Agrarian Reform History

Pre-Spanish Period
This land is Ours God gave this land to us
Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or
datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping
mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves).
However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to
the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.
Spanish Period
United we stand, divided we fall
When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was
introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack,
maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the right
to collect tribute from the indios (native).
The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by the encomienderos The tribute soon became
land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were
transformed into mere share tenants.
1st Philippine Republic
The yoke has finally broken
When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the
Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.
However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldos plan was never implemented.
American Period
Long live America
Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:
Philippine Bill of 1902 Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and corporations may
acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations.
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles
under the Torrens system.
Public Land Act of 1903 introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) regulated relationships between landowners and tenants
of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.
The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did not solve the problem
completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost and
other fees required in applying for a Torrens title.

Commonwealth Period
Government for the Filipinos
President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in
Central Luzon.
Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period:
1935 Constitution "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all
people should be the concern of the State"
Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 Provided
for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 Established the price of rice and corn thereby help
the poor tenants as well as consumers.
Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the
approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.
Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 Provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and
their sale and lease to the tenants.
Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 Created the National Settlement Administration
with a capital stock of P20,000,000.
Japanese Occupation
The Era of Hukbalahap
The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941.
Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their
lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.
Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by the peasants.
Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew
strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the
HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).
Philippine Republic
The New Republic
After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained.
These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.
President Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.
Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.
President Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law:

Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land Settlement
Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the
responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production
Administration.
President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement
and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly
aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.
Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the relationship between
landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the
security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which
was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares
for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.
Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided
small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.
President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.
President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law:
Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption
for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial
system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of
farmer beneficiaries.
The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.
President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986). Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the
Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was
proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.
President Marcos enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the Department of
Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and
expanded the scope of agrarian reform.
Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country under land reform program. It
enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It
also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council
Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn
lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.

President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino
provides under Section 21 under Article II that The State shall promote comprehensive rural development
and agrarian reform.
On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or
otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June
15, 1988.
Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations
before the actual law was enacted.
President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:
Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries
covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27
and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.
Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 Provided mechanism for the implementation of the
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It
provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50
billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.
Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 streamlined and expanded the power and operations of the
DAR.
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) An act which became
effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice
and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes. This law is
still the one being implemented at present.
Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to
determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.
Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands,
pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.
President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his
administration came face to face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His
administration committed to the vision Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian
Reform Program.
President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:
Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and
prawns from the coverage of CARP.
Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
Executive Order No. 363, 1997 Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions
under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific
categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for
conversion.

Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) Plugged the legal
loopholes in land use conversion.
Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP
and extended its implementation for another 10 years.
President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000) ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP. This was the battle cry that
endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998 presidential election.
President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law:
Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmers Trust Fund) Allowed the voluntary consolidation of
small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.
During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or
MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make
FBs competitive.
However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put him into office demanded for his
ouster.
President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-present) The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo
administration is anchored on the vision To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino
family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards
lasting peace and sustainable rural development.
Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution
component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.
Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included
package of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads
and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs.
Infrastrucre Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and
integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job
opportunities in the countryside.
KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones
consists of one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve greater agroproductivity.
Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to
support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work
faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect

