
4.2.8.3 Ball valve: used for adjustment or shutoff. When the shutoff or turn-on is requested to be
prompt, ball valve shall be selected. It can be installed at any position of the pipeline, but the ball
valve with transmitting device shall make the valve stem perpendicularly upwards.
4.2.8.4 Adjusting valve: It shall be adopted according to the application target, regulating method
and regulating range. It can be selected according to Appendix C.9. .It is not suitable that adjusting
valve is used as stop valve. When the selection of adjusting valve is made, measures shall be taken
to control the noise and to prevent cavitations.
When the amplitude of accommodation is small and it is not necessary to regulate frequently, stop
valve or sluice valve can also serve in shutoff and regulation for the following pipelines:
(1) Water pipe with design pressure no greater than 1.6MPa.
(2) Steam pipe with design pressure no greater than 1.0MPa.
4.2.8.5 Check valve: lift perpendicular flap check valve shall be installed in the perpendicular
pipeline, whereas horizontal flap check valve shall be installed in the horizontal pipeline, and
swing check valve shall be installed in the horizontal pipeline. Bottom valve shall be installed at
the end of the pump's perpendicular suction pipe.
4.2.8.6 Drain valve (drainage controller): drain valves of disk type, bimetallic strip, thermal power,
impulse type or ball float shall be adopted and the valve shall be installed horizontally. .According
to the requirements of the draining system, automatic-controlled drain valve can also be adopted.
Drain valve shall be selected according to the drainage volume, magnification and the
manufacturer provided maximum-continuous water discharge under different pressure differences.
If the capacity of a single valve is insufficient, then two valves can be combined in the application.
4.2.8.7 Butterfly valve: it suitable for complete opening and complete shutdown, and it can also be
used for regulation.
4.2.8.8 Safety valve: for safety valves installed on the pipeline, the specification and quantity shall
be selected according to the flow capacity and parameter of the media emission, in compliance
with the method in Appendix C.8 or the materials provided by the manufacturer. For water pipe,
low-lift safety valve shall be adopted; for steam pipe, low-lift safety valve shall be adopted
according to the media category and the discharge amount. During the laying out of the safety
26
valve, valve stem must be perpendicularly upwards.

4.2.8.9 for stop valves described below, if the manufacturer does not provide by-pass valve,
additional by-pass valve shall be equipped:
(1) When steam pipe starts the heating pipe, the by-pass valve needs to be started first to preheat;
(2) Electric actuated main gate valve in front of the steam turbine automatic main steam valve.
(3) Stop valves with media acting force over 50kN on the valve base
(4) hand-operated shutoff valve: when PN1.0, DN600;
PN1.6, DN450;
PN2.5, DN350;
PN4, DN250;
PN6.3, DN200;
PN10, DN150;
PN20, DN100.
Nominal diameter of the by-pass valve on the stop valve can be selected from Table 4.2.8.
Table 4.2.8 List of options for the nominal diameter of the by-pass valve (mm)
Nominal
diameter of the
stop valve DN
100~250
300~600
Nominal
diameter of the
by-pass valve
DN
20-25
25-50
By-pass valve's nominal diameter of the steam turbine's electric actuated main gate valve shall be
selected according to the steam turbine start-up or test requirements.
4.2.8.10 Valves running under the following conditions need to be furnished with electric device
or pneumatic actuator:
(1)According to the controlling requirements during the production process, frequent start-stop or
distant operation is needed;
(2) Where the valve is installed in a position difficult to reach by hand, or where it is necessary for
two or more positions.
27
(3) Twisting moment is large or the start-stop time is long;

Selection of the electric or pneumatic method shall be determined according to the system
requirement, installation site, environmental conditions, heat engineering and requirements of the
manufacturer, as well as characteristics of the driving gear.
Power supply system of the power-driven device is simple and convenient to set up, but if it is
used where explosive gas or materials amass or in a location of high temperature, humid, and
drenched, motor driven devices of corresponding protection classifications shall be adopted.
Pneumatic actuator features as: It operates quickly and is less influenced by the environmental
condition, but it shall have reliable gas supply system and air supply facility.
4.2.9 Valve gear
4.2.9.1 Subassembly of valve gear shall be selected according to the setup of valve and
manipulator, twisting moment of the valve, and typical design. Data for the start-stop twisting
moment of the valve handle, manufacturer provided information shall prevail. If data is
unavailable, refer to Appendix C.11.
4.2.9.2 Gearing connecting bar shall be made of welded steel pipe used for delivering
low-pressure liquid, and shall have sufficient toughness. Its torsion angle shall be no greater than
0.05 radian. The required equatorial moment of inertia of the connecting bar's cross-section shall
meet the following qualifications:
J0.013MmaxL
Where:
J - Equatorial moment of inertia of the connecting bar's cross-section, cm4;
Mmax -Bearable maximum torque of the connecting bar, Nm;
L - Length of one connecting bar (no greater than 4m), m.
To satisfy the elevation and subsidence of the geared valve handle and the flexible rotation of
universal joint, as well as displacement of the absorption pipe (device) and the gearing joint,
expansion joint shall be installed.
4.2.9.3 Commutator shall be used in the following cases:
(1) When there is long distance from the functional unit to the operated valve gate or the second
unit, and connecting bar cannot be used;
(2). When there is difficulty to connect the gearing components in a straight line and it must
28
swerve;
Universal joint's maximal diversion degree is 30, and the allowable diversion for the gear (worm
gear) commutator is 90.
4.2.9.4 Slide fastener gearing is only installed in the valve with PN<2.5 and DN<200 that is
difficult to install a linking gearing. When the slide fastener gearing is adopted, Device must be
installed on the valve handle to prevent the slide fastener from going off.
4.3 Fittings material
4.3.1 Materials for angle pipe, bend, tapered pipe, T-joint, shell cover and stopple shall be adopted
according to Table 2.0.4 and abroad standard steel products, and shall be in compliance with the
connected pipe.
4.3.2 For corrugated pipe materials of the corrugated expansion joint, when the Pn1.6, 08F shall
be adopted; when parameter is high or there is a special requirement, 0Cr18Ni11Ti (or
1Cr18Ni9Ti), 0Cr19Ni9, and 0Cr19Ni11 can be adopted.
29
4.3.3 Materials for the flange fittings shall be adopted according to the design parameter of the
pipe, and the soft gasket sheets shall adopt metal graphite spiral wound gaskets
Table 4.3.3 flange subassembly materials
Part
name
Nominal
pressure
PN
( MPa)
Flange
and
bland
flange
2.5
Bolt and
tapped
stud
Screw
Media shall be the steel products adopted at the following Temperature ()

0~200
Q235
35
Q235
No. 20 steel, No. 25

steel.
B.F
425
450
510
No. 20 steel, No. 25 steel.
12CrMo
15CrMoA
pressure
(no
restriction
)
12Cr1MoV
2.5
Q275
4, 6.3, 10
No. 35, No. 40
20
30CrMoA, 35Cr
Pressure(n
o
restriction
)
2.5
No.
25,
No. 35
540~555
4, 6.3, 10,
20
Q235
washer
A.F
300
30CrMoA
30CrMoA
35CrMoA
25Cr2MoVA
25Cr2MoVA
30CrMoA,
35CrMoA
25Cr2Mo1V
20Cr1MoVTiB
20Cr1Mo1VNiB
A.F
B.F
.Q275
4, 6.3, 10
No. 25 steel, No. 35 steel
20
No. 35 steel, No. 45 steel
No. 20 steel,
No. 30 steel
No.
steel
No.
steel
35
No. 35 steel,
No. 45 steel
30CrMoA
35CrMoA
40
Pressure
(No
restriction
)
25Cr2MoV,
25Cr2Mo1V
20Cr1Mo1V,
30Cr2MoV
20
Q235-A.F, Q235-B.F, Q235, No. 20 steel, No. 35

steel
Pressure
12CrMo, 15CrMo, 15CrMoA

30
(No
restriction
)
Soft
gasket
10
Metal-graphite Spiral Wound Gasket ( or paronite)
Pressure
(No
restriction
)
Metal-graphite Spiral Wound Gasket
5 pipeline and lay out of the fittings
5.1 piping setup

5.1.1 Piping setup shall proceed according to the plant setup and architecture of the main
generator room, the pipeline's going direction shall agree with the axial line of the generator room.
Where the horizontal pipes cross each other a lot, it is suitable to define the height mark scope
vertically and horizontally according to the pipe's trend.
Piping setup shall not make the media mainstream divert within the T-joint.
5.1.2 Strain concentration in some parts due to flexible shift incurred by great toughness or
inferior stress shall be prevented in the pipe system.
The undermentioned conditions shall be avoided during the piping setup:
Tubule is connected with the trunk or pipe of bigger toughness, and this tubule has a greater stress;
pipe section dimension of part of the pipe shall be shortened or materials of inferior performance
can be adopted; during the piping, the stress distribution is very uneven and the magnitude of
stresses of a small section is significantly greater than the rest.
If the aforesaid situations cannot be avoided, rational stop device or cold tight measures shall be
adopted to relieve the flexibility transport phenomena.
Where there is a valve, attention shall be paid on the influence over the section toughness by the
pipe temperature difference when the valve is shut down.
5.1.3 Main steam line and reheat steam pipeline of high-capacity machine unit shall adopt single
pipe or piping setup with mixing and heating functions. When blow-down lines of the main steam
line, reheat steam pipeline or condensing pressure unit are "even numbers" symmetrical lay out
shall be adopted.
5.1.4 Where the two-phase flows exist, the trend shall be perpendicular at first and then horizontal,
31
which shall be short and straight.

5.1.5 Before and after the by-pass valve of the steam turbine, certain straight pipe shall be
installed, and its dimension and setup shall be determined after the consultation with the
manufacturer.
5.1.6 Setup of the steam discharge pipe on the safety valve
5.1.6.1 When the steam discharge pipe adopted the open-type system as shown in Figure 5.1.6 and
no bracket is equipped on the valve and valve pipe, outlet end A of outlet bend on the angle safety
valve shall have a straight section no less than 1 times of the internal diameter, and when in
operation, the steam discharge pipe interface shall be in compliance with the exit section center
line of the outlet bend. The center line of the steam discharge pipe shall be perpendicular to the
center line of the main pipe.
Figure 5.1.6 Setup of the safety valve (open-type discharge system)

5.1.6.2 If no bracket is set between the safety valve outlet and the first outlet bend, they shall be
directly connected; if a straight section is installed, it shall be short as much as possible.
32
5.1.7 If the steam pipe or other heat pipes are set near the valve or flange of the oil-piping or other
parts with oil leakage possibility, it shall be set above the oil-piping. When it must be set under the
oil-piping, reliable insulation measures shall be adopted.
5.1.8 Setting height of the deaerator and the pipe diameter of the downcomer shall be calculated to
satisfy the requirements of net positive suction head of the feed pump (or fore pump).
5.1.9 Headroom between the pipeline and wall, beam, pillar and devices shall comply with the
following specifications:
5.1.9.1 For uninsulated pipeline, headroom between the pipe ectotheca and wall shall be no
smaller than 200mm.
5.1.9.1 For insulated pipeline, headroom between insulated surface and wall shall be no less than
150mm.
5.1.9.3 Local distance between the pipeline and girder, Column, and device shall be determined
according to the headroom between the pipeline and wall with 50mm decreased.
5.1.10 headroom distance between the pipeline laid out on the surface (or floor, platform) and
ground shall be in compliance with the following specifications:
5.1.10.1 For uninsulated pipelines, headroom distance between the pipe ectotheca and the ground
shall be no less than 350mm.
5.1.10.2 For insulated pipeline, headroom distance between the insulated surface and the ground
shall be no less than 300mm.
5.1.10.3 If there are no welding requirements for the pipe alongside the ground, the aforesaid
headroom distance can be decreased properly.
5.1.11 For pipeline paralleled set, the headroom distance between the two pipelines shall be in
compliance with the following specifications:
5.1.11.1 For uninsulated pipeline, headroom between the ectotheca of the two pipes shall be no
less than 200mm.
5.1.9.1 For insulated pipeline, headroom distance between the two insulated pipe surfaces shall be
no less than 150mm.
5.1.12 When cold or thermal walking happened to the pipeline, range interval specified in
5.1.9~5.1.11 shall be no less than 50mm after taking into account the pipeline displacement.
5.1.13 lay out of the pipe shall guarantee that the rootage structure of the supporter and hanger,
33
draw rod and insulating layer of the pipe do not clash.
34
5.1.14 headroom distance of all kinds of pipeline aerial crossing shall take into account the
influence of pipelines displacement and shall be in compliance with the following specifications:
5.1.14.1 When the pipeline spans over the pedestrian passageway, the headroom distance between
the external surface of the pipe or thermal insulation surface and the ground shall be no less than
2000mm. If the passageway needs to deliver equipment, then its headroom distance must satisfy
the requirements of the device delivery.
Figure 5.1.14 Requirement for the pipeline crossing over the stairway
5.1.14.2 If the pipeline crosses over the stairway, the perpendicular length h from the external
surface or thermal insulation surface to the slope surface in compliance with Figure 5.1.14 shall be
no less than the values shown in Table 5.1.14 according to different inclinations of the staircase.
Table 5.1.14 Length of perpendiculars from the pipe (or insulating layer) surface to the stairway
45
50
55
60
65
h(mm)
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
If there is difficulty in the setup, distance H from the external surface of the pipe or thermal
insulation surface to the step under the pipeline shall be no smaller than 2200mm.
5.1.14.3 If the pipeline across the frontage of the step ladder, the headroom distance from the
external surface of the pipe or thermal insulation surface to the vertical plane of the step ladder
shall be no smaller than 750mm.
5.1.15 dispersing steam flow blown out from the blow-down line outlet shall not jeopardize
personnel and the neighboring facility. Height from the steam drain to the building root (or floor,
platform) shall be no smaller than 2500mm.
35
5.1.16 installation gradient of the horizontal pipe shall be determined according to the drainage &
blow-down requirements and the requirements to prevent water from flowing in the turbine.
Influences of the cold, thermal state displacement of pipeline shall also be taken into account, by
this time, the displacement of pipeline can be calculated according to the saturation temperature
under design pressure.
The minimal drainage and blown-down gradient of all kinds of ducts shall be no smaller than the
following values:
Steam pipe:
If temperature smaller than 430 0.002
If the temperature is greater than or equal to 430, 0.004
Water pipe, 0.002
Drainage and blow-down pipeline, 0.003
Low pressure feedwater piping before the fore pump of the unit plant , 0.15
All kinds of mother pipe, 0.001~0.002
10.4.1 The gradient of the gravity line shall be calculated according to the following fomula:
i 1000
wm2
Di 2 g
(5.1.16)
Where:
- Pipeline friction coefficient
Di - Pipeline internal diameter, mm;
wm- Pipeline average flow velocity, ms .
Gradient of the steam pipe shall agree with the steam flow .
According to the requirements that the turbine shall be kept away from the water, pipeline shall be
guaranteed to have a drainage gradient in the steam flow direction that is no smaller than 0.005.
Gradient for the drainage pipe of the turbine itself in the direction of water flow shall be no
smaller than 0.005.
Sealing system pipeline between the steam turbine and the vapor lock collecting box shall make
36
the discharging tilt to the collecting box shall be no smaller than 0.02. Steam supply line to the
sealing system must tilt to the steam supply source and its minimum grade shall be no smaller than
0.06.
5.1.17 Ends of the angle pipe shall have a straight pipe section. For continuous angle pipes,
between two angle pipes, there shall be a straight pipe section. Its length shall meet the standards
of angle pipe.
5.1.18 interior pipe of the trench shall be laid out with single-layer method. If multi-layer setup is
adopted, tubule or pipes with high pressure and a lot of valves can be laid on the top.
5.1.19 for pipeline laid out in the trench, all different kinds of headroom shall be compliance with
the following specifications:
5.1.19.1 Uninsulated pipeline
(1) Headroom distance from the pipe ectotheca to the trench wall 100 ~ 150mm;
(2) Headroom distance from the pipe ectotheca to gully bottom shall be no smaller than 200mm;
(3) For headroom distance between the two neighboring pipe ectothecas, it shall be no smaller
than 150mm in vertical direction, and no smaller than 100mm in the horizontal direction.
5.1.19.2 With cold and thermal walking taken into account, except the aforesaid headroom
distance guaranteed, the headroom distance of the insulated pipeline after thermal insulation shall
be no smaller than 50mm.
5.1.19.3 When the setup is multi-layer, the upper pipeline shall have a level spacing no smaller
than 400mm.
37
The aforesaid dimension relationships see Figure 5.1.19.

5.1.20 If necessary, valve (or flange) in the trench can have a valve well set up. For the dimension
of the valve well, the figure can be referred to.
5.1.20 selection
5.2 Setup of the fittings
5.2.1 When two moulded fittings are attached, straight pipe of a certain length shall be installed,
and the length can be adopted according to the following specifications:
For pipeline with DN150, it shall be no smaller than 200mm;
For pipeline with DN<150, it shall be no smaller than 150mm;
For trunk main, the aforesaid straight pipe length shall be properly lengthened;
When there is supporter and hanger or drain pipe joint equipped in the straight pipe, the straight
pipe shall also be properly lengthened as required.
5.2.2 When a tapered pipe is installed near a T-joint, for sink flow T-joint, the tapered pipe shall be
installed in the pipeline in front of the sink flow; while for the flow-distributing T-joint, the
tapered pipe shall be installed on the pipeline after the flow-distributing.
Eccentric reducer on the horizontal pipe of the water pump shall be laid out downwards off-centre.
5.2.3 Sink flow and flow-distributing T-joint of the main steam and reheat steam pipe of
subcritical parameter or above that shall adopt inclined T-joint joint or " Y " type T-joint.
5.2.4 For unit of subcritical parameter or above, when main throttle valve and reheat emergency
valve cannot bear the piping hydraulic test pressure, the water pressure test valve shall be installed
or other insulation measures shall be taken in the main steam and reheat steam pipeline near the
superheater outlet, the reheater inlet and downstream side.
5.2.5 Setup of the valve
5.2.5.1 Valve shall be set in places easy to operate, maintain and overhaul.
5.2.5.2 Heavy valve and larger welded type valve shall be set in the horizontal pipeline and the
door rod shall be perpendicularly upwards. Heavy valve shall also be taken into account necessary
measures for lifting.
5.2.5.3 For flanged valve or cast-iron valve, it shall be set in a place with a smaller bending
38
moment.
5.2.5.4 Valve stem of horizontally set valve cannot be set downwards.
5.2.5.5 For valve inside the trench, valve stem can emerge above the ground, provided that it will
not disturb traffic, and generally the operating handwheel is 150mm above the ground. Or else,
handy operation measures shall be considered.
5.2.6 Setting of the valve handle
5.2.6.1 For valves set in the perpendicular section that can be operated directly, height from the
center of the operation handwheel to the ground ( or floor, platform) shall be 1300mm.
5.2.6.2 For valve under direct operation outside the platform, the distance from the handwheel
centre (for horizontally set handwheel) or the distance from the handwheel plane (for handwheel
that is perpendicularly set) to the platform shall be no greater than 300mm (see Figure 5.2.6).
5.2.6.3 150mm headroom distance shall be kept around any margin of the valve handle under
direct operation.
5.2.7 If valve cannot be operated under foot or on the floor, valve gearing or operation platform
shall be set. Gearing operating handwheel set shall be set in places that does not interfere the
traffic and the deflection angle of the universal joint shall be no greater than 30. The length of the
connecting bar shall be no greater than 4m.
5.2.8 For two-phase flow piping, the position of the adjusting valve shall be close to the vessel
holding the media. If the conditions permitted, the adjusting valve shall connect to the media
vessel directly. The first reversible deflector behind the adjusting valve shall use T-joint junction
instead and one end directly connect to the T-joint shall have a stopple installed.
5.2.9 Setting of the by-pass valve on the steam turbine
39
5.2.9.1 By-pass valve shall be installed near the steam turbine

5.2.9.2 Valve stem of the by-pass valve shall be perpendicularly upwards and shall have measures
for operations, platform maintenance and inspection lifting.
5.2.9.3 Water spray adjusting valve shall be installed at water jet inlet near the by-pass valve.
40
Water spray adjusting valve and the pipe setup behind the valve shall be in compliance of the
manufacturers requirements.
5.2.10 setting of the safety valve
5.2.10.1 For the safety valve on the main steam pipe and high temperature reheat pipe, distance
from the valve gate to the upstream angle pipe (head) contraflexure shall be no smaller than 8
times of the pipes internal diameter; when the angle pipe (head) is perpendicular upwards and
then turns to the horizontal direction, the distance shall be properly increased. The distance from
the safety valve inlet to the fittings at both sides of the up and down stream [except downstream
angle pipe (head)] shall be no smaller than 8 times of the pipes internal diameter.
5.2.10.2 If two or more safety valves are installed on the same pipeline, their space along the
pipelines longitudinal direction shall be no smaller than 1.5 times of the diameter sum of safety
valve inlet. If two safety valves are elicited from the circumferential direction at the same pipe
section, the arc length of their circumferential range interval shall be no smaller than the sum of
internal diameters of the two safety valves.
5.2.10.3 If the steam discharge pipe is open-type system, and no bracket is equipped on the safety
valve pipe, the inlet pipe of the safety valve shall be shortened as much as possible, and the outlet
direction of the safety valve shall parallel with the axial line of the main pipe (or collecting box).
5.2.10.4 If more than one safety valve is set on the same main pipe or (collecting box), it shall be
taken into account that under all the operating modes of safety valve, influences of their emission
applied moment to the force of the main pipe shall be balanced as much as possible.
5.2.11 For main steam and high temperature reheat pipe with the media temperature of 500 or
above, 3 creep measuerment sections shall be set, and the position shall be set in a place with high
temperature, larger stress and easy to monitor. Insulation layer of the creep measuerment section
shall adopt movable structure.
5.2.12 before and after the flow measurement device (measuring orifice or spray nozzle), straight
pipe of certain length shall exist.
The flow development length can be found in Table 5.2.12. Table 5.2.12 The minimal flow
development length before and after flow measurement device (measuring orifice or spray nozzle)
(d/Di)
Form of the local resistance parts before the flow measurement device and the minimal flow development leng
41
Full-open stop valve

A 90 connector
bend or a T-joint
with only a branch
pipe flowing
Many 90connector
bends in the same
planes
Space
connector
bend
(many
90connector bends
in different planes)
Full-open
valve
Tapered pipe (Sizes

changing from big to
small,
2di
di
length3Di;
from
small to big
sluice
flow
development
length after
the
flow
measurement
device
L2
( all the forms
of the local
resistances)
1
DiDi,
2
lengthDi
1
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
10(6)
10(6)
10(6)
10(6)
14(7)
14(7)
14(7)
16(8)
18(9)
22(11)
28(14)
14(7)
14(7)
14(7)
14(7)
18(9)
18(9)
20(10)
22(11)
26(13)
32(16)
36(18)
34(17)
34(17)
34(17)
36(18)
36(18)
38(19)
40(20)
44(22)
48(24)
54(27)
62(31)
16(8)
16(8)
16(8)
16(8)
16(8)
18(9)
20(10)
20(10)
22(11)
24(12)
26(13)
18(9)
18(9)
18(9)
18(9)
20(10)
20(10)
22(11)
24(12)
26(13)
28(14)
32(16)
12(6)
12(6)
12(6)
12(6)
12(6)
12(6)
12(6)
14(7)
14(7)
16(8)
20(10)
4(2)
4(2)
5(2.5)
5(2.5)
6(3)
6(3)
6(3)
6(3)
7(3.5)
7(3.5)
7(3.5)
42
0.75
0.80
36(18)
46(23)
42(21)
50(25)
70(35)
80(40)
28(14)
80(40)
36(18)
30(15)
24(12)
30(15)
8(4)
8(4)
43
Note:
Digitals listed in this table multiple pipeline internal diameter Di;
Digitals outside the parentheses are the digitals with "attached limit relative error is 0"; and the
digitals inside the parentheses are digitals with "attached limit error is 0.5%".
Where:
d - Pore diameter of spray nozzle or orifice;
Di- Internal pipe size
If the pore diameter of the flow measuring device is unknown, and the ratio of the bore diameter
and internal pipe size is 0.3 ~ 0.5, flow development length before and after the flow measurement
device shall be no shorter than 20 times and no shorter than 6 times respectively that of the
internal pipe size.
The minimum allowable flow development length before and after the flow measuring device
shall not be installed with drain pipe or other stubs.
5.2.13 On main steam pipes and high temperature reheat pipes with media temperature over 450,
three-way displacement indicator can be set up in position.
5.3 Compensation of pipe
5.3.1 Pipelines flexible self-compensation shall be fully utilized to compensate the thermal
expansion of the pipeline. If the self-compensation fails to meet the requirements, expansion joint
must be installed.
5.3.2 Pipelines for the main steam, reheat steam, steam turbine extraction steam, supplementary
steam, high temperature shaft gland steam supply and high pressure feed water pipeline shall be
calculated with electronic computer according to " technical specification for aerated water
pipeline stress calculation SDGJ6-1990"; for other pipelines, it shall be calculated with electronic
computer.
5.3.3 For branchless pipelines with no defined hanger and support between two points, Appendix
D.1 can be taken as the reference to judge if its self-compensation capacity can meet the
requirements or not.
5.3.4 When corrugated expansion joint is adopted, axial deformation of expansion joint can be
used to absorb the thermal expansion of straight length, also, the flexural deformation of
expansion joint can be used to form unitary or double expansion joint to absorb the horizontal
44
thermal expansion of the pipe. For related judging standards of compensation capacity see
Appendix D.2. When using the corrugated pipe, it must be guaranteed to be stable in the hanger
and support system.
On the steam discharge pipe of the boiler safety valve, slip-type expansion joint or drainage disk
can be adopted.
5.3.5 Corrugated expansion joint shall take into account the influence of thrust force and its
moment on unit interface or pipeline attachment point according to types of the corrugated pipe.
For the calculation of thrust force see Appendix D.2.
5.4 Cold tightening of the pipe
5.4.1 Pipelines with the design temperature at 430 and upwards shall be cold-tightened.
Cold-tightness ratio (namely ratio of the cold tightness value and the offset) shall be no smaller
than 0.7; for other pipelines, when the thrust force and moment on equipment at functional mode
needs to be diminished, cold tightness can also proceed. Cold tightness coefficient of efficiency
takes 2/3 at functional mode while 1 at cold state.
For multi ducts branches, cold tightness value of each branch shall be defined according to the
nodal displacements and flexibility of each branch.
5.4.2 When there is a fixing supporter and hanger (including rigid hanger) on the pipe, cold
tightness volume and cold tightening mouth shall be calculated and set up with spacing hanger and
support points as the separation points. During the construction is implemented, cold tightness can
be realized through releasing draw rod and loosening spacing.
5.4.3 Cold tightening mouth shall be set up in places when the construction is easy (like near the
platform, beam column and so on) and the pipeline bending moment is small.
6 Hydraulic calculations

6.1.1 The task of hydraulic calculation of the pipeline is to calculate the pipe's pressure drop or
determine the media state as well as swallowing capacity of the pipeline at any section according
to the given pipe setup, pipe diameter, media flow and its parameter.
6.1.2 When calculating the pipe's pressure drop, certain allowance can be considered, and the
value can be 10% of the calculated pressure drop.
6.1.3 Pipe friction coefficient can be checked and adopted in Figure 6.1.3 according to the
45
Reynolds number and relative roughness of the pipe wall /Di.

6.1.3.1 Reynolds number shall be calculated according to the equation below.
Re =
wDi wDi
=
v
v
(6.1.3)
Where:
Re - Reynolds number;
W - Media flow velocity inside the pipe, m/s;
Di - Internal pipe size, m;
v - Media dynamic viscosity, m2/s;
- Media dynamic viscosity, Pas;
v - Media specific volume, m3/kg;
Viscosity value of water and vapor see Appendix E.1.
46
47
Figure 6.1.3 Friction coefficient of the pipe

6.1.3.2 Relative roughness of the pipe wall equals to the ratio of the pipe equivalent roughness
and the internal pipe size Di. Equivalent roughness of all kinds of pipes see Appendix E.2.1.
6.1.4 The total drag coefficient of pipe can be calculated according to the equation below:
t =
Di
L 1 (6.1.4)
Where:
t - Total drag coefficient of the pipeline;
- Pipeline friction coefficient;
L - Overall pipeline stretched length (including the length of the fittings), m;
- Pipeline's total local resistance coefficient.
Coefficients of local resistance for fittings in common use for every country see Appendix E.2.2;
value shall be adopted according to practical situations.
6.1.5 Media flow distribution for two pipelines connected in parallel with different resistance but
same pipe diameter shall be calculated according to the follow equation:
t2
G1
(6.1.5)
=
t1
G2
Where
G1 , G2 - Mass flow of the first and the second branch pipe, t/h;
t1 , t 2 - Total drag coefficient of the first and the second branch pipe.
6.1.6 Total drag coefficient of the pipelines with equal diameter, first connected in parallel and
then in serial as shown in Figure 6.1.6, can be calculated according to the equation below:
48
t =
1~3 2~ 3
3~ 4 (6.1.6)
( 1~3 2~3 ) 2
Where
1~3 - Total drag coefficient of the pipeline for 1 ~ 3 sections;

2~ 3 - Total drag coefficient of the pipeline for 2 ~ 3 sections;
3~ 4 - Total drag coefficient of the pipeline for 3 ~ 4 sections.
For the calculation of total drag coefficient of pipelines with same diameter, first connected in
serial and then connected in parallel, the equation is the same as Equation (6.1.6).
6.1.7 When the pipe diameters are different, the following equation shall be taken to convert into
the resistance coefficient when the diameter is Di1, and then Equation (6.1.5) and Equation can be
used.
4
D G
t1 = t 2 i1 2 (6.1.7)
Di 2 G1
6.1.8 Media flow velocity and mass velocity inside the pipe shall be calculated according to the
equation below respectively:
w = 0.3537
Gu
(6.1.8-1)
Di2
49
m = 0.3537
G
(6.1.8-2)
Di2
Where m - Mass velocity of the media inside pipe, kg/ ( m2s).

6.1.9 Dynamical pressure of the media inside the pipe shall be calculated according to the
equation below:
pd =
1 w2
(6.1.9-1)
2 v
Or
pd =
1 .2
m v (6.1.9-2)
2
Where p d - Dynamical pressure of the media inside the pipe, Pa.

6.2 pipeline with media specific volume of little changes
6.2.1 This section is suitable for water pipe and steam pipe with pipe end and initial end of media
specific volume no greater than 1.6 or pressure drop no greater than 40% of the initial pressure.
6.2.2 Pressure drop of the water pipe shall be calculated according to the equation below:
g
p = t pd ( H 2H 1 ) (6.2.2)
v
Where p - Pipeline's pressure drop, Pa;
g - Acceleration of gravity, m/s2, adopt 9.81;
H2-H1 - Height difference of the pipe's terminal end and initial end, m.
6.2.3 Terminal end pressure of the water pipe shall be calculated according to the equation below:
g
p 2 = p1 t p d ( H 2H 1 ) (6.2.3)
v
50
Where p2 - Terminal end pressure of the pipe, Pa;

p1 - Initial end pressure of the pipe, Pa.
6.2.4 pressure drop of the steam pipe can be calculated according to the Darcy equation:
p = t
w2
(6.2.4)
2v
Where v - Media specific volume, m3/kg, whenp0.1p1, the known specific volume of initial
end or terminal end of the pipeline shall be adopted; when 0.1p1<p0.4p1, the average specific
volume value of the pipeline initial and the terminal shall be adopted. When p>0.4p1, the
Equation ( 6.2.4) is not applicable.
6.2.5 Calculation of the pressure, specific volume and pressure drop at the terminal or initial end
of steam pipe
6.2.5.1 Calculation of pressure and pressure drop at the terminal or initial end of the steam pipe
shall be calculated according to the equation below:
p 2 = p1 12
p d1
p
t 12.5 d1 (6.2.5-1)
p1
p1
p1 = p 2 12
pd 2
p
t 1 d 2 (6.2.5-2)
p2
p2
p=p1-p2
Where Pd1- Dynamical pressure at the initial end of the pipeline shall be calculated with the initial
end media parameters and according to equation ( 6.1.9 - 1) or equation ( 6.1.9 - two), Pa;
Pd2 -Dynamical pressure at the terminal end of the pipeline shall be calculated with the terminal
media parameters and according to equation ( 6.1 - 9) or equation ( 6.1.9 -2), Pa.
6.2.5.2 Calculation of specific volume at the terminal or initial end of the steam pipe shall be
calculated according to the following method:
First calculate the media specific volume ratio of the terminal end and the initial end of the
pipeline according to the equation below:
51
= b
p
k1
b(b 21) d1 (6.2.5-4)
k
p1
Or
= b
k1
1 p
b d 2 (6.2.5-5)
k
b p2
Specific volume of the terminal or initial end shall be calculated according to the equation below:
v2=v1(6.2.5-6)
v1=v2/(6.2.5-7)
Where
- Media specific volume ratio of the terminal and initial end,
v2
;
v1
b - Terminal pressure ratio of the pipeline initial end and terminal pressure, b =
p1
;
p2
k - Value of adiabatic index shall be adopted according to specification of 6.3.2.

