1

Contenido
1. INTRODUCCIN.................................................................................................. 3
2. RESUMEN........................................................................................................... 4
3. HISTORIA........................................................................................................... 5
4. MARCO TERICO................................................................................................ 6
5.DETALLES EXPERIMENTALES.............................................................................11
6. TABULACION DE DATOS Y RESULTADOS...........................................................13
7. DISCUSIN DE RESULTADOS............................................................................63
8. CONCLUSIONES............................................................................................... 64
9. RECOMENDACIONES........................................................................................ 65
10.BIBLIOGRAFIA................................................................................................. 66
11.APNDICE....................................................................................................... 67
12. GRFICAS.................................................................................................... 81

1. INTRODUCCIN

La transferencia de calor siempre ocurre desde un cuerpo ms caliente a uno

ms fro y puede ser por conduccin, conveccin o radiacin. La conductividad
trmica es una propiedad de los materiales que valora la capacidad de
transmitir el calor a travs de ellos, la mayor parte de los metales transfieren
muy eficientemente debido a que poseen electrones libres capaces de llevar la
energa desde las zonas ms calientes a las ms fras del metal.
Para medir la conductividad trmica de slidos, se han desarrollado 2 tcnicas
experimentales, estas tcnicas emplean mtodos que se aplican a los estados de
rgimen estable y transitorio. Estos valores permiten disear mejores sistemas y
simular con mejor confiabilidad procesos y sistemas trmicos que permiten usar
eficientemente la energa.
En los procesos industriales, principalmente metalrgicos, es necesario predecir
las velocidades de enfriamiento y calentamiento de metales de diversos tipos de
geometras, con objeto de estimar el tiempo requerido para alcanzar ciertas
temperaturas. En el procesamiento de alimentos, como en la industria de las
conservas, los alimentos perecederos enlatados se calientan por inmersin en
baos de vapor o se enfran sumergindolos en agua fra. En la industria del
papel los troncos de madera se sumergen en baos de vapor antes de
procesarlos. En la mayora de estos sistemas, el material se sumerge
repentinamente en un fluido que est a una temperatura ms alta o ms baja,
por ello es necesario conocer este mecanismo de transferencia de calor; para
ello se determinara la conductividad trmica de dos metales: cobre y aluminio a
partir del calentamiento y enfriamiento de slidos de forma cilndrica de dichos
materiales cuya densidad y capacidad calorfica son conocidas.

2. RESUMEN

El presente informe, Determinacin de la Conductividad Trmica, se realiz

bajo las siguientes condiciones ambientales: P = 756 mmHg, T= 21 C.
Se tomaron datos de tiempo con un cronmetro digital y de temperatura
(termmetro digital) para tres slidos cilndricos (aluminio, cobre y acero); as
como tambin se registr las dimensiones de ellos (longitud y dimetro). Se
midi el tiempo de enfriamiento al sumergir el slido en agua y tambin dejando
enfriar solamente el acero al aire con la ayuda de un ventilador.
Para determinar el factor de conductividad trmica (K), aplicamos dos mtodos:
los resultados por el Mtodo de Resistencia Interna Despreciable son :
-Para el aluminio K =403.18 W/mk y para el cobre K=235.14 W/mK
As mismo, la aplicacin del mtodo de resistencia interna despreciable, nos
presenta un porcentaje de desviacin mnimo, considerando a las barras de Al y
Cu, como sustancias puras.
Para el caso del CILINDRO ACERO AISI 304 en agua estancada no se puede usar
el mtodo de resistencia interna despreciable ya que su nmero de Biot supera
el valor de 0.05 que segn literatura correspondera para cilindros. Para el
cilindro en agua estancada el nmero de Biot es 0.6562, finalmente el valor del
factor de conductividad trmica de K para el acero es 12.83 W/mk
Para el caso del acero enfriado con el uso de ventilador el factor de
conductividad trmica K es 14.78 W/mk

3. HISTORIA

Hasta el siglo XIX se explicaba el efecto del ambiente en la variacin de la

temperatura de un cuerpo por medio de un fluido invisible llamado calrico. Este
se produca cuando algo se quemaba y, adems, que poda pasar de un cuerpo a
otro. La teora del calrico afirmaba que una sustancia con mayor temperatura
que otra, necesariamente, posea mayor cantidad de calrico. En 1798, B.
Thompson rebati la teora del calrico

En 1798, B. Thompson (conde Rumford) rebati la teora del calrico de Black

diciendo que se poda generar continuamente calor por friccin, en contra de lo
afirmado por dicha teora. Hoy da suele mostrarse esta teora del calrico (que
fue asumida por grandes cientficos como Lavoisier, Fourier, Laplace, Poisson y
que lleg a utilizar Carnot para descubrir el "Segundo Principio de la
Termodinmica").

En 1822, el matemtico francs Joseph Fourier dio una expresin matemtica

precisa que hoy se conoce como ley de Fourier de la conduccin del calor. Esta
ley afirma que la velocidad de conduccin de calor a travs de un cuerpo por
unidad de seccin transversal es proporcional al gradiente de temperatura que
existe en el cuerpo (con el signo cambiado).
Sea J la densidad de corriente de energa (energa por unidad de rea y por
unidad de tiempo), que se establece en la barra debido a la diferencia de
temperaturas entre dos puntos de la misma. La ley de Fourier afirma que hay
una proporcionalidad entre el flujo de energa J y el gradiente de temperatura.
En 1923, el cientfico alemn Otto Schott midi la conductividad trmica de un
solo cristal de cobre como 12.200 vatios a una temperatura de 20,8 Kelvin. Lo

hizo a travs de un mtodo de prueba ptica, que ahora est asociado con la
invencin del vidrio.

4. MARCO TERICO

Transferencia de calor
La transferencia de calor es el paso de energa trmica desde un cuerpo
de mayor temperatura a otro de menor temperatura. Cuando un cuerpo,
por ejemplo, un objeto slido o un fluido, est a una temperatura diferente
de la de su entorno u otro cuerpo, la transferencia de energa trmica,
tambin conocida como transferencia de calor o intercambio de calor,
ocurre de tal manera que el cuerpo y su entorno alcancen equilibrio
trmico.
Puede propagarse de tres formas distintas:
Conduccin: Es el mecanismo de transferencia de calor debido a la
interaccin entre partculas adyacentes del medio. No se produce
movimiento macroscpico de las mismas. Puede tener lugar en slidos,
lquidos y gases aunque es caracterstica de los slidos, puesto que en
gases y lquidos siempre se producir conveccin simultneamente.
Conveccin: Es el modo en que se transfiere la energa entre una
superficie slida y un fluido adyacente (lquido o gas). Comprende los
efectos combinados de la conduccin y el movimiento del fluido. Existe
movimiento macroscpico de las partculas del fluido. Cuanto ms rpido
es el movimiento del fluido mayor es la transferencia de calor por
conveccin. En ausencia de dicho movimiento la transferencia de calor
entre una superficie slida y el fluido adyacente sera por conduccin
pura.

Conveccin Forzada: El fluido es forzado a fluir sobre la superficie

mediante medios artificiales (ventiladores, bombas, etc.).

Conveccin Natural: El movimiento del fluido es debido a causas

naturales. Las fuerzas de empuje son inducidas por la diferencia de
densidad debida a la variacin de temperatura en ese fluido.
6

Radiacin: Es la energa emitida por la materia en forma de ondas

electromagnticas (o fotones), como resultado de los cambios en las
configuraciones electrnicas de los tomos o molculas. La radiacin
trmica suele corresponder a la banda de frecuencias del infrarrojo.
Ley de Fourier:
La conduccin trmica est determinada por la ley de Fourier, que
establece que el flujo de transferencia de calor por conduccin en un
medio istropo es proporcional y de sentido contrario al gradiente de
temperatura en esa direccin.
Q
T
=KA
t
x
x

Dnde:
direccin x.

Qx
t

K
T
t

Tasa de flujo de calor que atraviesa el rea A en la

Conductividad trmica.
Temperatura
Tiempo.

Conductividad trmica (K)

Por ley de Fourier, la conductividad trmica se define como:
}} over {( {T} over {x} )}

qx
K=
La Conductividad Trmica (con unidades W/ (mxK) describe el transporte
de energa en forma de calor a travs de un cuerpo con masa como
resultado de un gradiente de temperatura. De acuerdo con la segunda ley
de la termodinmica, el calor siempre fluye en la direccin de la
temperatura ms baja.
El coeficiente de conductividad trmica expresa la cantidad o flujo de
calor que pasa a travs de la unidad de superficie de una muestra del
material, de extensin infinita, caras plano paralelas y espesor unidad,
cuando entre sus caras se establece una diferencia de temperaturas igual
a la unidad, en condiciones estacionarias.
Ecuacin de difusin de calor
La ecuacin del calor describe cmo se distribuye la temperatura en un
cuerpo slido en funcin del tiempo y el espacio. El inters en su estudio
radica en las mltiples aplicaciones que tiene en diversas ramas de la
7

ciencia. Es una importante ecuacin diferencial en derivadas parciales que

describe la distribucin del calor (o variaciones de la temperatura) en una
regin a lo largo del transcurso del tiempo. Para el caso de una funcin de
tres variables en el espacio (x,y,z) y la variable temporal t, la ecuacin del
calor es:
T
2 T 2 T 2 T

+
+
=0
t
x 2 Y 2 Z2

Donde es la difusividad trmica, que es una propiedad del material.