AGRARIAN REFORM HISTORY

Uncovering the Roots of Land Ownership Problems
Pre-Colonial Times (Before 16th Century)
The Philippines, even before being colonized by different countries, already have developed an
organization for their communities. The land owned by these communities is known as barangay which
consists of 30-100 families which is administered by different chiefs.
In these barangays, everyone regardless of status had access on the land and mutually shares resources to
the rest of the community. They believed in and practiced the concept of stewardship where relationship
between man and nature is important.
Land cultivation was done commonly by kaingin system or the slash and burn method wherein land was
cleared by burning the bushes before planting the crops or either land was plowed and harrowed before
planting. On the other hand, food production was intended for family consumption only at first but later on
neighboring communities where engaged in a barter trade, exchanging their goods with others. Some even
traded their agricultural products with luxury items of some foreign traders like the Chinese, Arabs and
Europeans.
The only recorded transaction of land sale during that time was the Maragtas Code. This is the selling of the
Panay Island to the ten Bornean datus in exchange for a golden salakot and a long gold necklace. Although
the Code of Luwaranwas one of the oldest written laws of the Muslim society which contains provision on
the lease of cultivated lands, there was no record how the lease arrangement was practiced.
Spanish Era (1521-1896)
When the Spanish came to the country in 1521, they introduced pueblo an agriculture system wherein the
native rural communities were organized into pueblo and each Christianized native family is given four to
five hectares of land to cultivate, thus there is no landless class.
Nonetheless, these native families are merely landholders and not legitimate landowners. By law, the land
assigned to them was the property of the Spanish King where they pay their colonial tributes to the Spanish
authorities in the form of agricultural products that they produce.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Philippines as a colony of Spain implemented policies that would
mainstream the country into the world of capitalism. The economy was opened to the world market as
exporter of raw materials and importer of finished goods. The agricultural exports were mandated and
hacienda system was developed as a new form of ownership. More people lost their lands and were forced
to become tillers.
Agricultural tenancy during that time originated when the Spanish crown implemented the Laws of the
Indies. The law awards vast tracts of land to the religious orders in the country. Some of them are awarded
to the Spanish military as reward for their service (also known as repartiamentos), and to the other
Spaniards known as encomienderos to manage and have the right to receive tributes from the natives tilling
the land also known as encomiendas. Because of this, the natives within these areas became mere tillers
working for a share of crops. They did not even have any rights to the land.
Ideally the purpose of the encomienda system is for the encomienderos to protect the natives and further
introduce them into Catholic faith in exchange for tribute from the natives. But abusive encomienderos
collected more tributes that became the land rentals from the natives living in the area.
A compras y vandalas system was practiced wherein tillers were made to compulsory sell at a very low
price or surrender their agricultural harvests to Spanish authorities where encomienderos can resell it for a

profit. People of the encomiendas were also required to render personal services on public and religious
work and as a household help to the encomienderos.
In 1865, there was a law made by the Spanish crown ordering landholders to register their landholdings but
only a few were aware of this decree so they were the only ones who were able to register their lands.
Ancestral lands were claimed and registered in other peoples names (Spanish officials, inquilinos and
caciques or local chieftains). As a result, many peasant families were driven out from the lands they have
been cultivating for centuries or were forced to become tillers.
In 1893, the Ley Hipotecaria or the Mortgage Law was introduced that provides the systematic registration
of titles and deeds as well as ownership claims. This law was mainly a law on registration of properties
rather than a mortgage law.
In 1894, the last Spanish Land Law promulgated in the Philippines was The Maura Law or Royal Decree of
1894. This law states that farmers and landholders were given one year to register their agricultural lands to
avoid declaration of it as a state property.
With the encomienda system still being used despite the different laws passed by the Spanish crown more
and more tillers were abused, exploited and deprived of their rights. The revolution of peasants and farmers
in 1896 articulated their aspirations for agrarian reform and for a just society. Women also fought for
freedom and played an important role in the planning and implementing the activities of the revolutionary
movements.
The result of this revolution has made the government confiscate the large landed estates, especially the
friar lands and declared these lands as properties of the government.(Malolos Constitution, 1896, Article
XVII)
American Era (1898-1935)
Realizing that being landless was the main cause ofsocial unrest and revolt at that time, the Americans
sought to put an end to the miserable conditions of the tenant tillers and small farmers by passing several
land policies to widen the base of small landholdings and distribute land ownership among the greater
number of Filipino tenants and farmers.
In connection to this, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed which provided regulations on the disposal of
public lands wherein a private individual can own 16 hectares of land while the corporate land holdings can
avail of 1, 024 hectares. This also gave the rights to the Americans to own agricultural lands.
The Torrens system of land registration was also introduced during the American colonial period. This was
made to replace the registration system that was implemented by the Spaniards. The reason why they made
a different system of registration was that some 400,000 native farmers were without titles at the start of the
American era and this situation was also aggravated by the absence of records of issued titles and accurate
land surveys.
The Land Registration Act of 1902 or Act No. 496 placed all private and public lands under Torrens system.
While the Cadastral Act or Act No. 2259 speeds up the issuance of Torrens titles. This was done by
surveying a municipality and presented the result to the land registration court.
A program called the Homestead Program was introduced in 1903 that allowed an enterprising tenant to
acquire a farm of at least 16 hectares to cultivate. However, the program was not implemented nationwide
and was introduced only in some parts of Mindanao and Northern Luzon, where there were available public
alienable and disposable lands.
There are also other agrarian laws that were introduced during the American era like the First Public Land
Act or Act No. 926 which provided rules and regulations for selling and leasing portions of the public
domain, completing defective Spanish land titles, canceling, and confirming Spanish concessions. Another