6.2.6 The aforesaid equation for pipe's initial and terminal pressure calculation is only applicable
.
for pipeline with an unchanging mass velocity m . When the calculated pipeline is composed
different mass velocities (since pipe diameter or flow capacity are different), sectionalized
calculations can be made according to different mass velocities in order. Initial end pressure of the
pipeline after each local change shall take into account the changes of the dynamical pressure at
the local points where the changes happen (tapered pipe or T-joint).
For water pipe, dynamical pressure and static pressure after local changes can be calculated
pd=a2pd(6.2.6-1)
p=p+pd-pd-p-(6.2-6-2)
Where pd - Dynamical pressure at the initial end of the pipeline after the local changes, Pa;
52
pd- Dynamical pressure at the terminal of the pipeline before the local changes, Pa;
a - Ratio of the media mass velocities after and before local changes;
p - Static pressure at the terminal end of the pipeline before the local changes, Pa;
p - Static pressure at the initial end of the pipeline after the local changes, Pa;
P- - Pressure fall at the local changes, Pa.
For steam pipe, when
p d
0.02 , the calculation can be made according to the aforesaid
p
equation pd, p. When
pd
0.02 , influence of media specific volume changes shall be taken
p
into account. Calculation method see specifications in 6.3.6.

6.3 pipeline with media specific volume of great changes
6.3.1 This section is suitable for water pipe and steam pipe with pipe end and initial end of media
specific volume greater than 1.6 or pressure drop greater than 40% of the initial pressure.
6.3.2 the pressure drop of pipe can be calculated according to the equation below:
k1
k1
1 . 2

p = t
ln
m v1 (6.3.2-1)
k
2k
1
Where: k - Adiabatic index, for superheated vapor, k shall adopt 1.3; for dry saturated steam with
saturation temperature as 225, k shall adopt 1.135; for dry saturated steam with saturation
temperature as 310, k shall take 1.08; k of saturated vapor under other temperature shall be
checked and adopted according to Figure 6.3.2.
53
Figure 6.3.2 adiabatic index of saturated vapor

1 - dryness x =1;
2 dryness x =0.9
6.3.3 Flow properties (subcritical flow or critical flow) of the steam in the pipeline shall be
discriminated according to the specific ratio of critical pressure or critical specific volume ratio.
6.3.3.1 Critical pressure shall be calculated according to the equation below:
.
m 2kp0 v0
pe =
(6.3.3-1)
k
k1
Where p - Critical pressure, Pa;
p0 - Stagnation pressure at the initial end, Pa;
v0 - Stagnation specific volume at the initial end, m3/kg.
Stagnation parameters p0, v0 shall be calculated and found in the Enthalpy-entropy Diagram
according to the media flow velocity at the initial end of the pipeline:
54
. 2
k1 m v1
p 0 v0 = p1
v1
2
k
(6.3.3-2)
During the calculation of the blow-down line of the boiler safety valve, initial end stagnation
properties can adopt the parameter of the safety valve inlet value.
6.3.3.2 Critical specific volume ratio shall be calculated according to the equation below:
c2 =
2k
t12 ln c
k1
(6.3.3-3)
Where c - ratio of the media's critical specific volume and the initial end specific volume,
c =
vc
, It can also be adopted from Figure 6.3.3.
v1
6.3.3.3 Critical velocity of the steam shall be calculated according to the equation below:
wc =
2kp0 v0
k1
(6.3.3-4)
Or
wc = 2kpc vc
(6.3.3-5)
Where wc - Critical velocity, m/s.

6.3.4 pipeline where media specific volume changes a lot shall adopt the following method in
hydraulic calculation according to different known conditions:
55
Figure 6.3.3 Relation curve for the critical pressure ratio a c , critical specific volume ratio c and
the total drag coefficient
6.3.4.1 If initial end stagnation properties p0, v0, mass velocity m, total drag coefficient of the
pipeline
t and terminal space pressure p are already known, the steam initial parameter p1,
v1 shall be calculated according to the equation below:

First calculate the critical pressure according to Equation ( 6.3.3 - 1).
(1) If pcp , then It is a subcritical flow, the pipeline terminal end parameter shall be
calculated according to the equation below:
p 2 = p (6.3.4-1)
v 22
2k p 2
2k p 0 v 0
v 2
= 0 (6.3.4-2)
2
k1 .
k1 m 2
m
Media specific volume ratio shall be calculated according to the equation below:
p2
k1 2
k1
( 1) = t
ln (6.3.4-3)
2k
k
2 pd 2
56
Pipeline initial end parameter shall be calculated according to the equation below:
v1 = v 2 / (6.3.4-4)
p1 = p 2
k1
1
p d 2 (6.3.4-5)
(2) If p c p , then it is a critical flow, Pipeline terminal end parameter shall be calculated
p2=pc(6.3.4-6)
v2 =
2 p0 v0
(6.3.4-7)
k1 p 2
Media critical specific volume ratio
c shall be calculated according to equation (6.3.3-3) , or
checked out from Figure 6.3.3.
Media critical pressure ratio
c shall be calculated according to the equation below or checked
out from Figure 6.3.3.
c =
k1
k1
c
(6.3.4-8)
2
2 c
Where
c - critical pressure ratio, c = p1 / pc .
Pipeline initial end parameter shall be calculated according to the equation below:
v1 = v2 / c (6.3.4-9)
p1 = c pc (6.3.4-10)
.
6.3.4.2 If initial end parameter p1, v1, mass velocity m , total drag coefficient of the pipeline 1
57
and terminal parameter p 2 , v 2 are known, the calculation shall be carried out according to the
follow equation:
First calculate ratio of the media specific volume at the pipeline terminal and initial :
p1
1
k1
k1
1 2 = t
ln (6.3.4-11)
p
k
k
2
2
d1
After is calculated, compare it with the value
(1) If
c calculated according to (6.3.3 -3).
c , then it is a subcritical flow, the pipeline terminal parameter shall be calculated
v 2 = v1 (6.3.4-12)
p2 =
(2) If
p1
1
k1
p d1 (6.3.4-13)
= c , then the flow belongs to subcritical flow. First calculate the critical specific
volume ratio
c and critical pressure ratio c according to equation (6.3.3-3) and equation
(6.3.4-8), and then calculate the pipelines terminal parameter according to the equation below:
p 2 = p1 / c (6.3.4.14)
v 2 = v1 c (6.3.4-15)
(3) If
c , it signifies that the given conditions are not qualified, namely under the given
initial end parameter and total drag coefficient, it will fail to reach the given mass velocity.
6.3.4.3 If initial end parameters p1 , v1 total drag coefficient of the pipeline t and space
.
pressure at the end p are known, mass velocity m shall be calculated according to the
58
equation below:
First calculate the ratio
= p1 / p , and compare the ratio with c calculated according to
Equation (6.3.4-8).
(1) If
c , then the flow belongs to subcritical flow ( p 2 = p ), Media mass velocity inside
the pipe shall be calculated according to the equation below:

.
m=
( p1p 2 )(1 )
k1
k1
1
v1
ln
t

k
2k
When the aforesaid calculation is proceeding,
(6.3.4-16)
can be approximately calculated according to
the equation below:
k1 2
(6.3.4-17)
= 1
k1 c
Or
4(k1) 2
(6.3.4-18)
= 1
3
(k1) c
Where
- Ratio between the pipeline initial end pressure and end space pressure.
Use the approximate value of , calculate the mass velocity m according to equation (6.3.4-16),
and then calculate the pipelines terminal end media specific volume v 2 according to equation
(6.3.4-2). After calculating an accurate value of
according to = v 2 / v1 , substitute it into the
equation (6.3.4-16) to amend the value of m .
(2) If
c , then the flow belongs to critical flow, the Media mass velocity inside the pipe
59
p1
m=
k1
k1 1
c
2k c
2k
(6.3.4-19)
2kp0 v0
4
(k1) g 10
6.3.5 For pipeline with subcritical flow at the terminal end, virtual calculation method can also be
adopted as shown in Figure 6.3.5, namely it is virtually extend the pipeline carrying the same
cross sections, and there must be a point "3" that can be found, and this point is in critical state
with an unchanging flow capacity.
Figure 6.3.5 Virtual calculating chart of subcritical flow pipeline

Parameters p3 and v3 at the point of 3 can be calculated according to equation (6.3.3-1) and
equation (6.3.4-7).
Resistance coefficient
13 at section 1~3 can be calculated according to the equation below:
13
Resistance coefficient
23
v
k1 v3
2 ln 3 1
=
v1
2k v1
(6.3.5-1)
23 at section 2~3 can be calculated according to the equation below:
v
k1 v3
2 ln 3 1
=
v2
2k v 2
(6.3.5-2)
Or
60
23 = 13 12
(6.3.5-3)
After calculating the aforesaid parameters, Work out the media parameters at the point of "2" or
1" according the different known conditions and the method in 6.3.3.
.
6.3.6 The aforesaid equations are only applicable to situation that the media mass velocity m
remains unchanging. When the media mass velocities are verified, The calculation can be made
according to orders of different mass velocity sections. Initial end pressure of the pipeline after
each local change shall consider the changes of the dynamical pressure at that point ( tapered pipe
or T-joint).
.
When a = m/ m1 , c = p d / p0.05 , or a1 , c0.03 , the Initial end pressure of

steam pipe after the local changes shall be calculated according to the equation below:
p d =
a 2 p dp
( pp d)p d
(6.3.6-1)
Initial end static pressure of the pipeline after the local changes shall be calculated according to
the equation below:
p = pp dp dp
(6.3.6-2)
Initial end steam specific volume after the local changes shall be calculated according to the
equation below:
v = 2
p d
. 2
(6.3.6-3)
m
Where:
v - Steam specific volume at the initial end of the pipeline after the local changes, m3/kg;
m - Mass velocity at the initial end of the pipeline after the local changes, kg/(cm2s).
If a1 , c0.05 or a1 , c0.03, the media specific volume ratio at the initial end of the pipe
before and after the local changes can be calculated according to the equation below, or be
61
checked from Figure 6.3.6 as the value of
a 2 c 2
k
( 1k1) = c
k1
(6.3.6-4)
After obtaining the value of , Initial end parameter of the pipeline after the local changes shall
be calculated according to the equation below:
v = v
(6.3.6-5)
p = p k
(6.3.6-6)
p d = a 2 pd
(6.3.6-7)
62
Figure 6.3.6 Relation curve (k=1.3) for Specific volume ratio ( ), mass velocity ratio (a) and
ratio of dynamic pressure and static pressure (c)
(a) a<1; (b) a>1
6.3.7 When the steam flows to the trunk main from the tapered pipe, it is also possible to reach the
63
critical flow velocity.

Total pressure at the initial end after the change of tapered pipe shall be greater than or equal to the
pressure head formed by pipe resistance at the after section of pipe and the back pressure at the
end of pipe, plus the pressure head formed by the resistance corresponding to the resistance of the
big end tapered pipe.
pp d p d p
(6.3.7)
Where p - Pressure formed by the after section pipe resistance and the back pressure at
terminal
of the pipe, Pa;
- the resistance corresponding to the resistance coefficient of big end tapered pipe,
1 D
= i
2 di
, thereinto, is the coefficient of resistance of the tapered pipe found from
Appendix E.2.2; d i is the small end inner diameter of the tapered pipe.
6.3.8 On the calculation and selection of the orifice plate on the steam pipe, see Figure 6.3.8, the
following method shall be taken:
6.3.8.1 Calculation of the orifice plate pressure drop
.
First determine the steam parameter before the orifice plate p 2 , v 2 with m , p1 , v1 , and
according to related regulations of Section 6.2 or
Section 6.3, and determine the steam
parameter p3 , v3 after the orifice plate
.
according to the given values of m , p 4 , v 4 , and 34 .
12 ,
Pressure drop of the orifice plate shall be calculated according to the equation below:
pm = p2p3 (6.3.8-1)
Where: pm - Pressure drop of the orifice plate, Pa.

6.3.8.2 Calculation of the orifice plates resistance coefficient
After calculating the Pressure drop of the orifice plate Pm according to 6.3.8.1, the resistance
coefficient of the orifice plate
m shall be calculated according to the equation below:

64
m =
pm
(6.3.8-2)
pd 2
Where: pd 2 - Dynamical pressure of the media before the orifice plate, Pa;
Figure 6.3.8 The flow of the media through the orifice
m - Correspond to the coefficient of resistance of the media flow velocity before the orifice
plate.
6.3.8.3 Calculation of the bore diameter of orifice plate
For the calculation of the orifice plate's bore diameter on the steam pipe, method in Appendix C.7
or the method described below can be adopted.
d
Calculated the value of 0
Di
with value of the resistance coefficient m and the ratio
p m
according to 6.3.8.2, and Figure E.2.2-12 in Appendix E.6.3.2 Pore diameter of the orifice
p1
plate can be calculated according to the equation below:
d
d 0 = Di 0
Di
(6.3.8-3)
Where:
d0 Bore diameter of the orifice plate, m;
65
Di inner diameter of the steam pipe, m.

The aforesaid methods can also be taken in determining throat opening area and coefficient of
resistance of the adjusting valve.
6.3.9 For open exhaust pipeline, steam regurgitation must be avoided at the drainage disk. The
conditions must meet the equation below to avoid regurgitation on the steam discharge pipe:
G
( w1w2 )( p 2p at ) A2( p1pat ) A1 (6.3.9)
3.6
Figure 6.3.9 open exhaust pipeline

Footnote 1 is the outlet end parameter of the valve pipe; 2 is the inlet end parameter of the steam
discharge pipe.
Where G - mass flow, t/h;
pat - air pressure, Pa;
A - Pipeline sectional area, m2.
6.4 pipeline of two-phase fluid
66
6.4.1 This section is applicable for the pipeline with media as two-phase fluid of boiling water and
High Pressure saturated vapor with a high pressure loss. The primary purpose is to determine the
swallowing capacity of the pipeline.
6.4.2 The swallowing capacity of pipe can be calculated according to the equation below:
.
G = 2.827 m Di2 (6.4.2)

6.4.3 Media mass velocity of two-phase flow shall be calculated according to the equation below:
m=
2
1 dp 1 dpg 1 2 dH (6.4.3-1)
2
2
t4.6 lg 2
Where - media density, kg/m3;

Dp - media pressure change, Pa;
dH - Altitude change of the pipeline, m;
Range of integration 1 - pipeline initial end parameter;
Range of integration 2 - pipeline terminal end parameter;
6.4.3.1 Value of
dp
2
shall be calculated according to method below.
First suppose terminal pressure of the pipeline is p2, and divide the pressure range of p1 and p2 into
certain intervals: pp, pp , pp .
(1) Calculated dryness under the pressure of (pn) at any point:
xn =
h1hn
(6.4.3-2)
rn
Where h1 - initial end enthalpy of the media, kJ/kg;
hn , rn - Enthalpy and latent heat of vaporization of the saturated water under pressure , kJ/kg.
67
(2) Specific volume of the mixture of steam and water at any point:
v n = x n (v nv n )v n (6.4.3-3)
Where v n , v n - specific volume of the saturated vapor and saturated water, m3/kg under the
pressure p n , m3/kg.
(3)
dp
2
pnpn1
(6.4.3-4)
2
dp = ( pnpn1 )
2
6.4.3.2
dH shall be calculated according to the methods below:
(1) Approximate calculation:

1
dH = m2 ( H 1H 2 ) (6.4.3-5)
Where H 1 , H 2 - Height mark of the initial and terminal end of the straight length;
m - Average density of the boiling water inside the vertical pipeline section, m3/kg, the values
taken are as follows:
When p110.0MPa,
m = 0.85 1 ;
When p1=4.5MPa,
m = 0 .9 1 ;
When p11.0MPa,
m = p1 ;
When p1 is between the aforesaid pressures, interpolation method can be adopted in

calculating m .
68
(2) Relatively accurate calculation:

.
First calculate the proximate value of m c

.
according to the specifications of 6.4.4;
assume m = mc .
Then calculate the media density ( e ) at the end of the vertical pipe section with trial-and-error
method according to the equation below:
.
m2
2
1
14.6 lg 1 = dpg 2 dH (6.4.3-6)
2
e 2
First presume the variance scope of pressure at the end of the vertical pipeline section and work
out the density of the corresponding boiling water , and then draw the auxiliary curve
.
m2
A = dp , B = Ag dH , C =
( t4.6 lg ) . Pressure at the crossing point of
e
e
2
1
B and C is the terminal pressure of the vertical pipeline section pm. If pm is within the presumptive
pressure range, work out the media density
m at the end of the pipeline section with
interpolation method, and then substitute it into the following equation:

1
dH =
H1H 2 2
( 1 e2 ) (6.4.3-7)
2
(3) When the calculation is made on saturated vapor pipeline,
dH can be omitted from
being taken into account.
6.4.3.3 Calculation of
(1) The value of
dp
2
dp = 0.2 10
2
dp
( p1p2 )
69
v v
v v
v v .
2 2 4 m m 1 1 m 2 (6.4.3-8)
rm
r1
r2
Where: footnote m media parameter under average pressure
(2) If the result of
p1p 2
.
2
.
dp is the function of m , substitute m as an unknown quantity into

.
the equation (6.4.3-1) and then work out the result of m .
(3) When the media discharge velocity at the pipeline outlet w2120m/s ,
dp
2
can be
omitted from taking into account.

6.4.3.4 Calculation of the value of lg
After presuming the value of p 2 , terminal specific volume v 2 can be calculated according to the
equation v 2 = x 2 (v 2 v 2 ) + v 2 , and the value of lg can be worked out according to the
equation below:
lg = lg
v2
(6.4.3-9)
v1
6.4.4 Critical mass flow velocity of the media inside the pipe shall be calculated according to the
equation below:
6.4.4.1 Proximate calculation
.
p
mc = q 2 10 4 (6.4.4-1)
g
Where q- coefficient, check and adopt from Figure 6.4.4;
p 2 - terminal pressure of the pipe, Pa.
70
6.4.4.2 Relatively refined calculation

(1)
.
p
mc =
(6.4.4-2)
v s
Where p - difference between the terminal pressure of the pipeline p2 ( pc ) and the
differential value mostly approach to the pressure level stated in Water and Vapor
Thermal Property Chart (the value shall be about 2%~5% of p2), Pa;
v - specific volume increment within the range of p obtained according to
isentropic expansion, m3/kg;
Footnotes: s - constant entropy.
(2) Value of v in the above equation shall be calculated according to the method
below:
71
First calculate the media dryness x under the pressure value of

pc according to the equation below:
2
2
.
.
m 2 2
m
44.732 (v v ) x + r2 + 2 44.732 (v v )v x (h1 h2 ) = 0 (6.4.4-3)
Where m - mass flow velocity, kg/ (m2s), during calculation, approximate calculation method
can be taken first to get the approximate value;
h1 - Initial end enthalpy value, kJ/kg;
h2 - Saturated water enthalpy when the pressure is p, kJ/kg;
r2 - Latent heat of vaporization when the pressure is pc, kJ/kg.
And then calculate the dryness variable x according to the equation below:
( s s ) xs s
x (6.4.4-4)
x =
s s
Where s , s - entropy of the saturated vapor and saturated water when the pressure is pc-p,
kJ/(kgK);
s , s - entropy of the saturated vapor and saturated water when the pressure is pc, kJ/
(kgK).
Specific volume increment v shall be calculated according to the equation below:
v = (v v ) x(v v )x(1x)(v v )
(6.4.4-5)
Where:
v , v - specific volume of the saturated vapor and saturated water when the pressure is pc,
m3/kg;
v , v - specific volume of the saturated vapor and saturated water when the pressure is
72
pc-p, m3/kg;
x - Dryness of the steam when the pressure is pc. Calculate its value according toe equation
(6.4.4-3);
x - Dryness variables of the steam under isentropic expansion, it shall be calculated according to
equation (6.4.4 - 4).
.
6.4.5 After the presumption of the value of p2, the values of m and mc calculated according to
(6.4.3-1) and (6.4.4-1) or (6.4.4-2) shall be equal, or very close. If the values fail to reach such
condition, it suggests that presumed value of p2 is not proper. Presume a new value for pc and then
.
carry out the above calculation until the values of m and m c are equal (or very close).
.
For the first calculation result, if mc < m , it suggests that the presumed value of p2 is too small; if
.
m c > m , it suggests that the presumed value of p2 is too large.

7 Design of the supporter and hanger
7.1 General provisions

7.1.1 The design of pipeline supporter and hanger shall meet the following requirements:
7.1.1.1 Setting and type selection of the pipeline supporter and hanger shall be determined
according to the general setup and comprehensive analysis of the pipe system. Hanger and support
system shall bear the dynamic load, static load and accidental load properly; Properly constraint
the pipeline displacement; Guarantee that the pipeline stresses are all within the permitted range
under all different kinds of operating conditions; satisfy the restriction requirements of thrust force
at the device butted joint of the pipeline; strengthen the stability of the pipe system and prevent the
pipeline from vibrating.
7.1.1.2 Determination of the spacing interval of the supporter and hanger shall take into account of
the proper distribution of the pipeline load, and shall satisfy the requirements of pipeline strength,
toughness, vibration prevention and water discharge.
7.1.1.3 Supporter and hanger must be set up on the safe construction, and shall be easy for
construction and shall not influence the neighboring equipment overhauling, the installation and
extension of other pipelines.
7.1.1.4 Fittings of the supporter and hanger shall have sufficient strength and toughness, be simple
73
in structure and shall adopt typical structure and component part.

7.1.1.5 Screw thread pull rod of the piping hanger shall have sufficient modulation length. When
neither of the upper and lower ends of the hanger can regulate the length of the pull rod,
turnbuckle can be adopted in between to modulate.
7.1.1.6 In any operating condition, the included angle between the movable part of the pull-rod on
the piping hanger and the perpendicular shall be no greater than 3 for rigid hanger and no greater
than 4 for elastic suspension. If the aforesaid requirements cannot be met, it shall be set up
slantingly or a tourelle is installed.
Compared with the pipe's horizontal plane, the deflection value of the root installation is: cold
movement (vector quantity)
1
thermal walking (vector quantity).
2
7.1.1.7 Lifting points with different displacements or different displacement directions shall not
use the same set of hanger joints.
7.1.2 type selection of the supporter and hanger
7.1.2.1 Steady rest: Bearing points that forbid any directional linear displacement and angle
displacement used for pipeline.
7.1.2.2 Sliding support or rigid hanger; used for support and suspension points that do not permit
vertical displacement.
7.1.2.3 Rolling support: Used for the bearing points do not permit vertical displacement and
require to diminish bracket friction.
7.1.2.4 Spring supporter and hanger: used for the hanger and support with vertical displacement.
When there is a horizontal displacement, spring support shall be equipped with roller, bearing ball
disk or teflon disc.
7.1.2.5 Supporter and hanger of constant force: used for the pipeline with bigger vertical
displacement or support and suspension points that requires a transfer restriction load.
7.1.2.6 Guiding mechanism: Used for the guidance of pipeline displacement in certain direction
while restricting replacement in other directions.
7.1.2.7 Limiter: Used for the parts of the pipeline those need to restrict the displacement in some
or several directions.
7.1.2.8 Antivibration device: used in antivibration parts, and it is allowalbe to have certain
influence on the thermal expansion and cold shrinking.
74
7.1.2.9 Damping Device: Used on the pipeline where earthquake load, shock load or needs to be
undergone, and parts where the high-speed vibration displacement of the pipeline is controlled. It
will not influence the pipeline's thermal expansion and shrinking under coldness.
7.1.3 Setting of the supporter and hanger
7.1.3.1 Spacing interval and type of the supporter and hanger near the unit interface shall meet the
requirements in terms of the pipeline's strength, toughness and antivibration, moreover, the
maximum thrust force of the pipeline and moment that the unit interface can undergo shall be
within the allowable range, and it shall not restrict the displacement of the unit interface.
7.1.3.2 Supporter and hanger shall be set near the concentrated load (like valve, T-joint, and so
on).
7.1.3.3 Pipelines with corrugated expansion joints or sleeve expansion joints shall set a steady rest
and guiding mechanism according to the compensation requirement and the property of the
expansion joint. Properly lead the thermal walking on to the expansion joint and the setting shall
meet the requirements of the expansion joint manufacturer.
7.1.3.4 On the safety valve, self weight of the blow-down line and counterforce of the emission
steam shall be undergone by the supporter and hanger; for open drain system, when no supporter
and hanger is set on the valve pipe, strengths of the safety valve inlet and outlet and the flange
shall be calculated.
7.1.3.5 Guiding mechanism shall be set up in proper positions on both sides of the n-shape
expansion joint.
7.1.3.6 When the unit interface undergoes excessive pipeline thrust force or moment, if it is
equipped with limiter, its position and spacing direction shall be determined according to the
calculation.
7.1.3.7 Waterproof measures shall be taken around the pore spaces when the vertical pipeline goes
through the floor of each layer and proof; rain hood shall be installed on each pipeline through the
roof. Pull-rod on the exterior pipe hanger shall be equipped with rain hood on the point it goes
through the insulation layer.
7.2 Spacing interval of the supporter and hanger
7.2.1 Spacing interval of the supporter and hanger on the horizontal straight pipeline shall meet
the following requirements:
7.2.1.1 Rigidity condition
First natural frequency of the pipeline shall be greater than 3.5Hz, namely, if single span pipeline
75
is calculated as freely supported beam, the maximal deflection value shall be no greater than
2.62mm.
7.2.1.2 In compliance with the rigidity condition, for the evenly distributed load horizontal straight
pipeline, maximal allowable spacing interval of supporter and hanger shall be calculated
Lmax = 0.21184
Et I
q
(7.2.1-1)
Where:
Lmax - Maximal allowable spacing of the supporter and hanger, m;
Et - Elastic modulus of the steel products at design temperature, kN/mm2;
I - Section Moment of Inertia of the pipe, cm4;
q - Self weight of the pipeline per unit length, kN/m.
7.2.1.3 Strength condition
Calculate the pipeline strength according to the specifications related checking of the externally
applied load stress and make the sustainable externally applied equivalent stress within the
permitted range; single span pipeline shall be calculated according to freely supported beam; the
maximal bending stress caused by the self weight of the pipeline shall be no greater than 23.5MPa.
7.2.1.4 In compliance with the strength condition, for the evenly distributed load horizontal
straight pipeline, maximal allowable spacing interval of supporter and hanger shall be calculated
Lmax = 0.4336
W
q
(7.2.1-2)
Where:
W - Bending resistance moment of the pipe section, cm3.
7.2.1.5 Stretched length of the pipeline between the supporters and hangers on both ends of the
90 bends shall be no greater than 0.73 the maximal allowable spacing interval of supporter and
hanger on the horizontal straight pipe.
76
7.3 load of the supporter and hanger

7.3.1 Design of the supporter and hanger shall take into account (but not limited to) the following
load:
7.3.1.1 Gravitation of the pipe, valve, pipe fittings and insulation structure.
7.3.1.2 Self weight of the spare parts of the supporter and hanger.
7.3.1.3 Gravitation of the media conveyed by the pipeline.
7.3.1.4 Media gravity force during the water pressure test of the steam pipe or when the pipeline is
rinsed.
7.3.1.5 Applied force generated because of internal pressure by the flexible pipe settings of the
pipeline (like corrugated expansion joint, flexible metal hose, and so on).
7.3.1.6 The constraining force the supporter and hanger undergo in constraining the pipeline
displacement (include thermal expansion, cold tightness and additional end displacement) and the
load shifted by the spring supporter and hanger.
7.3.1.7 For the friction generated on the movable supporter and hanger during the pipeline
displacement, the friction coefficient can adopt the following numerical value:
Sliding friction between steel and steel =0.3
Steel and teflon =0.2
Between teflon =0.1
Rolling friction between steel and steel =0.1
Hanger =0.1
7.3.1.8 Wind and snow load of the exterior pipeline.
7.3.1.9 During normal operation, pipeline vibration force may be generated.
7.3.1.10 Transient applied force generated due to the mutation happened on the quantity of motion
of the fluid in pipe (like water hammer)
7.3.1.11 counterforce generated during the steam emission.
7.3.1.12 earthquake force when the pipelines are set up in seismically areas. But operating
77
condition that earthquake and wind load happen together will not be taken into account.
7.3.2 Structural load of the supporter and hanger
Calculate according to different kinds of operating conditions during the application process of
supporter and hanger, combined with all loads acting on the supporter and hanger, take the set that
is most harmful to the structure of supporter and hanger, plus the friction of the supporter and
hanger or the acting of the nearby movable supporter and hanger friction on the supporter and
hanger, as the structural load.
7.3.2.1 Calculation of the supporter and hanger structural load can take into account the
undermentioned operating condition:
(1) Cold-state operating condition at the initial stage;
(2) Thermal state operating condition at the initial stage of operation;
(3) Cold state operating condition after the pipeline responds the self-equalizing;
(4) Operating condition of water pressure test (or pipeline rinsing);
(5) All different kinds of transient operating conditions, like transient start-stop operating
condition of valves, movements of the safety valves operating condition, and so on.
7.3.2.2 When calculating the load specified in Article 7.3.1.1, multiple the reduction coefficient of
the load. Load reduction coefficient can adopt 1.4. By this time, the amended load shall include
the self weight of spare parts of supporter and hanger.
7.3.2.3 For the dynamic load (including load specified in 7.3.1.10 and 7.3.1.11), multiple
corresponding dynamic load factor according to dynamic property of the load.
Dynamic load factor for the emission steam counterforce of the safety valve blow-down line can
adopt 1.1 ~ 1.2; other dynamic load factors can adopt 1.2.
7.3.2.4 Wind and snow load can be calculated according to Load Code for the Design of Building
Structures (GBJ9).
7.3.2.5 Structural load of antivibration device and damping device shall be determined according
to the specific analyses on the antivibration or shock-resisting requirements of the pipeline.
7.3.3 Load of the supporter and hanger shall employ the prescribed calculation procedure and be
calculated by computer. Secondary pipeline can also use the calculation method in APPENDIX F
for a proximate calculation.
78
7.3.4 Load distribution on the spring supporter and hanger or constant force supporter and hanger,
including gravitation distributed to the pipe, valve, pipe fittings, insulation structure of the
supporter and hanger and the conveyed media. If necessary, gravitation of the pipe and joint of
supporter and hanger can be calculated.
When the pipeline is hot load design, the working load is equal to the distributed load; when the
pipeline is cold load design, the setting load is equal to the distributed load.
7.3.5 The emission steam counterforce of the blow-down line shall be calculated according to the
equation below based on the result of the pipeline structure and hydraulic calculation: The
calculation result shall be multiplied by dynamic load factor.
7.3.5.1 Counterforce at the steam drain vertical with the pipeline axial line or at the inlet & outlet
of the pipeline section can be calculated according to the equation below:
Fi =
1
Gi wi( pip a ) Ai (7.3.5-1)
3.6
Where
Fi - Counterforce at the point of i of the section, kN;
Gi - Media flow at the point of i of the section, kg/h;
wi - Media flow velocity at the point of i of the section, m/s;
pi - Media pressure at the point of i of the section, kPa;
pa - Local atmospheric pressure, kPa;
Ai - Flow area at the point of i, m2.
7.3.5.2 Steam discharge counterforce at the chamfering steam drainage outlet, when the
chamfering inlet is in state of subcritical flow, calculate according to Equation (7.3.5 - 1); when
the flow is critical flow, calculate according to the equation below:
Fiz =
Fix =
1
Gi wi cos
3.6
1
Gi wi sin
3.6
(7.3.5-2)
(7.3.5-3)
Where:
79
Fiz - Component of force in z direction, see Figure 7.3.5 - 1, kN;
Fix
- Component of force in the direction of x, kN;
- Deflection angle of steam flow, determined according to Table 7.3.5 - 1.
Figure 7.3.5-1 schematic diagram for chamfering steam drain
Where
1
Gi wi can be calculated according to the equation below:
3.6
1
1
Gi wi =
Gi wi1( pi1p a ) Ai1 (7.3.5-4)
3.6
3.6
Where:
wi1 - Media flow velocity at the section point of i1 , m/s;
pi1 - Media pressure at the section point of i1 , kPa;
Ai1 - Flow area at the section point of i1 , m2.