=

K
C p

La ecuacin del calor predice que si un cuerpo a una temperatura T se

sumerge en una caja con agua a menor temperatura, la temperatura del
cuerpo disminuir, y finalmente (tericamente despus de un tiempo
infinito, y siempre que no existan fuentes de calor externas) la
temperatura del cuerpo y la del agua sern iguales (estarn en equilibrio
trmico).
Transferencia de Calor en Sistemas Concentrados

En el anlisis de la transferencia de calor, se observa que algunos cuerpos

se comportan como un bulto cuya temperatura interior permanece
uniforme en todo momento durante un proceso de transferencia de calor.
La temperatura de esos cuerpos se puede tomar slo como una funcin
del tiempo T (t) . Este anlisis proporciona una gran simplificacin en
ciertas clases de problemas de transferencia de calor sin mucho sacrificio
de la exactitud.
Consideremos un cuerpo de forma arbitraria y masa m , volumen V ,
rea superficial A s , densidad , y calor especfico C p , inicialmente
a una temperatura T i . En el instante t=0 , el cuerpo est colocado en
un medio a la temperatura

y se lleva a efecto transferencia de calor

entre

ese cuerpo y su medio ambiente, con un coeficiente de

transferencia de calor h . Se supondr que T > T i , pero el anlisis es
igualmente vlido para el caso opuesto.
Durante un intervalo diferencial de tiempo, dt , la temperatura del
cuerpo se eleva en una cantidad diferencial dT . Un balance de energa
(este balance debe relacionar la velocidad de prdida de calor en la
8

superficie con la rapidez de cambio de energa interna) para el intervalo

de tiempo dt se puede expresar como:

h A s ( T T ) dt=mC p dT

Dado que

m=V

dT =d (T T ) , puesto que

T =

constante, la

ecuacin anterior se puede reacomodar como:

d (T T ) h A s
=
dt
T i T
V C p

Al integrar desde
cual

ln

t=0 , en el cual

T =T i , hasta cualquier instante

t , en el

T =T (t) , resulta:

T (t )T h A s
=
t
T iT
V C p

Criterios para el anlisis de sistemas concentrados

Es evidente que el anlisis de sistemas concentrados es muy conveniente

en el estudio de la transferencia de calor y naturalmente que se interesa
saber cundo resulta apropiado para usarlo. El primer paso es el

establecimiento de un criterio para la aplicabilidad del anlisis de

sistemas concentrados es definir la longitud caracterstica como
Lc =

V
As

Y un nmero de Biot, Bi, como

Bi=

h Lc
k

O bien,

Bi=

Lc /k
Resistencia a laconduccin dentro del cuerpo
=
1 /h Resistencia a la conveccinen la superficie del cuerpo

Un nmero pequeo de Biot representa poca resistencia a la conduccin

del calor y, por tanto, gradientes pequeos de temperatura dentro del
cuerpo.
En el anlisis de sistemas concentrados se supone una distribucin
uniforme de temperatura en todo el cuerpo, el cual ser el caso slo de la
resistencia trmica de ste a la conduccin de calor (la resistencia a la
conduccin) sea cero. Por consiguiente, el anlisis de sistemas
concentrados es exacto cuando Bi=0 y aproximado cuando Bi >0 . Por
supuesto, entre ms pequeo sea el nmero Bi, ms exacto es el anlisis
de los sistemas concentrados. En general se acepta que el anlisis de
sistemas concentrados es aplicable si
Bi 0.1

Cuando se satisface este criterio, las temperaturas dentro del cuerpo con
relacin a la de los alrededores (es decir, T T ) permanecen dentro de
un margen de 5% entre s, incluso para configuraciones geomtricas bien
redondeadas como la de una bola esfrica. Como consecuencia, cuando
Bi 0.1 , la variacin de la temperatura con la ubicacin dentro del
cuerpo ser ligera y, de manera razonable, se puede considerar como si
fuera uniforme. Los cuerpos pequeos, con conductividad trmica alta son
buenos candidatos para este tipo de anlisis, en especial cuando se
encuentran en un medio sea un mal conductor del calor (como el aire en u
otro gas) que est inmvil.
10

Se define adems, la siguiente cantidad adimensional:

Nmero de Fourier: que es el tiempo adimensional

F0 =

t
2
L

F0 : Modulo de Fourier
:

Es la difusividad trmica.

t:

Tiempo caracterstico

L: Es la longitud a travs de la que la conduccin de calor ocurre.

A su vez

es la difusividad trmica que a su vez se define como

k
C p

Si expresamos la ecuacin obtenida en la primera parte como una funcin del

nmero de Biot y el nmero de Fourier, obtenemos:

ln

T (t)T
=Bi . F0
T iT

T T
1
. ln
=F 0
Bi
T 0 T

T T t
1
. ln
=
Bi
T 0 T L2C

11

T T
1
k
. ln
=
t
Bi
T 0 T C p L2C

De

donde al graficar

pendiente es

k
2
C p LC

T T
1
k
. ln
=
t
Bi
T 0T C p L2C

T T
1
. ln
Bi
T 0T

vs t se obtiene una recta cuya

conociendo el Cp y la densidad del cuerpo a

trabajar se puede hallar su conductividad.

5.DETALLES EXPERIMENTALES
1. MATERIALES

1. Barra cilndrica de cobre

2. Barra cilndrica de aluminio
3. Barra cilndrica de acero
4. Termmetro digital
5. Termmetro de mercurio
6. Cronmetro
7. Calibrador vernier.
8. Aceite

2. INSTRUMENTOS

1. Estufa elctrica
2. Guante de asbesto
3. Tanque con agua
12

4. Gancho de metal con aislante

PROCEDIMIENTO EXPERIMENTAL

El procedimiento que realizamos para determinar el experimento de

determinacin de la conductividad trmica del cobre, aluminio y acero fue
el siguiente:

Se procede a tomar las medidas de las barras de cobre, aluminio y acero con el
vernier, estas constan de la altura y el diametro de los solidos.
Tomar la temperatura del agua contenida en el tanque.
Se precalienta la estufa .
Se introducen las barras de cobre, aluminio y acero .
Deberan permanecer durante 40 min. aproximandamente hasta que alcanzen una
temperatura adecuada para realizar la experiencia.

Retirar la barra de cobre, aluminio o acero con el guante de asbesto y colocarlo

sobre una base aislante.
Agregar algunas gotas de aceite a la base superior agujereada de la barra e
introducir el termometro digital.
Colocar la barra en el gancho con aislante y sumergir en el tanque con agua.
Sumergida la barra del metal escogido, esta debera permanencer inmovil
durante el enfriamiento
Tomar las mediciones de temperatura a intervalos de tiempo apropiados
usando el cronometro
digital hasta que la temperatura de la barra se aproxime a la temperatura del
agua del tanque.

13

6. TABULACION DE DATOS Y RESULTADOS

TABLA N 1 : Condiciones experimentales
Presion Atmosferica
(mmHg)
T.agua (C)

756
22 Y 23

TABLA N2 : Dimensiones de la barras de cobre, aluminio y acero

ALUMINI
COBRE
O
ACERO
0.052
0.05
0.05
0.15
0.15
0.15

Diametro
Altura

TABLA N3.- Propiedades trmicas de las barras de cobre, aluminio y acero

22 C
COBRE
densidad
(kg/m3)
Cp (J/kg k)
K (W/mK)

23 C

ALUMINIO

ACERO

8739.38

2709.45

7741.28

383.55

897.75

474

401.6

237

14.808

TABLA N4.- Temperatura de la barra de Cobre a intervalos de 3 segundos

enfriada al en agua en reposo
14

t(s)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126

T (C)
119.6
119.2
117
114.4
107.1
106.6
103
99.4
95.9
92
89.9
86.3
83.3
79.6
77.1
74.6
72.2
70
67.8
65.8
63.2
62
60.3
58.7
58.2
55.8
54.5
53.2
52
50.9
49.8
40.5
47.5
46.6
46
45.2
44.4
43.6
42.8
42.4
41.3
41.1
40.8

BARRA DE COBRE
t(s)
T (C)
t(s)
216
29.8
219
29.6
222
29.5
225
29.2
228
29.1
231
28.9
234
28.8
237
28.6
240
28.4
243
28.2
246
28
249
27.8
252
27.6
255
27.5
258
27.4
261
27.3
264
27.2
267
27.1
270
27
273
26.9
276
26.8
279
26.7
282
26.6
285
26.5
288
26.4
291
26.3
294
26.2
297
26.1
300
26
303
25.9
306
25.8
309
25.7
312
25.7
315
25.6
318
25.6
321
25.5
324
25.4
327
25.3
330
25.2
333
25.1
336
25
339
25
342
24.9
15

432
435
438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
483
486
489
492
495
498
501
504
507
510
513
516
519
522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546
549
552
555
558

T (C)
23.6
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.4
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8

129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
153
156
159
162
165
168
171
174
177
180
183
186
189
192
195
198
201
204
207
210
213

40.6
39.7
39.1
38.6
38.1
37.6
37.1
36.6
36.2
35.8
35.4
35
34.6
34.2
33.8
33.4
33.1
32.7
32.3
32
31.8
31.6
31.3
31.1
30.9
30.6
30.4
30.2
30

345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429

24.8
24.6
24.6
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.3
24.3
24.2
24.2
24.1
24.1
24
24
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6

561
564
567
570
573
576
579
582
585
588
591
594
597
600
603
606
609
612
615
618
621
624
627
630

22.8
22.8
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.5
22.5
22.5

TABLA N5.- Datos del cobre para grfica de Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo

enfriada al en agua en reposo

t(s)

BARRA DE COBRE
T (C)
(T-T)/(To-T) Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
0
119.6
1
0
3
119.2 0.995901639
-0.004106782
6
117 0.973360656
-0.027000602
9
114.4 0.946721311
-0.054750515
12
107.1
0.87192623
-0.137050458
15
106.6 0.866803279
-0.142943227
18
103 0.829918033
-0.186428339
21
99.4 0.793032787
-0.231890713
16

24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
153
156
159

95.9
92
89.9
86.3
83.3
79.6
77.1
74.6
72.2
70
67.8
65.8
63.2
62
60.3
58.7
58.2
55.8
54.5
53.2
52
50.9
49.8
40.5
47.5
46.6
46
45.2
44.4
43.6
42.8
42.4
41.3
41.1
40.8
40.6
39.7
39.1
38.6
38.1
37.6
37.1
36.6
36.2
35.8
35.4

0.757172131
0.717213115
0.695696721
0.658811475
0.62807377
0.590163934
0.56454918
0.538934426
0.514344262
0.491803279
0.469262295
0.448770492
0.422131148
0.409836066
0.392418033
0.37602459
0.370901639
0.346311475
0.332991803
0.319672131
0.307377049
0.296106557
0.284836066
0.18954918
0.261270492
0.25204918
0.245901639
0.237704918
0.229508197
0.221311475
0.213114754
0.209016393
0.197745902
0.195696721
0.192622951
0.19057377
0.181352459
0.175204918
0.170081967
0.164959016
0.159836066
0.154713115
0.149590164
0.145491803
0.141393443
0.137295082
17

-0.278164665
-0.332382251
-0.362841459
-0.417317862
-0.46509765
-0.527354926
-0.571727777
-0.618161374
-0.664862467
-0.709676483
-0.756593402
-0.801243676
-0.862439237
-0.891998039
-0.935427597
-0.978100738
-0.991818375
-1.060416691
-1.099637404
-1.140459399
-1.179680112
-1.217035898
-1.255841473
-1.663106761
-1.342199041
-1.37813105
-1.402823663
-1.436725215
-1.471816535
-1.508184179
-1.545924507
-1.565342593
-1.620772398
-1.631189158
-1.647020624
-1.657715913
-1.707312854
-1.74179903
-1.771474798
-1.802058221
-1.833606579
-1.86618275
-1.899855965
-1.927635529
-1.956208901
-1.985622786

162
165
168
171
174
177
180
183
186
189
192
195
198
201
204
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297

35
34.6
34.2
33.8
33.4
33.1
32.7
32.3
32
31.8
31.6
31.3
31.1
30.9
30.6
30.4
30.2
30
29.8
29.6
29.5
29.2
29.1
28.9
28.8
28.6
28.4
28.2
28
27.8
27.6
27.5
27.4
27.3
27.2
27.1
27
26.9
26.8
26.7
26.6
26.5
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1

