Ayu Fazriyah R.

121810301045
GRAMMAR UNDERSTANDING

Simple Tenses: Present - Past - Future

There are a number of tenses in English grammar. However among them, there are some
basic tenses which can be developed into other tenses. They are Simple Present Tense,
Simple Past Tense, and Simple Future Tense. Since they involve sentences, the structure
remains following the basic rule of a sentence construction.
A Simple Present Tense
To demonstrate an event that used to happen or related to Habitual Actions
Functions:
1 Permanent states
is talking about things that are always, generally true.
- I live in Jember
2 General truth (facts)
- A week has seven days
- The sun rises in the east
- The sun shines by day, and the moon by night
3 Routines / habits
is talking about things you do regularly, all the time.
- I go to school everyday
- He usually eats an egg for breakfast
Time Signals (Adverb of Frequency)
Always
Generally
Often
Regularly
Seldom
Now & then

:
:
:
:
:
:

selalu
biasanya
sering
secara tetap
jarang
kadang-kadang

Once a week
Normally
Usually
Sometimes
Frequently
Everyday

: sekali seminggu
: biasanya
: biasanya
: kadang-kadang
: sering
: setiap hari

Affirmative (Positive) Form (+)

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Verb
Infinitive
Infinitive s/es

Examples
I love you
She learns her lessons

Verb
Do + not + infinitive
Does + not + infinitive

Examples
I dont believe you
It doesnt work

Negative Form (-)

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Interrogative Form (?)

Do
Does

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Verb
Infinitive

Examples
Do they need the book?
Does she know who am I?

The spelling rules for He, She, and It

Verb
Most verbs

Rule
Add s

Examples
- The office opens at 8 oclock
- The class starts at 9 a.m

Ends in a consonant + y

Change y to ies

- The baby cries very loudly

- The bird flies in the sky

Ends in ch, sh, s, x, z

Add es

- Mr. Diawara teaches English at Language

Centre
- She wishes to have a new car

Do and go

Add es

- My sister goes to school everyday

- Rina does all her homework

have

has

- She has dinner at 8 p.m

- She has brother and sister

Simple Past Tense

To demonstrate a past event.
Functions:
1 A finished single action in the past
- I got scholarship last year
- The movie started at 7.30 p.m
2 A finished state in the past
- Dian lived in a small town
- Bima had a bad score
3 A repeated action in the past
- Novi always studied English on Monday
- She went to school everyday
When we use the past simple, we often say the time of the action: in 1960, at 7.30,
on Monday.
Time Signals (Adverb of Frequency)
Yesterday
: kemarin
Last night
: semalam, tadi malam
Last week
: minggu yang lalu
A few minutes ago
: beberapa menit yang lalu
Two days ago
: dua hari yang lalu
A month ago
: sebulan yang lalu
In 1976
: pada tahun 1976

Affirmative (Positive) Form (+)

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Verb
Past Tense

Examples
I saw the car of my
brother

Negative Form (-)

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Verb
Did + not + infinitive

Examples
We did not call him

Interrogative Form (?)

Did

Subject
I, You, We, They
He, She, It

Verb
Infinitive

Examples
Did you see my cat?

Past Simple: Regular and Irregular Verb

1 Regular Verbs
Usually we add d / ed to the verb
The spelling rules for d / ed
Verb
Ends in e
e.g: live
Ends in a consonant +
vowel + consonant
e.g: stop
Ends in consonant + y
e.g : copy

Rule
Add d

Examples
- She lived in Jember

Double the final - He stopped working at 5.30 p.m

consonant
Change y to ied

- I copied some articles

Irregular Verbs
have no regular pattern
Many common verbs have an irregular past form:
e.g:
go
went
have
had
meet
met
get
got
feel
felt
eat
ate

Simple Future Tense

To demonstrate future actions.
Functions:
1 A future actions
- He will post the letter
- I shall go to Malang tomorrow
2 A future appointment
- He will meet you by ten
- She will help you with your homework tomorrow
3 To show a signal
- Rani will give you a good dictionary if you go with him
Time Signals (Adverb of Frequency)
Tomorrow
: besok
Tonight
: malam ini
1 The time signals in present continuous can also be used in future tense
e.g: next month
: bulan depan

Temporal conjunction (kata sambung yang bersifat sementara)

If
: jika
When / while
: ketika
Before
: sebelum
After
: sesudah
As soon as
: segera sesudah
Till / untill
: hingga, sampai
after all of this temporal conjunctions the following sentence will be written
without shall / will

Affirmative (Positive Form) (+)

Subject
I, we
You, They, He, She, It

Verb
Will / shall + infinitive
Will + infinitive

Negative Form (-)

Subject
I, we
You, They, He, She, It

Verb
Will / shall +not +
infinitive
Will
+not(wont)+
infinitive

Interrogative Form (?)