Figure 7.3.5-1 Relationship table for deflection angle and chamfer angle of the steam flow
80
Chamfer angle
30
45
60
Deflection angle of
the steam flow
30
16
7.3.5.3 Calculation of the counterforce at the T-type and Y-type steam drain
(1)For Ta -type steam drain [see Figure 7.3.5-2(a)], the Emission steam counterforce can be
calculated according to:
Fix =
1
Gi 1 wi sin
3.6
(7.3.5-5)
(2)For Tb-type steam drains [See Figure 7.3.5-2(b)], the emission steam counterforce can be
calculated as the equation below:
Fiz =
1
Gi1 wi sin
3.6
(7.3.5-6)
Figure 7.3.5-2 Schematic diagram for T-type and Y-type steam drain
(a) Ta type; (b) Tb -type; (c) Y-type
(3)For Y-type steam drain [See Figure 7.3.5-2(c)], emission steam counterforce can be calculated
as the equation below:
Fiz =
1
Gi1 wi cos( )
3.6
(7.3.5-7)
81
For Equation (7.3.5-5), Equation (7.3.5-6), and Equation (7.3.5-7),
1
Gi1 wi can be calculated
3.6
1
1
Gi1 wi =
Gi1 wi1( pi12 p a ) Ai1
3.6
3.6
(7.3.5-8)
7.4 Selection of spring

7.4.1 Thermal walking value of the hanger and support points of the pipeline shall use the
prescribed calculation procedure and calculated with the computer; secondary pipeline with the
design temperature under 300 can also use approximate method to calculate.
During the calculation of thermal walking, influence of the additional end displacement of the
pipeline shall be taken into account.
7.4.2 Spring of the spring supporter and hanger shall meet the following requirements:
7.4.2.1 From cold state to operation condition, the spring load fluctuation coefficient shall be no
greater than 35%; for the main pipeline, it shall be no greater than 25%.
7.4.2.2 Spring installation load and working load [refer to load under operating condition 7.3.2.1
(2)] shall be within the range of maximal allowable load.
7.4.3 If the spring is installed in line arrangement, choose the spring with the maximum
permittatble load. At this time, thermal walking value at this time shall be allocated according to
the toughness of the spring; if it is installed in parallel, The same type of spring shall be adopted
on both ends of the supporter and hanger and its load shall be undertaken by the springs on both
sides.
7.4.4 Calculation for the selection of spring
The selection of the spring on the supporter and hanger shall be made according to the
displacement under the piping working temperature [refer to operating condition in 7.3.2.1 (2)],
and it has two forms of load distribution mode: hot load design and cold load design, which shall
be calculated according to equations below respectively.
For hot load design spring on the pipeline, the calculation shall be made according to the thermal
walking and working load in the vertical direction of the hanger and support points; for cold load
design spring, the calculation shall be made according to the thermal walking and setting load in
the vertical direction of the hanger and support points.
7.4.4.1 Maximal thermal walking absorbed by a single spring shall be calculated according to the
equation below:
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(1) When thermal walking is going upward:
Z =
C
max
C +1
(7.4.4-1)
Where:
Z - Maximal thermal walking absorbed by a single spring, mm;
C - Preliminarily selected load fluctuation coefficient;
max - Deformation at the maximal allowable load of the spring, mm.

(2). When the thermal walking is going downwards
Z = C max
(7.4.4-2)
7.4.4.2 The number of the springs connected in serial shall be calculated according to the equation
below (the result shall be a round figure by carrying bit):
n=
Z t
Z
(7.4.4-3)
Where: n - The number of the springs that are connected in serial;
Z t - The thermal walking in the vertical direction of the hanger and support point, mm.
7.4.4.3 Hot load design pipeline
(1) Calculation and selection of the spring type
When the thermal walking is upwards:
POP
max
maxZ
Pmax
(7.4.4-4)
When the thermal walking is downwards:
POP Pmax
(7.4.4-5)
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Where:
POP - Working load of the spring, N;
Pmax - The maximal allowable load of the spring, N.

(2) Calculation of the fluctuation coefficient of the spring load
C=
Z t
[C]
nKPop
(7.4.4-6)
Or
C=
PerPop
Pop
[C]
(7.4.4-7)
Where:
C - Variation coefficient of the actual load;
[C] - variation coefficient of the allowable load;
Per - Installation load of the spring, N;

K - Spring coefficient, mm/N.
7.4.4.4 Cold load design pipeline
(1) Calculation and selection of the spring type
When the thermal walking is upwards:
Per Pmax
(7.4.4-8)
When the thermal walking is downwards:
Per
max
maxZ
Pmax
(7.4.4-9)
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(2). Calculation of the fluctuation coefficient of the spring load
C=
Z t
[C]
nKPer Z t
(7.4.4-10)
When the thermal walking is upwards, it shall adopt "-"; when the thermal walking is downwards,
it shall adopt "+".
It can also be calculated according to equation (7.4.4 - 7).
7.4.5 Operational altitude, installation height, working load and installation load of the spring shall
be calculated according to the equations below respectively.
7.4.5.1 Hot load design pipeline
(1) Operational altitude
H op = H 0KPop
(7.4.5-1)
Where:
H op - Operational altitude of the spring, mm;
H 0 - Free height of the spring, mm.

(2). Installation height
H er = H op
Z t
n
(7.4.5-2)
Where:
Her - Installation height of the spring, mm.
it shall adopt "+".
(3) Installation load
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Per = Pop
Z t
nK
(7.4.5-3)
When the thermal walking is upwards, it shall adopt "+"; when the thermal walking is downwards,
it shall adopt "-".
7.4.5.2 Cold load design pipeline
(1) Installation height
H er = H 0KPer
(7.4.5-4)
(2). operational altitude
H op = H er
Z t
n
(7.4.5-5)
When the thermal walking is upwards, it shall adopt "+"; when the thermal walking is downwards,
it shall adopt "-".
(3) Working load
Pop = Per
Z t
nK
(7.4.5-6)
it shall adopt "+".
7.5 calculations of the supporter and hanger's structure strength
7.5.1 Strength of the supporter and hanger's spare parts shall be calculated according to the
structural load. Calculation on the strength of the steel structure at the foundation and stability
shall be in compliance with the current Code for Design on Steel Structures (GBJ17); the
materials selection and allowable stress shall be determined according to Article 7.5.2 and Article
7.5.3 respectively.
7.5.2 Materials for the spare parts of the supporter and hanger shall be adopted according to the
principles below:
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7.5.2.1 For any spare part that directly contact the pipelines, the steel products shall be selected
according to the design temperature of the pipeline. Materials of spare parts that will be welded
into the pipeline shall also be compatible to the pipeline materials.
7.5.2.2 materials for spare parts outside the pipeline's insulation layer shall adopt Q235-A.F;
pipeline with the calculated environment temperature under 0 shall adopt Q235-D or 16Mn;
calculated environment temperature under-20, it shall adopt 16Mn steel, which must be
qualified with-40 impact ductility.
The calculated environment temperature shall be decided according to that outside of the air
conditioning room in winter as stated in the current national "Code for Design of Heating
Ventiliation and Air Conditioning (GBJ19).
7.5.3 Allowable stress
7.5.3.1 Tensile and compression resistant allowable stress of the materials for supporter and
hanger's spare parts shall be selected according to Appendix A.1. The allowable shearing stress is
0.6 times of the value listed in Appendix A.1.
7.5.3.2 Tensile allowable stress of the thread brace rod is 0.56 times of the value listed in
Appendix A.1, and the sectional area of the pull-rod shall be calculated according to the diameter
from the root of the thread.
7.5.3.3 Allowable stress for the spare parts of supporter and hanger is 0.56 times of the allowable
stress of the weaker weldment determined in Appendix A.1.
7.5.3.4 During the water pressure test, allowable stress for the supporter and hanger materials can
be raised to no greater than 0.8 times of the yield strength at ambient temperature.
7.5.3.5 During the operation period, if it is overloaded short time, the allowable stress for the
supporter and hanger materials can increase by 20%.
7.5.4 For pipeline with DN50, the pull-rod diameter shall be no smaller than 10mm; for pipeline
with DN65, the pull-rod diameter shall be no smaller than 12mm.
7.5.5 Design at the pipeline part of the supporter and hanger shall guarantee the pipeline local
stress is within the allowable range.
7.5.6 For inflexible supporter and hanger on a relatively long vertical pipeline, the design shall be
made according to all the load of the corresponding hanger and support undergone by one side.
7.5.7 Other than the strength requirement, rootage structure also needs to satisfy the
undermentioned rigidity condition:
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7.5.7.1 The maximal deflection of the steady rest, limiter and damping device shall be no greater
than 0.2% of the calculated length.
7.5.7.2 Maximal deflection of other supporter and hanger rootage structure shall be no greater than
0.4% of its calculated length.
7.5.8 If the structure adopts double supporting points BEAM-COLUMN fixed through welding or
with beam hoop, its strength and toughness can be calculated as freely supported beam.
Beam-type rootage structure shall be reinforced when sluice opening is made where it undergoes
greater bending moment.
When the applied force does not go through flexural centre of unsymmetric steel, eccentric
tortuosity factor shall be considered.
7.5.9 Structural dimension and welded joint strength of the welded joint at the supporter and
hanger shall be determined according to the requirements below:
7.5.9.1 Strength of right angle welded joints that are in tension, in compression or sheared shall be
calculated according to the equation below:
F
t
[ ]
0.7hf l
(7.5.9-1)
Where:
- shear stress, MPa;

F - Axial force acting on the joints, N;
hf - Weld bead height, adopt the smaller right-angle side of the section, mm;
l - Computational length of the welded joint, mm;
[ ] t - Shear resistant allowable stress for the welded joint, MPa.

7.5.9.2 Strength of the right angle welded joint that bears the concurrent application force of the
bending moment and shearing force shall be calculated according to the equation below:
= m2 g2 [ ]t
(7.5.9-2)
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Where:
m - Shear stress of the fillet weld generated by the bending moment, MPa;
g - Shear stress of the fillet weld generated by the shearing force, MPa.
7.5.9.3 Fillet weld strength between round steel and steel plate (or formed steel), round steel and
round steel shall be calculated according to the equation below:
F
[ ] t
hu l
(7.5.9-3)
Where: hu - Effective throat thickness, mm.

For round steel and steel plate (or formed steel), hu = 0.7 h (Figure 7.5.9-1); For round steel and
round steel, hu = 0.1( D2d ) (Figure 7.5.9-2); Where D is the diameter of great circle steel,
mm; d is the diameter of small circle steel, mm;
common tangent of the two round steels, mm.
is the distance from the weld surface to the
7.5.9.4 Fillet weld shall meet the following requirements;

(1) Included angle of the two weld margins of the right angle fillet weld shall be 90. Bevel fillet
weld with included angle greater than 120or smaller than 60shall not be used as welded joint
that will undergo the stress (excluding steel pipe structure).
(2) Leg dimension of a fillet weld hf see Figure 7.5.9-3. It shall be no smaller than 1.5 s (s is the
thickness of thicker weldment). But for automatic welding, the minimal fillet weld size can
diminish by 1mm; For T-shape single side fillet weld, it shall be increased by 1mm; If the
weldment thickness is equal to or smaller than 4mm, the minimal weld leg dimension shall be
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identical with the weldment thickness.
Figure 7.5.9-3 Schematic diagram for the right angle fillet weld
(3) Fillet weld size shall be no greater than 1.2 times the thickness of thinner weldment (excluding
the steel pipe structure), but maximal fillet weld size of the plates and pieces with the thickness as
s shall meet the following requirements:
If s6mm, hfs;
If s>6mm, hfs-(1~2) mm.
(4)Two weld legs of the fillet weld shall have the equal dimension. When the thicknesses of
weldments have a greater discrepancy, and the weld legs of equal dimension cannot meet the
requirements of Article (2) and (3), the weld legs can adopt unequal dimensions. The weld leg side
contacting the thicker weldment shall satisfy requirement of (2), and the weld leg side contacting
the thinner weldment shall satisfy requirement of (3).
(5) Computational length of side fillet weld or front fillet weld shall be no smaller than 8hf , and
shall be no smaller than 40mm.
(6) Computational length of the side fillet weld shall be no greater than 60hf (bearing static force
load or indirectly bearing dynamic load) or 40 hf(bearing dynamic load); If it is long than the
aforesaid numerical value, the exceeded part will not be considered in calculation. If the internal
force is distributed along the overall length of side fillet weld, the computational length will not be
limited to this.
(7) In the structure that directly undergoes dynamic load, the surface of the fillet weld shall be
made into straight lines or concave. The relative sizes of weld leg: Front fillet weld shall be 1:1.5
(longer side along the direction of internal force); side fillet weld can be 1:1.
(8) In secondary component or secondary welded joint connection, intermittent fillet weld can be
adopted. Clear spacing between the intermittent fillet weld shall be no greater than 15s (for
90
compressed part) or 30s (for tensed part), s refers to the thickness of thinner weldment.
(9)When the ends of the plate only have two side fillet welds connected, the length of each side
fillet weld shall be no smaller than the distance between the two side fillet welds. Meanwhile, the
distance between the two side fillet welds shall be no greater than 15s (if s>12mm) or 200mm (if
s12mm). s is the thickness of thinner weldment.
(10) Continuous weld between the bar and plate see Figure 7.5.9-4. It shall adopt both sides face
down bonding or trilateral weld all around. Angle steel bar can adopt L-shape weld all around. All
nooks of weld all around must adopt continuous welding.
(11) When the ends of the fillet weld need a 2hf contour welding at the nook, nooks must adopt
continuous welding.
(12) Effective throat thickness s between round steel and round steel, round steel and steel plate
(formed steel) shall be no smaller than 0.2 times of the round steel diameter (if round steels of
different diameters are welded, the average diameter shall be taken) and no smaller than 3mm, and
shall be no greater than 1.2 times the thickness of the slab; the computational length of the welded
joint shall be no smaller than 20mm.
7.5.9.5 For welded joints with end socket, the computational length shall be calculated according
to the actual length minus 10mm. According to the 7.5.9.4 (6), if the actual length exceeds the
prescribed value, the minus value in this article will not be considered.
8. System design of the drainage, blow-down, deflation and boiler discharge

8.1.1 System design of drainage, blow-down, deflation and boiler blow-down shall be based on
the universal plant complex, make an overall planning and arrangement in terms of security and
economical operation, quick start, accident handling aerated water loss decrease, media and heat
quantity recovery as well as the realization of automation. The system design shall be simple and
reliable, reasonable in setting, easy to maintain and extend.
8.1.2 Design of drainage, blow-down, and deflation and boiler blow-down shall include the
following items:
8.1.2.1 Drainage, blow-down and deflation system
8.1.2.2 Drainage, blow-down and deflation system of thermodynamics equipment
8.1.2.3 Boiler blow-down, drainage, blow-down, water supply and back-purge system.
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8.1.2.4 Draining system preventing steam turbine from water flow

8.1.2.5 For device and pipeline within the body of boiler and steam turbogenerator unit, the
systems of drainage, blow-down, deflation and drainage shall be designed according to the boiler
circuit negotiated with the manufacturer.
8.2 Drainage, blow-down and deflation system of the pipeline and equipment
8.2.1 Design of the pipeline drainage and blow-down system shall meet the following
requirements:
8.2.1.1 When the steam pipe is piping-main scheme system, draining system shall adopt
piping-main scheme. Steam pipe with different pressures shall have corresponding common-pipes
set up if frequent drainages are required. If the pressures do not differ greatly, the same
common-pipe can be used. For drainage start, only one common-pipe is set in the entire plant
complex. Each drainage common-pipe will be led to the drain flash tank respectively and side road
measures shall be considered. When the drainage pressure is lower and it is difficult to enter the
drain flash tank, it can be let to the blow tank. For easy access during overhauling, starting
drainage pipe of each unit can be connected into distributed drainage common-pipe, and then led
into the general drainage common-pipe. The number of sets that have access to one general
drainage common-pipe shall be no greater than four.
8.2.1.2 If the steam pipe is a unit system, the drain system shall be designed according to unit or
expanded unit.
8.2.1.3 For steam conduits that may be subatmospheric during the starting process, the drainage
must be connected to the drain flash tank or condenser on the main body of turbine.
8.2.1.4 Continuous drainage for feedwater heater, steam jet (air) and ejection cooler, and gland
steam cooler shall not be connected to the main drainage.
8.2.1.5 Blow-down of the pipeline shall be switched in the blow-down common-pipe.
8.2.2 Constant drainage shall be set up in the following locations:
8.2.2.1 Low level points at the steam inlet pipe section of the devices that are often in hot reserve
(like pressure reducer and attemperator, and so on).
8.2.2.2 Dead ends of the pipeline where the steam runs infrequently and where lies in the low level
points of the pipeline.
8.2.2.3 Proper points of the saturated vapor pipeline and steam tracer
8.2.3 Starting drainage shall be set up in the following locations:
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8.2.3.1 Terminals of the pipeline section sectionalized according to the direction of heating coil.
8.2.3. For the purpose of controlling the heating-up velocity of the pipe wall, steam drainage
points can be set up on the upper end of the main pipe.
8.2.3.3 Every other 100 ~ 150m on the horizontal pipe.
8.2.3.4 Where the constant drainage devices are set up; meanwhile starting drainage and bleeder
shall be set up too.
8.2.3.5 All low level points that are likely to have water log and need to be drained.
8.2.4 Bleeder of the pipe shall be set up at the water-logged low level points. Bleeder of the steam
pipe shall be set up with the drainage device jointly.
8.2.5 Design of the pipeline drainage and bleeder shall meet the following requirements:
8.2.5.1 For pipeline and blow-down with PN4, two stop valves shall be connected in serial; for
pipeline drainage and blow-down with PN2.5, one stop valve shall be set up. For main steam line
with subcritical parameter and above, reheat steam pipeline, gland steam pipeline, drain valve
door at the extraction line, one shall be power driven valve.
8.2.5.2 For pipeline with PN6.3, constant drainage device shall be set up with throttling set or
drain valve, and the first valve behind the orifice set shall adopt throttle flap; for pipeline with
PN4, drain valve shall be adopted; When the steam pressure inside the pipeline is very low,
U-type water-sealed packing can be adopted.
8.2.5.3 Drain trap shall be made of pipe with diameter no smaller than DN150, and its length shall
satisfy the requirements in setting up the water level sensor. A power-actuated adjusting valve
shall be set up in the eduction pipe under the drain trap (DN50).
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Figure 8.2.5-1 Drain and discharge device for PN6.3 pipeline

1-stop valve; 2-throttling set; 3-throttling valve; 4-Filler
Figure 8.2.5-2 Drain and discharge device for PN4.0 pipeline
1-stop valve; 2- drainage controller; 3-filter
Figure 8.2.5-3 drain and discharge device for PN2.5
1-stop valve; 2-drainage controller; 3-filter
Figure 8.2.5-4 drain and discharge; device for low-pressure U-type pipe
1-stop valve; 2- hydraulic packing; 3-filter
Pipeline blow-down water shall go through filler to blow-down common-pipe or corresponding
discharge points.Pipeline blow-down water shall go through filler to blow-down common-pipe or
corresponding discharge points. Composite mould of drainage and discharge see figures
8.2.5-1~8.2.5-7.
Thereinto, Figure 8.2.5-5~Figure 8.2.5-7 are the types for the units with subcritical parameter and
above. Constant drainage and discharge device signified in the figure can be set up as required.
94
8.2.5-5
8.2.5.6
8.2.5-7
Figure 8.2.5-5 Drain with a drain trap

1-Pneumatic (electric) drain valve
Figure 8.2.5.6 PN4.0 pipes drainage device
1-Pneumatic (electric) drain valve
2-Stop valve
Figure 8.2.5-7 PN2.5 pipeline drainage device
1-1-Pneumatic (electric) drain valve
8.2.5.5 When larger temperature stress is induced due to drainage in some parts of the high
temperature pipe, proper measures shall be adopted to remove the stress.
8.2.6 Air bleeder shall be set up at the highest point of the water pipe. For pipeline section with
salient setup, air bleeder can be set up properly based on the possibility of air accumulation.
The highest point of the steam pipe where water pressure test is needed shall set up an air bleeder.
For pipeline section with salient setup, air bleeder for water pressure test can be set up properly as
required.
Air bleeder for the pipeline with PN4 shall have two stop valves connected in series; air bleeder
for pipeline with PN2.5 can only set up a stop valve.
8.2.7 The design shall combine will actual circumstances, decrease the quantity of drainage device
and simplify the drain system properly. Examples see Figure 8.2.7-1~Figure 8.2.7-4.
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8.2.8 Design of the drainage, bleeder, and bleed-air system of thermodynamic equipment shall
meet the following requirements:
8.2.8.1 In normal operation, drainage and air can be continuously exhausted.
8.2.8.2 When the water is full due to the malfunction, it can automatically drain or overflow on
emergency.
8.2.8.3 In case of malfunction in normal drainage and blow-down line, the drainage and discharge
measures shall be available.
8.2.8.4 Exhaust the air when it is started, exhaust the water log and steam when it is stopped.
8.2.8.5 Blow-down water from the thermodynamic equipment shall go through filler and is
discharged to blow-down common-pipe.
8.2.9 Water tank shall be fitted with blow-down and overflow mechanism. Overflow mechanism
can adopt control valve or water-sealed pipe according to the internal pressures of the tank. In
boiler circuit, blow-down and overflow mechanism of the same kind of equipment shall share the
same common-pipe. For overflow of atmospheric deaerator feed tank, the offlet shall be
connected to the drain trap. For overflow of high pressure deaerator feed tank, the outlet pipe
shall be connected to the drain flash tank or condenser.
8.2.10 Drain system for the boiler air heater, net heater of the heating network and evaporation
plant shall be considered combined with the thermodynamic system of the entire plant complex.
96
Drainage of the air heater shall go through the pressure tank, driven into deaerator by the air heater
drainage pump; it can also goes through pressure reservoir and introduces the steam turbine low
pressure heater and some other thermodynamic devices. Meanwhile malfunction emission
measures shall be available.
8.3 Draining system preventing steam turbine from water flow
8.3.1 Draining system preventing steam turbine from water flow shall include the following items:
8.3.1.1 Drainage of the steam main;
8.3.1.2 Drainage of the reheat steam pipe;
8.3.1.3 Drainage of the extraction line on the steam turbine
8.3.1.4 Emergency blow-down of the feedwater heater.
8.3.1.5 Pipeline drainage of the steam turbine vapor lock.
8.3.2 Drainage of the steam main
8.3.2.1 Steam main from boiler superheater outlet to steam turbine main throttle valve, drainage
shall be set up at each low level point. If the steam main is divided into several branches which are
connected into the steam turbine, drainage point shall be set up on each branch and main pipe. On
each branch pipe near the front of the steam turbine main throttle valve, drainage point shall be
set.
8.3.2.2 Drainage point shall be set up between the main throttle valves to the primary stage spray
nozzle of the steam turbine. This part drainage include the drainage behind the valve base of main
throttle valve, regulation port or before and after the intake valve, as well as the drainage of all
low level points at the steam main behind the regulation port.
8.3.3 Drainage of the low-temperature reheat pipe
If there is a low level point fitted at the steam inlet pipe from low-temperature reheat pipe to
feedwater heater, drain trap shall be set up at this low level point. Each low level point of the
low-temperature reheat pipe shall set up drainage. Drain trap shall be fitted near the low level
point of the steam turbine side.
8.3.4 Drainage of the high temperature reheat pipe
High temperature reheat pipe from reheater outlet to the steam turbine media pressure main
throttle valve, each low level point shall be drained. On each branch pipe near the steam turbine
media pressure main throttle valve, drain trap shall be set up, and water level control device set up
97
is not necessary here.

8.3.5 Drainage of the extraction line on the steam turbine
Low level point at the steam turbine extraction line shall set up drainage, and this drainage shall be
connected to the drain flash tank (or collecting box) or condenser separately.
8.3.6 Emergency blow-down of the feedwater heater.
8.3.6.1 Emergency blow-down of the feedwater heater shall adopt the greater one from the values
below, plus 10% tolerance.
(1) No smaller than the 10% of the feedwater flow at the side of the pipe under the peak load.
(2) Water amount flowing out from a broken pipe (two chasms) shall be calculated according to
the equation below:
Q = 22.90 102 Di2 ptps
(8.3.6-1)
Where:
Q Water amount flowing out of a broken pipe, m3/h;
Di - Nominal inner diameter of the pipe, mm;
pt - design pressure of the pipe side, MPa;
ps - design pressure of pipe shell side, MPa

8.3.6.2 Emergency blow-down of the feedwater heater shall be separately led to the high-pressure
heater emergency drain flash tank or condenser, etc..
8.3.7 Drainage of the steam turbine vapor lock pipe
Drainage point shall be set at the downstream of the sealing systems spray type desuperheater.
The drainage volume shall be considered according to the water flow when the water injection
valve is full-open. Drainage shall be led to the sealing steam desuperheater.
8.3.8 Drainage shall be set at the low level point on the steam supply line of feed pump steam
turbine and drain trap shall be set at the low level point near the side of steam turbine.
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8.3.9 Drainage shall be set at the low level point of the high pressure by-pass and low pressure
bypass outlet pipe. Drain trap can be set up as required.
8.4 sewage discharge, drainage and water discharge system of the boiler
8.4.1 Determine the boiler sewage discharge, drainage, and water discharge system according to
the volume, parameter, water quality requirement of the boiler and boiler main body circuit.
System design shall include the following items:
8.4.1.1 Drainage of the superheater, reheater collecting box, superheated vapor and reheat steam
desuperheater.
8.4.1.2 Blow-down and water discharge of water-cooled furnace wall lower luterconnecting box
and fuel economizer collecting box
8.4.1.3 Continuous blow-down of the boiler drum and emergency water discharge
8.4.1.4 Water supply of the boiler.
8.4.1.5 Back flushing of the superheater and reheater.
8.4.1.6 Drainage of monopipe boiler starting vessel.
8.4.2 Sewage discharge system of the boiler
Drum boiler shall adopt first grade continuous blow down flash tank system. Drum boiler of High
Pressure heat power plant can adopt secondary continuous blow down flash tank system according
to the utility conditions of flash-off steam. Continuous blow-down system shall have a by-pass
that can switch to periodic blow-down flash tank.
After being cooled, blowoff water from periodic blow-down flash tank was discharged to the
reclaimed water pipe or sewage drain. Blowoff water of the continuous blow down flash tank can
be discharged into the periodic flash tank and can be used as hot network makeup water or other
purpose when possible.
Generator unit under 100MW platform can fit a set of blow-down flash tank system for each 2 ~ 4
sets of boilers; for generator units of 125MW and above, each boiler shall have a set of
blow-down flash tank system.
When several boilers share a set of blow-down flash tank, continuous blow-down pipeline of each
boiler shall separately connect to the inlet header of the continuous blow down flash tank; after
passing the annular common-pipe of the furnace, periodic blow-down pipeline is connected to the
public common-pipe which leads to periodic blow-down flash tank. Valve gate and gyration
closure plate shall be fitted between the continuous blow-down pipeline and flash tank, as well as
99
between periodic blow-down annular common-pipe and public common-pipe. When no closure
plate is fitted, two valve gates shall be connected in series.
8.4.3 Water supply for the boiler
Boiler water supply shall adopt condensate pump or feed pump and the water shall be provided to
the boiler through feedwater piping; drainage pump or make-up pump can also be used to provide
water for the boiler. When drainage pump, condensate pump and make-up pump are adopted to
provide water to the boiler, valve or gyration closure plate shall be adopted at the connection point
of the high pressure pipe and low pressure point, or other safety precautions shall be taken.
8.4.4 Water discharge for the boiler
Through periodic blow-down pipeline, blow-out of a boiler will be discharged to periodic
blow-down flash tank.
Emergency blow-down of a boiler shall be connected to the periodic blow-down common-pipe of
the boiler. No valve or closure plate shall be fitted between the periodic blow-down common-pipe
and periodic blow-down flash tank. For unit type installation, periodic blow-down flash tank can
be directly introduced. As required, emergency blow-down line can be fitted with throttling set.
8.4.5 Starting drainage of the drum boiler main body (for example superheater header, reheater
collecting box, superheated vapor and reheat steam desuperheater, etc.) shall be connected to
periodic blow-down flash tank.
8.4.6 Drainage and water discharge system of monopipe boiler shall be designed by combining the
starting system and operating requirement provided by the manufacturer. According to the boiler
body circuit requirement, for starting drainage, steam separator drainage shall be respectively
connected to drain flash tank, deaerator or condenser.
8.5 Selection of pipe and its fittings
8.5.1 Through-flow section selection of the drainage pipe and the valve gate shall comply with the
following specifications:
8.5.1.1 through-flow section of the drainage pipe and the valve gate shall be considered according
to the maximal possible drainage volume in all kinds of operation conditions. Moreover, the
maximal possible water volume of the drainage pipe under the minimal pressure difference shall
be considered. In any case, the internal diameter of the drainage pipe shall be no smaller than
20mm.
8.5.1.2 Inside nominal diameter of the drainage, blow-down and blow-down pipe shall be adopted
according to Table 8.5.1 - 1. Inside nominal diameter of the drainage pipe, blow-down pipe and
boiler sewage discharge common-pipe shall be adopted according to Table 8.5.1 - 2.
100
Table 8.5.1-1 Diameter selection list for drainage pipe, water discharge pipe, gas bleeder
Nominal diameter
of the (DN)
125
150~200
225~300
350~800
850~1200
blow-down pipe
Item
Starting drainage
20~25
25~32
32~50
32~50
50~80
Constant drainage
20~25
20~25
20~25
25
32
Water discharge
20
20
25
32
32
Water discharge
15~20
Notes:
when starting or stopping sliding parameter, the related starting drain pipe diameter can adopt
the upper value in the table, and the diameter of the pipe behind the drain valve can be selected by
one grade upper. Pipe diameter of condensing discharge pipe is not limited by this.
Constant drainage of subcritical parameter and above can adopt the listed upper value in the
table.
Table 8.5.1-2 Pipe diameter option table for the drainage, blow-down and blow-down
common-pipes
PN>10Drain
age
common-pip
e for pipe
with PN>10
Drainage
common-pi
pe for pipe
with
PN4~10
Drainage
common-pi
pe for pipe
with PN2.5
Deaerator
feed-tank
blow-down
common-pi
pe
Periodic
blow-down
common-pi
pe
Periodic
blow-down
annular
common-pi
pe
Blow-dow
n
common-pi
pe
50~80
80~100
80~150
80~200
80~125
>50
150~300
8.5.1.3 For steam drainage pipe fitted to control rising velocity of the pipe wall temperature, pipe
diameter shall adopt DN65 ~ DN100.
8.5.1.4 Through-flow section of the general common-pipe connected to the drain flash tank shall
be greater than 10 times the cross-sectional area of all drainage ducts connected to this
common-pipe.
8.5.2 Pipes for drainage, blow-down, deflation and boiler sewage discharge as well as the
101
materials of the fittings shall meet the following specifications.