0.133196721
0.129098361
0.125
0.120901639
0.116803279
0.113729508
0.109631148
0.105532787
0.102459016
0.100409836
0.098360656
0.095286885
0.093237705
0.091188525
0.088114754
0.086065574
0.084016393
0.081967213
0.079918033
0.077868852
0.076844262
0.073770492
0.072745902
0.070696721
0.069672131
0.067622951
0.06557377
0.06352459
0.06147541
0.05942623
0.057377049
0.056352459
0.055327869
0.054303279
0.053278689
0.052254098
0.051229508
0.050204918
0.049180328
0.048155738
0.047131148
0.046106557
0.045081967
0.044057377
0.043032787
0.042008197
18

-2.015928136
-2.047180679
-2.079441542
-2.112777962
-2.147264138
-2.173932385
-2.210633752
-2.248733598
-2.2782924
-2.298495108
-2.319114395
-2.350863093
-2.37260308
-2.394826217
-2.42911529
-2.452645788
-2.476743339
-2.501435952
-2.52675376
-2.552729246
-2.565974473
-2.606796467
-2.620782709
-2.649356082
-2.663954881
-2.693807844
-2.724579503
-2.756328201
-2.789118024
-2.823019576
-2.858110896
-2.876129401
-2.89447854
-2.913170673
-2.932218868
-2.951636954
-2.971439581
-2.991642288
-3.012261576
-3.033314985
-3.05482119
-3.076800097
-3.099272952
-3.122262471
-3.145792968
-3.16989052

300
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342
345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435

26
25.9
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.6
25.6
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.2
25.1
25
25
24.9
24.8
24.6
24.6
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.4
24.3
24.3
24.2
24.2
24.1
24.1
24
24
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.5

0.040983607
0.039959016
0.038934426
0.037909836
0.037909836
0.036885246
0.036885246
0.035860656
0.034836066
0.033811475
0.032786885
0.031762295
0.030737705
0.030737705
0.029713115
0.028688525
0.026639344
0.026639344
0.024590164
0.024590164
0.024590164
0.024590164
0.023565574
0.023565574
0.022540984
0.022540984
0.021516393
0.021516393
0.020491803
0.020491803
0.019467213
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.018442623
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.016393443
0.015368852
19

-3.194583132
-3.21990094
-3.245876427
-3.272544674
-3.272544674
-3.299943648
-3.299943648
-3.328114525
-3.357102062
-3.386955025
-3.417726684
-3.449475382
-3.482265205
-3.482265205
-3.516166756
-3.551258076
-3.625366048
-3.625366048
-3.705408756
-3.705408756
-3.705408756
-3.705408756
-3.74796837
-3.74796837
-3.792420133
-3.792420133
-3.838940149
-3.838940149
-3.887730313
-3.887730313
-3.939023607
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-3.993090829
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.110873864
-4.175412385

438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
483
486
489
492
495
498
501
504
507
510
513
516
519
522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546
549
552
555
558
561
564
567
570
573

23.5
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.4
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.1
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.9
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.7
22.7
22.7

0.015368852
0.015368852
0.015368852
0.014344262
0.014344262
0.014344262
0.014344262
0.013319672
0.013319672
0.013319672
0.013319672
0.013319672
0.012295082
0.012295082
0.012295082
0.012295082
0.012295082
0.012295082
0.011270492
0.011270492
0.011270492
0.011270492
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.010245902
0.009221311
0.009221311
0.009221311
0.009221311
0.009221311
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.008196721
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
20

-4.175412385
-4.175412385
-4.175412385
-4.244405257
-4.244405257
-4.244405257
-4.244405257
-4.318513229
-4.318513229
-4.318513229
-4.318513229
-4.318513229
-4.398555937
-4.398555937
-4.398555937
-4.398555937
-4.398555937
-4.398555937
-4.485567314
-4.485567314
-4.485567314
-4.485567314
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.580877493
-4.686238009
-4.686238009
-4.686238009
-4.686238009
-4.686238009
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.804021045
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437

576
579
582
585
588
591
594
597
600
603
606
609
612
615
618
621
624
627
630

22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.5
22.5
22.5

0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.007172131
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.006147541
0.005122951
0.005122951
0.005122951

-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-4.937552437
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.091703117
-5.274024674
-5.274024674
-5.274024674

TABLA N6.- Temperatura de la barra de aluminio a intervalos de 3 segundos

enfriada al en agua en reposo
t(s)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57

BARRA DE ALUMINIO
T (C)
t(s)
T (C)
t(s)
124.2
159
29.8
123.4
162
29.7
120.1
165
29.3
116.4
168
29.1
112.1
171
28.9
107.3
174
28.6
102.5
177
28.3
99.7
180
28.1
99.4
183
27.8
90.2
186
27.7
86
189
27.4
82
192
27.2
78.2
195
27
74.8
198
26.9
71.5
201
26.7
68.4
204
26.6
65.6
207
26.5
63
210
26.3
60.5
213
26.2
58.2
216
26.1
21

318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342
345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375

T (C)
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.1
23.1
23.1
23
23
23
23
23
23
22.8

60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
153
156

56.2
54.2
52.4
50.8
49.3
47.8
46.5
45.3
44.2
43.1
42.1
41.2
40.3
39.6
38.7
38
37.4
36.5
36.1
35.5
35
34.4
33.9
33.4
33
32.6
32.1
31.8
31.4
31.1
30.7
30.4
30.1

219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297
300
303
306
309
312
315

25.9
25.8
25.7
25.6
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.2
25.2
25.1
25
24.9
24.8
24.7
24.6
24.6
24.6
24.4
24.4
24.3
24.2
24.1
24
24
23.9
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6
23.6

378
381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471

22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.8
22.7
22.7
22.7
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.5
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4
22.4

TABLA N7.- Datos del aluminio para grfica de Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo

enfriada al en agua en reposo

t(s)

BARRA DE ALUMINIO
(T-T)/(ToT (C)
T)
Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
0
124.2
1
0
0.99217221
3
123.4
1
-0.007858587
0.95988258
6
120.1
3
-0.040944311
22

116.4

12

112.1

15

107.3

18

102.5

21

99.7

24

99.4

27

90.2

30

86

33

82

36

78.2

39

74.8

42

71.5

45

68.4

48

65.6

51

63

54

60.5

57

58.2

60

56.2

63

54.2

66

52.4

69

50.8

72

49.3

75

47.8

78

46.5

81

45.3

84
87

44.2
43.1

0.92367906
1
0.88160469
7
0.83463796
5
0.78767123
3
0.76027397
3
0.75733855
2
0.66731898
2
0.62622309
2
0.58708414
9
0.54990215
3
0.51663405
1
0.48434442
3
0.45401174
2
0.42661448
1
0.40117416
8
0.37671232
9
0.35420743
6
0.33463796
5
0.31506849
3
0.29745596
9
0.28180039
1
0.26712328
8
0.25244618
4
0.23972602
7
0.22798434
4
0.21722113
5
0.20645792
23

-0.079390605
-0.126011513
-0.180757223
-0.238674493
-0.27407642
-0.277944897
-0.404487113
-0.468048594
-0.532587116
-0.598014921
-0.660420487
-0.724959008
-0.789632219
-0.851874527
-0.913359611
-0.976273436
-1.037872559
-1.094706034
-1.154965225
-1.212489069
-1.266556291
-1.320044976
-1.376557186
-1.42825856
-1.478478317
-1.526839389
-1.577658637

90

42.1

93

41.2

96
99

40.3
39.6

102

38.7

105

38

108

37.4

111

36.5

114

36.1

117

35.5

120

35

123

34.4

126

33.9

129

33.4

132
135

33
32.6

138

32.1

141

31.8

144

31.4

147

31.1

150

30.7

153
156

30.4
30.1

159

29.8

162

29.7

165

29.3

168
171

29.1
28.9

6
0.19667319
0.18786692
8
0.17906066
5
0.17221135
0.16340508
8
0.15655577
3
0.15068493
2
0.14187866
9
0.13796477
5
0.13209393
3
0.12720156
6
0.12133072
4
0.11643835
6
0.11154598
8
0.10763209
4
0.1037182
0.09882583
2
0.09589041
1
0.09197651
7
0.08904109
6
0.08512720
2
0.08219178
1
0.07925636
0.07632093
9
0.07534246
6
0.07142857
1
0.06947162
4
0.06751467
24

-1.626211863
-1.672021399
-1.720030618
-1.759032776
-1.811522958
-1.854342956
-1.892564168
-1.952783028
-1.98075688
-2.024241992
-2.06198232
-2.109235205
-2.150393278
-2.193318322
-2.229036405
-2.266077677
-2.314396254
-2.344549292
-2.386221988
-2.418657264
-2.463608652
-2.498699972
-2.535067616
-2.572807944
-2.585711349
-2.63905733
-2.666836894
-2.695410266

174

28.6

177

28.3

180

28.1

183

27.8

186

27.7

189

27.4

192

27.2

195

27

198

26.9

201

26.7

204

26.6

207

26.5

210
213

26.3
26.2

216
219

26.1
25.9

222

25.8

225

25.7

228

25.6

231

25.5

234

25.4

237

25.3

240

25.2

243

25.2

246

25.1

249
252

25
24.9

7
0.06457925
6
0.06164383
6
0.05968688
8
0.05675146
8
0.05577299
4
0.05283757
3
0.05088062
6
0.04892367
9
0.04794520
5
0.04598825
8
0.04500978
5
0.04403131
1
0.04207436
4
0.04109589
0.04011741
7
0.03816047
0.03718199
6
0.03620352
3
0.03522504
9
0.03424657
5
0.03326810
2
0.03228962
8
0.03131115
5
0.03131115
5
0.03033268
1
0.02935420
7
0.02837573
25

-2.739862029
-2.786382044
-2.818642907
-2.86907376
-2.886465503
-2.940532724
-2.978273052
-3.017493765
-3.037696473
-3.079369169
-3.100875374
-3.122854281
-3.168316655
-3.191847152
-3.215944704
-3.265955125
-3.291930611
-3.318598858
-3.345997832
-3.374168709
-3.403156246
-3.433009209
-3.463780868
-3.463780868
-3.495529566
-3.528319389
-3.562220941

255

24.8

258

24.7

261

24.6

264

24.6

267

24.6

270

24.4

273

24.4

276

24.3

279

24.2

282

24.1

285

24

288

24

291

23.9

294

23.8

297

23.7

300

23.7

303

23.6

306

23.6

309

23.6

312

23.6

315

23.6

318

23.5

321
324
327

23.5
23.4
23.4

330

23.3

333

23.3

4
0.02739726
0.02641878
7
0.02544031
3
0.02544031
3
0.02544031
3
0.02348336
6
0.02348336
6
0.02250489
2
0.02152641
9
0.02054794
5
0.01956947
2
0.01956947
2
0.01859099
8
0.01761252
4
0.01663405
1
0.01663405
1
0.01565557
7
0.01565557
7
0.01565557
7
0.01565557
7
0.01565557
7
0.01467710
4
0.01467710
4
0.01369863
0.01369863
0.01272015
7
0.01272015
7
26