Subject
I, we
You, They, He, She, It

Will / shall
will

Verb
Infinitive

Future intentions
besides the formula above future tenses can use to be + going + to +
infinitive
We use to be + going + to + infinitive when we are talking about our plans or
intentions
- We are going to study English next summer.
- Alice is not going to have a party this year.
(+)
(-)
(?)

Im
Im not
Am I

Going to

Infinitive

The Active and Passive voices

Active Voice
In most English sentences with an action verb, the subject performs the action denoted
by the verb.
These examples show that the subject is doing the verb's action.
Example: The man must have eaten five hamburgers > The man (subject) is
doing the eating (verb)

Example: Marylin mailed the letter > The Marylin (subject) is doing the
mailing (verb)
Example: Colorfull Parrots live in the forest > The Parrots (subject) is doing the
living (verb)
Because the subject does or "acts upon" the verb in such sentences, the sentences are
said to be in the active voice.

Passive Voice

One can change the normal word order of many active sentences (those with a direct
object) so that the subject is no longer active, but is, instead, being acted upon by the
verb - or passive.
Note in these examples how the subject-verb relationship has changed.
Example: Five hamburgers must have been eaten by the man >
Hamburgers (subject) are being eaten (verb)
Example: The letter was mailed by Marylin > Letter (subject) is being mailed
(verb)
Example: Colorfull Parrots live in the forest > The Parrots (subject) is doing the
living (verb)
NOTE: Colorful parrots live in the rainforests cannot be changed to passive voice
because the sentence does not have a direct object.

To be + Past Participle (V3)

Exercises

i.

Make into the passive voice these following sentences

1_She sings a song

A song is song by her
2_She sang a song
A song was song by her
3_Dina can make tarts
A tarts can made by Dina
4_We give him a prize
A prize is given him by us
5_We gave him a prize
A prize was given him by us
6_They elect him as a president
As a president is elected him by them
7_ They elected him as a president
As a president was elected him by them

8_The electricians test the fire alarm.

The fire alarm is tested by the electricians
9_The electricians tested the fire alarm.
The fire alarm was tested by the electricians
10_The teacher closes the window.
The window is closed by the teacher
11_The teacher will close the window.
The window will be closed by the teacher
12_The girls can play handball.
The Handball can be played by the girls
13_ They develop a new type of washing machine.
A new type of washing machine is developed by them
14_ They will develop a new type of washing machine.
A new type of washing machine will be developed by them
15_ They can develop a new type of washing machine.
A new type of washing machine can be developed by them
16_ Ridwan told Rizal to give up smoking
Rizal was told by ridwan to give up smoking

ii.

Rewrite these sentences in ACTIVE voice

1_The telephone is invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

Alexander Graham Bell invent the telephone
2_The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.
Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone
3_Coffee is sold by Marie.
Marie sell a coffee
4_Coffee was sold by Marie.
Marie sold a coffee
5_ The computer is used by Patrick.
Patrick use the computer
6_ The computer was used by Patrick.
Patrick used the computer
7_ Letters are written by the students.
The students write a letter
8_Letters were written by the students.
The students wrote a letter
9_ Lots of houses were destroyed
Lots of houses were destroyed
10_ Lots of houses will be destroyed

11_ Lots of houses are destroyed

12_We were expected to build the road

13_ We will be expected to build the road

14_We are expected to build the road

ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Adjectives are words that are used to modify (identify, describe or limit) a noun.
Adverbs are words that are used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
1) ADJECTIVES - used to describe the condition of subjects.
Examples:
The time they had together was short.
He took all reasonable measures to mitigate the loss.
a)
Comparison Adjectives Though there are some unmodified adjectives
that are used for comparisons (i.e. best, better) many adjectives form the
comparative of persons or things by adding er or est to the word or by
prefixing the adjective with words such as: more, most, less, or least.
Comparison Adjective examples:

b)

John is the best athlete on the team.