8.5.2.1 Drainage pipe
(1) Throttling set or drain valve gate and their previous pipes and fittings shall be selected
according to the same design parameter of its connected pipe.
(2) For pipe and fittings behind the throttling set or drain valve, if the connected pipe's design
pressure is 14MPa or above, they shall be selected according to PN6.3; if the design pressure is
10MPa, they shall be selected according to PN4; if the design pressure is 6.3MPa or lower, they
shall be selected according to PN2.5.
8.5.2.2 blow-down line
(1) Water drain valves and their previous pipes and fittings shall be selected according to the same
design parameter of its connected pipe.
(2) Pipe and fittings behind the water drain valve can be selected according to PN2.5.
8.5.2.3 Blow-down line
(1) Air bleeders and their previous pipes and fittings shall be selected according to the same design
parameter of its connected pipe.
(2) Pipe and fittings behind the air bleeder can be selected according to PN2.5.
8.5.2.4 Design parameter of boiler periodic blow-down pipeline and continuous blow-down pipe
see 2.0.2.1 (11).
8.5.2.5 Design parameter of boiler emergency blow-down line and design parameter for the boiler
continuous blow-down pipe shall be identical. If the downstream of emergency water drain valve
is fitted with throttling set, and the subsequent pipeline pressure cannot rise, the design parameter
for the pipe and fittings behind the throttling set shall be determined through calculation.
8.5.2.6 Boiler water supply and blow-down line
(1) Design parameter for pipe and fittings (including water supply valve or closure plate) from the
water supply valve (or closure plate) to the boiler shall be selected according to that of the
connection point.
(2). pipeline before the water supply valve shall be selected according to the maximum working
pressure of water.
(3) Design parameter for pipe and fittings (including water drain valve or closure plate) from the
102
water drain valve (or closure plate) to the boiler shall be selected according to that of the
connection point.
(4) Pipeline behind the water drain valve can be selected according to PN2.5.
8.5.2.7 Branches of common-pipe: Design parameter for junction valve connecting the branches
of common-pipe to the common-pipe and their previous pipe and fittings shall be selected
according to the same design parameter of the pipes connected to them; pipe and fittings of behind
the junction valve shall be selected according to the principles of 8.5.2.1 ~ 8.5.2.6.
8.6 Setup
8.6.1 Pipeline and fittings setup of the drainage, blow-down, deflation and boiler sewage
discharge shall meet the related regulations in Chapter V and shall also meet the following
requirements:
8.6.1.1 Each drainage pipe shall be grouped according to close working pressure scope and shall
be connected to drainage collecting box or expansion tank of different pressure.
8.6.1.2 Setup of all drainage ducts on the main pipe connected to the drain flash tank shall be
arranged according to the pressure sequence (low-pressure drainage pipes shall be set near the
flash tank) and they shall form 45 angle with the axial line of main pipe, and the outlet shall face
towards flash tank.
8.6.1.3 Different kinds of hand valves shall be concentrated by group according to different
purposes.
8.6.1.4 Setup position of the blow-down, deflation filters shall guarantee that it will not jeopardise
the device and personal safety and can avoid water effusing from the filler. During the operation,
the flow of the actuating media shall be able to be observed.
8.6.1.5 After the elicitation of the emergency blow-down line of the boiler from the steam drum, a
long vertical section shall be set up. When throttling set is set up, it shall be set up near the flash
tank.
8.6.1.6 Setup of the drain flash tank on the main body of the steam turbine shall guarantee that the
normal water level of drain flash tank is 1m higher than the normal water level of condenser's hot
well.
8.6.1.7 Height mark of the boiler periodic blow-down common-pipe or boiler blow-out
common-pipe shall be lower than the lowest water discharge point of the connected boiler. If the
condition fails to reach this requirement, a lower discharge point can be set.
8.6.1.8 Outdoor pipeline and valve shall be treated with ant freezing measures.
103
9 Design of the service water system

9.1.1 Design of the service water system shall be integrated planned by combining water
requirements for water supply of the plant complex and the drainage system as well as that of all
the cooling plants. It shall ensure a reliable water source and water quality, meanwhile it shall
satisfy the normal operation of equipment, and the requirements to start and stop as well as
overhaul, thus to reach the purpose of being safe and reliable, economic and water-conserved and
convenient for construction expansion.
Service water system is divided into open-type system and closed system.
9.1.2 Water supply scope of service water system includes boiler, steam turbine, generator and
their auxiliary equipment and mechanical cooling water, and other water (condenser cooling water
excluded).
9.1.3 Service water shall have an independent water supply and drainage system. Water supply
shall no incorporate with the fire water, ash-swashing water, and domestic water inside the plant.
Drainage system shall satisfy the recycling requirements.
9.1.4 Water quality of the service water shall meet the equipment requirement.
9.1.4.1 for the open-type system, water quality required that the carbonate hardness shall be
smaller than 250mg/L (calculated by CaCO3), value of pH shall be no smaller than 6.5 and no
greater than 9.5; Suspended substance content shall be smaller than 50mg/L; while for generator
unit below 200MW, it shall be no greater than 100mg/L.
9.1.4.2 For closed system, de-mineralized water, condensation water or softened water shall be
adopted.
9.1.5 When low temperature water is used in service water pipeline, which may result in the
moisture condensation on the pipeline ectotheca, measures shall be adopted to prevent the
corrosion of the pipeline's external wall . In cold area, antifreezing measures shall be adopted
where the water supply and exhaust pipings are likely to be frozen.
9.1.6 Pipeline and fittings to deliver the sea water shall consider the anti corrosion and
anti-plugging measures.9.1.7 The connections of service water pipeline and the equipment shall be
easy to disassemble.
9.2 Water supply system
104
9.2.1 Water supply of the service water shall be determined according to the facility requirement
and the water quality as well as the water resources volume and the cost of water where the power
plant is located.
9.2.1.1 When the water source is mainly seawater and is influenced by the back flow of tide, the
service water system shall adopt fresh water closed type system and seawater opentype system.
9.2.1.2 When the water source is fresh water, service water system can adopt open-type system or
fresh water closed type plus fresh water open-type system.
9.2.1.3 Where there is higher requirement on water quality, like cooling water for water internal
cooling generator, cooling water for aerated water sampling cooler, shaft gland water for the
high-pressure sets feed pump and condensate pump as well as the cooling water for the automatic
main steam valve and steam turbine lug, makeup water for the vacuum pump system, closed
system shall be adopted.
9.2.1.4 For cooling plant with large water consumption, like oil cooler, air (hydrogen gas) cooler,
etc. can adopt filtered circulating water based on the specific circumstances.
9.2.2 Based on the capacity and the number of the units, connecting type of the service water
system shall be determined as the principles hereafter:
9.2.2.1 Unit with unit capacity as 100MW or lower shall adopt annular common-pipe system. 2 ~
4 sets are applicable for each circle. Sectionalized valve for the annular common-pipe shall be set
up according to the installment construction of the power plant and each section shall have no
more than two sets of unit.
9.2.2.2 Service water system with the unit capacity as 125MW or 200MW shall adopt unit system
or expansion unit system. Water supply for the public utility shall be provided by each unit.
9.2.2.3 Generator unit with unit capacity as 300MW-and-higher shall adopt unit system.
9.2.3 Cooling water used in the auxiliary machinery in air-cooling unit shall set up a separate
service water system. When the power plant is equipped with air-cooling unit and normal unit,
service water for air-cooling unit can also comes from the service water system of normal unit.
9.2.4 For diesel generating set serving as emergency power supply and other cooling water
devices that cannot interrupt during the emergency state of normal service water system shall have
water sources for emergency use set up, like special service-purpose water box and shutdown
cooling water pump, etc..
9.2.5 In the open type water system, service water box is not necessary. In closed type water
system, water-water heat exchanger, water pump and elevated tank shall be set up.
105
9.2.6 When the circulating water (including seawater) is adopted as the service water source, filter
shall be set up on the water main according to the water quality and the requirement of cooling
plant.
The number of filters and the system connection methods shall satisfy the requirements of rinsing
and maintenance in action.
9.3 Drainage system
9.3.1 Service water system design shall fully consider the recycling of service water drainage.
When the condenser cooling water adopts fresh water direct current water supply, recovery of
open type service water shall be determined through comparison.
9.3.2 Drainage system of the service water can adopt gravity drainage or pressure drainage.
9.3.2.1 Gravity drainage shall pass the capped filler and connect into the common-pipe. After
drainage, it shall lead to drainage recovery system.
9.3.2.2 Pressure drainage of the open-type system shall be recycled or be connected to the
circulating water system according to the water quality.
9.3.2.3 Pressure drainage pipeline of the bearing shall be set up with flow indicator.
9.3.3 Connection pipe diameter of the equipment service water shall be adopted according to the
dimension of the unit interface. Pipe diameter of the pipeline behind the draining funnel shall be
magnified by one or two grades.
9.4 Setup
9.4.1 Water supply common-pipe of the service water system and the pressure drainage
common-pipe shall adopt overhead setup. Gravity drainage common-pipe can be set up in the
trench.
9.4.2 Height mark of the elevated tank in the closed system shall be no lower than the summit of
the system. When no fall transmitting pipeline is set up, the constant pressure generated by the
water tank height on the system shall satisfy the requirement that pressure of the secondary water
(refer to the closed cycle water) in the water heat exchanger shall be greater than the one-time
pressure. It shall be smaller than the oil side pressure of the oil cooler (when the oil cooler is
connected in the closed system).
When the fall transmitting pipe is fitted in the closed system, the height mark of the transmitting
pipe shall make the hence generated constant pressure satisfy the requirement that the secondary
water pressure in the closed system water-water heat exchanger is greater than the one-time water
106
nd
pressure, and shall be smaller than the oil side pressure of the oil cooler (when the closed system
is connected with a oil cooler).
9.4.3 Draining funnels connected with the same common-pipe shall be set up at the same height
mark. By this time, for high-level discharge point, except that the filler shall be equipped at the
drain outlet, low level draining funnel also needs to be fitted at the unified height mark, or is
connected into the draining funnel of unified altitude nearby. Center of the pipe fore-and-aft the
draining funnel shall be properly fitted with certain deflection. Appendix A Frequently used data
in design
A.1 Allowable stress list for home-made steel products in common use (MPa)
Table A.1
10
GB3087-1982
20
GB3087-1982
20G
GB5310-1985
15CrMo
GB5310-1985
12Cr1MoV
GB5310-1985
12Cr2MoWVTiB*
GB5310-1985
12Cr3MoVSiTiB*
GB5310-1985
Q235
GB700-19
333
392
402
441
471
539
627
372
196
226
226
225
255
333
441
216
111
131
134
147
157
180
209
124
50
104
125
125
113
60
101
123
123
111
80
96
118
118
105
00
91
113
113
143
101
20
89
109
109
140
93
40
84
102
102
136
88
50
80
100
100
135
143
60
78
97
97
132
141
80
75
92
92
131
138
00
70
87
87
128
135
10
68
83
83
127
133
20
66
78
78
126
132
30
61
72
72
125
131
40
55
63
63
124
130
50
49
55
55
123
128
60
47
47
122
126
70
41
41
120
125
80
37
37
119
124
90
112
121
00
96
118
10
82
110(99)
20
69
98(88)
30
59
86(79)
40
49
77(72)
85
90
110
107
40
71(65)
84
97
65(58)
79
87
57(52)
74
75
50(46)
69
65
54
58
59
51
Notes:
For pipe or header tank made of carbon steel, the metallic temperature shall be no higher than 430; for 20G steel, if it is required that its service life is no longer
than 20 years, the service temperature can increase to 450, but during the service period, surveillance shall be reinforced on the metal.
Allowable stress of the neighboring metals temperature value can be determined with arithmetic interpolation method, but the rear digitals after the decimal point
shall be rejected.
Allowable stress values of the steel casting shall be 0.7 times of its corresponding values in the table. For the allowable stress of the wrought steel piece, when
forging with steel ingot, 0.9 times the value of corresponding steel grade in the table shall be adopted.
Data underlying the heavy line in the table shall be calculated according to the endurance strength: For the steel grade on the angle right with *, the heavy line does
not denote that the initial temperature of the allowable stress calculated according to the endurance strength.
allowable stress in the bracket in the column of 12Cr1MoV is the value recommended to use by this specification.
A.2 elastic modulus data sheet of the home-made steel products in common use (kN/mm2)
steel grade
design code
and
10
GB3087-1982
20, 30G
GB3087-1982
15CrMo
GB5310-1985
12Cr1MoV
GB5310-1985
12Cr2MoWVTiB
GB5310-1985
12Cr3MoVSiTiB
GB5310-1985
Q235
GB700-1988
16Mng
GB713-1986
108
GB5310-1985
Working
Temperature
()
20
198
198
206
208
213
100
191
183
199
205
200
181
175
190
250
176
171
260
175
28
216
206
206
208
200
200
201
204
192
189
187
197
201
188
185
170
186
196
200
187
184
173
168
183
194
199
186
183
300
171
166
181
192
198
184
181
320
168
165
179
190
196
179
340
166
163
177
188
194
177
350
164
162
176
187
192
176
360
163
161
175
186
190
175
380
160
159
173
183
188
173
400
157
158
172
181
186
171
410
156
155
171
180
185
420
155
153
170
178
184
430
155
151
169
177
184
440
154
148
168
175
183
450
153
146
167
174
183
460
144
166
172
182
470
141
165
170
182
480
129
164
168
181
490
164
166
180
500
163
165
179
510
162
163
109
520
161
162
530
160
160
540
159
158
550
157
560
153
570
153
580
152
171
A.3 Average coefficient of linear expansion data sheet for the home-made steel products in common use (from 20 to the temperature below) (10-6/)
Table A.3
steel grade and design
code
10
GB3087-82
20, 20G
GB3087-82
GB5310-85
15CrMo
GB5310-85
12Cr1MoV
GB5310-85
12Cr2MoWVTiB
GB5310-85
12Cr3MoVSiTiB
GB5310-85
Q235
GB700-88
16Mng
GB713-86
working
temperature()
100
11.90
11.16
11.90
13.60
11.00
10.31
12.20
8.31
200
12.60
12.12
12.60
13.70
11.90
11.46
13.00
10.99
250
12.70
12.45
12.90
13.85
12.40
11.69
13.23
11.60
260
12.72
12.52
12.96
13.88
12.50
11.74
13.27
11.78
280
12.76
12.65
13.08
13.94
12.70
11.83
13.36
12.05
300
12.80
12.78
13.20
14.00
12.90
11.92
13.45
12.31
320
12.84
12.99
13.30
14.04
12.96
12.02
12.49
340
12.88
13.20
13.40
14.08
13.02
12.12
12.68
350
12.90
13.31
13.45
14.10
13.05
12.17
12.77
360
12.92
13.41
13.50
14.12
13.08
12.22
12.86
380
12.96
13.62
13.60
14.16
13.14
12.32
13.04
400
13.00
13.83
13.70
14.20
13.20
12.42
13.22
410
13.10
13.84
13.73
14.23
13.23
12.49
110
420
13.20
13.85
13.76
14.26
13.26
12.56
430
13.30
13.86
13.79
14.29
13.29
12.64
440
13.40
13.87
13.82
14.32
13.32
12.71
450
13.50
13.88
13.85
14.35
13.35
12.78
460
13.89
13.88
14.38
13.38
12.85
470
13.90
13.91
14.41
13.41
12.92
480
13.91
13.94
14.44
13.44
13.00
490
13.97
14.47
13.47
13.07
500
14.00
14.50
13.50
13.14
510
14.03
14.52
13.16
520
14.06
14.54
13.18
530
14.09
14.56
13.19
540
14.12
14.58
13.21
550
14.60
13.23
560
14.62
13.25
570
14.64
13.26
580
14.68
13.28
A.4 allowable stress sheet for Germany steel products in common use (MPa)
Table A.4
Steel Grade
st45.8/
wall thickness
s(mm)
16
b20
s20
(MPa)
(MPa)
410~530
255
pipe surface temperature()

20
200
250
300
350
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
136
136
123
106
93
86
78
68
60
52
46
39
33
28
16<s40
245
130
116
103
90
40<s60
235
126
113
100
90
111
15Mo3
40
450~600
40<s60
13CrMo44
10CrMo910
14MoV63
40
270
150
260
440~590
290
146
150
136
120
113
106
106
105
104
104
103
102
102
95
140
130
113
106
100
99
98
98
97
96
95
95
146
146
143
133
126
125
124
122
121
120
119
118
118
40<s60
280
136
126
120
118
117
116
114
113
112
112
111
60<s80
270
130
120
113
112
110
109
108
106
106
105
104
150
143
136
135
134
132
131
130
128
125
113
40
450~600
280
150
150
150
40<s60
270
146
136
130
128
127
126
124
123
122
120
113
60<s80
260
140
130
123
122
120
119
118
116
115
114
112
153
143
133
131
129
127
125
123
121
119
117
146
136
126
124
122
120
118
116
114
112
110
40
460~610
40<s60
320
153
153
153
310
X20CrMoV121
80
690~840
490
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
230
220
213
206
189
15NiCuMoNb5
60
610~760
440
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
200
182
163
140
116
92
X10CrMoVNb91
120
585~850
415
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
195
WB36
100
610~780
440
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
203
200
182
163
140
117
92
st45.8/
16
410~530
255
78
62
49
39
31
290
108
91
77
62
52
40
32
26
22
40<s60
280
108
60<s80
270
104
280
101
90
78
68
60
52
45
38
34
15Mo3
16<s40
245
40<s60
235
40
450~600
40<s60
13CrMo44
10CrMo910
40
40
270
260
440~590
450~600
40<s60
270
60<s80
260
29
112
14MoV63
40
460~610
40<s60
320
115
113
310
108
106
X20CrMoV121
80
690~840
490
173
156
15NiCuMoNb5
60
610~760
440
69
46
X10CrMoVNb91
120
585~850
415
183
169
WB36
100
610~780
440
68
43
100
87
77
66
56
48
140
124
111
98
85
74
64
54
46
39
156
143
131
119
108
97
87
77
68
60
Note:
allowable stress values in this sheet is determined according to the intensive property of DIN17175-1979 and the safety factor of this specification.
Allowable stress values for the WB36 pipe wall thickness greater than 100mm is identical to 100mm pipe.
113
A.5 elastic modulus data sheet for the Germany steel products in common use (kN/mm2)
Table A.5
Steel Grade
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
st458/
212
205
200
192
183
175
166
15Mo3
213
210
202
193
185
176
166
13CrMo44
213
210
202
193
185
176
166
10CrMo910
214
209
202
195
187
177
167
14MoV63
213
210
202
193
185
176
166
X20CrMoV121
218
213
206
198
189
179
166
15NiCuMoNb5
210
205
198
190
182
174
164
X10CrMoVNb91
216
213
207
199
190
181
168
WB36
211
206
200
192
184
175
164
A.6 Average coefficient of linear expansion data sheet for Germany steel products in common use
( from 20to the following temperature) ( 10-6/)
Table A.6
Steel Grade
100
200
300
400
500
600
st458/
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
15Mo3
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
13CrMo44
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
10CrMo910
12.0
13.0
13.0
14.0
14.0
14.0
14MoV63
12.5
13.1
13.6
14.0
14.4
14.7
X20CrMoV121
10.8
11.2
11.6
11.9
12.1
12.3
15NiCuMoNb5
12.3
12.8
13.3
13.8
14.1
14.4
X10CrMoVNb91
10.9
11.3
11.7
12.0
12.3
12.6
WB36
12.2
12.9
13.4
14.0
14.3
14.6
114
A.7 Allowable stress sheet for U.S.A. steel products in common use [(k.s.i) MPa]
Table 7
Steel grade
b20
s20
Temperature of the pipe wall [(F)]

(-20F~650F)
-29~343
(700F)
371
(750F)
399
(800F)
427
(850F)
454
(900F)
482
(950F)
510
(1000F)
538
(1050F)
566
(1100F)
593
(35)
241.3
(15.0)
103.4
(14.4)
99.3
(13.0)
89.6
(10.8)
74.5
(40)
275.8
(17.5)
120.7
(16.6)
114.5
(14.6)
100.7
(12.0)
82.7
1
1
(60)
(30)
1 Cr- Mo-Si
413.7 206.9
4
2
(15.0)
103.4
(15.0)
103.4
(14.8)
102.1
(14.4)
99.3
(14.0)
96.5
(13.6)
93.8
(9.3)
64.1
(6.3)
43.4
(4.2)
29.0
(2.8)
19.3
(15.0)
103.4
(15.0)
103.4
(15.0)
103.4
(15.0)
103.4
(14.4)
99.3
(13.1)
90.3
(11.0)
75.8
(7.8)
53.8
(5.8)
40.0
(4.2)
29.0
A106B
carbon
pipe
steel
(60)
413.7
A106C
carbon
pipe
steel
(70)
482.7
A335P11
1
2 Cr-1Mo
4
(60)
413.7
(30)
206.9
A335P22
9Cr-1Mo-V
A335P91
(85)
586.1
(20.5)
141.3
(20.0)
137.9
(19.4)
133.8
(18.7)
128.9
(17.8)
122.7
(16.7)
115.1
(15.5)
106.9
(14.3)
98.6
(12.9)
88.9
(10.3)
71.0
A672B70CL32
(70)
482.7
(17.5)
120.7
(16.6)
114.5
(14.8)
102.0
(12.0)
82.7
115
A.8 Elastic modulus data sheet for U.S.A. steel products in common use (kN/mm2)
Table A.8
Steel Type
Carbon
steel
chrome
steel
Working temperature ()
Note
21
93
149
204
260
316
371
427
482
538
593
Carbon
content0.30%
203
199
195
191
188
184
176
167
154
141
124
Carbon
content>0.30%
202
197
194
190
187
183
174
165
154
139
123
1
Cr to 2Cr
2
1
2 Cr to 3Cr
4
204
200
196
192
190
185
181
176
171
165
159
211
205
203
199
195
191
187
181
177
170
163
5Cr to 9Cr
213
207
204
200
197
193
188
180
170
157
141
Carbon content
for
A106B is 0.30%
and A106C is
0.35%
A.9 average coefficient of linear expansion data sheet for U.S.A. steel products in common use (10-6/)
Table A.9
Steel grade
Working temperature ()( from 21 to the temperature below)

93
149
204
260
316
371
427
482
538
593
carbon
steel,
carbon - copper
bearing
steel,
low-chrome steel
11.48
11.88
12.28
12.64
13.01
13.39
13.77
14.11
14.35
14.62
media alloy steel

(5Cr-Mo
to
9Cr-Mo)
10.87
11.14
11.41
11.70
11.99
12.24
12.53
12.78
13.00
13.18
116
A.10 Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for Q235, 235-A.F and Q235-B.F steel pipe and fittings
(Except the valve gate)
Table A.10
nominal
pressure
PN
(MPa)
test
pressure
pT
(MPa)
Design temperature()
200
250
300
allowable working pressure(MPa)
p 20
p 25
p30
0.10
0.2
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.39
0.35
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.59
0.53
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.78
0.70
1.00
1.50
1.00
0.98
0.88
1.60
2.40
1.60
1.57
1.40
2.0
3.00
2.0
1.96
1.75
2.5
3.75
2.5
2.45
2.19
4.0
6.00
4.0
3.9
3.5
5.0
7.50
5.0
4.9
4.4
6.3
9.50
6.3
6.2
5.5
10.0
15.00
10.0
9.8
8.8
15.0
22.50
15.0
14.7
13.1
16.0
24.00
16.0
15.7
14.0
20.0
30.00
20.6
19.6
17.5
25.0
37.50
25.0
24.5
21.9
117
28.0
42.00
28.0
27.4
24.5
32.0
48.00
32.0
31.3
28.0
42.0
63.00
42.0
41
37
50.0
75.00
50.0
49
44
A.11 Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for 10 steel pipe and fittings (Except the valve gate)
Table A.11
Nominal
Pressure
PN
(MPa)
Test
pressure
pT
(MPa)
Design temperature ()
200
250
300
350
400
430
450
Allowable working pressure (MPa)
p 20
p 25
p30
p35
p 40
p 43
p 45
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.14
0.11
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.39
0.35
0.30
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.59
0.52
0.46
0.4
0.35
0.28
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.79
0.69
0.61
0.53
0.46
0.37
1.00
1.50
1.00
0.99
0.86
0.76
0.66
0.58
0.47
1.60
2.40
1.60
1.58
1.38
1.21
1.06
0.93
0.74
2.0
3.00
2.0
1.97
1.73
1.52
1.33
1.16
0.93
2.5
3.75
2.5
2.47
2.16
1.90
1.66
1.45
1.16
4.0
6.00
4.0
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.7
2.3
1.9
5.0
7.50
5.0
5.0
4.3
3.8
3.3
2.9
2.3
6.3
9.50
6.3
6.2
5.4
4.8
4.2
3.6
2.9
10.0
15.00
10.0
9.9
8.6
7.6
6.6
5.8
4.6
15.0
22.50
15.0
14.8
12.9
11.4
10.0
8.7
7.0
118
A.12
16.0
24.00
16.0
15.8
13.8
12.1
10.6
9.3
7.4
20.0
30.00
20.0
19.7
17.3
15.2
13.3
11.6
9.3
25.0
37.50
25.0
24.6
21.6
19.0
16.6
14.5
11.6
28.0
42.00
28.0
27.6
24.2
21.2
18.6
16.2
13.0
32.0
48.00
32.0
31.5
27.6
24.3
21.2
18.5
14.9
42.0
63.00
42.0
41
36
32
28
24
20
50.0
75.00
50.00
49
43
38
33
29
23
Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for 20 steel pipe and fittings (except for the valve gate)
Table A.12
Nominal
pressure
PN
(MPa)
Test
pressure
pT
(MPa)
200
250
300
350
400
430
450
p 20
p 25
p30
p35
p 40
p 43
p 45
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.77
0.23
0.17
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.59
0.54
0.48
0.41
0.34
0.26
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.79
0.72
0.63
0.55
0.46
0.35
1.00
1.50
1.00
0.99
0.90
0.79
0.69
0.57
0.44
1.60
2.40
1.60
1.58
1.43
1.27
1.10
0.91
0.70
2.0
3.00
2.0
1.98
1.79
1.58
1.38
1.14
0.87
2.5
3.75
2.5
2.47
2.24
1.98
1.72
1.43
1.09
4.0
6.00
4.0
4.0
3.6
3.2
2.8
2.3
1.7
5.0
7.50
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
2.9
2.2
119
6.3
9.50
6.3
6.2
5.6
5.0
4.3
3.6
2.7
10.0
15.00
10.0
9.9
8.9
7.9
6.9
5.7
4.4
15.0
22.50
15.0
14.8
13.4
11.9
10.3
8.6
6.5
16.0
24.00
16.0
15.8
14.3
12.7
11.0
9.1
7.0
20.0
30.00
20.0
19.8
17.9
15.8
13.8
11.4
8.7
25.0
37.50
25.0
24.7
22.4
19.8
17.2
14.3
10.9
28.0
42.00
28.0
27.7
25.1
22.2
19.3
16.0
12.2
32.0
48.00
32.0
31.7
28.6
25.3
22.0
18.2
13.9
42.0
63.00
42.0
42
38
33
29
24
18
50.0
75.00
50.0
50
45
40
34
29
22
A.13 Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for 20G steel pipe and fittings (Except for the valve gate)
Table A.13
Nominal
pressure
PN
(MPa)
Test
pressure
pT
(MPa)
Design temperature()
200
250
300
350
400
430
450
p 20
p 25
p30
p35
p 40
p 43
p 45
0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.04
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.25
0.22
0.20
0.17
0.14
0.11
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.36
0.32
0.27
0.23
0.17
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.59
0.53
0.47
0.41
0.34
0.26
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.79
0.71
0.63
0.55
0.45
0.35
1.00
1.50
1.00
0.98
0.89
0.79
0.69
0.57
0.43
1.60
2.40
1.60
1.58
1.42
1.26
1.10
0.91
0.69
2.0
3.00
2.0
1.97
1.78
1.58
1.37
1.13
0.87
120
2.5
3.75
2.5
2.46
2.22
1.97
1.71
1.42
1.08
4.0
6.00
4.0
3.9
3.6
3.2
2.7
2.3
1.7
5.0
7.50
5.0
4.9
4.4
3.9
3.4
2.8
2.2
6.3
9.50
6.3
6.2
5.6
5.0
4.3
3.57
2.73
10.0
15.00
10.0
9.8
8.9
7.9
6.9
5.7
4.3
15.0
22.50
15.0
14.8
13.3
11.8
10.3
8.5
6.5
16.0
24.00
16.0
15.7
14.2
12.6
11.0
9.1
6.9
20.0
30.00
20.0
19.7
17.8
15.7
13.7
11.3
8.6
25.0
37.50
25.0
24.6
22.2
19.7
17.1
14.2
10.8
28.0
42.00
28.0
27.6
24.9
22.0
19.2
15.9
12.1
32.0
48.00
32.0
31.5
28.5
25.2
21.9
18.1
13.9
42.0
63.00
42.0
41
37
33
29
24
18
50.0
75.00
50.0
49
44
39
34
28
22
A.14 Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for 16Mng Steel pipe and fittings (except for the valve gate)
Table A.14
Nominal
pressure
PN
(MPa)
Test
pressure
pT
(MPa)
200
250
300
350
400
p 20
p 25
p30
p35
p 40
0.10
0.2
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.08
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.19
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.40
0.36
0.34
0.31
0.60
0.90
0.60
0.59
0.54
0.51
0.47
0.80
1.20
0.80
0.79
0.72
0.69
0.62
121
1.00
1.50
1.00
0.99
0.90
0.86
0.78
1.60
2.40
1.60
1.58
1.44
1.37
1.24
2.0
3.00
2.0
1.98
1.79
1.71
1.56
2.5
3.75
2.5
2.48
2.24
2.14
1.94
4.0
6.00
4.0
4.0
3.6
3.4
3.1
5.0
7.50
5.0
5.0
4.5
4.3
3.9
6.3
9.50
6.3
6.2
5.7
5.4
4.9
10.0
15.00
10.0
9.9
9.0
8.6
7.8
15.0
22.50
15.0
14.9
13.5
12.9
11.7
16.0
24.00
16.0
15.8
14.4
13.7
12.4
20.0
30.00
20.0
19.8
17.90
17.1
15.5
25.0
37.50
25.0
24.8
22.4
21.4
19.4
28.0
42.00
28.0
27.7
25.1
24.0
21.8
32.0
48.00
32.0
31.7
28.7
27.4
24.9
42.0
63.00
42.0
42
38
36
33
50.0
75.00
50.0
50
45
43
39
A.15 Nominal pressure, test pressure and allowable working pressure list for carbon steel pieces (JB741959)
Table A.15
Nominal
pressure
pg
(kgf/cm2)
test
pressure
(use water
with
temperature
lower than
100)
To 200
250
300
350
400
425
450
Allowable working temperature (kgf/cm )
p 20
p 25
p30
p35
p 40
p 42.5
p 45
122
psq
(kgf/cm2)
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.5
2.5
4.0
2.5
2.3
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.1
4.0
6.0
4.0
3.7
3.3
2.9
2.6
2.3
1.8
6.0
9.0
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.4
3.8
3.5
2.7
10
15
10
9.2
8.2
7.3
6.4
5.8
4.5
16
24
16
15
13
12
10
9.0
7.0
25
38
25
23
20
18
16
14
11
40
60
40
37
33
30
28
23
18
64
96
64
59
52
47
41
37
29
100
150
100
92
82
73
64
58
45
160
240
160
147
131
117
102
93
72
200
300
200
184
164
146
128
116
90
250
350
250
230
205
182
160
145
112
320
430
320
294
262
234
205
185
144
400
520
400
368
328
292
256
232
180
500
625
500
460
410
365
320
290
225
Note:
Optional carbon steel valves and pieces provided by this list (manufactured according to the First Ministry of Machine Building 1959 standard)
When manufacturer provide the special table, the one provided by the manufacturer shall prevail.
This table quotes primary standard, and the measurement unit and symbols are not changed.
A.16 Type of the carbon steel covered electrode
Table A.16
Welding
electrode
Electrode coating type
Welding Position
Type of current
123
type
E43 series - tensile strength of deposited metal43kgf/mm2 ( 420MPa)
Alternating
current
straight
poliarity
(ACSP);
Alternating
current
reverse
polarity
(ACRP) or Direct
current
straight
polarity (DCSP);
Direct current reverse
polarity (DCRP);
E4300
Special type
E4301
Ilmenite type
E4303
Titanium & calcium

type
E4310
High-fibre
type
E4311
High-fibre potassium
type
ACRP or DCRP
E4312
High
titanium
sodium type
&
ACSP or DCSP
E4313
High
titanium
potassium type
&
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E4315
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E4316
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E4320
Ferric oxide type
E4322
Downhand, vertical,
overhead, horizontal
sodium
DCRP
Flat fillet welding
ACSP or DCSP
Downhand
ACRP,
ACSP
or
or
124
DCRP or DCSP
Downhand, flat fillet
welding
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E4323
Ferrous
powder,
titanium & calcium
type
E4324
Ferrous powder
titanium type
&
E4327
Ferrous powder
ferric oxide type
&
ACSP or DCSP
E4328
Ferrous powder & low

hydrogen type
ACRP or DCRP
or
E50 series - Tensile strength of deposited metal50kgf/mm2(490MPa)