-3.597312261
-3.633679905
-3.671420233
-3.671420233
-3.671420233
-3.75146294
-3.75146294
-3.794022555
-3.838474317
-3.884994333
-3.933784497
-3.933784497
-3.985077792
-4.039145013
-4.096303427
-4.096303427
-4.156928049
-4.156928049
-4.156928049
-4.156928049
-4.156928049
-4.22146657
-4.22146657
-4.290459441
-4.290459441
-4.364567413
-4.364567413

336

23.3

339

23.2

342

23.2

345

23.2

348

23.1

351

23.1

354

23.1

357

23

360

23

363

23

366

23

369

23

372

23

375

22.8

378

22.8

381

22.8

384

22.8

387

22.8

390

22.8

393

22.8

396

22.8

399

22.8

402

22.8

405

22.7

408

22.7

411
414

22.7
22.6

0.01272015
7
0.01174168
3
0.01174168
3
0.01174168
3
0.01076320
9
0.01076320
9
0.01076320
9
0.00978473
6
0.00978473
6
0.00978473
6
0.00978473
6
0.00978473
6
0.00978473
6
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00782778
9
0.00684931
5
0.00684931
5
0.00684931
5
0.00587084
27

-4.364567413
-4.444610121
-4.444610121
-4.444610121
-4.531621498
-4.531621498
-4.531621498
-4.626931678
-4.626931678
-4.626931678
-4.626931678
-4.626931678
-4.626931678
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.850075229
-4.983606622
-4.983606622
-4.983606622
-5.137757302

417

22.6

420

22.6

423

22.6

426

22.6

429

22.5

432

22.5

435

22.5

438

22.5

441

22.5

444

22.5

447

22.5

450

22.4

453

22.4

456

22.4

459

22.4

462

22.4

465

22.4

468

22.4

471

22.4

1
0.00587084
1
0.00587084
1
0.00587084
1
0.00587084
1
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00489236
8
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4
0.00391389
4

-5.137757302
-5.137757302
-5.137757302
-5.137757302
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.320078858
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241
-5.54322241

TABLA N8.- Temperatura de la barra de acero a intervalos de 3 segundos

enfriada al en agua en reposo

t(s)
0
3
6
9
12

T (C)
125.5
123
122.6
121.9
120.8

BARRA DE ACERO
t(s)
T (C)
t(s)
198
38.3
201
37.9
204
37.5
207
37.2
210
36.8
28

396
399
402
405
408

T (C)
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1
26.1

15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150

119.2
117.4
115.1
112.8
110.3
107.6
105
102.4
99.7
96.2
94.5
92.1
89.7
87.3
85.1
82.2
80.1
78.9
77
75.3
73.5
71.8
70.2
68.2
67.2
65.8
64.5
63.2
62
61.1
59.6
58.4
57.4
56.3
55.4
54.4
53.2
52.6
51.7
50.9
50.2
49.4
48.7
48
47.3
46

213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297
300
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342
345
348
29

36.4
36.1
35.8
35.5
35.2
34.9
34.6
34.3
34
33.7
33.5
33.2
33
32.7
32.5
33.2
33
32.7
32.5
32.2
32
31.8
31.6
31.5
31.3
31.1
30.9
30.7
30.5
30.4
30.2
30.1
29.9
29.6
29.5
29.4
29.2
29
28.9
28.8
28.6
28.5
28.4
28.2
28.1
28

411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
483
486
489
492
495
498
501
504
507
510
513
516
519
522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546

26
25.9
25.9
25.7
25.6
25.6
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.2
25.2
25.1
25.1
25
25
24.9
24.8
24.8
24.8
24.7
24.6
24.6
24.5
24.5
24.4
24.3
24.3
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.1
24.1
24
24
23.9
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.6
23.6
23.5

153
156
159
162
165
168
171
174
177
180
183
186
189
192
195

46
45.3
44.7
44.1
43.5
43
42.2
41.7
41.4
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.6
39.1
38.7

351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393

27.9
27.6
27.6
27.5
27.4
27.3
27.2
27.1
27
26.9
26.8
26.7
26.6
26.5
26.4

549
552
555
558
561
564
567
570
573
576
579
582
585

23.5
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2

TABLA N9.- Datos del acero para grfica de Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo

enfriada al en agua en reposo

t(s)

BARRA DE ACERO
(T-T)/(ToLn[(T-T)/(ToT (C)
T)
T)]
0
125.5
1
0
3
123 0.975609756
-0.024692613
6
122.6 0.971707317
-0.028700634
9
121.9 0.964878049
-0.03575356
12
120.8 0.954146341
-0.046938222
15
119.2 0.938536585
-0.063433441
18
117.4 0.92097561
-0.082321725
21
115.1 0.898536585
-0.106987855
24
112.8 0.876097561
-0.132277823
27
110.3 0.851707317
-0.160512336
30
107.6 0.825365854
-0.191928532
33
105
0.8
-0.223143551
36
102.4 0.774634146
-0.25536443
39
99.7 0.748292683
-0.28996109
42
96.2 0.714146341
-0.336667378
45
94.5 0.697560976
-0.360165349
48
92.1 0.674146341
-0.394308068
51
89.7 0.650731707
-0.429657846
54
87.3 0.627317073
-0.466303167
57
85.1 0.605853659
-0.50111681
60
82.2 0.577560976
-0.548941257
63
80.1 0.557073171
-0.585058682
66
78.9 0.545365854
-0.606298418
30

69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
153
156
159
162
165
168
171
174
177
180
183
186
189
192
195
198
201
204

77
75.3
73.5
71.8
70.2
68.2
67.2
65.8
64.5
63.2
62
61.1
59.6
58.4
57.4
56.3
55.4
54.4
53.2
52.6
51.7
50.9
50.2
49.4
48.7
48
47.3
46
46
45.3
44.7
44.1
43.5
43
42.2
41.7
41.4
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.6
39.1
38.7
38.3
37.9
37.5

0.526829268
0.510243902
0.492682927
0.476097561
0.460487805
0.44097561
0.431219512
0.417560976
0.404878049
0.392195122
0.380487805
0.371707317
0.357073171
0.345365854
0.335609756
0.324878049
0.316097561
0.306341463
0.294634146
0.288780488
0.28
0.272195122
0.265365854
0.257560976
0.250731707
0.243902439
0.237073171
0.224390244
0.224390244
0.217560976
0.211707317
0.205853659
0.2
0.195121951
0.187317073
0.182439024
0.179512195
0.174634146
0.170731707
0.166829268
0.16195122
0.157073171
0.153170732
0.149268293
0.145365854
0.141463415
31

-0.640878752
-0.672866428
-0.707889462
-0.742132486
-0.775468906
-0.818765712
-0.841138009
-0.873324696
-0.904169371
-0.935995803
-0.966301152
-0.989648516
-1.029814558
-1.063150978
-1.091806234
-1.124305402
-1.151704376
-1.183054906
-1.222020874
-1.242088437
-1.272965676
-1.30123611
-1.326645825
-1.356498788
-1.383371807
-1.410986974
-1.439386448
-1.494368583
-1.494368583
-1.52527612
-1.552550538
-1.580589758
-1.609437912
-1.634130525
-1.67495252
-1.701339275
-1.717512134
-1.745062086
-1.767661918
-1.790784335
-1.820460103
-1.851043527
-1.876202086
-1.90200997
-1.928501586
-1.955714149

207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297
300
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342

37.2
36.8
36.4
36.1
35.8
35.5
35.2
34.9
34.6
34.3
34
33.7
33.5
33.2
33
32.7
32.5
33.2
33
32.7
32.5
32.2
32
31.8
31.6
31.5
31.3
31.1
30.9
30.7
30.5
30.4
30.2
30.1
29.9
29.6
29.5
29.4
29.2
29
28.9
28.8
28.6
28.5
28.4
28.2

0.138536585
0.134634146
0.130731707
0.127804878
0.124878049
0.12195122
0.11902439
0.116097561
0.113170732
0.110243902
0.107317073
0.104390244
0.102439024
0.099512195
0.097560976
0.094634146
0.092682927
0.099512195
0.097560976
0.094634146
0.092682927
0.089756098
0.087804878
0.085853659
0.083902439
0.082926829
0.08097561
0.07902439
0.077073171
0.075121951
0.073170732
0.072195122
0.070243902
0.069268293
0.067317073
0.064390244
0.063414634
0.062439024
0.060487805
0.058536585
0.057560976
0.056585366
0.054634146
0.053658537
0.052682927
0.050731707
32

-1.976620834
-2.005194206
-2.034608092
-2.057250568
-2.080417628
-2.104134154
-2.128426847
-2.153324398
-2.1788577
-2.205060073
-2.231967526
-2.259619057
-2.278487541
-2.307475078
-2.327277706
-2.357736913
-2.378571
-2.307475078
-2.327277706
-2.357736913
-2.378571
-2.410659315
-2.432638221
-2.455111077
-2.478100595
-2.489796635
-2.513607284
-2.537998737
-2.563000039
-2.58864247
-2.614959778
-2.628382798
-2.655781773
-2.669768015
-2.698341387
-2.74279315
-2.758060622
-2.773564808
-2.805313507
-2.838103329
-2.854910448
-2.872004881
-2.907096201
-2.925114706
-2.943463845
-2.981204173

345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480

28.1
28
27.9
27.6
27.6
27.5
27.4
27.3
27.2
27.1
27
26.9
26.8
26.7
26.6
26.5
26.4
26.4
26.3
26.2
26.1
26.1
26
25.9
25.9
25.7
25.6
25.6
25.5
25.4
25.3
25.2
25.2
25.1
25.1
25
25
24.9
24.8
24.8
24.8
24.7
24.6
24.6
24.5
24.5

0.049756098
0.048780488
0.047804878
0.044878049
0.044878049
0.043902439
0.042926829
0.04195122
0.04097561
0.04
0.03902439
0.03804878
0.037073171
0.036097561
0.035121951
0.034146341
0.033170732
0.033170732
0.032195122
0.031219512
0.030243902
0.030243902
0.029268293
0.028292683
0.028292683
0.026341463
0.025365854
0.025365854
0.024390244
0.023414634
0.022439024
0.021463415
0.021463415
0.020487805
0.020487805
0.019512195
0.019512195
0.018536585
0.017560976
0.017560976
0.017560976
0.016585366
0.015609756
0.015609756
0.014634146
0.014634146
33

-3.000622259
-3.020424886
-3.040627593
-3.103806495
-3.103806495
-3.125785402
-3.148258258
-3.171247776
-3.194778273
-3.218875825
-3.243568437
-3.268886245
-3.294861732
-3.321529979
-3.348928953
-3.37709983
-3.406087367
-3.406087367
-3.43594033
-3.466711989
-3.498460687
-3.498460687
-3.53125051
-3.565152062
-3.565152062
-3.636611026
-3.674351354
-3.674351354
-3.713572067
-3.754394061
-3.796953676
-3.841405438
-3.841405438
-3.887925454
-3.887925454
-3.936715618
-3.936715618
-3.988008912
-4.042076134
-4.042076134
-4.042076134
-4.099234548
-4.159859169
-4.159859169
-4.22439769
-4.22439769