is the Second Public Land Act of 1919 or Act 2874 which limits the use of agricultural lands to Filipinos,
Americans, and citizens of other countries. On the other hand, the Act No. 141 amended the Second Public
Act of 1919 or Act No. 2874. The revision consists of a temporary provision of equality on the rights of
American and Filipino citizens and corporations. It also compiled all pre-existing laws relative to public
lands into a single instrument.
There is also the Friar Land Act or Act No. 1120 which provided the administrative and temporary leasing
and selling of friar lands to its tillers. The first legislation regulating the relationships of landlord and
tenants and the first law to legalize a 50-50 crop sharing arrangement was also introduced in the American
era and is known as the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 or Act No. 4054. There is also the Sugarcane
Tenancy Contracts Act of 1933 or Act No. 4113 which regulated the relationship of landlord and tenants in
the sugarcane fields and required tenancy contracts on land planted to sugarcane.
However, despite the different land policies passed during that time, the farmers situation did not improve
at all. In fact, it further worsened the land ownership situation, where there was no limit on the size of
landholdings one could possess. Landholdings were once again concentrated in the hands of fewer
individuals who can afford to buy, register, and acquire fixed titles of their properties. Therefore, more
lands were placed under tenancy.
As a result, there were widespread peasant uprisings, headed by the armed peasants groups known as
Colorum and Sakdalistaof Luzon and Northeastern Mindanao respectively. These uprisings resulted to
social disorder in 1920s and 1930s. Hence, more militant peasants and workers organizations bonded
together for a more collective action against the abuses of landlords and unjust landownership situation.
This gave birth to the Communist Party of the Philippines.
Commonwealth Years (1935-1942)
During these years the situation of land ownership and tenancy were characterized by the contrasting
economic and political lifestyle between tenant and the landlord. Landlords became richer and powerful
while the tenants were deprived of their rights, became poorer and absentee landowners increased. They
preferred to go after new opportunities in the cities and left their farms idle to the management of
katiwalas. As a result, haciendas were poorly and unjustly managed.
A small plot of land cultivated by an average peasant farmer could not sustain a decent living for his family.
Tenants and farmers shouldered excessive fines, unfair taxation and usury. Systems for credit and
marketing of rice were lacking thus, farmers received a very low selling price.
Consequently, peasant uprising became widespread all over the country.
As a response to these situations, the government under the stewardship of President Quezon realized that
land reform programs should be implemented immediately. They saw the purchase of friar lands as a
possible way to solve the problem of inequitable land ownership. They also saw that the Homestead
program could be transformed into a massive resettlement program, if properly implemented.
Japanese Era
During the Japanese occupation, peasants and workers organized the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan
Laban sa mga Hapon) on March 29, 1942 as an anti-Japanese group. They took over vast tracts of land and
gave the land to the people.
For them, the war was a golden opportunity for peoples initiative to push pro-poor programs. Landlords
were overpowered by the peasants but unfortunately at the end of the war, through the help of the military
police and civilian guards, landlords were able to retrieve their lands from the HUKBALAHAP.