Downhand, vertical,
low, horizontal
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E5001
Ilmenite type
E5003
Titanium & calcium

type
E5011
type
ACRP or DCRP
E5014
Ferrous
powder
titanium type
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E5015
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E5016
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E5018

hydrogen type
E5024
Ferrous powder
titanium type
&
Downhand, flat fillet

weld
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
or
or
or
125
E5027
Ferrous powder
ferric oxide type
&
ACSP or DCSP
E5028
Ferrous powder &

low hydrogen type
ACRP or DCRP
E5048
Downhand,
overhead,
down
vertical,
vertical
Notes:
meaning of the characters in the column of welding position: Downhand downhand welding; vertical vertical welding; overhead overhead position welding;
horizontal - horizontal position welding, flat fillet welding horizontal fillet welding; vertical down vertical down welding
E5014, E5015, E5016 and E5018 welding electrode with diameter no greater than 4.0mm and welding electrode of other types with diameter no greater than
5.0mm are applicable in vertical position welding and overhead position welding.
E4322 welding electrode is applicable in single pass welding.
Examples for types of welding electrode are as follows:
A.17 Type of the low alloy structural steel electrode
126
Table A.17
Welding
type
electrode
Electrode coating type
Welding Position
Type of current
E50 seriestensile strength of deposited metal50kgf/mm2 ( 490MPa)

High-fibre
type
E5011X
type
ACRP or DCRP
E5015X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E5016X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E5018X

hydrogen type
E5020X
High ferric oxide type
E5027X
sodium
Downhand, vertical,
E5010X
Ferrous powder
ferric oxide type
&
DCRP
Flat fillet welding
ACSP or DCSP
Downhand
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
Flat fillet welding
ACSP or DCSP
Downhand
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
or
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
or
or
E55 seriestensile strength of deposited metal55kgf/mm2(540MPa)

E5500X
Special type
E5503X
Titanium & calcium

type
E5510X
High-fibre
type
sodium
Downhand, vertical,
DCRP
127
E5511X
type
ACRP or DCRP
E5513X
High
titanium
potassium type
&
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E5515X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E5516X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E5518X

hydrogen type
or
E60 seriestensile strength of deposited metal60kgf/mm2(590MPa)

Downhand, vertical,
E6000X
Special type
E6010X
High-fibre
type
E6011X
type
ACRP or DCRP
E6013X
High
titanium
potassium type
&
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E6015X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E6016X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E6018X

hydrogen type
sodium
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
or
DCRP
or
E70 series-tensile strength of deposited metal70kgf/mm2(690MPa)
128
E7010X
High-fibre
type
sodium
E7011X
type
ACRP or DCRP
E7013X
High
titanium
potassium type
&
ACRP,
ACSP
DCRP or DCSP
E7015X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
DCRP
E7016X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
ACRP or DCRP
E7018X

hydrogen type
Downhand, vertical,
DCRP
or
E75series-tensile strength of deposited metal75kgf/mm2(740MPa)

E7515X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
E7516X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
E7518X

hydrogen type
Downhand, vertical,
DCRP
ACRP or DCRP
E85series-tensile strength of deposited metal85kgf/mm2(830MPa)

E8515X
Low hydrogen
sodium type
&
E8516X
Low hydrogen
potassium type
&
E8518X
Downhand, vertical,
Direct current reverse

polarity (DCRP)
ACRP or DCRP

hydrogen type
129
Note:
Suffix X represents classification designator of the deposited metal chemical composition.
130
A.18 Chemical composition of the welding wire in common use

No.
Type
Desig
n
code
Chemical composition (%)

Car-b
on
C
Manganes
e
Mn
SiliconSi
Note
Chromiu
m
Cr
Molybd
enumM
o
Vana
dium
V
Titaniu
m
Ti
Niobiu
m
Nb
NickelNi
Rare
earth
Others
Sulfu
rS
Phosph
orusP
No greater than
0.10
H08A
H08MnA
H08MnR
YB/Z
11
1976
H08Mn2SiA
H10Mn2
H08CrMoA
GB13
00
1977
H13CrMoA
0.11~
0.16
0.80~1.00
H08CrMoV
0.10
1.00~1.30
H08CrMnSiM
oVA
10
H08Cr2MoA
YB/Z
11
1976
11
H1Cr13
GB13
GB13
00
1977
0.30~0.55
0.30
0.80~1.10
0.07
1.00~1.30
0.10~0.30
0.11
1.80~2.10
0.65~0.95
0.20
0.12
1.50~1.90
0.07
0.10
0.40~0.70
0.15~0.35
0.15
0.20
0.80~1.10
0.30
0.30
0.40~0.
60
0.50~0.
70
0.60~0.90
0.95~1.25
0.40~0.70
0.15~0.35
2.00~2.50
0.90~1.
20
0.30~0.60
0.30~0.60
12.00~14.
0.10
(volume
of
addition
)
Al0.05
(volum
e
of
additio
n)
0.030
0.030
0.040
0.040
0.030
0.030
0.15~
0.35
0.20~
0.40
1.20~1.50
0.25
0.60
131
00
1977
00
12
H1Cr19Ni9
13
H0Cr19Ni9Si
2
0.06
2.20~2.75
14
H1Cr19Ni9Ti
0.10
0.30~0.70
0.50~0.
80
15
H1Cr19Ni10N
b
0.09
0.30~0.80
16
H1Cr25Ni13
0.12
0.30~0.70
23.00~26.
00
17
N1Cr25Ni20
0.15
0.20~0.50
24.00~27.
00
18
T1G-J50
1.20~1.50
0.60~0.85
19
T1G-R31
0.75~1.05
0.45~0.70
1.10~1.40
0.45~0.
65
0.20~
0.35
20
T1G-R40
2.20~2.50
0.95~1.
25
21
T1G-R10
0.75~1.05
22
T1G-R30
1.75~1.05
0.45~0.
65
0.14
0.06
0.1
2
1.00~2.00
0.50~1.00
0.45~0.70
8.00~10.0
0
18.00~20.
00
1.20~1.
50
9.00~11.0
0
12.00~14.
00
17.00~20.
00
0.03~0.
06
1.10~1.40
0.020
0.03~0.
06
0.05
(added
amount)
Al0.07
~0.15
Zr0.04~
0.10
0.025
0.025
Standard
for
Shanghai
Electricit
y
Equipeme
nt
Manufact
urer
in
General
A.19 Chemical composition and mechanical property at normal temperature of the deposited metal in common use
Table A.19
No.
Welding electrode type
Chemical composition (%)
Mechanical property at normal
Classification
132
temperature
Type
Design
code
Produ
ct
No.
Mn
Si
Cr
Mo
Nb
Ni
Re
Others
(%)
number
SD349089
(J/cm2)
(MPa)
E4303
GB511
7
J422
0.12
0.30~0.
60
0.25
S0.035
P0.050
412
18
78.4
E4301
GB511
7
J423
0.12
0.35~0.
60
0.20
S0.035
P0.050
412
18
78.4
E4320
GB511
7
J424
0.12
0.50~0.
90
0.15
S0.035
P0.050
412
18
78.4
E4316
GB511
7
J426
0.12
0.50~0.
90
0.50
S0.035
P0.040
412
22
137.2
E4315
GB511
7
J427
0.12
0.50~0.
90
0.50
S0.035
P0.040
412
22
137.2
E5001
GB511
7
J503
0.12
0.50~1.
00
0.30
S0.035
P0.050
490
16
58.8
E5016
GB511
7
J506
0.12
0.80~1.
40
0.65
S0.035
P0.040
490
20
127.4
E5015
GB511
7
J507
0.12
0.80~1.
40
0.70
S0.035
P0.040
490
20
127.4
E6015
D1
GB511
8
J607
0.12
1.25~1.
75
0.60
0.25~0.
45
S0.035
P0.035
588
15
27
42
10
E7015
D2
GB511
8
J707
0.15
1.65~2.
00
0.60
0.25~0.
45
S0.035
P0.035
610
15
11
E5015
A1
GB511
8
R107
0.12
0.90
0.60
0.40~0.
65
S0.035
P0.035
490
22
133
12
E5503
B1
GB511
8
R202
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
0.40~0.
65
0.40~0.
65
S0.035
P0.035
540
16
13
E5515
B1
GB511
8
R207
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
0.40~0.
65
0.40~0.
65
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
14
E5515
B2
GB511
8
R307
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
1.00~1.
50
0.40~0.
65
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
15
E5515
B2
V
GB511
8
R317
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
1.00~1.
50
0.40~1.
65
0.10
~0.3
5
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
16
E6003
B3
GB511
8
R402
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
2.00~2.
50
0.90~1.
20
S0.035
P0.035
590
14
17
E6015
B3
GB511
8
R407
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
2.00~2.
50
0.90~1.
20
S0.035
P0.035
590
15
18
E5515
B3
VNb
GB511
8
R417
0.05~
0.12
0.90
0.60
2.40~3.
00
0.70~1.
00
0.25
~0.5
0
0.3
5~
0.6
5
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
19
E5515
B3
VWB
GB511
8
R347
0.05~
0.12
1.00
0.60
1.50~2.
50
0.30~0.
80
0.20
~0.6
0
0.0
01
~0.
00
3
0.2
0~
0.6
0
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
20
E5515
B2
VW
GB511
8
R327
0.05~
0.12
0.70~1.
10
0.60
1.00~1.
50
0.70~1.
00
0.20
~0.3
5
0.2
5~
0.5
0
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
134
21
E5515
B2
VNb
GB511
8
R337
0.05~
0.12
0.60
0.60
1.00~1.
50
0.70~1.
00
0.15
~0.4
0
0.1
0~
0.2
5
S0.035
P0.035
540
17
22
E15
MoV
15
GB983
R507
0.12
0.50~0.
90
0.50
4.5~6.0
0
0.40~0.
70
0.10
~0.3
5
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
540
14
23
E19
Mo1
5
GB983
R707
0.10
1.00
0.90
8.0~10.
5
0.85~1.
20
0.4
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
590
16
24
E211
MoVN
115
GB983
R807
0.19
0.50~1.
00
0.50
9.5~11.
5
0.60~0.
90
0.20
~0.4
0
0.6
0~
0.9
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
730
15
25
E211
MoVNi
W15
GB983
R817
0.19
0.5~1.0
0
0.50
9.5~12.
0
0.80~1.
10
0.20
~0.4
0
0.4
0~
0.7
0
0.4
0~
1.1
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
730
15
R827
0.15~
0.21
0.50~1.
00
0.50
9.50~1
2.00
0.80~1.
10
0.20
~0.4
0
0.7
0~
1.1
0
S0.035
P0.40
G207
0.12
1.00
0.90
11.00~
13.50
0.50
0.6
0
Cu
:
S0.030
P0.035
26
27
E113
15
GB983
450
20
135
0.5
0
28
G217
0.12
1.00
0.90
12.00~
14.00
0.
60
S0.030
P0.40
29
Eo19
10Nb
GB983
A132
/A13
7
0.08
0.5~2.5
0.90
18.00~
21.00
0.50
~1.
00
9.0
~1
1.0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
520
25
30
Eo18
12M
o2
G983
A202
/A20
7
0.08
0.5~2.5
0.90
17.0~2
0.0
2.0~2.5
11.
0~
14.
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
520
30
31
E123
13
GB983
A302
/A30
7
0.15
0.5~2.5
0.90
22.0~2
5.0
0.50
12.
0~
14.
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
550
25
32
E226
21
GB983
A402
/A40
7
0.20
1.0~2.5
0.75
25.0~2
8.0
0.50
20.
0~
22.
5
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.030
550
25
33
E116
25M
o6N
G983
A507
0.12
0.5~2.5
0.90
14.0~1
8.0
5.0~7.0
22.
0~
27.
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
N
0.1
S0.030
P0.035
610
30
136
34
Eo17
G983
G302
/G30
7
0.10
1.0
0.90
14.0~1
8.0
0.50
06
0
Cu
:
0.5
0
S0.030
P0.035
450
20
A.20 Commendatory option list for welding electrode (welding wire) for welding different types of steel and subsequent treatment temperature
137
Welding rod
Welding wire Argon arc welding wire Heat treatment temperature

Generally
not
heat treatment
New
New
New
New
New
New
Copper type
138
Notes:
Where one side of the steel product is austenitic stainless steel and the working temperature is
lower than 425, welding electrodes (welding wires) corresponding with the welded austenitic
stainless steel can be adopted.
For pressure-containing pieces like heat resisting alloy steel pipe and pipe fittings with working
temperature greater than 425, when repairing welding or joint welding is needed, if the
subsequent thermal treatment fails due to the limited condition, it is recommended to adopt
nickel-based electrode.
When argon arc welding is adopted for the precoating, argon arc welding wire a is
identical to electrode 1 and 2; b is identical to electrode 3; d is identical to electrode 3 and
4;d is identical to electrode 5 and 5; e can be matched with electrode 6 and 6 in
application.
Acid electrode inside the bracket is TIG cosmetic welding electrode.
A.21 welding electrode and welding wire types applicable for home-made steel products in
common use
Table A.21
steel products
Welding Electrode
Categor
y
Code number ( type))
Produ
ct No.
National
Standard (GB)
International
Carbon
steel
(C0.3%)
J421
J420G
J422
J423
J424
J426
J427
E4313
E4300
E4303
E4301
E4320
E4316
E4315
Comm
on
low-all
oy
heat-res
isting
steel
16MnV, 16Mng
15Mnr, 15MnVg
(applicable to middlethick steel plate)
J506
J507
J557
R307
E5016
E5015
E5515G
E5515B2
Heat-re
sisting
steel
12Cr1MoV
R317
R337
E5515B2
V
E5515B2
VNb
12Cr2MoWVTiB
(steel102)
(2Cr1/2MoVW)
R347
R417
E5515B3
VW
E5515B3
VNb7
12Cr3MoVSiTiB(steel
11)
R417
E5515B3
VNb7
15CrMo (1Cr
(1Cr
1
Mo)
2
1
MoV)
2
Welding wire
Product No.
National Standard
(GB)
AWSE6013,
JISD4313
JISD4303
JISD4301
AWSE6020
AWSE6016
Welding 08
H08MnA
AWSE7016,
JISD5016
AWSE701
AWSE8015G
AWSE8015B2
JISDT2315
Welding 08
High Mn
Equivalent
high Mn
H08MnA
H08CrMoA
H13CrMo
H08CrMoV
Welding 08
H08Cr2MoVNb
Mn2Mo high
Welding 08
Cr2Mo high
H08Cr2MoVNb
H05Cr2Mo1TiRe
139
3Cr1MoVTi
Stainles
s steel
12MoVWBSiRe
(Cr free 8)
R347
R417
E5515B3
VWB
E5515B3
VNb7
0Cr18Ni11Ti
1Cr18Ni9Ti
1Cr19Ni9
1Cr19Ni11Nb
A132
A137
EO1910
Nb16
EO1910
Nb15
AWSE34716
AWSE34715
Welding 08
Cr2Mo1
Welding
08Cr2MoBari
um niobium
H08Cr2Mo1
H08Cr2MoVNb
H08CrMoV
Welding 1Cr
19 nickel 9
titanium weld
1 chromium
19 nickel 10
niobium
H1Cr19Ni9Ti
H1Cr19Ni10Nb
A.22 Welding electrode and welding wire types applicable for Germany steel products in common
use
Table A.22
steel products
Category
Code Number
Electrode
Material type
Welding wire
Product
No.
National
Standard (GB)
International
Product
No.
National
Standard (GB)
J426
J422
E4316
E4303
AWSE6016
JISD4303
Welding
08
manganese
high
H08MnA
E5015A1
AWSE7015A1
JISDT1215
Welding
08 Cr Mo
H08CrMo
Welding
13 Cr Mo
H13CrMoj
Equivalent
Carbon steel
St45.8/
(equivalent to
20)
0.25
Heat-resisting
steel
15Mo3
0.3%Mo
13CrMo44
1Cr1/2Mo
R307
E5515B2
AWSE8015B2
JISDT2315
10CrMo910
1
2 Cr1Mo
4
1
1
Cr MoV
2
2
R407
E6015B3
ASWE9015B3
JISDT2415
R317
E5515B2V
H08CrMoV
R817
E211MoVNi
W15
H16Cr10MoNiV
14MoV63
X20CrMoV121
(F12)
15NiCuMoNb5
12Cr1MoV
H08Cr2MoVNb
R107
Notes:
Arc welding or flash welding can be used in X20CrMoV121 steel, but weld preheating and
subsequent treatment are required. Preheating temperature shall be determined according to the
wall thickness of steel pipe.
For heavy wall pipe and rigorous welding conditions, the preheating temperature is required to
be 400. After the welding, it needs to be air-cooled to 100~ 150, and then stress relief
annealing or temper is required.
A.21 Welding electrode and welding wire types applicable for U.S.A. steel products in common
use
Table A.23
140
steel products
Electrode
Categor
y
Code
Number
Material
type
Carbon
steel
A106Cr.A
A106Gr.B
A106Gr.C
Welding wire
Prod
uct
No.
National
Standard
(GB)
Internatio
nal
Produ
ct No.
National
Standard
(GB)
R10
7
E5015A1
JISDT121
5
AWSE701
5A1
Weldi
ng 08
Cr
Mo
H08CrMo
R10
7
E5015A1
JISDT121
5
AWSE701
5A1
Weldi
ng 08
Cr
Mo
H08CrMo
1
Mo
2
R30
7
E5515B2
JISDT231
5
AWSE801
5B2
Weldi
ng 13
Cr
Mo
H13CrMo
1
1 Cr
4
1
Mo
2
1
2 Cr1M
2
R30
7
E5515B2
JISDT231
5
AWSE801
5B2
Weldi
ng 13
Cr
Mo
H13CrMo
R40
7
R50
7
R70
7
R30
7
E6015B3
E15MoV
15
E19Mo
15
JISDT241
5
AWSE901
5B3
Pipe
A515Cr.60
A515Cr.65
A515Gr.70
Plate
Carbon
molybde
num
steel
A335P1,
A369EP1
(Pipe)
1
Mo
2
A204Gr.A
Plate
Heat-res
isting
steel
A335P12
A335P11
Pipe
A335P22
A335P5
Pipe
A335P9
A38712
1Cr
o
5Cr
1
Mo
2
9Cr1Mo
1
Mo
2
1
1
1 Cr
4
2
1Cr
Heat-res
isting
steel
A38711
plate
A38722
A387P5
A387P9
Mo
1
1
2 Cr
2
2
Mo
R30
7
R40
7
R50
7
141
Stainless
steel
A312TP304
L
A312TP321,
A409
TP321,
A312TP321
5Cr1Mo
9Cr1Mo
R70
7
18Cr8Ni
0.0350
18Cr8Ni
Ti
A13
2
A13
7
EO1910
Nb16
EO1910
Nb15
AWSE347
16
AWSE347
15
Weldi
ng 1
Cr 19
nickel
9
titaniu
m
Weldi
ng 1
chrom
ium
19
nickel
10
niobiu
m
H1Cr19N
i9Ti
H1Cr19N
i10Nb
142
A.24 Basic forms of welded joint in common use and dimension list
Table A.24
No
.
Joint
Type
Groove Form
Figure
Welding
method
weldment
thickness
Dimension and design of the joint
b
(mm
)
P
(mm
)
R
(mm
)
(mm)
1
Butte
d
joint
Applicatio
n Scope
I-shape
Autogeno
us welding
Electrical
arc
welding
Submerge
d arc
welding
<3
3
8~16
1~2
1~2
0~1
Vessel and
general
steel
structure
V-shape
Autogeno
us welding
Electrical
arc
welding
Submerge
d arc
welding
6
16
>16~20
30~35
1~3
1~3
0~1
0.5~
2
1~2
7
All kinds
of
load-bearin
g pipes,
pressure
vessel and
medium-,
thin pieces
load
bearing
structures
143
U-shape
Electrical
arc
welding
60
10~15
2~3
Medium-,
thick-walle
d aerated
water
pipeline
30~40
8~12
2~5
1~2
Medium-,
thick-walle
d aerated
water
pipeline
1~4
1~2
Medium-,
thick-walle
d aerated
water
pipeline
Double
V-shap
e
Horizont
al pipe
Electrical
arc
welding
>16~60
Double
V-shap
e
Vertical
pipe
Electrical
arc
welding
>16~60
1 = 35 ~ 40 1 = 15 ~ 20
2 = 20 ~ 25 2 = 5 ~ 10
(Continued)
No.
Joint
Groove
Figure
Welding
Weldment
Dimension and design of the joint
Application
144
Type
Form
method
thickness
(mm)
Butted
joint
Integrated
shape
Electrical
arc
welding
>60
X-shape
Electrical
arc
welding
Submerged
arc
welding
>16
>20
b
(mm)
P
(mm)
R
(mm)
Scope
20~25
2~3
Wall
thickness
aerated
water
pipeline
30~35
2~3
0~1
2~4
7
Large vessel
and structure
of double
side welding
145
10
End
socket
Electrical
arc
welding
Any pipe
diameter
Groove preparation requirement for pipes of the same

wall thickness
Aerated
water pipe or
end socket
of the
collecting
box
Butted
joint
Stopple
Electrical
arc
welding
Diameter
Groove preparation requirement for pipes of the same

wall thickness
Aerated
water pipe or
stopple of
the
collecting
box
T-shape
joint
Pipe
saddle
Electrical
arc
welding
Pipe
diameter
273
76
50~60
30~35
2~3
1~2
According
to the
wall
thickness
difference
Stub for
aerated
water and
instrument
sampling
146
11
Electrical
arc
welding
Pipe
diameter
50~60
30~35
2~3
1~2
76~133
147
A.25 Processing method for contra apertures of dissimilar thicknesses
(a) Dimension of inner wall is not equal; (b) Dimension of outer wall is not equal;
(c) Dimensions of inner and outer walls are not equal; (d) 2-15mm
Appendix B dimensional deviation of the steel

pipe
148
B.1 dimensional deviation of the home-made steel pipe

Table B.1 - 1 Allowable deviation for the external diameter and wall thickness of the high-pressure
boiler purposed seamless steel pipe)
Type of
steel Pipes
Dimension (mm) of steel Pipes

(mm)
Hot rolling
( squeeze)
pipe
External Diameter
Wall thickness
<57
57~159
>159
<3.5
3.5~20
>20
Precision
Ordinary Grade
High Grade
1.0% (minimal value

is0.5))
1.0%
0.75% (minimal value

is0.3))
0.75%
0.1%
10%( minimal value
is0.2))
10%
7.5%
1.25
1.0
15
10
%( minimal value is
0.48
0.32
15
10
10%
Cold
drawing
( rolling)
pipe
External Diameter
Wall thickness
<30
>30~51
>51
2~3
>3
0.2
0.3
0.8
12
10
0.15
0.25
0.6%
10%
7.5%
10%
149
Notes:
External diameter is greater than or equal to 219mm; wall thickness is greater than the wall
12.5
thickness of 20mm steel pipe; the allowable deviation is 10
%.
Allowable deviation for the dimension of thermal expansion pipe shall be negotiated by both
parties.
Table B.1 - 2 Allowable deviations for the external diameter and wall thickness of low- and
medium- pressure boiler purposed seamless steel pipe)
Type of steel Pipes
Hot-rolled tube
Cold drawing (rolling)

pipe
Dimension (mm) of
steel Pipes
(mm)
External Diameter:
<159
>159
Wall thickness:
3~20
>20
Thermal extension
steel pipe with
external
diameter>325
External Diameter:
>10~30
>30~50
>50
Wall thickness:
1.5~3.0
>3.0
Precision
Ordinary Grade
1.25
1.0
1.25
1.5
12.5
15
High Grade
1.0%
1.25%
12.5%
10%
12.5%
18%
0.4mm
0.45mm
1%
15
10
12
10
0.2mm
0.3mm
0.8%
12
10
10%
%
Spiral-seam submerged-arc welding steel pipe

SY50361983: Applicable to pressurized fluid delivering;
Allowable deviation for the external diameter:
Do <500mm
0.75%
Do 500mm
1.00%
Allowable deviation for the wall thickness:
Do <500mm
Do 500mm
12.5%
10.0%
(Q235)
150
8.0% (16Mn)
SY503783: it is applicable to general low-pressure fluid delivering.
1.00%, but the absolute value shall be no smaller than 4mm
Allowable deviation for the wall thickness:
Do <500mm
12.5%
Do 500mm
10.0%
Spiral-seam high-frequency welding steel pipe

SY503883: it is applicable to pressurized fluid delivering.
Allowable deviation for the external diameter: 1.25%
Allowable deviation for the wall thickness: 12.5%
SY503983: it is applicable to general low-pressure fluid delivering.
Allowable deviation for the external diameter: 2.00%
Allowable deviation for the wall thickness: 12.5%
B.2 dimensional deviation of Germany steel pipe
Pipe made by hot rolling, hot extrusion, and hot drawing method
Do 100mm
100mm<Do320mm
Do>320mm
Pipe made by cold rolling or cold drawing method
Do 120mm
0.75%
0.90%
1.00%
0.6 %( at least 0.5mm)
Do>120mm
0.75%
Table B.2 - 1 Allowable deviation for external diameter and wall thickness of pipe
External diameter of the
Do(mm)
pipe
Nominal wall thickness

(Optional)
s(mm)
Do130
Allowable deviation for the

wall thickness:
(%)
s2sn
15
2sn<s4sn
12.5
320<Do660
s0.05Do
10
s>4sn
130Do320
1.0
17.5
12.5
0.05Do<s0.11Do
12.5
s>0.11Do
10
s0.05Do
22.5
0.05Do<s0.09Do
15
s>0.09Do
12.5
12.5
12.5
10
Note: sn in the table is the standard wall thickness specified in Germany Dimension and weight of
seamless steel pipe DIN2448".
Table B.2 - 2 Allowable deviations for external diameter and wall thickness of pipe
Internal pipe size
Selected
wall thickness
Allowable deviation for the

151
Di(mm)
s(mm)
wall thickness:
(%)
200Di720
s0.05Di
22.5
0.05Di<s0.10Di
15
s>0.10Di
12.5
12.5
12.5
10
Appendix C calculation of the pipe fittings and components

C.1 Calculation of the angle pipe (connector bend) wall thickness
C.1.1 Minimal wall thickness of the angle pipe (connector bend) positive camber scm shall be
calculated as the equation below:
s cm =
pDo
2 RDo / 2 (C.1.1-1)
t
2[ ] 2Yp 2 RDo
The minimal wall thickness of angle pipe (connector bend) inner arc
equation below:
s im =
shall be calculated as the
pDo
2 RDo / 2 (C.1.1-2)
t
2[ ] 2Yp 2 RDo
Where:
R - Bending radius of the angle pipe ( connector bend), mm;
- reduction coefficient of the allowable stress; For seamless steeltube,
=1.0; According
to related manufacturing technology conditions, if the connector bend of longitudinal

seam welding is proved to be qualified then its value shall be adopted from Table 3.2.1;
P - Design pressure, MPa;
Do - External diameter of the pipe, mm;
[ ] t - Allowable stress of the steel products at design temperature, MPa;

Y - Reduction coefficient of temperature in the equation of calculating the pipe's wall
thickness; for ferrite steel with temperature under 482, Y = 0.4; when the temperature is
510, Y = 0.5; when it is 538 or above, Y = 0.7; for austenitic steel, if the temperature is
566 or below, Y = 0.4; if the temperature is 593, Y = 0.6; if the temperature is 621 or
above, Y = 0.7; Value of Y at medium temperature can be calculated according to interpolation
method;
- Affixed thickness for the consideration of erosion, mm, and the added value for
erosion can adopt 0.5mm; for some pipes with serious erosion, the value shall be properly raised.
Results of the aforesaid two equations are the minimal allowable wall thickness of the inner
side and outer side of angle pipe or connector bend respectively. It does not include the added
value for the loss during the bending process and negative deviation of the bent straight pipe.
C.1.2 Minimal wall thickness of any point of the angle pipe (connector bend) according to actual
measurement shall be no smaller than the calculated wall thickness of the corresponding point, and
the outside thickness shall be no smaller than the minimal allowable wall thickness of the attached
straight pipe sm.
C.2 Calculation of the tapered pipe wall thickness
C.2.1 The minimal wall thickness of tapered pipe (big end) shall be calculated as the equation
below:
152
sm =
pDm2[ ]t 2Yp
[2[ ]t 2 p(1Y )] cos
(C.2.1-1)
Or
sm =
pDO
2[ ]t 2Yp
(C.2.1-2)
The greater value will be adopted.

Where: Dm - Average diameter of tapered pipe. It shall be the average diameter of the circular
cone, the distance of which from the big end is l. In the practical calculation, the value can
calculated by Dm = Dos , l =
Dm s or l =
l
, and the smaller value between the two shall
2
be adopted, mm;
- Semicone angle, it shall be smaller than 15;

- The added value by considering the corrosive wall thickness. For steel pipe moulded
tapered pipe, in view of the production process, the wall thickness shall be increased to certain
degree, =0 can be adopted; For tapered pipe welded from steel plate or steel pipe, the adoption
value can refer to 3.2.1.
Figure C.2.1 Calculation drawing for the tapered pipe wall thickness
The result from the above equation refers to the minimal allowable wall thickness of the moulded
tapered pipe. It does not include the added value for negative deviation of straight pipe ingot.
C.2.2 reinforcement between the tapered pipe and pipe connection
Due to the local stress between the tapered pipe and pipe connection, local reinforcement is often
required. For the annular transitional area, when the bending radius r0.1D, provided that the
pipe's big end wall thickness can satisfy the equation (C.2.1 - 1) and equation (C.2.1 - 2), the
reinforcement is not necessary. For the small end, provided that it can satisfy the calculation
requirement of pressure-area method within the slash range in Figure C.2.2, reinforcement is not
necessary. Calculation method for pressure-area is as below:
[ ]t A = pAP
(C2.2-1)
153
Figure C.2.2 Schematic diagram for the calculation of tapered pipe small end
Where:
p - Design pressure, Mpa,
MPa;
[ ]t - Allowable stress of the material at design temperature, MPa;

AP -
Internal pressure bearing area, cm2;
A - Stress bearing area, cm2.

AP and A are worked out according to drawing of Figure C.2.2. The effective reinforcement
scope is:
LG = Dm s
LA = d m s
Where:
dm - average diameter from the curved section lA. Or adopt the average diameter of the small
end connector;
Dm - Average diameter to the curved section lG. During the calculation, average diameter Dm
for big end connector can be used as the approximate value.
C.2.3 Selection of the tapered pipe's structural dimension
Generally, hemipyramid vertex angle tapered pipe is limited below 30; and the outer side bending
radius is usually no smaller than 0.1Do.
C.3 Calculation for the maximal allowable diameter of the main pipe d with no reinforcement for
the sluice opening
C.3.1 Calculation for the maximal allowable diameter of the main pipe d with no reinforcement
for the sluice opening
154
First calculate
K =
pDi
(C.3.1)
(2[ ]t p ) s e
Where:
K - Ratio of the minimal wall thickness and effective wall thickness, which signifies the
abundance coefficient of the
pipe wall;
Di - Internal diameter of the main pipe, mm;
s e - Effective wall thickness of the main pipe, mm.