483
486
489
492
495
498
501
504
507
510
513
516
519
522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546
549
552
555
558
561
564
567
570
573
576
579
582
585

24.4
24.3
24.3
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.2
24.1
24.1
24
24
23.9
23.9
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.6
23.6
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.4
23.3
23.3
23.3
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2
23.2

0.013658537
0.012682927
0.012682927
0.011707317
0.011707317
0.011707317
0.011707317
0.010731707
0.010731707
0.009756098
0.009756098
0.008780488
0.008780488
0.007804878
0.007804878
0.007804878
0.007804878
0.006829268
0.006829268
0.005853659
0.005853659
0.004878049
0.004878049
0.003902439
0.003902439
0.002926829
0.002926829
0.002926829
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122

-4.293390562
-4.367498534
-4.367498534
-4.447541242
-4.447541242
-4.447541242
-4.447541242
-4.534552619
-4.534552619
-4.629862799
-4.629862799
-4.735223314
-4.735223314
-4.85300635
-4.85300635
-4.85300635
-4.85300635
-4.986537743
-4.986537743
-5.140688422
-5.140688422
-5.323009979
-5.323009979
-5.54615353
-5.54615353
-5.833835603
-5.833835603
-5.833835603
-6.239300711
-6.239300711
-6.239300711
-6.239300711
-6.239300711
-6.239300711
-6.239300711

TABLA N10.- Pendiente halladas de las grficas Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs

tiempo
COBRE
PENDIENTE (Ln
vs t)

-0.0079

34

ALUMINI
O
-0.0114

ACERO
-0.0093

TABLA N11 Coeficientes de conveccin del cobre, aluminio y acero enfriada al

en agua en reposo

COBRE
ALUMINIO
ACERO

COEFICIENTE DE CONVECCION
(w/m2-k)
316.79
319.9
853.13

TABLA N12.- ITERACIONES PARA EL CLCULO DEL K DEL COBRE (AGUA)

t(s)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39

BARRA DEL COBRE

1 Iteracin 2 Iteracin
Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] Fo 1
Fo 2
0
0
0
2.5014098 2.5212765
-0.004106782
6
96
5.0028197 5.0425531
-0.027000602
2
91
7.5042295 7.5638297
-0.054750515
79
87
10.005639 10.085106
-0.137050458
44
38
12.507049 12.606382
-0.142943227
3
98
15.008459 15.127659
-0.186428339
16
57
17.509869 17.648936
-0.231890713
02
17
20.011278 20.170212
-0.278164665
88
77
22.512688 22.691489
-0.332382251
74
36
25.014098 25.212765
-0.362841459
6
96
27.515508 27.734042
-0.417317862
46
55
30.016918 30.255319
-0.46509765
32
15
32.518328 32.776595
-0.527354926
18
74
35

42

-0.571727777

45

-0.618161374

48

-0.664862467

51

-0.709676483

54

-0.756593402

57

-0.801243676

60

-0.862439237

63

-0.891998039

66

-0.935427597

69

-0.978100738

72

-0.991818375

75

-1.060416691

78

-1.099637404

81

-1.140459399

84

-1.179680112

87

-1.217035898

90

-1.255841473

93

-1.663106761

96

-1.342199041

99

-1.37813105

102

-1.402823663

105

-1.436725215

108

-1.471816535

111

-1.508184179

114

-1.545924507

117
120

-1.565342593
-1.620772398
36

35.019738
04
37.521147
9
40.022557
76
42.523967
62
45.025377
48
47.526787
34
50.028197
2
52.529607
06
55.031016
92
57.532426
78
60.033836
64
62.535246
49
65.036656
35
67.538066
21
70.039476
07
72.540885
93
75.042295
79
77.543705
65
80.045115
51
82.546525
37
85.047935
23
87.549345
09
90.050754
95
92.552164
81
95.053574
67
97.554984
53
100.05639

35.297872
34
37.819148
94
40.340425
53
42.861702
13
45.382978
72
47.904255
32
50.425531
91
52.946808
51
55.468085
11
57.989361
7
60.510638
3
63.031914
89
65.553191
49
68.074468
09
70.595744
68
73.117021
28
75.638297
87
78.159574
47
80.680851
06
83.202127
66
85.723404
26
88.244680
85
90.765957
45
93.287234
04
95.808510
64
98.329787
23
100.85106

123

-1.631189158

126

-1.647020624

129

-1.657715913

132

-1.707312854

135

-1.74179903

138

-1.771474798

141

-1.802058221

144

-1.833606579

147

-1.86618275

150

-1.899855965

153

-1.927635529

156

-1.956208901

159

-1.985622786

162

-2.015928136

165

-2.047180679

168

-2.079441542

171

-2.112777962

174

-2.147264138

177

-2.173932385

180

-2.210633752

183

-2.248733598

186

-2.2782924

189

-2.298495108

192

-2.319114395

195

-2.350863093

198

-2.37260308
37

44
102.55780
43
105.05921
41
107.56062
4
110.06203
38
112.56344
37
115.06485
36
117.56626
34
120.06767
33
122.56908
31
125.07049
3
127.57190
28
130.07331
27
132.57472
26
135.07613
24
137.57754
23
140.07895
21
142.58036
2
145.08177
19
147.58318
17
150.08459
16
152.58600
14
155.08741
13
157.58882
12
160.09023
1
162.59164
09
165.09305
07

38
103.37234
04
105.89361
7
108.41489
36
110.93617
02
113.45744
68
115.97872
34
118.5
121.02127
66
123.54255
32
126.06382
98
128.58510
64
131.10638
3
133.62765
96
136.14893
62
138.67021
28
141.19148
94
143.71276
6
146.23404
26
148.75531
91
151.27659
57
153.79787
23
156.31914
89
158.84042
55
161.36170
21
163.88297
87
166.40425
53

210

167.59446
06
170.09587
-2.42911529
05
172.59728
-2.452645788
03
175.09869
-2.476743339
02

213

-2.501435952

216

-2.52675376

219

-2.552729246

222

-2.565974473

225

-2.606796467

228

-2.620782709

231

-2.649356082

234

-2.663954881

237

-2.693807844

240

-2.724579503

243

-2.756328201

246

-2.789118024

249

-2.823019576

252

-2.858110896

255

-2.876129401

258

-2.89447854

261

-2.913170673

264

-2.932218868

267

-2.951636954

270

-2.971439581

273

-2.991642288

276
279

-3.012261576
-3.033314985

201
204
207

-2.394826217

38

177.6001
180.10150
99
182.60291
98
185.10432
96
187.60573
95
190.10714
93
192.60855
92
195.10996
91
197.61137
89
200.11278
88
202.61419
86
205.11560
85
207.61701
84
210.11842
82
212.61983
81
215.12124
79
217.62265
78
220.12406
77
222.62547
75
225.12688
74
227.62829
72
230.12970
71
232.63111

168.92553
19
171.44680
85
173.96808
51
176.48936
17
179.01063
83
181.53191
49
184.05319
15
186.57446
81
189.09574
47
191.61702
13
194.13829
79
196.65957
45
199.18085
11
201.70212
77
204.22340
43
206.74468
09
209.26595
74
211.78723
4
214.30851
06
216.82978
72
219.35106
38
221.87234
04
224.39361
7
226.91489
36
229.43617
02
231.95744
68
234.47872

282

-3.05482119

285

-3.076800097

288

-3.099272952

291

-3.122262471

294

-3.145792968

297

-3.16989052

300

-3.194583132

303

-3.21990094

306

-3.245876427

309

-3.272544674

312

-3.272544674

315

-3.299943648

318

-3.299943648

321

-3.328114525

324

-3.357102062

327

-3.386955025

330

-3.417726684

333

-3.449475382

336

-3.482265205

339

-3.482265205

342

-3.516166756

345

-3.551258076

348

-3.625366048

351

-3.625366048

354

-3.705408756

357

-3.705408756
39

7
235.13252
68
237.63393
67
240.13534
65
242.63675
64
245.13816
63
247.63957
61
250.14098
6
252.64239
58
255.14380
57
257.64521
56
260.14662
54
262.64803
53
265.14944
51
267.65085
5
270.15226
49
272.65367
47
275.15508
46
277.65649
44
280.15790
43
282.65931
42
285.16072
4
287.66213
39
290.16354
37
292.66495
36
295.16636
35
297.66777
33

34
237
239.52127
66
242.04255
32
244.56382
98
247.08510
64
249.60638
3
252.12765
96
254.64893
62
257.17021
28
259.69148
94
262.21276
6
264.73404
26
267.25531
91
269.77659
57
272.29787
23
274.81914
89
277.34042
55
279.86170
21
282.38297
87
284.90425
53
287.42553
19
289.94680
85
292.46808
51
294.98936
17
297.51063
83
300.03191
49

300.16918
32
302.67059
3
305.17200
29
307.67341
28
310.17482
26
312.67623
25
315.17764
23
317.67905
22
320.18046
21
322.68187
19
325.18328
18
327.68469
16
330.18610
15
332.68751
14
335.18892
12
337.69033
11
340.19174
09
342.69315
08
345.19456
07
347.69597
05
350.19738
04
352.69879
02
355.20020
01

360

-3.705408756

363

-3.705408756

366

-3.74796837

369

-3.74796837

372

-3.792420133

375

-3.792420133

378

-3.838940149

381

-3.838940149

384

-3.887730313

387

-3.887730313

390

-3.939023607

393

-3.993090829

396

-3.993090829

399

-3.993090829

402

-3.993090829

405

-3.993090829

408

-3.993090829

411

-3.993090829

414

-4.110873864

417

-4.110873864

420

-4.110873864

423

-4.110873864

426

-4.110873864

429

-4.110873864 357.70161
360.20301
-4.110873864
98
362.70442
-4.175412385
97
-4.175412385 365.20583

432
435
438

40

302.55319
15
305.07446
81
307.59574
47
310.11702
13
312.63829
79
315.15957
45
317.68085
11
320.20212
77
322.72340
43
325.24468
09
327.76595
74
330.28723
4
332.80851
06
335.32978
72
337.85106
38
340.37234
04
342.89361
7
345.41489
36
347.93617
02
350.45744
68
352.97872
34
355.5
358.02127
66
360.54255
32
363.06382
98
365.58510
64
368.10638

441

-4.175412385

444

-4.175412385

447

-4.244405257

450

-4.244405257

453

-4.244405257

456

-4.244405257

459

-4.318513229

462

-4.318513229

465

-4.318513229

468

-4.318513229

471

-4.318513229

474

-4.398555937

477

-4.398555937

480

-4.398555937

483

-4.398555937

486

-4.398555937

489

-4.398555937

492

-4.485567314

495

-4.485567314

498

-4.485567314

501

-4.485567314

504

-4.580877493

507

-4.580877493

510

-4.580877493

513

-4.580877493

516

-4.580877493
41

95
367.70724
94
370.20865
92
372.71006
91
375.21147
9
377.71288
88
380.21429
87
382.71570
85
385.21711
84
387.71852
83
390.21993
81
392.72134
8
395.22275
78
397.72416
77
400.22557
76
402.72698
74
405.22839
73
407.72980
71
410.23121
7
412.73262
69
415.23403
67
417.73544
66
420.23685
64
422.73826
63
425.23967
62
427.74108
6
430.24249
59