Last years crop grew higher than this years.
Her new car is better than that old one she drove.
He was the greatest boss I ever had.
My utilities are less expensive than yours.
By far, he is the most successful salesperson in the company.

Proper Adjectives are descriptive adjectives derived from proper nouns.

Capitalize proper adjectives.
Examples:
American history
French cuisine

c)

Senses verbs need adjectives: (look, smell, taste, feel, sound) - these
adjectives indicate the quality or condition of the subject through the senses.
Examples:
His eyes always look cheerful.
This food tastes delicious.
The flowers smell nice.

2)

ADVERBS are used to explain the actions of verbs.

Examples:
The siren sounded loudly, waking the troops.
She waited by the telephone patiently.
a)
Placement of Adverbs An adverb should be placed as near as possible to
the word it modifies as the position of it affects the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:
John only nominated Bates for chairman. (...meaning he didnt vote for
him)
John nominated only Bates for chairman (...meaning he didnt nominate
anyone else)
b)
Unnecessary Adverbs should be avoided.
Examples:
He asked her to repeat it. (not repeat it again)
They returned home. (not returned back home)

 We will divide the proceeds at the end. (not divide up the proceeds)

Some words have the same form whether they are used as adjectives or
adverbs.
Examples:
(Adjective) - That is a fast speedboat.
(Adverb) - He stood up so fast he knocked his chair over.
(Adjective) - The ground was hard like a rock.
(Adverb) - They all worked hard to meet the project deadline.
Some words have two forms and can be used as adjectives or adverbs.
Examples:

(Adjective) - His instructions were clear to us all.

(Adverb) - She clearly understood the instructions.
(Adjective) - She is a slow driver.
(Adverb) - Please go slow around that curve.
(Adverb) - He drove slowly up the hill.

Preposition
Preposition is a word that shows the connection between noun and pronoun with another
word in one sentence. The word could be adjective, noun, and verb. The following are
frequently used preposition in English:
about
above
across
after
against
along
among
around
at
before
behind
below
beside
besides
between
by
despite
down
during
for
from
in
into
like
near
next to
of
off
on
out
over
since
through
till
to
toward(s)
under
until
up
upon
with
within
without
Here are some examples of prepositions in sentences:
About (tentang, kira-kira)
Examples:
I tell him about my secret
She has gone about two years
For (untuk)
Examples:
This book is for you
Maybe the present is for him
After (setelah,seperti)
Examples:
I will come back after finishing this job
She is named after her grandmother
From (dari, mulai, sejak)
Examples:
I come from Surabaya
He has built his house from April 7th
To (untuk, ke, kurang, hingga)
Examples:
Happy birthday to you
I will go to market
It is seven to ten
We leave t six to six
Our room is from the right to the left corner
Into (ke dalam, menjadi, sampai)
Examples:
He translates English into Indonesia
I divide my rooms into five rooms
My father will go into town

With (dengan, serta, pakai, bersama)

Examples:
I will shot the snake with my gun
I always go to school with Ani
By (oleh, dengan, dari)
Examples:
The book is bought by Ali
I go to Surabaya by bus
Of (dari, kurang, akan, karena, untuk, tentang)
Examples:
I leave the airport at a quarter to six
I have special hour of prayer

Article
An article is a word that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference
being made by the noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some
languages extending to volume or numerical scope. The articles in the English language
are the and a/an, and (in certain contexts) some. "An" and "a" are modern forms of the
Old English "an", which in Anglian dialects was the number "one" as an indefinite article.
Article is divided into two; definite and indefinite articles:
Definite Article:
A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifiable to the
listener. It may be something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be
something uniquely specified. The definite article in English, for both singular and plural
nouns, is the.
Example:
The children know the fastest way home.
The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with
the much more general observation that:
Example:
Children know the fastest ways home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise,
Example:
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has
a markedly different meaning from
Example:
Give me a book.
which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given.
The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other
classes:
Example:
The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.
Indefinite Article:
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to
the listener. It may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its
precise identity may be irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a
general statement about any such thing. English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of
the number "one", as its primary indefinite article. The form an is used before words that
begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as in an hour), and a
before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a
European).
Example:
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.