Effective wall thickness shall be calculated according to the equation below:
se=sc
Where:
s - Wall thickness adopted by the main pipe, mm;
c - Negative deviation of the pipe wall thickness, which shall be calculated according to 3.2.2.
If K 0.4 , the main pipe does not need reinforcement;
If K 0.4, the orifice diameter value d shall be checked according to Figure C.3.1(a) and
(b).
If Di s e130 10 mm, check the value according to Di s e = 130 10 mm. If the value
3
of d is greater than 200mm, it shall adopt d=200mm.
155
156
Figure C.3.1 Maximum permissible diameter d of non-reinforced hole
C.4 Calculation of the T-joint wall thickness

C.4.1 Calculation of the extruding T-joint wall thickness
The calculation shall adopt pressure-area method. Arithmetic product of average stress and
effective crossover load -bearing area of the T-joint main pipe and branches on the longitudinal
section and average stress equilibrates with the arithmetic product of its corresponding effective
compression area and internal pressure; primary membrane stress of the load bearing area shall be
controlled to be no greater than the allowable stress of steel products. Its strength condition is:
A
1
[ ] t p P (C.4.1-1)
A 2
Where:
AP - Pressure bearing area over the maximal bearing length on the vertical section crossed by the
central lines of main pipe as well as branch pipe, mm2
A - Load bearing area of the steel products over the maximal bearing length on the vertical
section crossed by the central lines of main pipe as well as branch pipe, mm2
Maximal bearing length:
For the main T-joint pipe: l G =
( Dis e ) s e (C.4.1-2)
For the branches of T-joint pipe: l G1 =
(d is e1 ) s e1 (C.4.1-3)
Where:
s e - Effective wall thickness of the main pipe: s e = sc

s e1 - Effective wall thickness of the T-joint branch: s e1 = s1c
During
calculation, first
drawn up the
dimension, then work out the

T-joint
vertical section drawing according to T-joint
loaded area A
and
compression area AP , Check up the
strength with the equation ( C.4.1 - 1).
157
Central line of branch piper
Central line of branch piper
Central line of main pipe
Central line of main pipe
Figure C.4.1 Schematic diagram for pressure area method calculation

(a) Circular arc transition structure (b) Right angle transition structure
Minimal wall thickness of extruding T-joint main pipe s m shall be calculated according to the
equation below:
sm =
Where:
pDi2[ ]t 2Yp
(C.4.1-4)
2[ ]t 2(1Y )
- Strength attenuation coefficient of thermocompression T-joint. When the calculation
is made according to the circular arc transition structure as shown in Figure C.4.1 (a) , equation
( C.4.1 - 5) shall be used in working out the value of
; When the calculation is made according
to the right angle transition structure as shown in Figure C.4.1 (b), equation ( C.4.1 - 6) shall be
used in working out the value of .
Di A
1(C.4.1-5)
2 s e AP
s
0.9 l Gs e1l G1 e1
se
1(C.4.1-6)
=
di di
l Gs e1(l G1s e )
Di
2
s e = s mc
mm(C.4.1-7)
The length of extruding T-joint L can adopt 2.2DN, and the height H can adopt ( 0.8 ~ 0.9) Do.
The adopted wall thickness of main pipe and pipe branch shall both be no smaller than the wall
thickness of their connected pipe.
C.4.2 Wall thickness calculation of the stub and forged T-joint
158
Wall thickness calculation of stub and forged T-joint shall adopt area reinforcement method ( see
Figure C.4.2), namely, metal area cut out on the main pipe's vertical section for opening pore shall
be compensated by the sum of effective reinforcement area and weld metal cross-sectional area.
The conditional expression is:
F F1F2F3 (C.4.2)
Added value c of wall thickness
Added value of wall thickness
Cut area of opening
Reinforced effective range
Figure C.4.2 Schematic diagram for area compensation method calculation
Where:
F - metal area cut out for opening pore on the vertical section crossed by the central lines of main
pipe as well as branch pipe,
F = d i s m , mm2;
F1 - Reinforced area of the main pipe for opening pore on the vertical section crossed by the
central lines of main pipe as well as branch pipe, F1 = d i ( s e m ) , mm2;
F2 - Reinforced area of the pipe branch on the vertical section crossed by the central lines of
main pipe as well as branch pipe, F2 = 2 2.5s1 ( s e1 s m1 ) , mm2;
F3 - weld metal cross-sectional area on the vertical section crossed by the central lines of main
pipe as well as branch pipe, F3 = h , mm2.
2
Where:
H Weld height. Mm;
s m , s m1 - The minimal wall thickness of the main pipe and pipe branches, mm;
159
s es e1 - Effective wall thickness of the main pipe and pipe branches, mm;
ss1 - The adopted wall thickness of main pipe and pipe branches, mm;
s ms m1s es e1 can be calculated according to the equation below respectively:

sm =
pDo
2[ ]t 2Yp
s m1 =
pd o
2[ ] 2Yp
t
s e = sc
s e1 = s1c
Where:
- compensation factor of the
allowable stress see 3.2.1 of this
specification;
- Affixed thickness due to erosion, abrasion and mechanical strength requirements see
3.2.1 of this specification;
c - Negative deviation of the straight pipe wall thickness see 3.2.2 of this specification.
C.4.3 Wall thickness calculation of welded T-joint
The listed equation is applicable to welded T-joint with Do 660mm, the ratio of pipe branch
internal diameter d i and main pipe internal diameter Di d i / Di 0.8, and ratio of main pipe
external diameter and internal diameter is = Do / Di . It shall satisfy the requirement
1.05 1.
C.4.3.1 Minimal wall thickness of the main pipe s m
sm =
pDo
(C.4.3-1)
2[ ] 2 pY
t
Or
sm =
pD12[ ]t 2Yp
(C.4.3-2)
2[ ]t 2 p (1Y )
Where:
- T-joint strength attenuation coefficient shall be adopted according to the piping design
temperature, the value of , ratio of d i / Di , and the Table C.4.3; other symbols are the same
with above.
160
C.4.3.2 Calculation of pipe branch wall thickness s e1

Wall thickness of T-joint pipe branch s e1 can be calculated as the equation below:
s e1 =
do
d
s e or s e1 = i s e
Do
Di
C.4.3.3 Wall thickness (s) adopted by the main pipe shall be no smaller than the calculated wall
thickness s e of it and the wall thickness adopted by the pipe branches s1 shall be no smaller
than the calculated wall thickness s e1 of it.
C.4.3.4 Structural dimension selection of the welded T-joint
Length of welded T-joint can adopt 2.3Do, but it shall be no smaller than 2Di, and the height shall
adopt 1.2Do. Diameter of the single reinforced rib used to reinforce T-joint (or side length of
square reinforced rib) equals to 1.5 times "s - wall thickness of T-joint main pipe and shall be no
greater than 60mm.
Table C.4.3 Table for strength attenuation coefficient of welded T-joint
l
Under creep
temperature
di
Di
di
0.8
Di
Reinforced by
1.1 1.5
Single
reinforced rib
0.80
1.05 1.5
Wall thickness
Calculate according to
equation (C.4.3-3)
1.1 1.25
Single
reinforced rib
equation(C.4.3-3)
Single
reinforced rib
0.70
1.05< 1.5
Wall thickness
equation (C.4.3-3).
1.25< 1.5
Single
reinforced rib
0.70
273<Do660
Above the creep
temperature
di
0.8
Di
1.1 1.25
Do273
Equation for strength attenuation coefficient is
as below:
x 1y 2
1.201
2y
(C.4.3-3)
Where:
161
x=
y = 4.05
C.5.1
d i2
(C.4.3-4)
Dm d m
s m3 s13m
s 2m Dm s m
(C.4.3-5)
C.5 Wall thickness gauge calculation for end socket and stopple
Wall thickness calculation for the spheroidical end socket
sm =
K pDi
(C.5.1-1)
2[ ]t 0.5 p
Or
sm =
pDi2[ ]t 2Yp
(C.5.1-2)
2[ ]t 2 p(1Y )

Where:
s m - Minimal wall thickness of the end socket, mm;
K - Correction factor related to the ratio of p /[ ] t ; when oval coefficient of the spheroidical
end socket Do / 2b = 2 (b is the minor radius of ellipse), the value of K can be checked and
adopted according to Figure C.5.1;
- compensation factor of the
joint,
allowable stress; When end socket has no splicing welded
= 1 ; When there are welded joints, value of shall be adopted according to 3.2.1 of
this specification; when the design temperature is above the creep temperature of the used steel,
the value shall adopt = 0.7 ;
- Affixed thickness due to erosion and loss in process; process reduction volume is related to
the process engineering and handing techniques, which can be determined through test or
negotiation with the manufacturer. For spheroidical end socket, when it is designed for corrosion
free
aerated water pipe, the value can adopt = 0.1s m .
The adopted wall thickness s = s mc (C.5.1-3)

Where:
c - Affixed value due to negative deviation of steel plate thickness. It shall be determined in
compliance with the negative deviation percentage of plate thickness specified in product
technology conditions.
162
Figure C.5.1 K value of spheroidic head with spheroidicity cofficient D0 = 2

2b
C.5.2 Calculation of the dome head end socket wall thickness s m =
pDi
4[ ]t p
(C.5.2-1)
Or
sm =
pDi2[ ]t 2Yp
(C.5.2-2)
2[ ]t 2 p(1Y )

For dome head end socket used in erosion free aerated water pipe, the value can adopt
= 0
15s m .
Selection of structural dimension of spheroidicity and dome head end socket
Both spheroidicity and dome head have a straight flange "h", which helps the weld sheer off the
joint of curve and straight line, and it is out of the local stress attenuation range. It can adopt:
h 0 .5 D m s
(C.5.2-3)
Where:
Dm - Average diameter of spheroidicity or dome head, mm;

s - Adopted wall thickness, mm.
163
C.5.3 Calculation of the conical end socket wall thickness

Calculation of the conical end socket wall thickness is identical to that of the tapered pipe. The
calculation shall be made according to equations (C.2.1 - 1) and (C.2.1 - 2). Hemipyramid vertex
angle of the conical end socket is very large ( = 60 ), therefore, local reinforcement is needed
where it is connected to the pipe.
C.5.4 Calculation of flat stopple wall thickness
s c = K Di
p
[ ]t
(C.5.4)
Where:
p - Design pressure, MPa
[ ]t - Allowable stress of the steel products at design temperature, MPa;

s c - Calculated wall thickness of flat stopple, mm;
K , - Coefficient related to the stopple structure shall be selected according to Table C.5.4.
Table C.5.4 Structural type coefficient of stopple
Stopple type
structural
requirement
2
r s1
s
0.4
Note
l 2 s1
2 s1 >l s1
1.05
1.00
Commendatory
structural type
2 s1
0.6
0.85
Used for pipes with

PN2.5 and
DN400mm
0.4
1.05
Used only in water

pressure test
0.6
0.85
Used for pipes with

PN<2.5and
DN<40mm
164
0.45
0.85
Used for gyration

closure plate,
middle closure plate
and flange throttling
orifice plate
C.5.5 Wall thickness calculation of the stopple with reinforced rib

(1) Wall thickness calculation of the stopple
s c = 0.432 Di
p
(C.5.5-1)
[ ]t
The expressions of symbols are the same with the aforesaid.

Stopple with reinforced rib can be used in low-pressure pipe with DN400. To make the
closure plate have sufficient stability, and load-bearing capacity, the adopted plating thickness
can be thicker than the value of s c , generally, it shall be no smaller than 20mm.
Figure C.5.5 Diagram for the reinforced rib load
(2)Calculation of the reinforced rib

Maximum bending moment of the reinforced rib can be calculated according to the equation
below:
M =p
Di Di2 pDi3
=
(C.5.5-2)
2 8
16
Bending resistance moment of the section:
W =
pDi3
M
=
(C.5.5-3)
[ ] t 16[ ]t
165
From physical dimension of T-section in Figure C.5.5, the following values can be worked out:
W =
j
(C.5.5-4)
hy
Di
sc
2h 2Di s c
2
y=
=
D
2( Di2h)
2 i h
2
h 2
Where:
W - Bending resistance moment of T-section, cm3;
y - Y-axis co-ordinate of T-section, cm;
j - T-section's moment of inertia, cm4;
h - Height of the reinforced rib, given, cm.
Generally, T-section moment of inertia "j is worked out with the trial and error method
h2
Ds
j = s c h hyy 2 i c
2
3
C.6
C.6.1 General description
s c2
syy 2
3
calculation of flange and flange connection
This section is applicable to and bolt-coupled flange, which only considers the acting force of
hydrostatic pressure and packing force of filling piece. Flange calculation shall be made
respectively according to operational situations and pretension of the bolt.
C.6.2 Calculation of bolt-flange connection include the following items:
C.6.2.1 Determination of the filling materials, type and dimension;
C.6.2.2 Determination of the bolt material, the specification and quantity;
C.6.2.3 Determination of the flange material, sealing surface type and structural dimension;
C.6.2.4 Stress checkup
C.6.3 Calculation of flange and flange connection
Calculation of flange and flange connection shall be made according to related regulations of
Chapter 7, GB1501989 " steel pressure vessel" The determination of flange structure and its
dimension shall comply with flange national standard series (GB9112~GB9131), and shall be
identical to that of its joined valve pieces and unit interface.
C.7 Calculation of aperture of restriction orifice
C.7.1 Restriction orifice on the water pipe
The aperture of the restriction orifice of water conduit can be worked out according to the
following formula:
dk =
421.6G
(C.7.1)
where d k - Aperture of the restriction orifice, mm;
166
G - Flow passing through the orifice plate, t/h;

- Water density, kg/m3;
p - Pressure difference before and after the orifice plate, MPa.

C.7.2 Restriction orifice on the steam pipe
The ratio between the pressure after the restriction orifice, p 2 k , is compared with the Stagnation
k
p
2 k1
pressure before the orifice plate, p 0 k : 2 = 2 k , when 2 reaches c =
, The
p 0k
k1
steam is in critical flow.
For the overheat steam, k=1.3, while
c = 0.546 ; for the dry saturated steam, k = 1.135 , while
c = 0.577 .
*
C.7.2.1 When the steam is in critical flow, the area of the pore of the restriction orifice, Fk , can be
worked out according to the following formula:
Fk* =
G T0
0.367 K p 0
g
R
(C.7.2-1)
Where: Fk - When the steam is in critical flow, the area of the pore of the restriction orifice,
mm2;
G - Flow passing through the orifice plate, t/h;
p 0 , T0 - Stagnation pressure and stagnation temperature before the orifice plate, MPa
and K;
g - Acceleration of gravity, selected as9.81m/s2;
R - Gas constant, taking 47 for water vapor;
K - Coefficient, can be calculated according to the adiabatic exponent k value, or
selected from Table C.7.2-1;

- Flow coefficient, it can be determined according to the hole shape and pressure
difference tests, can be selected from Table C.7.2-2 as a approximate pore
space with sharp edges (including critical flow and non-critical flow).
1.70
1.50
Table C.7.2-1 Coefficient K

1.40
1.35
1.30
1.20
0.731
0.701
0.685
0.676
0.667
0.649
1.15
1.135
1.1
0.639
0.636
0.628
C.7.2.2 When the steam is in subcritical flow, i.e., p 2 k / p 0 k c , the area of pore space Fk can
167
be determined as below:
Fk =
Fk*
(C.7.2-2)
q
Where Fk - The pore space area required under the critical flow condition (mm2); when
calculating,
value can be selected from the actual
p2k
value in Table
p0 k
C.7.2-2;
q - Specified flow, q =
1
1 c
(1 2 )(12 c 2 ) .
Table C.7.2-2 Flow coefficient,
p2k / p0k
0.676
0.641
0.606
0.559
0.529
0.037
0.680
0.700
0.710
0.730
0.740
0.850
When the hole is a round one, Fk or Fk is calculated as:
F=
Dk2
(C.7.2-3)
Where d k - Aperture, mm.

C.7.3 Calculation of orifice plate thickness
C.7.3.1 For the thickness calculation of restriction orifice, intermediate closure plate and rotary
closure plate between two flanges, it can be carried out according to the Formula (C.5.4), K can
be selected from Table C.5.4, equal to 0.45.
C.7.3.2 The thickness of welded type restriction orifice also can be calculated according to
Formula (C.5.4), K value can be selected from Table C.5.4, equal to 0.6.
C.8 Calculation for selection of relief valve
C.8.1 The relief valve set up on the boiler-steam dome, over heater and pre-heater, in case of lack
of manufacturer information, or the relief valve on the steam pipe line or vessels whose design
pressure is greater than 1MPa, generally, the following formulas are used to calculate the flow
capacity or to determine the quantity of relief valves under specified throughflow.
C.8.1.1 When the discharge vapor source is the overheat steam, the through flow of the relief
valve is:
G = 0.0024 1 nF
p0
(C.8.1-1)
v0
168
C.8.1.2 When the discharge vapor source is the saturated vapor, the through flow of the relief
valve is:
G = 0.0022881 nF
p0
(C.8.1-2)
v0
C.8.2 For the steam pipe line or pressure container whose design pressure is less than or equal to
1MPa, the flow capacity of the relief valve can be worked out according to the following formula,
or the quantity of relief valve can be determined at specified through flow:
G = 0.00508 2 BnF
p0 p2
(C.8.1-3)
v0
where G - Through flow of the relief valve, t/h;

p0 - Absolute stagnation pressure of steam before the relief valve, MPa;
v 0 - Stagnation specific volume of steam before the relief valve,m3/kg;

p2 - The absolute pressure of steam after the relief valve, MPa; when determining p2, the
pipe after the valve and the resistance of the accessories shall be considered;
n - Quantity of relief valve in parallel connection, pcs;
1 , 2 - Flow coefficient of relief valve, can be selected according to testing or

according to the manufacturer information. Can be 1 = 0.9 ,
2 = 0 .6 ;
B - When considering the compensation factor of the steam condensability, it is related to

adiabatic index k, the pressure ratio is p2/p0, resistance and other factors. For water,
B=1 can be adopted; for steam, it can be selected from Table C.8.1;
F - The minimum cross-sectional area of each relief valve throughflow, its value can be
determined according to the manufacturer information,
For the full-open relief valve; F =
d2;
4
For the micro-open relief valve; F = dh ;
Where d - The diameter of the minimum throughflow section of the relief valve, mm;
h - The lift range of the relief valve stem, mm.
Table C.8.1 Coefficient B
B value when the adiabatic index k adopts the following figures
p2
p1
1.00
1.135
1.24
1.30
1.40
1.66
2.00
0.429
0.449
0.464
0.472
0.484
0.513
0.544
0.04
0.438
0.459
0.474
0.482
0.494
0.524
0.556
0.08
0.447
0.469
0.484
0.492
0.505
0.535
0.568
0.12
0.457
0.479
0.495
0.503
0.516
0.547
0.580
0.16
0.468
0.490
0.506
0.515
0.528
0.559
0.594
0.20
0.479
0.502
0.519
0.527
0.541
0.573
0.609
0.24
0.492
0.515
0.546
0.541
0.555
0.588
0.624
0.28
0.505
0.529
0.552
0.556
0.570
0.604
0.641
169
0.32
0.520
0.545
0.563
0.572
0.587
0.622
0.660
0.36
0.536
0.562
0.580
0.590
0.605
0.641
0.680
0.40
0.553
0.580
0.598
0.609
0.625
0.662
0.702
0.44
0.573
0.600
0.620
0.630
0.647
0.685
0.727
0.48
0.594
0.622
0.643
0.654
0.671
0.711
0.753
0.50
0.606
0.635
0.656
0.567
0.685
0.725
0.765
0.52
0.619
0.648
0.669
0.681
0.699
0.739
0.777
0.54
0.632
0.662
0.684
0.698
0.714
0.752
0.789
0.56
0.646
0.677
0.699
0.711
0.729
0.765
0.800
0.58
0.662
0.693
0.715
0.726
0.743
0.778
0.811
0.60
0.678
0.710
0.730
0.741
0.757
0.790
0.822
0.62
0.695
0.726
0.745
0.756
0.771
0.802
0.833
0.64
0.712
0.742
0.760
0.770
0.785
0.814
0.843
0.66
0.729
0.758
0.775
0.784
0.798
0.826
0.853
0.68
0.748
0.773
0.790
0.798
0.811
0.838
0.863
0.72
0.780
0.803
0.818
0.826
0.837
0.860
0.883
0.76
0.812
0.833
0.846
0.852
0.862
0.882
0.901
0.80
0.845
0.862
0.873
0.878
0.886
0.903
0.919
0.84
0.877
0.891
0.899
0.904
0.910
0.924
0.936
0.88
0.908
0.919
0.925
0.929
0.933
0.944
0.953
0.92
0.939
0.946
0.951
0.953
0.956
0.963
0.969
0.96
0.970
0.973
0.976
0.977
0.978
0.982
0.985
1.00
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
1.000
C.9 Selection of control valve

C.9.1 Selection principle of control valve
The control valve shall be selected on the base of media, piping layout, application purpose,
adjustment mode, regulation range and control valve's flow characteristic (equal percentage,
linearity, square root, paracurve, etc.), and can satisfy the requirements on flow, pressure drop and
noise under any condition. In addition, the following conditions shall be considered:
C.9.1.1 After determining the regulating system, the influence of the pipefittings before and after
the control valve to the throttle parameter of control valve shall be considered.
C.9.1.2 As required, the flow coefficient value shall carry out low Reynolds-number correction or
pipe fitting shape correction.
C.9.1.3 The control valve shall control its noise, flashing and cavitation corrosion, which shall be
considered in the design procedure.
C.9.2 Interpretation of control valve-related terms
C.9.2.F flow coefficient
C - It refers to the hourly cubic meter quantity of 5-40 water passing through the control valve
170
under 1kgf/cm2 pressure drop. It is a flow coefficient in the engineering unit system.
Cv - It refers to the US gallon quantity per minute of 60F water passing through the control valve
under 1lb/m2 pressure drop. It is a flow coefficient in the imperial unit system.
Kv - It refers to the hourly cubic meter quantity of 5-40 water passing through the control valve
under 105Pa pressure drop. It is a flow coefficient in the International system of units.
C.9.2.2 Reynolds number coefficient
FR - With the same device, the flow coefficient of the control valve can be respectively measured
under turbulence and non-turbulence conditions, Kv and K v , its ratio Kv/ K v is FR.
C.9.2.3 Flash evaporation
When the liquid flow passing through the control valve, because of the pressure dropping to the
saturated vapor pressure, some bubbles are generated. When the downstream pressure is at or
below the saturated vapor pressure corresponding to the population temperature, the steam bubble
fails to be broken but flow out with the liquid to the control valve. This process is named as flash
evaporation.
C.9.3 Calculation method of control valve
The control valve shall satisfy the adjustment quality, process engineering safety, economy and
stability of the control system. Since the calculation method of control valve is so complicated,
and the important data are derived from testing, so the calculation method of different
manufacturers are not identical essentially. According to the provisions of GB 10869 Control
Valves for Power Station and GB/T4213-1992 Pneumatic Control Valve, the flow coefficient can
adopt Kv, when the control valves are adopted from different manufacturers home and abroad, the
adopted flow coefficient and corresponding calculation shall be satisfied with the requirements of
the manufacturers.
C.10 stress calculation of the corrugated pipe compensator
The stress calculation of corrugated pipe compensator is cited from EJMA standards.
This section just presents U-shape corrugation, without the calculation method for reinforced
corrugated pipe compensator.
C.10.1 Stress calculation of the corrugated pipe compensator
C.10.1.1 The peripheral membrane stress of the compensator tangent section generating by the
internal pressure, Zm
Zm =
pDo E b K
MPa
2( s c E cnsE b )
(C.10.1-1)
171
When ferrule is adopted, K=1
C.10.1.2 The ferrule peripheral diaphragm pressure generated by internal pressure, Zm

=
Zm
pDo E c
MPa
2( s c E cnsE b )
(C.10.1-2)
Casing
Tangent
Central line of pipe
Figure C.10.1-1 reinforced corrugated pipe compensator
C.10.1.3 The peripheral membrane stress of the compensator generated by the internal
pressure, m
m =
pDP
2nt P
MPa(C.10.1-3)
0.5712W / q
C.10.1.4 The vertical membrane stress of the compensator generated by the internal
pressure, shm
shm =
pW
MPa(C.10.1-4)
2nt P
C.10.1.5 The vertical bending stress of the compensator generated by the internal pressure, shw
2
shw
p W
C P MPa(C.10.1-5)
=
2n t P
C.10.1.6 The vertical membrane stress of the compensator generated by the deflection, shm
=
shm
E b (t p + C ) 2 e
2W 3 C f
MPa(C.10.1-6)
172
Figure C.10.1.2 Ci Curve
Figure C.10.1.3 Cd Curve
C.10.1.7 The vertical bending stress of the compensator generated by the deflection, shw
=
shw
5E b (t p + C )e
3W 2 C d
MPa(C.10.1-7)
Where p - Internal pressure, MPa;
Do - Outside diameter of the straight segment of the cylinder, mm;

E b , E c - Elastic modulus of the compensator and ferrule material,kN/mm2;
K - Coefficient; K = Lt / 1.5
Do t 1;
n - Compensator layer number;
t p - Thickness coefficient of a layer of material of compensator, used to rectify the

reduction quantity in shaping, t p = t ( Do / DP )1 / 2 ;
Dp - Pitch diameter of compensator, Dp = DoW ;

e - Solitary wave dilation quantity of corrugated pipe, mm;
s , s c - Corresponding corrugated pipe, ferrule thickness, mm;

C P , C1 , C d - Coefficient, see Figure C.10.1-2-3-4;
173
C - Corrosion allowance, mm;

W - Wave height of corrugated pipe, mm;
q - Pitch of corrugated pipe, mm.
Figure C.10.1.4 Cp Curve
C.10.1.8 Stress evaluation
, m , sbm ,0.35 shw [ ]t (C.10.1-8)

Zm , Zm
And
shm
= R 3 [ ]t (C.10.1-9)
0.7( shm shw ) shw
At this point, the fatigue problem is not necessary to be considered.
When Formula (C.10.1-9) cannot be satisfied, The cycle index Ni when the corrugated pipe
compensator is under fatigue failure can be calculated according to the following formula:
174
12820 f
(C.10.1-11)
N i =
R370
Where
shw
, MPa;
R - see the above, R = 0.7( shm sbw ) shm
f - Thermometric correction coefficient of the fatigue lifetime.
When the operating cycle is caused by the temperature variation,
f = ( b b20 ) / 2 b20
When the operating cycle is caused by the mechanical circulation load under constant temperature:
f = bt / 2 b20
Where r - Index, stainless steel r=3.4; carbon steel r=5.0;
bt - The tensile strength of the corrugated pipe under working temperature, MPa;
b20 - The tensile strength of the corrugated pipe under room temperature, MPa.
C.10.2 Determination of allowable cycle quantity:
t
1
N i [N](C.10.2)
Where N i - Cycle quantity of corrugated pipe compensators under a certain condition;

[N] - The allowable cycle quantity of corrugated pipe compensator specified by the
manufacturer.
C.11 Relation between the allowable maximum torque of the valve gear and valve parameter,
diameter
C.11.1 Gate valve
The relation between the allowable maximum torque of the driving device and the gate valve
parameter and diameter can be selected from Table C.11.1.
Table C.11.1 Adoption of the allowable maximum torque of the valve gear
Allowable
maximum
torque of the
driving device
(Nm)
Corresponding to the following gate valves suitable for PNDN(mm)

PN1
PN1.6
PN2.5
PN4
PN6.3
PN10
PN16
PN20
PN25
PN32
80
150
125
80
65
300
350
300
300
200
100
100
80
600
600
400
350
300
200
150
125
1200
800
450
400
350
250
200
150
125
100
100
175
2500
1000
800
600
500
400
300
250
225
200
200
C.11.2 Disconnecting valve

The relation between the allowable maximum torque of the driving device and the disconnecting
valve parameter and diameter can be selected from Table C.11.2.
Table C.11.2 Adoption of the allowable maximum torque of the valve gear
Allowable
maximum
torque of the
driving device
(Nm)
Corresponding to the following disconnecting valve valves suitable for PNDN(mm)

PN4
PN6.3
PN10
PN16
PN20
PN25
PN32
80
50
300
100
80
65
50
25
20
600
125
100
80
65
50
40
1200
150
125
100
80
65
65
2500
200
150
150
125
100
80
176
Appendix D: pipe compensation information

D.1 Discrimination of the pipe's self-compensation capability
D.1.1 Between two ends of the pipe, there is no limited hanger and support points on the branch,
whether its self-compensation capability can meet the challenge or not can be preliminarily
discriminated according to u and v worked out according to the following formula as well as
Figure D.1.1:
u=L/a-1(D.1.1-1)
v=nDo/L (D.1.1-2)
Where L - The developed length of the pipe between fixed points, m;
a - Linear distance between fixed points, m;
Do - Outside diameter of pipe, mm;
n - Strength property of pipe,
n = 103 E t t (tt er ) /[ ]t
Where t - Design temperature,;
ter - Design installation temperature,;
Et - Metallic elastic modulus of the pipe under design temperature,kN/mm2;
t - The linear expansion coefficient of the pipe under design temperature, 10 6 / .

When the coordinates (u, v) values can be found out in the Figure D.1.1, once the corresponding
point is located in Zone A, then the pipe can satisfy self-compensation; when the corresponding
point is located in Zone B, refined calculation shall be carried out for determination; when it is
located in Zone C, the pipe cannot satisfy the self-compensation requirements.
If the cross section of a length of pipe is variable, then the converted developed length L' can be
used to replace the actually developed length to determine the developed length of the pipe. If the
big end duct line length can be converted into little end duct line length, it can be calculated
according to the following formula:
r
L = L b
rm
sb
(D.1.1-3)
sm
177
Figure D.1.1 Curve for Estimating the compensation Capacity of Pipe
where L - Converted length of pipe, m;

rm - Mean radius of big end pipe cross section, mm;
sm - Thickness of the big end pipe wall, mm;
rb - Mean radius of the little end pipe, mm;
sb - Thickness of the little end pipe wall, mm.
D.2 Compensation and propulsion calculation of corrugated expansion joint
D.2.1 The internal pressure propulsion of the compensator can be calculated according to the
following formula:
Fn = pA (D.2.1)
Where Fn - Internal pressure propulsion of wave node ring, N;
p - Design pressure of pipe, MPa;
A - Effective area of the wave node ring,mm2.
178
When calculating the propulsion of the fixed point, the media pressure effect shall be considered
for the influence on the conduit section according to the piping layout conditions (such as valve,
elbow, end-cap, etc.).
D.2.2 The corrugated expansion joint with only absorption axis moving to the thermal walking,
only axial thrust is available, including the internal pressure propulsion and elastic propulsion. The
capacity of compensation and propulsion of the compensator can be judged or calculated
Compensation capacity:
Displacement absorbed by the compensator XX0 (D.2.2-1)
Compensator groups required nXf/X0 (D.2.2-2)
Displacement absorbed by the solitary wave axial direction ex=X/nX0/n (D.2.2-3)
Elastic propulsion:
Fx=KxX (D.2.2-4)
Internal pressure propulsion: calculated according to Formula D.2.1.
Where X - Axial displacement absorbed by the compensator, mm;
X0 - The maximum axial direction compensation of the compensator, rectified according to
the manufacturer's values, temperatures and fatigue frequency, mm;
Xf - Full compensation along the compensator axial direction of the piping system, mm;
ex - Solitary wave axial displacement, mm;
n - Corrugation quantity of the compensator;
Kx - Axial rigidity of compensator, N/mm.
D.2.3 For the corrugated expansion joint that just absorbs the transverse thermal walking, and its
propulsion include internal pressure propulsion ( axial direction) and elastic propulsion
( transverse) and bending moment. The compensation capacity and propulsion of the
compensator can be judged or calculated according to the following formula:
D.2.3.1 Single (double) compensator
Transversal displacement absorbed by the compensator YY0 (D.2.3-1)
Elastic propulsion:
Transverse elastic propulsion at the both ends of the compensator Fy=KyY (D.2.3-2)
Bending moments at both ends of the compensator M y = Fy
L
(D.2.3-3)
2
Internal pressure propulsion: calculated according to D.2.1.

Where Y - Transversal displacement absorbed by the compensator, mm;
Y0 - The maximum transverse compensation of the compensator, rectified according to
the manufacturer's values, temperatures and fatigue frequency, mm;
Ky - Transverse stiffness of compensator, N/mm;
Fy - Transverse elastic propulsion at the both ends of the compensator, N;
My - Bending moments at both ends of the compensator, Nm;
179
L - Length of compensator, towards the double compensator, equal to the sum of

corrugated expansion joint and intermediate junction pipe length,m.
D.2.3.2 Corner type (with linkage point) compensator
Transversal displacement absorbed by the compensator YY0 (D.2.3-4)
Elastic propulsion:
Transverse thrust of both ends of the compensator Fy=KyY (D.2.3-5)
Bending moment of both ends of the compensator M y = Fy
Ll
(D.2.3-6)
2
One of the following two formulas can be utilized

Angular displacement absorbed by the compensator
0 (D.1.3-7)
Elastic propulsion:
Bending moment of both ends of the compensator M y = K (D.2.3-8)
Transverse thrust of both ends of the compensator Fy =
2
M y (D.2.3-9)
Ll
Internal pressure propulsion: calculated according to D.2.1.