3
370.62765
96
373.14893
62
375.67021
28
378.19148
94
380.71276
6
383.23404
26
385.75531
91
388.27659
57
390.79787
23
393.31914
89
395.84042
55
398.36170
21
400.88297
87
403.40425
53
405.92553
19
408.44680
85
410.96808
51
413.48936
17
416.01063
83
418.53191
49
421.05319
15
423.57446
81
426.09574
47
428.61702
13
431.13829
79
433.65957
45

519

-4.580877493

522

-4.580877493

525

-4.580877493

528

-4.686238009

531

-4.686238009

534

-4.686238009

537

-4.686238009

540

-4.686238009

543

-4.804021045

546

-4.804021045

549

-4.804021045

552

-4.804021045

555

-4.804021045

558

-4.804021045

561

-4.804021045

564

-4.804021045

567

-4.937552437

570

-4.937552437

573

-4.937552437

576

-4.937552437

579

-4.937552437

582

-4.937552437

585

-4.937552437

588

-4.937552437

591

-4.937552437

594
597

-4.937552437
-4.937552437
42

432.74390
57
435.24531
56
437.74672
55
440.24813
53
442.74954
52
445.25095
5
447.75236
49
450.25377
48
452.75518
46
455.25659
45
457.75800
43
460.25941
42
462.76082
41
465.26223
39
467.76364
38
470.26505
36
472.76646
35
475.26787
34
477.76928
32
480.27069
31
482.77210
29
485.27351
28
487.77492
27
490.27633
25
492.77774
24
495.27915
22
497.78056

436.18085
11
438.70212
77
441.22340
43
443.74468
09
446.26595
74
448.78723
4
451.30851
06
453.82978
72
456.35106
38
458.87234
04
461.39361
7
463.91489
36
466.43617
02
468.95744
68
471.47872
34
474
476.52127
66
479.04255
32
481.56382
98
484.08510
64
486.60638
3
489.12765
96
491.64893
62
494.17021
28
496.69148
94
499.21276
6
501.73404

600

-4.937552437

603

-5.091703117

606

-5.091703117

609

-5.091703117

612

-5.091703117

615

-5.091703117

618

-5.091703117

621

-5.091703117

624

-5.274024674

627

-5.274024674

630

-5.274024674

21
500.28197
2
502.78338
18
505.28479
17
507.78620
15
510.28761
14
512.78902
13
515.29043
11
517.79184
1
520.29325
08
522.79466
07
525.29607
06

26
504.25531
91
506.77659
57
509.29787
23
511.81914
89
514.34042
55
516.86170
21
519.38297
87
521.90425
53
524.42553
19
526.94680
85
529.46808
51

TABLA N13.- ITERACIONES PARA EL CLCULO DEL K DEL ALUMINIO (AGUA)

t(s)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18

BARRA DE ALUMINIO
1
Iteraci
n
Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
Fo 1
0
0
2.176993
-0.007858587
65
4.353987
-0.040944311
31
6.530980
-0.079390605
96
8.707974
-0.126011513
61
10.88496
-0.180757223
83
13.06196
-0.238674493
19
43

2
Iteraci
n
Fo 2
0
2.178343
95
4.356687
9
6.535031
85
8.713375
8
10.89171
97
13.07006
37

21

-0.27407642

24

-0.277944897

27

-0.404487113

30

-0.468048594

33

-0.532587116

36

-0.598014921

39

-0.660420487

42

-0.724959008

45

-0.789632219

48

-0.851874527

51

-0.913359611

54

-0.976273436

57

-1.037872559

60

-1.094706034

63

-1.154965225

66

-1.212489069

69

-1.266556291

72

-1.320044976

75

-1.376557186

78

-1.42825856

81

-1.478478317

84

-1.526839389

87

-1.577658637

90

-1.626211863

93

-1.672021399

96
99

-1.720030618
-1.759032776
44

15.23895
56
17.41594
92
19.59294
29
21.76993
65
23.94693
02
26.12392
38
28.30091
75
30.47791
12
32.65490
48
34.83189
85
37.00889
21
39.18588
58
41.36287
94
43.53987
31
45.71686
67
47.89386
04
50.07085
4
52.24784
77
54.42484
13
56.60183
5
58.77882
87
60.95582
23
63.13281
6
65.30980
96
67.48680
33
69.66379
69
71.84079

15.24840
76
17.42675
16
19.60509
55
21.78343
95
23.96178
34
26.14012
74
28.31847
13
30.49681
53
32.67515
92
34.85350
32
37.03184
71
39.21019
11
41.38853
5
43.56687
9
45.74522
29
47.92356
69
50.10191
08
52.28025
48
54.45859
87
56.63694
27
58.81528
66
60.99363
06
63.17197
45
65.35031
85
67.52866
24
69.70700
64
71.88535

102

-1.811522958

105

-1.854342956

108

-1.892564168

111

-1.952783028

114

-1.98075688

117

-2.024241992

120

-2.06198232

123

-2.109235205

126

-2.150393278

129

-2.193318322

132

-2.229036405

135

-2.266077677

138

-2.314396254

141

-2.344549292

144

-2.386221988

147

-2.418657264

150

-2.463608652

153

-2.498699972

156

-2.535067616

159

-2.572807944

162

-2.585711349

165

-2.63905733

168

-2.666836894

171

-2.695410266

174

-2.739862029

177

-2.786382044
45

06
74.01778
42
76.19477
79
78.37177
15
80.54876
52
82.72575
88
84.90275
25
87.07974
61
89.25673
98
91.43373
35
93.61072
71
95.78772
08
97.96471
44
100.1417
08
102.3187
02
104.4956
95
106.6726
89
108.8496
83
111.0266
76
113.2036
7
115.3806
64
117.5576
57
119.7346
51
121.9116
45
124.0886
38
126.2656
32
128.4426
26

03
74.06369
43
76.24203
82
78.42038
22
80.59872
61
82.77707
01
84.95541
4
87.13375
8
89.31210
19
91.49044
59
93.66878
98
95.84713
38
98.02547
77
100.2038
22
102.3821
66
104.5605
1
106.7388
54
108.9171
97
111.0955
41
113.2738
85
115.4522
29
117.6305
73
119.8089
17
121.9872
61
124.1656
05
126.3439
49
128.5222
93

180
183
186
189
192
195
198
201
204
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258

130.6196 130.7006
19
37
132.7966 132.8789
-2.86907376
13
81
134.9736 135.0573
-2.886465503
07
25
137.2356
-2.940532724 137.1506
69
139.3275 139.4140
-2.978273052
94
13
141.5045 141.5923
-3.017493765
87
57
143.6815 143.7707
-3.037696473
81
01
145.8585 145.9490
-3.079369169
75
45
148.0355 148.1273
-3.100875374
68
89
150.2125 150.3057
-3.122854281
62
32
152.3895 152.4840
-3.168316655
56
76
154.5665 154.6624
-3.191847152
49
2
156.7435 156.8407
-3.215944704
43
64
158.9205 159.0191
-3.265955125
37
08
161.0975 161.1974
-3.291930611
3
52
163.2745 163.3757
-3.318598858
24
96
165.4515 165.5541
-3.345997832
18
4
167.6285 167.7324
-3.374168709
11
84
169.8055 169.9108
-3.403156246
05
28
171.9824 172.0891
-3.433009209
99
72
174.1594 174.2675
-3.463780868
92
16
176.3364 176.4458
-3.463780868
86
6
178.5134 178.6242
-3.495529566
8
04
180.6904 180.8025
-3.528319389
73
48
182.8674 182.9808
-3.562220941
67
92
185.0444 185.1592
-3.597312261
61
36
-3.633679905 187.2214 187.3375
-2.818642907

46

261

-3.671420233

264

-3.671420233

267

-3.671420233

270

-3.75146294

273

-3.75146294

276

-3.794022555

279

-3.838474317

282

-3.884994333

285

-3.933784497

288

-3.933784497

291

-3.985077792

294

-4.039145013

297

-4.096303427

300

-4.096303427

303

-4.156928049

306

-4.156928049

309

-4.156928049

312

-4.156928049

315

-4.156928049

318

-4.22146657

321

-4.22146657

324

-4.290459441

327

-4.290459441

330

-4.364567413

333

-4.364567413

336

-4.364567413
47

54
189.3984
48
191.5754
42
193.7524
35
195.9294
29
198.1064
22
200.2834
16
202.4604
1
204.6374
03
206.8143
97
208.9913
91
211.1683
84
213.3453
78
215.5223
72
217.6993
65
219.8763
59
222.0533
53
224.2303
46
226.4073
4
228.5843
34
230.7613
27
232.9383
21
235.1153
15
237.2923
08
239.4693
02
241.6462
96
243.8232
89

8
189.5159
24
191.6942
68
193.8726
11
196.0509
55
198.2292
99
200.4076
43
202.5859
87
204.7643
31
206.9426
75
209.1210
19
211.2993
63
213.4777
07
215.6560
51
217.8343
95
220.0127
39
222.1910
83
224.3694
27
226.5477
71
228.7261
15
230.9044
59
233.0828
03
235.2611
46
237.4394
9
239.6178
34
241.7961
78
243.9745
22

246.0002
83
248.1772
77
250.3542
7
252.5312
64
254.7082
57
256.8852
51
259.0622
45
261.2392
38
263.4162
32
265.5932
26
267.7702
19
269.9472
13
272.1242
07

339

-4.444610121

342

-4.444610121

345

-4.444610121

348

-4.531621498

351

-4.531621498

354

-4.531621498

357

-4.626931678

360

-4.626931678

363

-4.626931678

366

-4.626931678

369

-4.626931678

372

-4.626931678

375

-4.850075229

378

-4.850075229 274.3012
276.4781
-4.850075229
94
278.6551
-4.850075229
88
280.8321
-4.850075229
81
283.0091
-4.850075229
75
285.1861
-4.850075229
69
287.3631
-4.850075229
62
289.5401
-4.850075229
56
291.7171
-4.850075229
5
293.8941
-4.983606622
43
296.0711
-4.983606622
37
298.2481
-4.983606622
31
300.4251
-5.137757302
24
-5.137757302 302.6021

381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417

48

246.1528
66
248.3312
1
250.5095
54
252.6878
98
254.8662
42
257.0445
86
259.2229
3
261.4012
74
263.5796
18
265.7579
62
267.9363
06
270.1146
5
272.2929
94
274.4713
38
276.6496
82
278.8280
25
281.0063
69
283.1847
13
285.3630
57
287.5414
01
289.7197
45
291.8980
89
294.0764
33
296.2547
77
298.4331
21
300.6114
65
302.7898