Evolution of Initiatives on Land Reform

MQuezon
Manuel L. Quezon (1935-1944)
Some of the Agrarian Reform laws were passed during the administration of Manuel L. Quezon:
RA 4054 or the Rice Tenancy Law was the first law on crop sharing which legalized the 50-50 share
between landlord and tenant with corresponding support to tenants protecting them against abuses of
landlords. However, this law was hardly implemented because most of the municipal councils were
composed of powerful hacienderos and big landlords. In fact, only one municipality passed a resolution for
its enforcement and majorities have petitioned its application to the Governor General.
The 1935 Constitution provided specific provisions on social justice and expropriation of landed estates for
distribution to tenants as a solution to the land ownership and tenancy problems.
Commonwealth Act No. 461 specified that dismissal of a tenant should first have the approval of Tenancy
Division of the Department of Justice.
Commonwealth Act No. 608 was enacted to establish security of tenure between landlord and tenant. It
prohibited the common practice among landowners of ejecting tenants without clear legal grounds.
President Quezons program on land reform includes making a laid down social justice program that
focused on the purchased of large haciendas which were divided and sold to tenants. This administration
was also responsible in establishing the National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARICC) and assigning
public defenders to assist peasants in court battles for their rights to till the land.
During this period, the Court of Industrial Relations (CIR) was set up to exercise jurisdiction over
disagreements arising from agri-workers and landowner relationship. It was also during this time that the
Rice Tenancy Act (Act No. 4054) was amended.
The Homestead Program continued through the creation of the National Land Settlement Administration
(CA No. 441) and tenancy problems were covered through CA Nos. 461 and 608.
But the implementation of land reform during Quezons administration was hindered because of the budget
allocation for the settlement program made it impossible for the program to succeed. Also most landlords
did not comply with the Rice Share Tenancy Act. Widespread peasant uprising against abusive landlords
also continued. In addition, the outbreak of the World War II put a stopped to the landownership and
tenancy interventions during this period.

MRoxas
Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
The Republic Act No. 34 was passed during the administration of Manuel Roxas and it enacted to establish
a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and landlord. The 70% of the harvest will go to the person
who shouldered the expenses for planting, harvesting and for the work animals. With this, it reduced the
interest of landowners loans to tenants at not more than 6%.
President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of 8,000 hectares of lands in Batangas owned by the
Ayala-Zobel family. These were sold to landless farmers.

However, due to lack of support facilities, the farmers were forced to resell their lands to the landowning
class. This failure gave basis to doubt the real meaning of land reform program.

EQuirino
Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)
In Elpidio Quirinos administrations, the Executive Order No. 355, the Land Settlement Development
Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement program of
the government. However, due to limited post-war resources, the program was not successful.

RMagsaysay
Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
When President Magsaysay was elected as the president of the country he realized the importance of
pursuing a more honest-to-goodness land reform program. So he convinced the elite controlled congress to
pass several legislation to improve the land reform situation in the county. Some of these are:
R.A. No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act basically governed the relationship between landholders
and tenant-farmers. This law helped protect the tenure rights of tenant tillers and enforced fair tenancy
practices.
R.A. No. 1160 (1954): Free distribution of Resettlement and Rehabilitation and Agricultural land and an
Act establishing the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).
R.A. No. 1400 (1955): Land Reform Act or known as Land to the Landless Program which sought
improvement in land tenure and guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted landed estates.
R.A. No. 1266 (1955) Expropriation of Hacienda del Rosario, situated at Valdefuente, Cabanatuan City
He implemented the Agricultural Tenancy Act by establishing the Court of Agricultural Relations in 1955
to improve tenancy security, fix the land rentals on tenanted farms and to resolve the many land disputes
filed by the landowners and peasant organizations.
He also created the Agricultural Tenancy Commission to administer problems arising from tenancy.
Through this Commission 28,000 hectares were issued to settlers.
Under President Magsaysay the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration (ACCFA)
was created. This is a government agency formed to provide warehouse facilities and assist farmers market
their products and established the organization of the Farmers Cooperatives and Marketing Associations
(FACOMAs).
With the passing of RA 1160 of 1954, President Magsaysay pursued the resettlement program through the
National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA). This law established the governments
resettlement program and accelerated the free distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and
farmers. It particularly aimed to convince members of the HUKBALAHAP movement to return to a
peaceful life by giving them home lots and farmlands.
This administration also spearheaded the establishment of the Agricultural and Industrial Bank to provide
easier terms in applying for homestead and other farmland.

With all the programs and bills passed under his administration, out of the targeted 300 haciendas for
distribution, only 41 were distributed after its 7 years of implementation. This was due to lack of funds and
inadequate support services provided for these programs.
As a result, landlords continued to be uncooperative and critical to the program and landownership and
tenancy problems continued.

CGarcia
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)
There was no legislation passed in Carlos Garcias term but he continued to implement the land reform
programs of President Magsaysay.