Where
- Angular displacement absorbed by the compensator,();
0 - The maximum angular compensation of the compensator, rectified according to the

manufacturer's values, temperatures and fatigue frequency,();
K - Angular rigidity of compensator, Nm/();

l - Length of a single compensator
D.2.4 For the corrugated pipe compensator that absorbs displacement in both directions, and its
propulsion include internal pressure propulsion (axial direction) and axial direction elastic
propulsion, transverse elastic propulsion and bending moment. The compensation capacity and
propulsion of the compensator can be judged or calculated according to the following formula:
X 1 Y1
l (D.2.4-1)
X 0 Y0
Elastic propulsion:
Axial thrust of both ends of the compensator Fx=KxX1 (D.2.4-2)
Transverse thrust of both ends of the compensator FY=KYY1 (D.2.4-3)
L
(D.2.4-4)
2
L 1
When corner-type corrugated pipe compensator is adopted, M Y = FY
(D.2.4-5)
2
Bending moment of both ends of the compensator M Y = FY
180
Internal pressure propulsion: calculated according to Formula D.2.1.

Where X1 - Axial displacement when the compensator absorbs the displacement in both
directions, mm;
Y1 - Transversal displacement when the compensator absorbs the displacement in both
directions, mm.
Note: thereinto, X0 and Y0 are Respectively the maximum axial direction compensation and
maximum transverse compensation when the compensator carries out single-way compensation.
D.2.5 The cold tightening value of the corrugated compensator shall be comprehensively
considered according to the physical conditions of the transverse and axial thermal walking of the
pipeline.
For the corrugated compensator of absorbing the axial displacement of the pipe, when installing,
the deformation of the presetting positions of the compensator can be calculated according to the
following formula:
t t
X = X r amb min
t maxt min
(D.2.5)
Where X - When the designed cold tightening ratio is R-value (generally 50%), the actual
stretching or reduction of the corrugated pipe compensator, mm;
t amb - Pipe installation temperature, suitable to the actual environment temperature of

installation,;
t min - Minimum service temperature,;
t max - Maximum service temperature,.

For the corrugated pipe compensator to receive the transversal displacement of the pipe, the cold
tightening shall be carried out on the transverse pipe of t he compensator, and the cold tightening
ratio generally adopts 50%.
The corrugated pipe compensator cannot increase its capacity of compensation through cold
tightening.
D.2.6 when the corrugated pipe compensator generates larger axial thrust, it is appropriate to set
up crossover device. The crossover and civil work structure is just allowed to have a fixed point.
The crossover section can be placed with stress, 30-50MPa. For the axial displacement absorbed
by the compensator, it is appropriate to take 85% of the thermal stretching of the pipe (including
compensator) in the crossover length.
181
Appendix E: Hydraulic Calculation Information

E.1 Viscosity of water and vapor
E.1.1 The dynamic viscosity ( ) of the water and vapor under various pressures and temperatures see Table E.1.1
Table E.1.1 Dynamic viscosity of water and vapor, (10-6Pas)
t
()
p(10 5 Pa )
1
10
25
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
0
10
20
30
40
1750
1300
1000
797
651
1750
1300
1000
797
651
1750
1300
1000
797
652
1750
1300
1000
797
652
1750
1300
1000
797
652
1740
1300
1000
797
652
1740
1300
999
797
653
1740
1290
990
797
653
1740
1290
998
797
653
1730
1290
997
797
653
1730
1290
997
797
654
1730
1290
996
797
654
1720
1280
996
796
654
1720
1280
995
796
654
1720
1280
994
796
655
1720
1280
994
796
655
1710
1280
993
796
655
1710
1280
992
796
656
1710
1280
992
796
656
50
60
70
80
90
544
463
400
351
311
544
463
401
351
311
545
464
401
351
312
545
464
401
352
312
545
464
402
353
313
546
465
403
354
314
546
466
404
355
315
547
467
404
355
316
547
467
405
356
317
548
468
406
357
318
548
469
407
358
319
549
469
408
359
320
549
470
408
360
321
550
471
409
361
322
550
471
410
362
323
551
472
411
362
324
551
473
412
363
325
552
473
412
364
326
552
474
413
365
326
182
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
12.11
12.52
12.92
13.33
13.74
14.15
14.55
14.96
15.37
15.77
16.18
16.59
16.99
17.40
17.81
279
252
230
211
195
279
253
230
212
195
280
253
231
212
196
281
254
232
213
197
282
255
233
214
198
283
256
234
215
199
284
257
235
216
200
285
258
236
218
201
286
259
237
219
203
287
260
238
220
204
288
262
239
221
205
289
263
241
222
206
290
264
242
223
207
291
265
243
224
208
292
266
244
225
209
293
267
245
226
210
294
268
246
227
211
295
269
247
228
213
181
169
159
182
169
159
182
170
160
183
171
161
184
172
162
185
173
163
187
175
164
188
176
165
189
177
166
190
178
168
191
179
169
192
180
170
193
181
171
194
183
172
196
184
173
197
185
174
198
186
176
199
187
177
14.96
15.40
150
141
150
142
151
143
153
144
154
145
155
147
156
148
157
149
158
150
159
151
161
153
162
151
163
155
164
156
165
157
166
158
168
160
15.85
16.29
16.74
134
127
122
135
128
122
136
129
123
137
130
124
138
132
126
139
133
127
141
134
128
142
135
129
143
136
130
144
138
132
145
139
133
146
140
134
148
141
135
149
142
136
150
143
138
151
145
139
152
146
140
17.18
17.61
16.79
17.28
117
112
118
113
119
114
120
115
122
117
123
118
124
119
125
120
126
121
128
123
129
124
130
125
131
126
132
128
134
129
134
130
183
Continued
t
()
p(10 5 Pa )
1
10
25
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
250
260
18.22
18.62
18.05
18.49
17.77
18.26
107
103
109
104
110
106
111
107
112
108
113
109
115
111
116
112
117
113
118
114
119
115
121
117
270
280
290
19.03
19.44
19.84
18.92
19.35
19.78
18.74
19.22
19.69
18.38
18.95
19.51
101
97.0
93.6
102
98.2
94.9
103
99.4
96.1
104
101
97.4
105
102
98.6
107
103
99.9
108
104
101
109
106
102
110
107
104
112
108
105
300
310
20.25
20.7
20.22
20.7
20.16
20.6
20.06
20.6
90.5
86.6
91.7
88.3
93.0
89.4
94.3
91.1
95.5
92.4
96.8
93.8
98.1
94.9
99.3
96.1
101
97.5
320
330
340
21.1
21.4
21.9
21.1
21.5
21.9
21.1
21.6
22.0
21.1
21.7
22.2
21.6
22.4
23.0
84.5
80.4
76.0
85.9
82.1
78.2
87.7
84.1
80.2
89.2
85.8
81.1
90.6
87.5
84.0
92.0
88.8
85.5
92.9
90.0
86.9
350
360
22.3
22.7
22.3
22.8
22.4
22.9
22.7
23.2
23.6
24.1
25.4
25.7
73.0
66.8
75.9
70.6
78.5
73.7
80.2
76.3
82.1
78.3
370
380
390
23.1
23.5
23.9
23.2
23.6
24.0
23.4
23.8
24.2
23.7
24.2
24.6
24.6
25.0
25.4
26.0
26.3
26.6
29.6
28.8
28.6
64.3
53.7
34.9
68.5
63.2
56.1
72.0
67.5
63.0
74.2
70.6
67.0
650
700
750
800
122
118
123
119
124
120
126
122
113
109
106
114
111
107
115
112
109
117
113
110
118
114
111
102
98.4
103
99.7
104
101
106
102
107
103
108
105
94.3
91.1
88.0
95.5
99.4
89.2
96.6
93.5
90.5
97.8
94.8
91.8
99.0
96.0
93.1
100
97.2
64.3
102
98.3
95.5
83.6
80.3
84.8
81.5
86.2
83.2
87.5
84.7
88.9
86.2
90.2
87.4
91.4
88.7
92.6
90.0
76.7
73.0
69.9
78.3
75.1
72.3
80.2
77.3
74.3
81.9
79.1
76.3
83.5
80.9
78.2
84.9
82.3
79.7
86.2
83.7
81.2
87.5
84.9
82.6
184
400
410
420
430
440
24.3
24.7
25.1
25.5
26.0
24.4
24.8
25.3
25.7
26.1
24.6
25.0
25.4
25.8
26.2
25.0
25.4
25.7
26.1
26.5
25.8
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.2
26.9
27.2
27.5
27.8
28.1
28.6
28.7
28.8
29.1
29.3
32.1
31.3
31.0
30.9
30.9
45.7
38.1
35.2
32.2
32.0
57.3
50.4
44.1
39.4
37.4
62.8
58.1
52.8
47.8
43.9
66.5
62.8
58.7
54.4
50.3
69.3
66.2
62.8
59.2
55.5
71.7
68.9
65.9
62.8
59.6
73.7
71.1
68.5
65.7
62.9
75.5
73.1
70.7
68.2
65.6
77.3
74.9
72.6
70.3
67.9
79.0
76.4
74.3
72.1
69.9
80.3
77.9
75.9
73.8
71.8
450
460
470
480
490
26.4
26.8
27.2
27.6
28.0
26.5
26.9
27.3
27.7
28.1
26.6
27.0
27.4
27.8
28.2
26.9
27.3
27.7
28.1
28.5
27.6
28.0
28.4
28.8
29.2
28.5
28.8
29.2
29.5
29.9
29.6
29.8
30.1
30.5
30.8
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.6
31.9
32.0
32.0
32.1
32.3
32.5
36.3
35.6
35.2
35.0
34.9
41.2
39.4
38.3
37.6
37.1
46.9
44.2
42.3
40.9
39.9
52.1
49.1
46.6
44.7
43.3
56.4
53.5
50.8
48.6
46.8
60.0
57.2
54.6
52.2
50.2
63.0
60.4
57.9
55.6
53.4
65.5
63.1
60.8
58.5
56.4
67.7
65.5
63.3
61.1
59.1
69.7
67.6
65.4
63.4
61.5
500
510
520
530
540
28.4
28.8
29.2
29.6
30.0
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.7
30.1
28.7
29.1
29.5
29.9
30.3
28.9
29.3
29.7
30.1
30.5
29.5
29.9
30.3
30.7
31.1
30.3
30.6
31.0
31.4
31.7
31.1
31.4
31.8
32.1
32.5
32.1
32.4
32.7
33.0
33.3
32.7
33.0
33.2
33.5
33.8
34.9
35.0
35.1
35.3
35.4
36.9
36.7
36.7
36.7
36.8
39.3
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.4
42.2
41.4
40.8
40.4
40.2
45.3
44.2
43.3
42.7
42.2
48.5
47.1
46.0
45.1
44.4
51.6
50.0
48.7
47.6
46.7
54.5
52.8
51.4
50.1
49.1
57.2
55.5
53.9
52.5
51.4
59.6
57.9
56.3
54.9
53.6
550
560
570
30.4
30.8
31.2
30.5
30.9
31.3
30.7
31.1
31.5
30.9
31.3
31.7
31.5
31.9
32.3
32.1
32.5
32.9
32.8
33.2
33.5
33.6
34.0
34.3
34.1
34.4
34.7
35.7
35.9
36.1
36.9
37.1
37.2
38.3
38.4
38.5
40.0
39.9
39.9
41.9
41.6
41.5
43.9
43.5
43.2
46.0
45.5
45.0
48.2
47.5
46.9
50.4
49.6
48.9
52.5
51.6
50.8
185
Continued
t
()
p(10 5 Pa )
1
10
25
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
580
590
31.7
32.1
31.7
32.1
31.9
32.3
32.1
32.5
32.6
33.0
33.2
33.6
33.9
34.2
34.6
35.0
35.0
35.3
36.4
36.7
37.4
37.6
38.6
38.8
39.9
40.0
41.4
41.3
43.0
42.8
44.7
44.4
46.5
46.1
48.3
47.8
50.1
49.6
600
610
620
630
640
32.5
32.9
33.3
33.7
34.1
32.6
33.0
33.4
33.8
34.2
32.7
33.1
33.5
33.9
34.3
32.9
33.3
33.7
34.1
34.5
33.4
33.8
34.2
34.6
35.0
34.0
34.4
34.8
35.1
35.5
34.6
35.0
35.4
35.7
36.1
35.3
35.7
36.0
36.4
36.7
35.7
36.0
36.4
36.7
37.0
36.9
37.2
37.5
37.8
38.1
37.9
38.1
38.4
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.1
39.4
39.6
39.8
40.1
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.8
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
42.8
42.7
42.8
42.8
42.9
44.2
44.1
44.1
44.0
44.1
45.8
45.6
45.4
45.4
45.3
47.4
47.1
46.9
46.7
46.6
49.1
48.7
48.4
48.1
48.0
650
660
670
680
690
700
34.5
34.9
35.3
35.7
36.1
36.5
34.6
35.0
35.4
35.8
36.2
36.6
34.7
35.1
35.5
35.9
36.3
36.7
34.9
35.3
35.7
36.1
36.5
36.9
35.4
35.8
36.2
36.6
37.0
37.4
35.9
36.3
36.7
37.1
37.5
37.9
36.5
36.8
37.2
37.6
38.0
38.4
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.2
38.5
38.9
37.4
37.8
38.1
38.5
38.8
39.2
38.5
38.8
39.1
39.4
39.8
40.1
39.2
39.5
39.8
40.2
40.5
40.8
40.1
40.4
40.6
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.2
41.5
41.7
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
42.4
42.6
42.8
43.1
43.0
43.2
43.3
43.5
43.7
43.9
44.1
44.2
44.3
44.5
44.7
44.8
45.3
45.4
45.4
45.5
45.6
45.8
46.5
46.5
46.5
46.6
46.7
46.8
47.8
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.7
47.8
186
E.1.2 The relation between the dynamic viscosity and Dynamic viscosity of the media see
the following formula:
=
Where:
(E.1.2)
- Media's dynamic viscosity,m2/s;

- Media's dynamic viscosity, Pas;
- Media's density,kg/m3.
E.2 Relevant data of the resistance coefficient

E.2.1 Equivalent roughness of various pipes
The equivalent roughness of pipes recommended by former Soviet Union, US and Germany see
Table E.2.1-1 - Table E.2.1-3.
Table E.2.1-1 Equivalent roughness of pipe recommended by former Soviet Union
Type
Equivalent
Type
Equivalent
roughness (mm)
roughness (mm)
Stainless steel seamless
pipe and stainless steel
welded pipe ( welding
without backing ring)
0.1
Welded steel pipe
0.3
Seamless tube
0.2
Steel pipe operating

under high corrosion
condition (steam
discharge pipe, overflow
pipe)
0.55~0.65
Table E.2.1-2 Equivalent roughness of pipeline recommended by US

Type
Equivalent
roughness (mm)
Type
Equivalent
roughness (mm)
Cold-drawn steel pipe

(new, clean)
0.0015
Common cast iron

pipe
0.2591
Common steel pipe or

wrought iron pipe
0.0457
Concrete pipe
0.3050~3.0500
Asphalt-coated cast iron

pipe
0.1220
Riveted steel pipe
0.9150~9.1500
Galvanized cast iron pipe
0.1524
Table E.2.1-3 Equivalent roughness of pipeline recommended by Germany

Pipe
Processing mode
Pipe state and pipe wall

characteristics
Equivalent roughness
(mm)
187
Seamless rolling
New and common

classic rolling outer skin
Without acid cleaning
With acid cleaning
Thin pipe
0.02~0.06
0.02~0.06
0.03~0.04
0.01
The welded pipe

has a coating
New classic rolling outer

skin
New, common
galvanized
Asphalt-coated
Cement-laying
0.04~0.10
0.10~0.16
~0.05
~0.18
Pipe
Processing mode
Pipe state and pipe wall

characteristics
Equivalent roughness
(mm)
Steel
Used steel pipe

(reference value)
With uniform corrosion

hole
Moderate rustiness to
slight scale film
Moderate scale film
Severe scale film
After long-term
performance, the pipe is
coated with asphalt after
cleaning, but partial
asphalt are scaled off
Rusty spots
~0.15
0.20~0.50
~1.50
2.00~4.00
0.15~0.20
~0.10
Media influence
(caused by the etch
pit after a long time
of usage)
Water pipe, average

value
Scale film, etch pit
Vapor pipe, average
value
Compressed air pipe,
average value
Coke oven gas and town
gas pipe, with naphthalin
deposition and scale film
Natural gas pipe,
average value
Blast furnace gas pipe
0.40~1.20
1.50~3.00
0.20~0.40
0.20~0.40
1.00~3.00
0.10~0.20
0.80~1.20
New, classic cast iron

surface, uncoated with
asphalt
Asphalt-coated
Used, rusty
Slight to severe scale
0.10~0.15
0.50~1.00
1.50~3.00
4.5
0.50~1.50
1.5
Steel
Cast iron
188
film
Severe rustiness
Unscrambled after
multi-year use
In-service pressure water
pipe
Urban sewer
1.50~3.00
Steel plates
Galvanized
Air duct and blower fan

pipe, smooth
0.07~1.20
Non-ferrous metal
Copper, brass,
bronze, aluminum,
etc. (or metal
coating)
New, drawing or rolling

press, smooth
Old
0.001~0.002
0.003
Concrete
New, common, coated

with smooth paint
Common, moderate
roughness
Common, roughness
Reinforced concrete,
toweling earnestly
Centrifugal reinforced
concrete pile, without
plastering
Centrifugal reinforced
concrete pile, toweling
Old, toweling, having
been used in water for
years
Without joint pipe
(average value)
With joint pipe (average
value)
0.30~0.80
1.00~2.00
2.00~3.00
0.10~0.15
0.20~0.80
0.10~0.15
0.20~0.30
0.2
2.0
Asbestos cement
Pressure pipe
New, pipe diameter=

0.05m
0.100m
0.150m
0.200m
0.300m
Old
0.016
0.015
0.013
0.010
0.003
is
generally
smaller
Glass
New
Old
0.001~0.002
0.003
Plastic
New
Old
0.002
0.003
Rubber
New, pressure rubber
~0.0016
189
pipe, smooth
Clay
New, the calcined

sewage pipe is made of
adobe and roughcast
~0.70
~9.00
Brickwork pipe and

conduit
Common brickwork
joint
1.30~3.00
E.2.2 Coefficient of local resistance of pipe accessory

E.2.2.1 The coefficients of local resistance of pipe accessories recommended by former Soviet
Union
(1) Coefficient of local resistance of elbow and angle pipe
The coefficient of local resistance of elbow and angle pipe see Table E.2.2-1
Table E.2.2-1 Coefficient of local resistance of elbow and angle pipe
angle pipe
type
elbow
DN
(mm)
R/DN
Coefficient of local resistance of various angle pipe

(elbow) of different bending angle
90
60
45
30
2230
Angle pipe
3.0
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.09
0.07
Hot-pressing
elbow
1.5
0.25
0.20
0.16
Cast elbow
1.0
0.60
Welded elbow
100
1.5
0.55
0.43
0.28
0.25
0.16
125
1.5
0.48
0.37
0.24
0.22
0.14
150
1.5
0.41
0.32
0.21
0.19
0.12
200
1.5
0.35
0.27
0.18
0.16
0.10
250~450
1.5
0.30
0.24
0.16
0.14
0.09
500~1400
1.0
0.40
0.31
0.19
0.18
0.11
For the goose-like angle pipe shown in Figure E.2.2-1, when R0 / Di =1, its local resistance,
=2.16.
(2) Coefficient of local resistance of welded T joint
The resistance coefficients of the following T joints,
b and n are corresponding to the c-c
section main pipe flow wc .
b - Resistance coefficient of the lateral branch;

n - Resistance coefficient of direct connection part;
a - the square of the internal diameter of lateral throughflow Dbi to the internal diameter of the
190
D
main throughflow Dci , a = bi
Dci
q - the ratio between the branch throughflow G b to the main throughflow Gc , q =
Gb
.
Gc
The resistance coefficient of the lateral confluent T joint shown in Figure E.2.2-2 can be calculated
q
a
b = A1 2(1q) 2 (E.2.2-1)
Where,
b - The resistance coefficient of b-c section;

A - Coefficient, selected from Table E.2.2-2.
Figure E.2.2.-2 Lateral Confluence
Figure E.2.2.-1 Goose-like Angle Pipe
Table E.2.2-2
a
0 - 0.2
0.3 - 0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.7
0.65
0.6
n = q(1.55q) (E.2.2-2)
Where
n - the resistance coefficient of n-c section.
The resistance coefficient of the previously mentioned lateral confluent T joint, b and
n can
be selected from the Table E.2.2-3.

Table E.2.2-3 The resistance coefficient of the lateral confluent T joints
q
b , when the value=a
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
0.7
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0.27
0.3
2.3
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.07
0.38
0.4
4.3
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.4
0.26
0.46
0.5
6.7
2.4
1.5
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.46
0.53
0.6
9.7
3.5
2.2
1.5
1.2
0.8
0.62
0.57
0.7
13
4.7
2.9
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.78
0.59
191
0.8
17
5.9
3.7
2.5
1.9
1.2
0.94
0.60
0.9
21.20
7.3
4.6
3.1
2.2
1.5
1.08
0.59
1.0
26.00
8.9
5.4
3.6
2.7
1.7
1.20
0.55
The resistance coefficient of the opposite confluent T joint shown in Figure E.3.3-3 can be
calculated according to the following formula:
b = 1
When a= 1,
1
3
2 (q 2q) (E.2.2-3)
2
a
a
b can be selected from Table E.2.2-4.

Table E.2.2-4 The resistance coefficient of the opposite confluent T joints
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.25
1.28
1.37
1.52
1.73
2.0
The resistance coefficient of the lateral separate T joint shown in Figure E.4.4-4 can be calculated
2
q
a
b = A1 (E.2.2-4)
Where A - Coefficient, can be selected according to the following methods,
q
0.8, A = 1 ;
a
q
When
0.8, A =0.9.
a
When
n = 0.4q 2 (E.2.2-5)
Figure E.2.2.-3 opposite confluent T joint
Figure E.2.2.-4 lateral separate T joint
The resistance coefficient of the previously mentioned lateral separate T joints can be selected
from Table E.2.2-5.
The resistance coefficient of the back separate T joint shown in Figure E.5.5-5 can be calculated
q
a
b = 10.3 (E.2.2-6)
192
b varies among 1.0~1.3.

For the Y-branch joint shown in Figure E.2.2-6,when its confluent and
coefficient can be calculated according to the following formula:
= 45 , The resistance
b = 5
6q0.5[q 4(1q) 4 ]2q 21.8 (E.2.2-7)
Figure E.2.2.-5 Back separate T joint
Figure E.2.2.-6 Y-branch joint
Table E.2.2-5 The resistance coefficient of the lateral separate T joints

q
b , when a is selected from the following values
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.2
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.05
1.04
0.02
0.3
2.9
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.14
1.09
0.04
0.4
4.5
2.5
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.25
1.16
0.06
0.5
6.5
3.4
2.3
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.25
0.10
0.6
9.0
4.5
2.9
2.2
1.8
1.6
1.36
0.14
0.7
5.8
3.7
2.7
2.1
1.6
1.49
0.20
0.8
7.3
4.5
3.2
2.5
1.8
1.64
0.26
0.9
9.0
5.5
3.8
2.9
2.0
1.62
0.32
1.0
6.5
4.5
3.4
2.3
1.8
0.40
When a is the resistance coefficient at various angle, , it can selected from Table E.2.2-6.
Table E.2.2-6 Resistance coefficient of convergent Y-branch T joints, b
a
()
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0
15
-2.56
-1.89
-1.30
-0.77
-0.30
+0.10
0.41
0.67
0.85
0.97
1.04
30
-2.05
-1.51
-1.00
-0.53
-0.10
+0.28
0.69
0.91
1.09
1.37
1.55
45
-1.30
-0.93
-0.55
-0.16
+0.20
0.56
0.92
1.26
1.61
1.95
2.30
When it's the separate T joint, the resistance coefficient
b can be calculated according to the
following formula:
2
w
w
w
b = 1 b 2 b cos b b (E.2.2-8)
wc
wc
wc
193
Where: wb - Media flow velocity at section b, m/s;
wc - Media flow velocity at section c, m/s;
b - Coefficient, selected according to the as following methods:

When
= 15 , b =0.04;
When
= 30 , b =0.16;
When
= 45 , b =0.36.
The resistance coefficient of the previously mentioned lateral separate Y-branch T joints can be
selected from Table E.2.2-7.
Table E.2.2-7 Resistance coefficient of separate Y-branch T joints, K b
a
()
wb / wc
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
15
0.81
0.65
0.51
0.38
0.28
0.19
0.06
0.03
0.06
0.13
0.35
0.63
0.98
30
0.84
0.69
0.56
0.44
0.34
0.26
0.16
0.11
0.13
0.23
0.37
0.60
0.89
45
0.87
0.74
0.63
0.54
0.45
0.38
0.28
0.23
0.22
0.28
0.38
0.53
0.73
For the obliquely-inserted T joint shown in Figure E.2.2-7, when it's the confluent T joint, the
resistance coefficient can be calculated according to the following formula:
Figure E.2.2-7 obliquely-inserted T joint
n = 11(1q ) 2
(2q 2 / a ) cos
(E.2.2-9)
n can be selected from Table E.2.2-8.

194
n = 1(q / a) 2 2(1q) 2 (2q 2 / a) cos (E.2.2-10)

n can be selected from Table E.2.2-9.
When it's the separate T joint, the resistance coefficient can be calculated according to the
following formula:
2
w
n = 0.41 n (E.2.2-11)
wc
n Can be selected from Table E.2.2-10.
n = A[(q / a) 2 (2q / a) cos ] (E.2.2-12)

Where A - Coefficient, can select the following values:
When q/a0.8, A =1;
When q/a0.8, A =0.9.
b Can be selected from Table E.2.2-11.

Table E.2.2-8 Resistance coefficient of obliquely inserted T-joint direct connection pipe in
convergent flow, n
a
q
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
= 30
0.0
0.1
+0.02
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.2
-0.33
+0.01
-0.13
0.19
0.24
0.27
0.29
0.3
-1.10
-0.25
-0.01
+0.10
0.22
0.30
0.35
0.4
-2.15
-0.75
-0.30
-0.05
+0.17
0.26
0.36
0.5
-3.60
-1.43
-0.70
-0.36
0.00
+0.21
0.32
0.6
-5.40
-2.35`
-1.25
-0.70
-0.20
+0.06
0.25
0.7
-7.60
-3.40
-1.95
-1.20
-0.50
-0.15
0.8
-10.10
-4.61
-2.74
-1.82
-0.90
-0.43
-0.15
0.9
-13.00
-6.02
-3.70
-2.55
-1.40
-0.80
-0.45
1.0
-16.30
-7.70
4.75
3.35
-1.19
-1.17
-0.75
0.0
0.1
+0.50
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.2
-0.20
+0.17
0.22
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.3
-0.76
-0.13
+0.08
0.20
0.28
0.32
0.40
0.4
-1.65
-0.50
+0.12
+0.80
0.26
0.36
0.41
0.5
-2.77
-1.00
-0.49
-0.13
+0.16
0.30
0.40
0.6
-4.30
-1.70
-0.87
-0.45
-0.40
+0.20
0.33
+0.10
195
0.7
-6.05
-2.60
-1.40
-0.85
-0.25
+0.08
0.25
0.8
-8.10
-3.56
-2.10
-1.30
-0.55
-0.17
+0.06
0.9
-10.00
-4.75
-2.80
-1.90
-0.88
-0.40
-0.18
1.0
-13.20
-6.10
-3.70
-2.55
-1.35
-0.77
-0.42
= 60
0.0
0.1
+0.09
0.14
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.18
0.18
0.2
0.00
0.16
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.3
-0.40
+0.06
0.22
0.30
0.32
0.41
0.42
0.4
-1.00
-0.16
+0.11
0.24
0.37
0.44
0.48
0.5
-1.75
-0.50
-0.08
+0.13
0.33
0.44
0.50
0.6
-2.80
-0.95
-0.35
-0.10
0.25
0.40
0.48
0.7
-4.00
-1.55
-0.70
-0.30
+0.08
0.28
0.42
0.8
-5.44
-2.24
-1.17
-0.64
-0.11
+0.16
0.32
0.9
-7.20
-3.08
-1.70
-1.02
-0.38
-0.08
+0.18
1.0
-9.00
-4.00
-2.30
-1.50
-0.68
-0.28
0.00
Table E.2.2.9 Resistance coefficient of obliquely inserted T-joint lateral branch pipe in convergent
flow, b
q
a
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
= 30
0.0
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
0.1
+0.21
-0.46
-0.57
-0.60
-0.62
-0.63
-0.63
0.2
3.10
+0.37
-0.06
-0.20
-0.28
-0.30
-0.35
0.3
7.60
1.50
+0.50
+0.20
+0.05
-0.08
-0.10
0.4
13.50
2.95
1.15
0.59
0.26
0.18
0.16
0.5
21.20
4.58
1.78
0.97
0.44
0.35
0.27
0.6
30.40
6.42
2.60
1.37
0.64
0.46
0.31
0.7
41.30
8.50
3.40
1.77
0.76
0.50
0.40
0.8
53.80
11.50
4.22
2.14
0.85
0.53
0.45
0.9
58.00
14.20
5.30
2.58
0.89
0.52
0.40
1.0
83.70
17.30
6.33
2.92
0.89
0.39
0.27
= 45
0.0
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
1.00-
-1.00
0.1
+0.24
-0.45
-0.56
-0.59
-0.61
-0.62
-0.62
0.2
3.15
+0.54
-0.02
-0.17
-0.26
-0.28
-0.29
0.3
8.00
1.64
+0.60
+0.30
+0.08
0.00
-0.03
0.4
14.00
3.15
1.30
0.72
0.35
+0.25
+0.21
5.00
2.10
1.18
0.60
0.45
0.40
0.5
21.90
0.6
31.60
6.90
2.97
1.65
0.85
0.60
0.53
0.7
42.90
9.20
3.90
2.15
1.02
0.70
0.60
196
0.8
55.90
12.40
4.90
2.66
1.20
0.79
0.66
0.9
70.60
15.40
6.20
3.20
1.30
0.80
0.64
1.0
86.90
18.90
7.40
3.71
1.42
0.80
0.59
= 60
0.0
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
-1.00
0.1
+0.26
-0.42
-0.54
-0.58
-0.61
-0.62
-0.62
0.2
3.35
+0.55
+0.03
-0.13
-0.23
0.26
-0.26
1.85
0.75
+0.40
+0.10
0.00
-0.01
0.3
8.20
0.4
14.70
3.50
1.55
0.92
0.45
+0.35
+0.28
0.5
23.00
5.50
2.40
1.44
0.78
0.58
0.50
0.6
33.10
7.90
3.50
2.05
1.08
0.80
0.68
0.7
44.90
10.00
4.60
2.70
1.40
0.98
0.84
0.8
58.50
13.70
5.80
3.32
1.64
1.12
0.92
0.9
73.00
12.20
7.65
4.05
1.92
1.20
0.99
1.0
91.00
21.00
9.70
4.70
2.11
1.35
1.00
Table E.2.2-10 Resistance coefficient of separate obliquely inserted T joint direct connection
pipe, n
( = 1590 )
a
0~1.0
wn / wc
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
0.40
0.32
0.26
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.02
0.00
Table E.2.2-11 Resistance coefficient of obliquely inserted T joint lateral branch pipe,
wb / wc
Angle
30
45
60
0.0
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.1
0.94
0.97
0.2
0.70
0.4
wb / wc
Angle
30
45
60
1.6
0.80
1.30
1.98
0.98
2.0
1.52
2.16
3.00
0.75
0.84
2.6
3.23
4.10
5.15
0.46
0.60
0.76
3.0
7.40
7.80
8.10
0.6
0.31
0.50
0.65
4.0
14.20
14.80
15.00
0.8
0.25
0.51
0.80
5.0
23.50
23.80
24.00
1.0
0.27
0.58
1.00
6.00
34.50
35.00
35.00
1.2
0.36
0.74
1.23
8.00
62.70
63.00
63.00
1.4
0.70
0.98
1.54
10.00
98.30
98.60
99.0
197
Figure E.2.2-8: tapered pipe
(3) Coefficient of local resistance of tapered pipe

The coefficient of local resistance of the following tapered pipe, shall respond to the value of
smaller diameter d i .
d
= i
Di
Where d i - Internal diameter of little end of tapered pipe; m;
Di - Internal diameter of big end of tapered pipe; m.