420

-5.137757302

423

-5.137757302

426

-5.137757302

429

-5.320078858

432

-5.320078858

435

-5.320078858

438

-5.320078858

441

-5.320078858

444

-5.320078858

447

-5.320078858

450

-5.54322241

453

-5.54322241

456

-5.54322241

459

-5.54322241

462

-5.54322241

465

-5.54322241

468

-5.54322241

471

-5.54322241

18
304.7791
12
306.9561
05
309.1330
99
311.3100
92
313.4870
86
315.6640
8
317.8410
73
320.0180
67
322.1950
61
324.3720
54
326.5490
48
328.7260
42
330.9030
35
333.0800
29
335.2570
23
337.4340
16
339.6110
1
341.7880
04

09
304.9681
53
307.1464
97
309.3248
41
311.5031
85
313.6815
29
315.8598
73
318.0382
17
320.2165
61
322.3949
04
324.5732
48
326.7515
92
328.9299
36
331.1082
8
333.2866
24
335.4649
68
337.6433
12
339.8216
56
342

TABLA N14.- CLCULO DEL K DEL ACERO (AGUA)

BARRA DEL ACERO
t(s)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21

(T-T)/(To-T) Fo
1
0.975609756
0.971707317
0.964878049
0.954146341
0.938536585
0.92097561
0.898536585
49

K
encontrado
0.2

24
27
30

0.876097561
0.851707317
0.825365854
20.8486700
0.3
5

33
36
39
42

0.8
0.774634146
0.748292683
0.714146341

45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69

0.697560976
0.674146341
0.650731707
0.627317073
0.605853659
0.577560976
0.557073171
0.545365854
0.526829268

0.39

19.8757321
1

72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117

0.510243902
0.492682927
0.476097561
0.460487805
0.44097561
0.431219512
0.417560976
0.404878049
0.392195122
0.380487805
0.371707317
0.357073171
0.345365854
0.335609756
0.324878049
0.316097561

0.49

15.6075460
5

120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150

0.306341463
0.294634146
0.288780488
0.28
0.272195122
0.265365854
0.257560976
0.250731707
0.243902439
0.237073171
0.224390244

0.65

50

0.51 12.5764558

12.4223325
7

153
156
159
162

0.224390244
0.217560976
0.211707317
0.205853659

165
168
171
174
177
180
183
186
189
192
195
198
201
204
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285

0.2
0.195121951
0.187317073
0.182439024
0.179512195
0.174634146
0.170731707
0.166829268
0.16195122
0.157073171
0.153170732
0.149268293
0.145365854
0.141463415
0.138536585
0.134634146
0.130731707
0.127804878
0.124878049
0.12195122
0.11902439
0.116097561
0.113170732
0.110243902
0.107317073
0.104390244
0.102439024
0.099512195
0.097560976
0.094634146
0.092682927
0.099512195
0.097560976
0.094634146
0.092682927
0.089756098
0.087804878
0.085853659
0.083902439
0.082926829
0.08097561
51

0.89

12.3702108
9

1.15

10.85332

288
291
294
297
300
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342
345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369

0.07902439
0.077073171
0.075121951
0.073170732
0.072195122
0.070243902
0.069268293
0.067317073
0.064390244
0.063414634
0.062439024
0.060487805
0.058536585
0.057560976
0.056585366
0.054634146
0.053658537
0.052682927
0.050731707
0.049756098
0.048780488
0.047804878
0.044878049
0.044878049
0.043902439
0.042926829
0.04195122
0.04097561

1.35

10.7500954
9

372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393
396
399
402
405

0.04
0.03902439
0.03804878
0.037073171
0.036097561
0.035121951
0.034146341
0.033170732
0.033170732
0.032195122
0.031219512
0.030243902

1.69

10.4187305
4

408
411
414
417

0.030243902
0.029268293
0.028292683
0.028292683

1.85

10.3987851
8

52

420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444

0.026341463
0.025365854
0.025365854
0.024390244
0.023414634
0.022439024
0.021463415
0.021463415
0.020487805

447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474

0.020487805
0.019512195
0.019512195
0.018536585
0.017560976
0.017560976
0.017560976
0.016585366
0.015609756
0.015609756

2.05

10.5176176
6

477
480
483
486
489
492
495
498
501

0.014634146
0.014634146
0.013658537
0.012682927
0.012682927
0.011707317
0.011707317
0.011707317
0.011707317

2.2

10.5773126
9

504
507
510
513
516
519

0.010731707
0.010731707
0.009756098
0.009756098
0.008780488
0.008780488

2.35

10.6932166
8

522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546

0.007804878
0.007804878
0.007804878
0.007804878
0.006829268
0.006829268
0.005853659
0.005853659
0.004878049

2.5

10.9834947
6

53

549
552
555
558
561
564

0.004878049
0.013658537
0.013658537
0.002926829
0.002926829
0.002926829

567
570
573
576
579
582
585

0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122
0.00195122

2.85 11.7133657

12.1341465
9

TABLA N15.- Tabla de resultados de las iteraciones para el cobre

enfriadas en agua en reposo

1ERA
ITERACI
ON
2DA
ITERACI
ON

BARRA DE COBRE
k
Bi
alfa (m2/s)
alfa/
-Bi
asumido
(V/A)^2
exp
(w/mk)
400
0.0094746 0.0001193 0.8338032
57
32
87
0.009
4
403.176
0.0094
0.0001202 0.8404255
8862
8
32
0.009
4

Kexp

%desviaci
n

403.1768
86

0.794221
54

403.1768
86

TABLA N16.- Tabla de resultados de las iteraciones para el aluminio

enfriadas en agua en reposo
BARRA DE ALUMINIO
k
Bi
alfa
alfa/
-Bi
asumido
(m2/s)
(V/A)^2
exp
(w/mk)
1ERA
235
0.0157097 9.66121E- 0.7256645
ITERACIO
38
05
51
0.015
N
7
2DA
235.145
0.0157
9.66721E- 0.7261146
ITERACIO
76
05
5
0.015
N
7
54

Kexp

%desviaci
n

235.145
76

0.062025
69

235.145
76

TABLA N17.- Tabla de resultados para el acero enfriado en agua en

reposo

Biot hallado
0.656251983

BARRA DE ACERO
Ksup (w/mk)
Biot inicial
1/Biot inicial
15

1.42187929
7

0.703294578

K promedio
(w/mk)
12.83

TABLA N18.- Porcentajes de error para el valor de K de cilindros

enfriados en agua en reposo

COBRE
K experimental
(W/mK)
K teorico (W/mK)
Error (%)

ALUMINI
O

403.18
401.6
0.39

235.14
237
0.78

ACERO
12.83
14.808
13.34

CILINDRO DE ACERO EN VENTILADOR

TABLA N19.- Cilindro de Acero en ventilador

Cilindro de Acero en
ventilador
unida
Aspecto
valor
d
masa
kg
2.28
perm.
m
0.158
ext.
L. ext
m
0.15
D int.
m
0.00507
L. int.
m
0.07515
As
m2
0.027673
D ext.
m
0.050293
VC
m3
0.000296
LC
m
0.0107
3

kg/m
7690.53

55

Vaceite

m3

0.0000015
2

TABLA N20.- Propiedades del ventilador

Propiedades del
ventilador
Marca
MIRAY
Serie
VMC-51
Frecuencia
60 Hz
Potencia
220 V
Consumo
50W
Velocidad (de
4.30 m/s
trabajo)

TABLA N21.- Propiedades del acero a 20 C

Datos tericos
T (C)
20.0
T (K)
293.15
Ce (J/kgK)
466.74
K (W/mK)
14.44

TABLA N22.- Datos experimentales

Datos experimentales
0.000947
hAS/mCe (S-1)
6
h exp. (W/m2K)
37.03
Bi
0.026842

TABLA N23.1 iteracin

K asumido
14.78
Bi (pendiente)
0.026842
K nuevo
14.78
(Knuevo Kasumido)/knue
-9.6E-16
vo

TABLA N24.- Temperaturas de la barra de acero a intervalos de 3 segundos

enfriada con el ventilador
56

T
tiempo
(s)

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61

0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
57
60
63
66
69
72
75
78
81
84
87
90
93
96
99
102
105
108
111
114
117
120
123
126
129
132
135
138
141
144
147
150
153
156
159
162
165
168
171
174
177
180
183

20

T (C)

T (K)

(T-T)/
(T0-T)

ln[(T-T)/
(T0-T)]

Fo 1

146.1
146
145.9
145.8
145.8
145.7
145.6
145.5
145.1
144.9
144.7
144.5
144.4
144.2
143.9
143.6
143.4
142.9
142.6
142.4
142.1
141.8
141.4
141.2
140.8
140.5
140.2
139.8
139.4
138.9
138.7
138.4
138
137.7
137.4
137.2
136.6
136.4
135.8
135.5
135.2
134.8
134.5
134.3
133.9
133.6
133.3
133
132.7
132.4
132.1
131.8
131.5
131.2
130.9
130.5
130
129.6
129.2
128.7
128.4
128.1

419.25
419.15
419.05
418.95
418.95
418.85
418.75
418.65
418.25
418.05
417.85
417.65
417.55
417.35
417.05
416.75
416.55
416.05
415.75
415.55
415.25
414.95
414.55
414.35
413.95
413.65
413.35
412.95
412.55
412.05
411.85
411.55
411.15
410.85
410.55
410.35
409.75
409.55
408.95
408.65
408.35
407.95
407.65
407.45
407.05
406.75
406.45
406.15
405.85
405.55
405.25
404.95
404.65
404.35
404.05
403.65
403.15
402.75
402.35
401.85
401.55
401.25

1
0.99921
0.99841
0.99762
0.99762
0.99683
0.99603
0.99524
0.99207
0.99048
0.98890
0.98731
0.98652
0.98493
0.98255
0.98017
0.97859
0.97462
0.97224
0.97066
0.96828
0.96590
0.96273
0.96114
0.95797
0.95559
0.95321
0.95004
0.94687
0.94290
0.94132
0.93894
0.93577
0.93339
0.93101
0.92942
0.92466
0.92308
0.91832
0.91594
0.91356
0.91039
0.90801
0.90642
0.90325
0.90087
0.89849
0.89611
0.89374
0.89136
0.88898
0.88660
0.88422
0.88184
0.87946
0.87629
0.87232
0.86915
0.86598
0.86201
0.85964
0.85726

0
-0.00079
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-0.15402

0
0.10591
0.21182
0.31773
0.42364
0.52955
0.63546
0.74137
0.84728
0.95319
1.05910
1.16501
1.27093
1.37684
1.48275
1.58866
1.69457
1.80048
1.90639
2.01230
2.11821
2.22412
2.33003
2.43594
2.54185
2.64776
2.75367
2.85958
2.96549
3.07140
3.17731
3.28322
3.38913
3.49504
3.60095
3.70687
3.81278
3.91869
4.02460
4.13051
4.23642
4.34233
4.44824
4.55415
4.66006
4.76597
4.87188
4.97779
5.08370
5.18961
5.29552
5.40143
5.50734
5.61325
5.71916
5.82507
5.93098
6.03689
6.14281
6.24872
6.35463
6.46054