DMacapagal
Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965)
It was during Diosdado Macapagal that the Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA No. 3844 was enacted,
more specifically on August 8, 1963. This was considered to be the most comprehensive piece of agrarian
reform legislation ever enacted in the country that time. Because of this, President Diosdado Macapagal
was considered as the Father of Agrarian Reform.
diosdado macapagalThe RA No. 3844 was considered as such because this Act abolished share tenancy in
the Philippines. It prescribed a program converting the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into ownercultivators. Moreover, it aimed to free tenants from the bondage of tenancy and gave hope to poor Filipino
farmers to own the land they are tilling. Finally, it emphasized owner-cultivator relationship and farmer
independence, equity, productivity improvement and the public distribution of land.
However, the landed Congress did not provide effort to come up with a separate bill to provide funding for
its implementation. The act was piloted in the provinces of Pangasinan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga,
Tarlac, Occidental Mindoro, Camarines Sur and Misamis Oriental. It acquired a total of 18,247.06 hectares
or 99.29% out of the total scope of 18,377.05 hectares. The program benefited 7,466 farmer beneficiaries.
(BLAD-DAR Official Records)

FMarcos
Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)
When President Marcos assumed office, he immediately directed the massive implementation of the
leasehold phase of the land reform program by signing into law the Code of Agrarian Reforms in the
Philippines or RA No. 6389 and its companion bill RA No. 6390. The Code of Agrarian Reforms or RA No.
6389 governed the implementation of the agrarian reform in the Philippines. This law instituted the Code of
Agrarian Reforms and significantly amended several provisions of Agricultural Land Reform Code or RA
3844 of President Macapagal. It created the Department of Agrarian Reform, a separate administrative
agency for agrarian reform, replacing the Land Authority.
RA 6390 was enacted to accelerate the implementation of the of the agrarian reform program in the fields
of land acquisition and agricultural credit. Through the Code, an AR Special Account in the General Fund
was created that exclusively finance the agrarian reform program.

The core of the Agrarian Reform Program of President Marcos was Presidential Decree No. 2, proclaiming
the entire country as a land reform area and Presidential Decree No. 27, decreeing the emancipation of
tenants from the bondage of soil, transferring to them the ownership of the land they till and providing the
needed instruments and mechanisms. This law provided for tenanted lands devoted to rice and corn to pass
ownership to the tenants. It also lowered the ceilings for landholdings to 7 hectares. The law stipulated that
share tenants who worked from a landholding of over 7 hectares could purchase the land they tilled, while
share tenants on land less than 7 hectares would become leaseholders.
This agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the farmers from poverty and ignorance and to make
them useful, dignified, responsible and progressive partners in nation-building. This AR program was a
package of services extended to farmers in the form of credit support, infrastructure, farm extension, legal
assistance, electrification and development of rural institutions.
President Marcos Agrarian Reform Program is characterized by five major components and these are Land
Tenure Program, Institutional Development, Physical Development, Agricultural Development, and Human
Resources.
The Agrarian Reform Programs was also labeled as revolutionary by some sectors because it was pursued
under Martial Law and intended to make quick changes without going through legislative or technical
processes and another reason is that it was the only law in the Philippines ever done in handwriting.
Nevertheless, the program also posed some limitations which includes limited scope of the program since it
was only directed for the tenanted, privately-owned rice and corn lands; there was monopoly of
businessmen in both coconut and sugar industries; foreign and local firms were allowed to use large tracks
of land for their business; and because of the declaration of Martial Law several farmer leaders were
arrested without due process of law.

CAquino
Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)
The 1987 Philippine Constitution set the direction of agrarian reform in the Aquino administration. The
1987 Constitution affirmed that The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian
reform. (Article 2, Section 21)
When President Cory Aquino seated as the President of the country, several legislations and issuances on
Agrarian Reform were passed. Some of them are:
Proclamation 131instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as a major program of
the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) in the amount of
50 billion pesos to cover the estimated cost of the program for the period 1987-1997.
EO 129-Areorganized the Department of Agrarian Reform and expanded in power and operations. It is
known that the record and legacy of the Aquino Administration in Agrarian Reform is the Executive
Summary, Planning Service, and DAR.
EO 228 declared full ownership of the land to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also
regulated the value of remaining rice and corn lands for coverage provided for the manner of payment by
the farmer-beneficiaries and the mode of compensation to the landowners.
EO 229 provided the administrative processes for land registration or LISTASAKA program, acquisition of
private land and compensation procedures for landowners. It specified the structure and functions of units
that will coordinate and supervise the implementation of the program.