The resistance coefficients of the pipe reducers shown in Figure E.2.2-8 see Table E.2.2-12. In the
table, is A semi-cone angle.
Table E.2.2-12 Resistance coefficient of reductor,
di
Di
The diminishing diameter
The expanding diameter
= 12
= 15
= 12
= 15
0.80
0.050
0.040
0.030
0.040
0.75
0.057
0.045
0.035
0.045
0.70
0.065
0.050
0.040
0.050
0.65
0.072
0.055
0.045
0.055
0.60
0.080
0.060
0.050
0.070
0.55
0.087
0.065
0.060
0.080
0.50
0.095
0.070
0.070
0.090
For the suddenly changing of diameter shown in Figure E.2.2-9, when it grows downwards
suddenly, the resistance coefficient can be calculated according to the following formula:
= 0.5(1a) (E.2.2-13)
When it's enlarged suddenly, the resistance coefficient can be calculated according to the
198
following formula:
= (1a) 2 (E.2.2-14)
(4) Coefficient of local resistance of pipe inlet and outlet
The resistance coefficient of the pipe inlet built in the wall shown in Figure E.2.2-10, can be
selected from Table E.2.2-13.
Figure E.2.2-9: suddenly changing of diameter
Figure E.2.2-10: pipe inlet built in the wall
The resistance coefficient of the other type of pipe inlet or outlet shall be selected from Table
E.2.2-14.
Table E.2.2-13 Resistance coefficient of inlet of pipe built in the wall,
s / Di
b / Di
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.50
0.00
0.50
0.68
0.73
0.80
0.86
0.92
1.00
1.00
0.02
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.55
0.60
.066
0.72
0.72
0.03
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.61
0.61
0.04
0.50
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.51
0.52
0.54
0.54
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
Table E.2.2-14 Coefficient of local resistance of inlet or outlet of the pipe,

Inlet with acute angle
Inlet with round angle
Free discharge from the pipe
(5) Coefficient of local resistance of restriction orifice

The coefficient of local resistance of restriction orifice shown in Figure E.2.2-11 is related to the
in-pipe media state, when the in-pipe media is water or other incompressible liquid, the resistance
coefficient of the restriction orifice can be calculated according to the following formula:
199
0 = 0.5a acc 2 (E.2.2-15)

where
0 - resistance coefficient of relevant pipe diameter, d 0 ;
Figure E.2.2-11: restriction orifice

2
d
a - Coefficient, a = 1 0 ;
d1
2
d
c - Coefficient, c = 1 0 ;
d2
- Coefficient, be dependent on1/d0, selected from Table E.2.2-15.

When d1 = d 2 , a=c, the above formula can be simplified as:
0 = 0.5a aa 2 (E.2.2-16)
Table E.2.2-15 Coefficient
1/d0
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.60
2.00
2.40
1.30
1.25
1.22
1.20
1.18
1.10
0.84
0.42
0.24
0.16
0.07
0.02
0.00
When the in-pipe media is steam (k=1.3), the resistance coefficient of the restriction orifice, ,
can be calculated according to method stated in Clause 6.3.8 or can be selected from Figure
E.2.2-12. In the figure, the resistance coefficient is related to the pipe diameter and steam
parameters of the restriction orifice; the line clusters shall be the ratio between the differential
pressure of each orifice p m and the pressure between orifices p1 ( p m / p1 = 0.4 ; 0.3; 0.2;
0.1 and 0). This curve can be effective upon the length of straight pipe shall not be less than 5Di
before the orifice, and shall not be less than 10Di after the orifice.
(6) Coefficient of local resistance of valves
Coefficient of local resistance of gate valve, see Table E.2.2-16.
Coefficient of local resistance of disconnecting valve, see Table E.2.2-17.
Coefficient of local resistance of control valve, see Table E.2.2-18.
200
Resistance coefficient of other valves see Table E.2.2-19.

(7) Resistance coefficient of compensator
The resistance coefficient of various compensators see Table E.2.2-20.
Figure E.2.2-12: curve of determining the resistance
coefficient of the restriction orifice (converted into the

diameter of steam pipe, k=1.3)
E.2.2.2 Resistance coefficients of all kinds of pipe fittings recommended by US

The resistance coefficient of the pipe fittings of US present the equivalent length value. Its relation
with the resistance coefficient are as follows:
= Ld (E.2.2-17)
where Ld - Equivalent length of pipe fittings;
- Friction coefficient to the connecting pipe.

Table E.2.2-16 Coefficient of local resistance of gate valve,
SN
Inside
nominal
diameter
DN(mm)
Nominal pressure PN or
working parameter
(MPa/)
Remark
201
100
14.0/170
18.5/215; 23.0/230
25.5/565
38.0/280
10.0/540
Continued
0.6
1.07
0.2
0.6
1.07
SN
Inside
nominal
diameter
DN(mm)
working parameter
(MPa/)
125
10.0/540
0.2
150
10.0/540
18.5/215; 23.0/230
24.0/570
25.5/565
38.0/280
0.7
0.7
0.3
0.48
1.5
175
10.0/540
18.5/215; 23.0/230
14.0/570
0.48
0.42
0.24
200
25.5/565
38.0/280
14.0/570
0.4
0.46
0.38
225
20.0/510
10.0/540
18.5/215; 23.0/230
0.28
0.9
0.75
250
10.0/540
14.0/570; 23/230
18.5/215
4.0/570
38/280
29/510
0.5
0.24
1.85
0.46
0.9
1.15
300
23/230
38/280
14.0/570
2.8
2.5
0.65
400
4.0/570
0.3
10
450
500
4.0/570
4.0/570
4.4/340
0.3
0.3
0.3
11
600
4.4/340
4.0/570
0.25
0.25
12
100
175
225
250
PN=40.0
0.6
0.66
0.4
0.75
Remark
202
13
100
175
225
250
300
PN=25.0
0.9
1.1
0.6
1.4
2.3
14
150
200
250
300
400
450
550
PN=10.0
0.36
1.2
0.54
1.22
1.6
1.05
0.83
15
150
200
250
300
350
PN=10.0
0.47
1.63
0.55
1.63
1.6
Table E.2.2-17 Coefficient of local resistance of disconnecting valve,

SN
Inside
nominal
diameter
DN(mm)
working parameter
(MPa/)
20
25.5/565
18.5/215
23.0/230
38.0/280
PN=6.4~100
7.8
40~80
3.5/225
3.2/300
5.5~7.0
5.5~7.0
40~200
38.5/225
2.3/425
5.5~6.0
5.5~6.0
80~100
15.5/225
1.0/425
1.35~2.5
1.35~2.5
100
0.3/50
1.22
50
100
150
PN=10.0
5.5
5.2
5.0
15~40
PN=6.4
4.8~7.2
25~50
70~200
PN=1.6
4.5~5.0
5.2
Remark
Table E.2.2-18 Coefficient of local resistance of control valve

SN
Inside
Remark
203
nominal
diameter
DN(mm)
working parameter
(MPa/)
20
18.4/250
71.4
50
18.4/250
18.1
50
23.0/230
41.6
50
14.0/555
58.4
100
18.4/250
57.6
100
23.0/230
101.5
100
36.0/280
104.7
100
14.0/555
106.0
150
10.0/540
79.2
10
150
36.0/280
104.0
11
175
18.4/250
310.0
12
175
14.0/555
84.5
13
200
36.0/280
173.4
14
225
23.0/230
200.0
15
250
23.0/230
390.0
16
250
36.0/280
154.0
17
100
PN=6.4
57.0
18
150
PN=6.4
36.8
19
200
PN=6.4
72.0
20
250
PN=6.4
46.8
21
300
PN=6.4
66.6
22
80
PN=10.0
72.5
23
100
PN=10.0
53.5
24
150
PN=10.0
35.1
25
200
PN=10.0
66.5
26
250
PN=6.4
44.5
Table E.2.2-19 Resistance coefficient of other valves

Item
Inside
nominal
diameter
DN(mm)
Nominal pressurePN
(MPa)
Wedge gate valve
50
6.4
0.7
Flat gate valve
50~400
1.0
0.2~0.25
Flange form
disconnecting valve
15~40
6.4
4.8~7.2
25~50
1.6
4.5~5.0
70~200
1.6
5.2
25~200
0.6
2.0~2.5
Disconnecting valve with

inner lining throughflow
204
Throughflow
disconnecting valve
80~100
1.6
1.35~2.5
Rubber-lined diaphragm
disconnecting valve
25~100
0.6
1.5~2.0
Check valve
50~600
1.0~1.6
0.8~9.4
Multi-vane check valve
800~1000
1.0
1.8~1.9
Lift check valve
100
1.0~1.6
6.4
Table E.2.2-20 Resistance coefficient of compensator

Item
Stuffing compensator
0.2
Multiwave corrugated compensator (without

casing)
0.2
Multiwave corrugated compensator (with

casing)
0.1
(1) Resistance coefficient of various elbow or angle pipe

Resistance coefficient of various elbow or angle pipe see Table E.2.2-21.
Table E.2.2-21 Resistance coefficient of various elbow or angle pipe
Resistance coefficient,
Shape
Item
r/d
20
14
12
12
24
30
34
The resistance coefficient of non-90elbow, b , Can be
12
14
38
14
16
42
17
20
50
Bending
angle
Bending
angle
60
25
15
75
40
30
90
60
45
15
Normal angle pipe, elbow

or welded elbow
r/d
1
1.5
b = (n 1) 0.25
+ 0.5 + n - 90Elbow
d
quantity; - 90Resistance coefficient of elbow

Pipe bend
8
10
205
Return bend
50
90standard bend
30
45Standard bend
16
(2) Resistance coefficient of T joint

The resistance coefficient of standard T joint can be selected from the following:
Resistance coefficient of passing through the main pipe, = 20 ;
Resistance coefficient of passing through the branch pipe, = 60 .
(3) Resistance coefficient of the tapered pipe,
The resistance coefficient of the tapered pipe can be calculated according to the following
formula:
For those suddenly or gradually collapsible pipes, when
2 =
0.8 sin
45, the resistance coefficient can be
(1 2 )
(E.2.2-18)
Figure E.2.2-13 Tapered Pipe
When 45 180,
206
0.5(1 2 ) sin
2 =
2 (E.2.2-19)
For those suddenly or gradually expanding pipes, when 45, The resistance coefficient can be
2.6 sin
2 =
(1 2 ) 2
(E.2.2-20)
When 45 180,
2 =
Where
(1 2 ) 2
(E.2.2-21)
2 - Resistance coefficient of big pipe diameter;
- Ratio between the larger diameter and the smaller diameter, =
d1
.
d2
For calculating the resistance coefficient corresponding with the little pipe diameter, 1 , can be
converted according to the following formula:
1 = 2 4 (E.2.2-22)
(4) Resistance coefficient of inlet and outlet of the pipe
The resistance coefficient of inlet and outlet of the pipe can be selected from Table E.2.2-22.
The resistance coefficient of all kinds of valve can be selected from Table E.2.2-23.
If the inlet and outlet of the valves have gradually shrinking or enlarging parts, then the resistance
coefficient of the valves shall be added with the resistance coefficient hereof.
When
45, 2 is the sum of Formula (E.2.2-18) and Formula (E.2.2-20), together with
1
, i.e.,
4
2 =
When 45 180,
1sin [0.8(1 2 )2.6(1 2 ) 2 ]

2
(E.2.2-23)
2 is the sum of Formula (E.2.2-19) and Formula (E.2.2-21), together
207
with
1
, i.e.,
4
2 =
Where
10.5 sin (1 2 )(1 2 ) 2

2
(E.2.2-24)
2 - The resistance coefficient corresponding to the internal diameter of the outlet of the
valve.
Table E.2.2-22 Resistance coefficient of inlet and outlet of the pipes
r/d
0.11
0.5
0.02
0.28
0.04
0.24
= 1 .0
Acute-angle outlet
Round-angle inlet
0.06
0.15
0.10
0.09
0.15
0.04
= 1 .0
Acute-angle outlet
=0.78
Acute-angle inlet
= 1 .0
Round-angle outlet
Table E.2.2-23 Resistance coefficient of other valves
208
Rotary check valve

Gate valve
valve
Vane-type check valve
Lift check valve
209
Continued
Disconnecting
check valve
Disconnecting check valve
Disconnecting check valve
Bottom valve with filtering screen
210
Continued
Ball valve
(Straight through valve)
Disconnecting valve
211
Caliber
(Three-channel)
Plunger and plug valve
Butterfly valve
The above resistance coefficients, 1 Is the resistance coefficient

corresponding to the valve diameter,d1
212
E.2.2.3 Resistance coefficients of all kinds of pipe fittings recommended by Germany

(1) Coefficient of local resistance of various elbows and angle pipes
Coefficient of local resistance of various elbows and angle pipes see Table E.2.2-24.
213
Table E.2.2-24 Coefficient of local resistance of various elbows and angle pipes( )
Angle pipe
Bend angle
Smoo
thnes
s
Roug
hness
Flabellate welded elbow

Bend
angle
11.25
22.5
30
45
60
90
R/d=1
0.03
0.045
0.05
0.14
0.19
0.21
0.03
0.045
0.05
0.09
0.12
0.14
0.03
0.045
0.05
0.08
0.10
0.11
0.03
0.045
0.045
0.075
0.09
0.09
10
0.03
0.045
0.045
0.07
0.07
0.11
R/d=1
0.07
0.13
0.22
0.30
0.38
0.51
0.06
0.11
0.13
0.18
0.26
0.30
0.05
0.09
0.10
0.17
0.21
0.23
0.05
0.09
0.09
0.15
0.18
0.18
10
0.05
0.08
0.08
0.13
0.15
0.20
15
22.5
30
45
60
90
a/d=1.5
0.06
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.19
0.24
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.26
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.16
0.22
0.28
0.07
0.09
0.11
0.17
0.23
0.29
Girth
joint
quant
ity
214
Elbow type pipe (circular section)

Bend angle
15
22.5
30
Smoothness
0.04
0.07
Roughness
0.06
45
60
90
0.11
0.24
0.47
1.13
0.11
0.17
0.32
0.68
1.27
1.5
Multistep elbow
a/d
Smoothness
0.16
0.14
0.15
0.15
0.17
Roughness
0.31
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.24
Smoothness
0.17
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.16
Roughness
0.32
0.29
0.27
0.25
0.25
215
Continued
Angle pipe
Bend angle
11.25
22.5
30
45
60
90
l/d
0.8
1.5
Smo
othne
ss
0.45
0.28
0.30
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40
Roug
hness
0.47
0.38
0.40
0.43
0.44
0.44
0.45
Smo
othne
ss
0.19
0.18
0.16
0.17
0.19
0.19
0.20
Roug
hness
0.40
0.32
0.32
0.35
0.36
0.36
0.36
Nominal
diameter
50
100
200
300
400
600
1.3
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.2
2.2
90Cast-iron elbow
Combined type(90Bending secondary) 90 is the resistance coefficient of 90 elbow
216
Piano-type elbow
Smooth pipe
Corrugated pipe
90Waveform elbow
Combined type pipe
(2) Coefficient of local resistance of T joint

Coefficient of local resistance of T joints see Table E.2.2-25.
217
Table E.2.2-25 Coefficient of local resistance of T joint

T joints ( separate) in various shapes:
Old, sharp
edge
Old, inner neck orifice

is round angle, sphere
Old, sphere
side
Pitched roof type pipe

neck, inner rounding
Conical pipe neck,

slightly rounding
Inner neck is round

angle, straignt bottom
Straight Y-shape pipe ( Value is relative to the inlet velocity)
15
22.5
30
45
60
90
0.15
0.23
0.30
0.7
1.0
1.4
Bending Y-shape pipe( Value is relative to the inlet velocity)
218
R/d
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.1
0.6
0.4
0.25
0.2
219
Flow ratio
Resistence coefficient
Pressure/pressure fall
Flow ratio
Pressure/pressure fall
Continued
Shunting
Confluence
Flow ratio
Flow ratio
220
(3) Coefficient of local resistance of tapered pipe

The coefficient of local resistance of tapered pipes see Table E.2.2-26.
221
Table E.2.2-26 Coefficient of local resistance of tapered pipe,
222
Continuous shrinkage of section
Continuous expansion of section
Diameter ratio
Diameter ratio
Sudden shrinkage of section
Sudden expansion of section
Fluid outline
223
(4) Coefficient of local resistance of pipe inlet

Coefficient of local resistance of pipe inlets see Table E.2.2-27.
224
Table E.2.2-27 Coefficient of local resistance of pipe inlet

Inlet shape
The
inlet
wall
bending present a
round circle
=0.005~0.06
Determined
according to the
roughness of the
round angle and pipe
wall
Bevel, sharp
Clear-cut
margin:
=0.5
Chamfer
angle:
=0.25
Plug-type, margin
protrusion
Acuteness:
=3
= 0.50.3 cos
0.2 cos 2
22.5
30
45
60
90
0.95
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.5
Chamfer angle:
=0.6
(5) Coefficient of local resistance of measuring orifice and short Venturi tube
The measuring orifice and the short Venturi pipe are subject to DIN1952 standards, in the figure, m is the ratio between orifice and diameter:
d B2
m= 2
d1
225
The resistance coefficient of measuring orifice and short Venturi pipe nozzle, is related to the speed, w1 , its values see Table E.2.2-28.
Table E.2.2-28 Coefficient of local resistance of measuring orifice and short Venturi tube
226
Measuring pore plate resistence coefficient
Measuring pore plate
Short venture (nozzle)

Short venturi (nozzle) resistence coefficient
Measuring pore plate

Short venture (nozzle)
227

Coefficient of local resistance of valves see Table E.2.2-29, thereinto,
v is the resistance coefficient of fully opening of valves.
228
Table E.2.2-29 Coefficient of local resistance of valves

Gate valve (with necking)
Parallel gate valve
Ball valve
Block-type
ball valve
Inclined-block
ball valve
including d0 - Nosing diameter;

DN - Nominal diameter
Resistance coefficient of other valves of various of shape of nominal diameter DN100:
229
DIN valve
v =4~9
Improvement
valve
v =3.4
Rhei valve
Koswa valve
v =2.7
v =2.5
Free throughflow bevel

seat valve
v =0.6
Angle valve:
Nominal
diameter(mm)
50
100
200
300
400
3.3
4.1
5.3
6.2
6.6
Non-return cover plate valve:

Nominal
diameter(mm)
50
100
150
200
500
1.4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
50
100
125
150
200
Check valve:
Nominal
diameter(mm)
230
5.5
4.6
4.8
4.8
4.8
(7) Coefficient of local resistance of other accessories

The Coefficient of local resistance of other accessories see Table E.2.2-30.
Table E.2.2-30 Coefficient of local resistance of other accessories
Suction screen
Hose (like compressed air

pipe))
With suction valve

=2.2~2.5
Hose connection
casing =0.5~1.0
Hose nipple =1.5~2.0
Girth joint
Hose coupling device

With metal jacket =1.9~2.0
With rubber
washer =2.0~3.0
Water separator ( corresponding to the inlet velocity))
Tangential
Inlet
Axial
Standard
Compensator (telescopic joint))

Metallic hose compensator
With inner
thread
Without
inner thread
Bellow compensator
Each wave
With impact plate
231
E.2.2.4 General provisions

(1) On the pipe with specific calculation diameter, dp, when a certain pipe fitting or valve of throughflow diameter di is installed, its necessary to convert the
resistance coefficient of the section flow to calculate the resistance coefficient of a diameter, dp:
4
dp
p = 1 (E.2.2-25)
di
where
p - Resistance coefficient of converting into the pipe fittings of calculation diameter;

i - Resistance coefficient of pipe accessories or valves.
(2) The coefficient of local resistance of flow measurement device

The pressure loss of the flow measurement device can be selected from the calculation data of the measurement device, then,the resistance coefficient can be
w = p1 / p d1 (E.2.2-26)
Where p1 - Pressure loss of the flow measurement device under the calculated flow rate, Pa;
p d1 - Dynamical pressure under the calculated flow rate, Pa.

When the actual delivery is not compliant to the calculated flow rate, the resistance coefficient of the flow measurement device can be converted according to the
following formula:
w / w = (G / G ) 2 (E.2.2-27)
Where
w , w - Resistance coefficient of the calculated flow rate and actual delivery;

G , G - Calculated flow rate and actual delivery, t/h.
232
When there is lack of the calculation data of the flow measurement device, the pressure loss can be selected from 0.029mpa- 0.049MPa, at this time, the resistance
coefficient can be converted according to the following formula:
w =
p 2
10 6 (E.2.2-28)
pd 2
where p 2 - Pressure drop, selected from 0.029MPa~0.049MPa;
p d 2 - Dynamical pressure under the actual delivery, Pa.
233
Appendix F: Design information of supporter and hanger

F.1 Property list of common spring
Table F.1-1
SN
Minimum
working
load
Pmin(N)
Maximum
permissible
load
Pmax(N)
Deformation
under
minimum
working load
min
(mm)
Spring
coefficient
K(mm/N)
Spring
stiffness
1/K(N/mm)
0.15288
6.541
140
0.09930
10.07
150
0.06481
15.43
160
Deformation
under
maximum
permissible
load
max
(mm)
ZH1
01
196
490
75
02
304
755
03
461
1157
04
716
1785
0.04201
23.80
160
05
1098
2746
0.02732
36.61
160
06
1716
3678
0.02039
49.04
180
07
2285
4904
0.01529
65.8
180
08
3050
6531
0.01148
87.09
190
09
4060
8709
0.00861
116.1
200
10
5404
11572
0.0648
154.3
200
11
7208
15446
0.00486
205.9
230
12
9611
20595
0.00364
274.6
250
13
12818
27460
0.00273
366.1
250
30
35
234
ZH2
14
17162
36776
0.00204
490.4
260
15
22880
49035
0.00153
653.8
320
16
30480
65315
0.00115
870.9
330
17
40640
87086
0.00086
1161
370
18
54007
115722
0.00065
1543
430
19
72081
154460
0.00049
2059
440
20
96109
205947
0.00036
2750
460
01
196
490
0.30576
3.271
280
02
304
755
0.19861
5.035
300
03
461
1157
0.12962
7.715
300
04
716
1785
0.08403
11.90
300
05
1098
2746
0.05463
18.31
320
06
1716
3678
0.04078
24.52
340
07
2285
4904
0.03059
24.52
340
08
3050
6531
0.02296
32.69
360
09
4060
8709
0.01723
43.55
380
10
5404
11572
0.01296
77.15
380
11
7208
15446
0.00971
103.0
440
12
9611
20595
0.00728
137.3
470
13
12818
27460
0.00546
183.1
480
14
17162
36776
0.00408
245.2
480
15
22880
49035
0.00306
326.9
600
16
30480
65315
0.00230
435.5
600
17
40640
87086
0.00172
580.5
700
18
54007
115722
0.00130
771.5
800
60
70
150
235
TD30
19
72081
154460
0.00097
1030
820
20
96109
205947
0.00073
1375
850
00
154
255
0.29815
3.354
120.0
01
206
340
0.22361
4.472
130.0
02
283
468
0.16236
6.159
135.0
03
359
592
0.12827
7.796
140.0
04
498
822
0.09245
10.817
140.0
05
676
1116
0.06807
14.690
140.0
06
902
1491
0.05099
19.613
150.0
07
1237
2044
0.03717
26.900
160.0
08
1665
2752
0.02762
36.206
150.0
09
2254
3724
0.02041
48.994
165.0
10
2919
4822
0.01576
63.449
170.0
11
4009
6624
0.01147
87.152
190.0
12
5422
8959
0.00848
117.877
190.0
13
6879
11366
0.00669
149.552
210.0
14
9293
15353
0.00495
202.018
210.0
15
11553
19087
0.00395
251.150
220.0
16
14805
24461
0.00311
321.856
240.0
17
20760
34299
0.00222
451.304
260.0
18
29205
48251
0.00158
634.886
280.0
19
38231
63165
0.00120
831.118
320.0
20
50975
84220
0.00090
1108.157
370.0
21
66358
109635
0.00088
1442.566
430.0
22
84583
139745
0.00054
1838.756
460.0
46
46
76
76
236
TD60
23
104792
173135
0.00044
2278.096
430.0
24
131575
217384
0.00035
2860.320
470.0
00
154
255
0.59630
1.677
240.0
01
206
340
0.44723
2.236
250.0
02
283
468
0.32468
3.080
260.0
03
359
592
0.25654
3.898
270.0
04
498
822
0.18488
5.409
270.0
05
676
1116
0.13615
7.345
275.0
06
902
1491
0.10197
9.8067
300.0
07
1237
2044
0.07435
13.450
315.0
08
1665
2752
0.05524
18.103
295.0
09
2254
3724
0.04082
24.497
320.0
10
2919
4822
0.03152
31.725
320.0
11
4009
6624
0.02295
43.576
355.0
12
5422
8959
0.01697
58.939
365.0
13
6879
11366
0.01337
74.776
400.0
14
9293
15353
0.00990
101.009
400.0
15
11553
19087
0.00796
125.575
410.0
16
14805
24461
0.00621
160.928
440.0
17
20760
34299
0.00443
225.625
470.0
18
29205
48251
0.00315
317.443
520.0
19
38231
63165
0.00240
415.559
580.0
20
50975
84220
0.00180
554.079
675.0
21
66358
109635
0.00139
721.283
780.0
22
84583
139745
0.00109
919.378
850.0
92
152
237
TD90
23
104792
173135
0.00088
1139.048
760.0
24
131575
217384
0.00070
1430.160
820.0
00
154
255
0.89445
1.118
372.0
01
206
340
0.67069
1.491
392.0
02
283
468
0.48709
2.053
407.0
03
359
592
0.38476
2.599
422.0
04
498
822
0.27732
3.606
422.0
05
676
1116
0.20421
4.897
427.0
06
902
1491
0.15295
6.538
462.0
07
1237
2044
0.11152
8.967
487.0
08
1665
2752
0.08286
12.069
457.0
09
2254
3724
0.06123
16.331
497.0
10
2919
4822
0.04728
21.150
502.0
11
4009
6624
0.03442
29.051
557.0
12
5422
8959
0.02545
39.292
567.0
13
6879
11366
0.02006
49.851
630.0
14
9293
15353
0.01485
67.339
630.0
15
11553
19087
0.01195
83.717
650.0
16
14805
24461
0.00932
107.285
700.0
17
20760
34299
0.00665
150.435
750.0
18
29205
48251
0.00473
211.628
820.0
19
38231
63165
0.00361
277.039
920.0
20
50975
84220
0.00271
369.386
1065.0
21
66358
109635
0.00208
480.855
1230.0
22
84583
139745
0.00163
612.919
1330.0
138
228
238
TD120
23
104792
173135
0.00132
759.365
1210.0
24
131575
217384
0.00105
953.440
1310.0
00
154
255
1.19190
0.839
496.0
01
206
340
0.89445
1.118
512.0
02
283
468
0.64935
1.540
532.0
03
359
592
0.51308
1.949
552.0
04
498
822
0.36982
2.704
552.0
05
676
1116
0.27225
3.673
562.0
06
902
1491
0.20396
4.903
612.0
07
1237
2044
0.16327
6.125
642.0
08
1665
2752
0.11047
9.052
602.0
09
2254
3724
0.08164
12.249
652.0
10
2919
4822
0.06304
15.862
652.0
11
4009
6624
0.04590
21.788
722.0
12
5422
8959
0.03393
29.469
742.0
13
6879
11366
0.02675
37.388
820.0
14
9293
15353
0.01980
50.505
820.0
15
11553
19087
0.01593
62.7875
840.0
16
14805
24461
0.01243
80.464
900.0
17
20760
34299
0.00886
112.826
960.0
18
29205
48251
0.00630
158.720
1060.0
19
38231
63165
0.00481
207.780
1180.0
20
50975
84220
0.00361
277.039
1370.0
21
66358
109635
0.00277
360.641
1580.0
22
84583
139745
0.00218
459.689
1720.0
184
304
239
23
104792
173135
0.00176
569.524
1540.0
24
131575
217384
0.00140
715.080
1660.0
Notes:
The free height is the height of serial connection of two springs, TD30+ TD60, together with the height of the connection board.
The free height is the height of serial connection of two TD60 springs, together with the height of the connection board.
TD30-TD120 springs are designed according to the provisions of National Standard, GB10182-1988.
F.2 Approximate calculation method of the load of supporter and hanger
F.2.1 Horizontal pipe
Straight pipe see Figure F.2.1-1; angle pipe see Figure F.2.1-2.
Ffp =
1
q( LL1 )K fp (Qlq ) (F.2.1-1)
2
Where: l - Length of accessory, m;
Ffp - Distributed load, kN;

L - Interval of supporter and hanger, m;
L1 - Interval of neighboring supporter and hanger, m;

q- gravity per unit length of pipe, kN/m;
Q- gravity of accessory, kN;
K fp - coefficient of accessory load distribution, determined according to the following method;

For rack A:
240
K fpA =
K fpA =
b
According to FigureF.2.1-1(F.2.1-2)
L
c 2d 2
according to Figure F.2.1-2(F.2.1-3)
L
For rack B:
K fpB = 1K fpA (F.2.1-4)

F.2.2 For the pipe section with pipe reducers, a half of the gross gravity in the interval pipe section shall be distributed to the supporters and hangers on both sides.
Figure F.2.1-1 Horizontal straight pipe

Figure F.2.1-2 Horizontal bent pipe
F.2.3 For horizontal three-way pipe, the calculation of branch pipe is generally made on the base that the T joint section is used as supposed supporting point; the
calculation of the main pipe can use the load of the supposed supporting points of the branch pipes as concentrated load, distributing according to the principles of
F.2.1.
F.2.4 For the normal bend pipe section, the gravity of the horizontal pipe is distributed as: when the horizontal section is relatively long, 50%; relatively short, 100%.
241
F.2.5 according to the previously mentioned methods, the distributed load can be calculated; this distributed load multiplies with 1.4 (load compensation factor) to
generate the structural load.
242
Appendix G: Wording Explanations

G.1. Words used for different degrees of strictness are explained as follows in order to mark the differences in executing the requirements in this code.
1) Words denoting a very strict or mandatory requirement:
"Must" is used for affirmation; "must not" for negation.
2) Words denoting a strict requirement under normal conditions:
"Shall" is used for affirmation; "shall not" for negation.
3) Words denoting a permission of as light choice or/and indication of the most suitable choice when conditions permit:
Should "is used for affirmation; should not for negation.
4) May is used to express the option available, sometimes with the conditional permit.
2. "Shall comply with" or "shall meet the requirements of" is used in this code to indicate that it is necessary to comply with the requirements stipulated in other
relative standards and codes.
243
Additional Explanation:
Chief Development Organization: Northeast Power Design Institute of the Ministry of Power Industry
Chief Drafting Staff: Liu Zhongze, Li Guanghe, Pu Detian, Shi Guozhi, Li Lanqing, Huo Guangchao, Fang Yinghe, Zhu Yan
244

DLT 5054-1996

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DLT 5054-1996

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DL

Technical Specification for the Steam/Water

Issued on May 30, 1996

Implemented on October 01, 1996

Issued by the Ministry of Energy of the Peoples Republic of China

Unit and meaning of the frequently used symbols:

dynamical pressure of the

dynamical pressure of the pipe

pressure at the initial end of

pressure of the pipe end

critical pressure of the media

critical dynamical pressure of

ratio of the pressure at the

ratio of the pressure at the

design temperature or working

design installation temperature

minimal tensile strength of the

minimal yield limit of the steel

minimal yield limit when the

100, 000 h average endurable

safe allowable stress of the

inside nominal diameter

pipe external diameter

internal pipe size

minimal straight pipe wall

calculated wall thickness of

wall thickness of the straight

negative deviation coefficient

media mass flow

media maximal mass flow

media minimal mass flow

media volumetric flow

media specific volume

pipeline initial end stagnation

media specific volume

media specific volume at the

media critical specific volume

media specific volume ratio at

ratio of media critical specific

media density at the pipeline

media density at the pipe

media flow velocity

media mass velocity

media critical velocity

pipeline friction coefficient

pipelines general coefficient

pipe equivalent roughness

steam adiabatic exponent

media mass flow velocity ratio

height mark of the pipe initial

working load of the spring

installation load of the spring

maximal allowable load of the

maximal allowable distortion

spring working height

spring fitting height

spring free height

thermal walking value of the

maximal allowable spacing of

pipe section moment of inertia

self weight of the pipeline per

elastic modulus of the steel

elastic modulus of the steel

linear expansibility of steel