RA 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law is an act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform
program to promote social justice and Industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation
and for other purposes.
To strengthen CARP and fast track its implementation, President Aquino issued the following Executive
Orders (EO):
E.O. No. 405 gave the Land Bank of the Philippines the primary responsibility for the land valuation
function in order for DAR to concentrate its efforts on the identification of landholdings and beneficiaries,
the distribution of acquired lands, and the other sub-components of the program.
E.O. No. 406 emphasized that CARP is central to the governments efforts to hasten countryside agroindustrial development and directed the implementing agencies to align their respective programs and
projects with CARP.
This created CARP implementing teams from the national to the municipal levels and gave priority to 24
strategic operating provinces where the bulk of CARP workload lies.
E.O. No. 407 directed all government financing institutions (GFIs) and government owned and controlled
corporations (GOCCs) to immediately transfer to DAR all their landholdings suitable for agriculture.
E.O. No. 448pursued the policy that government should lead the efforts in placing lands for coverage under
CARP. It directed the immediate turn-over of government reservations, no longer needed, and that are
suitable for agriculture.
Some of the accomplishments achieved during the Aquino administration with regards to the
implementation of the Agrarian Reform Programs are the grants and budgetary support from official
development assistance (ODA) circles poured in during this administration. Various sectors likewise
recognized agrarian reform as a worthwhile social investment. In terms of the tenant-tiller status, it
improved particularly those within landowners retained areas or on landholdings subject for coverage.
It is also during this administration that the present adjudication system was introduced. This gave DAR the
original and exclusive jurisdiction over agrarian disputes as quasi-judicial powers.
Also, the livelihood and agro-industrial projects promoted and the program of support services were
intensified to help farmer beneficiaries become productive and transform them into entrepreneurs.
The administration received much support and active involvement in program implementation from key
stakeholders such as peoples organization, farmers association, NGOs and from prominent landowners
themselves.
On the other hand, the administration also face challenges in the implementation of CARP for example on
land evaluation, one very specific case is the Garchitorena land scam. There were also issues on the
absence of a clear cut guideline that would answer problems on land use conversion. Minimal efforts were
exerted to discouraged and/or prevent conversion of lands into other use.
Despite the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), the administration experienced a major budgetary shortfall due
to low remittances from the Asset Privatization Trust and the Presidential Commission on Good
Government.
The administration also experienced constant changes in DAR leadership. This led to lack of continuity of
priority, programs and projects.

Allegation on lack of political wills leadership and genuine commitment to implement the program. Critics
say that the President could have implemented a genuine agrarian reform program because of her
revolutionary powers after People Power I.

FRamos
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
The Ramos administration is recognized for bringing back support of key stakeholders of CARP by
bridging certain policy gaps on land acquisition and distribution, land evaluation, and case resolution. It is
also credited for enhancing internal operating systems and strengtheningthe capabilities of the DAR
bureaucracy and for tapping more resources to help implement the program.
During this time guidelines and procedures were formulated to facilitate acquisition and distribution of
lands:
DAR AO No. 2 (1992) consists of rules and procedures governing the distribution of cancelled or expired
pasture lease agreements and Timber License Agreements under EO 407.
DAR AO No. 1 (1993) is the amendment to certain provisions of the Administrative Order No. 9 Series of
1990, entitled Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands Subject of
Voluntary Offer to Sell and Compulsory Acquisition Pursuant to RA 6657.
Joint DAR-LBP AO No. 3 (1994) is the policy guidelines and procedures governing the acquisition and
distribution of agricultural lands affected by the Mt. Pinatubo eruption.
DAR AO No. 1 (1995) consists of the rules and procedures governing the Acquisition and Distribution of
all Agricultural Lands Subject of Sequestration/Acquisition by the PCGG and APT whose ownership in
Under Court Litigation.
DAR AO No. 2 (1995) is the revised rules and procedures governing the Acquisition of Private Agricultural
Lands Subject of Voluntary Land Transfer or a Direct Payment Scheme (VLT/DPS) Pursuant to RA 6657.
DAR AO No. 2 (1996) is the rules and regulations governing the Acquisition of Agricultural Lands subject
of Voluntary Offer to Sell and Compulsory Acquisition Pursuant to RA 6657.
DAR AO No. 2 (1997) is the rules and regulations for the Acquisition of Private Agricultural Lands Subject
of Mortgage or Foreclosure of Mortgage.
DAR AO No. 8 (1997) is the revised guidelines on the Acquisition and Distribution of Compensable
Agricultural Lands under VLT/Direct Payment Scheme.
DAR MC No. 7 (1993) refers to the implementing guidelines on the Distribution and Tilling of the Public
Agricultural Lands turned over by the National Livelihood and Support Fund to the DAR for distribution
under the CARP pursuant to EO 407, Series of 1990 as amended by EO 448, Series of 1991 and as clarified
under Memorandum Order No. 107 of the President of the Philippines dated March 23, 1993.
Despite all of these, there are challenges that the administration faced during implementation of the
program. One of which is the failure in enforcing the installation of some farmer beneficiaries on awarded
lands. Critics also say that non-physical installation of FBs has been the norm rather than the exception.
Some sectors also complained on the slowness of this administration in the acquisition and distribution of
privately owned lands. Although this administration was credited for having the biggest accomplishment in

terms of LAD, critics say this is because the land acquired and distributed were more on public lands and
rice and corn lands.

JEstrada
Joseph Ejercito Estrada (1998-2001)
During this administration the Magkabalikat Para sa kaunlarang Agraryo (MAGKASAKA) which was
launched which is directed for the investors to bring in capital, technology and management support while
the farmers will contribute, at most, the use of their land itself.
The MAGKASAKA aims to encourage investors to bring investments into the countryside and to enhance
the income of the farmers through joint venture schemes and contract growing schemes. The program also
aims to enable the farmers to be more efficient and be globally competitive.
This administration saw the urgency of land distribution, and believed that it can be served if it is built on
farmers capacities to pursue their own development. One of the first things this administration did was to
rework performance targets by focusing on the number of hectares of land distributed coupled with an
accounting of farmer beneficiaries and the specific croplands and farm systems covered. This approach
sought to integrate land distribution and support services. It was during this period that DAR launched a
series of land occupations by working with farmer claimants, the LGU and government security forces.
To help speed up litigation, DAR also helped set up the agrarian justice fund for farmer beneficiaries as
well as DAR field workers who, due to the nature of the job, are named as respondents in cases filed by
recalcitrant landowners. Support services took a much more entrepreneurial approach during this
administration. Sustainable rural development district program, were designed to help farmers attain a level
of economic viability.
It has forged alliances among countries implementing AR through the International Conference on Agrarian
Reform and Rural Development. The department then began aggressively to assert its place in national
development planning processes to raise DARs profile both in national and international fora. With this,
DAR was able to secure a seat in the annual consultative group meeting between the Philippiness
economic management team and the donor community. This period also launched the DAR-DA-DENR
convergence initiative.
But there were also some hindrances that the administration faced like the fiscal constraints encountered
that resulted to unpaid or delayed payment of landowners covered under the compulsory acquisition and
VOS schemes.
There were also issues on inter and intra ARBs conflicts due to arguments for control over negotiations
with prospective joint venture partners, some of which became violent.

GArroyo
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (2001 2010)
The GMA administration has adopted the BAYAN-ANIHAN concept as the implementing framework for
CARP. Bayan means people and Anihan means harvest and Bayanihan means working together. Applied to
CARP, Bayan Anihan means a united people working together for the successful implementation of
agrarian reform.
The Bayan-Anihan Framework has different implementing strategies namely:

Salin-Lupa: Accelerating land transfer and improving land tenure.

Katarungan: Prompt and fair settlement of agrarian disputes and delivery of agrarian reform justice.
Bayanihan: Better delivery by the government of appropriate support services to ARBs and the
mobilization of the ARBs themselves in the transformation of the agrarian reform communities into an
agrarian reform zones and into progressive farming.
Kabayanihan or the Konsehong Bayan Para sa Anihan: Institutionalization not only of the system of
dialogue and consultation but also joint problem solving with AR stakeholders, particularly peoples
organizations, cooperatives and NGOs.
Kamalayan: Raising the awareness of DAR personnel, agrarian reform beneficiaries and the general public
on agrarian reform and its contribution to social justice and development.
Under Arroyos administration introduced the Kapit Bisig sa Kahirapan Agrarian Reform Zones
(KARZONEs) as a program strategy of the DAR in CARP Implementation. KARZONEs is a partnership
and convergence strategy aimed at achieving asset reform, poverty reduction, food sufficiency, farm
productivity, good governance, social equity and empowerment of agrarian reform beneficiaries (ARBs)
both in ARCs and non-ARCs.
Other specific programs under this administration to enhance CARP were also implemented like the
Gulayan Magsasakang Agraryo. This intends to add income and food security to farmers and their
communities. Educational opportunities were also ushered in to farmers children and dependents through
the Diosdado Macapagal Scholar Program.
This administration is also credited in heightening agrarian case resolution by introducing a quota system to
compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian cases and train farmers into paralegals.

Baquino
Benigno Simeon Noynoy C. Aquino III (2010up to present)
Under the governance of President Noynoy Aquino, the DAR which is the lead agency for CARP
implementation is bent on sustaining the gains of agrarian reform through its three major components
Land Tenure Improvement (LTI), Program Beneficiaries Development (PBD) and Agrarian Justice
Delivery (AJD). The following are the strategic directions of the Aquino Administration for the agrarian
reform program:
To substantially complete asset reform as mandated by R.A. No. 9700 by:
1. Completing the land acquisition and distribution (LAD) in the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
Extension with Reforms (CARPER) or Republic Act 9700 balance through: Focus on large-sized private
agricultural lands; Redeployment of competent DAR personnel to the 20 high LAD provinces; Streamline
LAD processes and procedures; and Enhance the database of landholdings for ease in targeting and
monitoring the LAD;
2. Prioritizing the subdivision of collective Certificates of Land Ownership Awards (CLOAs) involving
LBP-compensable lands;
3. Fast tracking the documentation and settlement of landowner compensation for already distributed lands;
4. Synergizing and rationalizing the efforts of the CARP implementing agencies in all processes of LAD;

5. Partnering with the civil society organizations (CSOs) in the delivery of LTI services, particularly the
large-sized private agricultural lands (PAL);
6. Adopting a job-sharing scheme wherein under the ONE-DAR concept, provinces will share
responsibilities (low-LAD provinces with high LAD provinces) to minimize the need to hire new
personnel; and
7. Increasing the utilization of the services of geodetic engineers to assist the provincial and municipal
offices in land acquisition considering the difficulty of hiring new personnel and the demands of a post2014 scenario.
Under President Aquinos administration, the DARs Program Beneficiaries Development (PBD) priorities
are geared in:
1. Undertaking convergence initiatives with rural development agencies to complement the resources and
streamline the efforts of DAR, DA and DENR;
2. Inking public-private partnerships (PPPs) develop models of collaboration and business models in AR
areas with the participation of the CSOs, academe, research and development institutions and LGUs;
3. Expanding official development assistance (ODA) portfolio in order to augment incomes for PBD;
4. Integrating LTI and PBD on a province-to-province basis;
5. Shifting focus of low-LAD balance provinces to PBD; and
6. Unlocking credit facilities for the agrarian reform beneficiaries through capacity development for credit
providers and farmer-borrowers.
To speed up resolution of AR related cases, the Agrarian Justice Delivery component is geared at:
1. Putting the legal framework in place to expedite the LAD process and undertake PBD lawyering to
ensure ARBs free and informed consent on agribusiness agreements;
2. Developing common templates and legal outlines in order to rationalize the DAR lawyers and
paralegals appreciation and decision on cases;
3. Improving the capabilities of DAR lawyers and legal officers; and
4. Utilizing information, communication technology (ICT) to enhance legal work.
Together with the efforts to fight graft and corruption by the President, it is imperative to have institutional
reforms within DAR as acomplement to the abovementioned DAR components as well as give credence,
transparency and accountability at all sectors of the DAR bureaucracy.