57

62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131

186
189
192
195
198
201
204
207
210
213
216
219
222
225
228
231
234
237
240
243
246
249
252
255
258
261
264
267
270
273
276
279
282
285
288
291
294
297
300
303
306
309
312
315
318
321
324
327
330
333
336
339
342
345
348
351
354
357
360
363
366
369
372
375
378
381
384
387
390
393

127.8
127.5
127.2
126.9
126.6
126.3
126
125.7
125.3
125
124.8
124.5
124.3
123.9
123.6
123.2
122.8
122.5
122.2
121.9
121.6
121.4
121.1
120.6
120.3
119.9
119.6
119.4
119.1
118.8
118.6
118.3
118
117.7
117.5
117.2
116.9
116.6
116.3
116.1
115.8
115.5
115.2
115
114.7
114.2
113.9
113.7
113.5
113
112.9
112.6
112.4
112.1
111.8
111.5
111.2
111
110.7
110.4
110
109.7
109.4
109.2
109
108.6
108.3
108.2
108
107.7

400.95
400.65
400.35
400.05
399.75
399.45
399.15
398.85
398.45
398.15
397.95
397.65
397.45
397.05
396.75
396.35
395.95
395.65
395.35
395.05
394.75
394.55
394.25
393.75
393.45
393.05
392.75
392.55
392.25
391.95
391.75
391.45
391.15
390.85
390.65
390.35
390.05
389.75
389.45
389.25
388.95
388.65
388.35
388.15
387.85
387.35
387.05
386.85
386.65
386.15
386.05
385.75
385.55
385.25
384.95
384.65
384.35
384.15
383.85
383.55
383.15
382.85
382.55
382.35
382.15
381.75
381.45
381.35
381.15
380.85

58

0.85488
0.85250
0.85012
0.84774
0.84536
0.84298
0.84060
0.83822
0.83505
0.83267
0.83109
0.82871
0.82712
0.82395
0.82157
0.81840
0.81523
0.81285
0.81047
0.80809
0.80571
0.80412
0.80174
0.79778
0.79540
0.79223
0.78985
0.78826
0.78588
0.78351
0.78192
0.77954
0.77716
0.77478
0.77320
0.77082
0.76844
0.76606
0.76368
0.76209
0.75971
0.75734
0.75496
0.75337
0.75099
0.74703
0.74465
0.74306
0.74148
0.73751
0.73672
0.73434
0.73275
0.73037
0.72799
0.72561
0.72324
0.72165
0.71927
0.71689
0.71372
0.71134
0.70896
0.70738
0.70579
0.70262
0.70024
0.69944
0.69786
0.69548

-0.15680
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-0.36315

6.56645
6.67236
6.77827
6.88418
6.99009
7.09600
7.20191
7.30782
7.41373
7.51964
7.62555
7.73146
7.83737
7.94328
8.04919
8.15510
8.26101
8.36692
8.47283
8.57874
8.68466
8.79057
8.89648
9.00239
9.10830
9.21421
9.32012
9.42603
9.53194
9.63785
9.74376
9.84967
9.95558
10.06149
10.16740
10.27331
10.37922
10.48513
10.59104
10.69695
10.80286
10.90877
11.01468
11.12060
11.22651
11.33242
11.43833
11.54424
11.65015
11.75606
11.86197
11.96788
12.07379
12.17970
12.28561
12.39152
12.49743
12.60334
12.70925
12.81516
12.92107
13.02698
13.13289
13.23880
13.34471
13.45062
13.55654
13.66245
13.76836
13.87427

132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201

396
399
402
405
408
411
414
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
447
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
483
486
489
492
495
498
501
504
507
510
513
516
519
522
525
528
531
534
537
540
543
546
549
552
555
558
561
564
567
570
573
576
579
582
585
588
591
594
597
600
603

107.4
107.2
107
106.7
106.4
106.1
105.9
105.6
105.4
105.1
105
104.8
104.6
104.3
104.2
103.9
103.6
103.3
103
102.8
102.5
102.3
102
101.8
101.6
101.4
101.1
100.9
100.7
100.3
100
99.8
99.6
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.6
98.2
98
97.7
97.5
97.3
97
96.8
96.5
96.2
96
95.8
95.5
95.2
94.9
94.7
94.5
94.3
94
93.8
93.6
93.4
93.2
93
92.8
92.6
92.4
92.2
92.1
91.9
91.7
91.5
91.3
91.1

380.55
380.35
380.15
379.85
379.55
379.25
379.05
378.75
378.55
378.25
378.15
377.95
377.75
377.45
377.35
377.05
376.75
376.45
376.15
375.95
375.65
375.45
375.15
374.95
374.75
374.55
374.25
374.05
373.85
373.45
373.15
372.95
372.75
372.55
372.35
372.05
371.75
371.35
371.15
370.85
370.65
370.45
370.15
369.95
369.65
369.35
369.15
368.95
368.65
368.35
368.05
367.85
367.65
367.45
367.15
366.95
366.75
366.55
366.35
366.15
365.95
365.75
365.55
365.35
365.25
365.05
364.85
364.65
364.45
364.25

59

0.69310
0.69151
0.68993
0.68755
0.68517
0.68279
0.68121
0.67883
0.67724
0.67486
0.67407
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0.67090
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0.61301
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0.59873
0.59635
0.59397
0.59239
0.59080
0.58921
0.58684
0.58525
0.58366
0.58208
0.58049
0.57891
0.57732
0.57573
0.57415
0.57256
0.57177
0.57018
0.56860
0.56701
0.56542
0.56384

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-0.57018
-0.57299

13.98018
14.08609
14.19200
14.29791
14.40382
14.50973
14.61564
14.72155
14.82746
14.93337
15.03928
15.14519
15.25110
15.35701
15.46292
15.56883
15.67474
15.78065
15.88656
15.99248
16.09839
16.20430
16.31021
16.41612
16.52203
16.62794
16.73385
16.83976
16.94567
17.05158
17.15749
17.26340
17.36931
17.47522
17.58113
17.68704
17.79295
17.89886
18.00477
18.11068
18.21659
18.32250
18.42842
18.53433
18.64024
18.74615
18.85206
18.95797
19.06388
19.16979
19.27570
19.38161
19.48752
19.59343
19.69934
19.80525
19.91116
20.01707
20.12298
20.22889
20.33480
20.44071
20.54662
20.65253
20.75844
20.86436
20.97027
21.07618
21.18209
21.28800

202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271

606
609
612
615
618
621
624
627
630
633
636
639
642
645
648
651
654
657
660
663
666
669
672
675
678
681
684
687
690
693
696
699
702
705
708
711
714
717
720
723
726
729
732
735
738
741
744
747
750
753
756
759
762
765
768
771
774
777
780
783
786
789
792
795
798
801
804
807
810
813

90.9
90.7
90.5
90.3
90.1
89.9
89.7
89.5
89.3
89.1
88.9
88.6
88.5
88.2
88
87.8
87.6
87.5
87.3
87.1
86.9
86.7
86.5
86.3
86.1
85.9
85.7
85.5
85.4
85.2
85
84.8
84.5
84.3
84
83.8
83.6
83.5
83.2
83
82.9
82.7
82.6
82.3
82.2
82
81.8
81.6
81.4
81.2
80.9
80.5
80.3
80.1
79.9
79.8
79.6
79.5
79.4
79.2
79
78.8
78.6
78.4
78.3
78.2
78.1
77.9
77.7
77.5

364.05
363.85
363.65
363.45
363.25
363.05
362.85
362.65
362.45
362.25
362.05
361.75
361.65
361.35
361.15
360.95
360.75
360.65
360.45
360.25
360.05
359.85
359.65
359.45
359.25
359.05
358.85
358.65
358.55
358.35
358.15
357.95
357.65
357.45
357.15
356.95
356.75
356.65
356.35
356.15
356.05
355.85
355.75
355.45
355.35
355.15
354.95
354.75
354.55
354.35
354.05
353.65
353.45
353.25
353.05
352.95
352.75
352.65
352.55
352.35
352.15
351.95
351.75
351.55
351.45
351.35
351.25
351.05
350.85
350.65

60

0.56225
0.56067
0.55908
0.55749
0.55591
0.55432
0.55274
0.55115
0.54956
0.54798
0.54639
0.54401
0.54322
0.54084
0.53925
0.53767
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0.53370
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0.52577
0.52419
0.52260
0.52102
0.51943
0.51864
0.51705
0.51546
0.51388
0.51150
0.50991
0.50753
0.50595
0.50436
0.50357
0.50119
0.49960
0.49881
0.49722
0.49643
0.49405
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0.49167
0.49009
0.48850
0.48692
0.48533
0.48295
0.47978
0.47819
0.47661
0.47502
0.47423
0.47264
0.47185
0.47105
0.46947
0.46788
0.46630
0.46471
0.46312
0.46233
0.46154
0.46075
0.45916
0.45757
0.45599

-0.57580
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-0.78182
-0.78529

21.39391
21.49982
21.60573
21.71164
21.81755
21.92346
22.02937
22.13528
22.24119
22.34710
22.45301
22.55892
22.66483
22.77074
22.87665
22.98256
23.08847
23.19438
23.30029
23.40621
23.51212
23.61803
23.72394
23.82985
23.93576
24.04167
24.14758
24.25349
24.35940
24.46531
24.57122
24.67713
24.78304
24.88895
24.99486
25.10077
25.20668
25.31259
25.41850
25.52441
25.63032
25.73623
25.84215
25.94806
26.05397
26.15988
26.26579
26.37170
26.47761
26.58352
26.68943
26.79534
26.90125
27.00716
27.11307
27.21898
27.32489
27.43080
27.53671
27.64262
27.74853
27.85444
27.96035
28.06626
28.17217
28.27809
28.38400
28.48991
28.59582
28.70173

272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341

816
819
822
825
828
831
834
837
840
843
846
849
852
855
858
861
864
867
870
873
876
879
882
885
888
891
894
897
900
903
906
909
912
915
918
921
924
927
930
933
936
939
942
945
948
951
954
957
960
963
966
969
972
975
978
981
984
987
990
993
996
999
1002
1005
1008
1011
1014
1017
1020
1023

77.3
77.2
77
76.8
76.6
76.4
76.3
76.2
76
75.9
75.8
75.7
75.5
75.4
75.3
75.1
75
74.8
74.6
74.4
74.3
74.2
74
73.8
73.6
73.4
73.3
73.2
73
72.9
72.8
72.6
72.5
72.2
72.1
72
71.8
71.6
71.5
71.3
71.2
71.1
71
70.8
70.6
70.5
70.4
70.3
70.2
70.1
69.9
69.7
69.5
69.3
69.2
69
68.9
68.7
68.5
68.4
68.3
68.1
67.9
67.8
67.7
67.5
67.4
67.2
67.1
67

350.45
350.35
350.15
349.95
349.75
349.55
349.45
349.35
349.15
349.05
348.95
348.85
348.65
348.55
348.45
348.25
348.15
347.95
347.75
347.55
347.45
347.35
347.15
346.95
346.75
346.55
346.45
346.35
346.15
346.05
345.95
345.75
345.65
345.35
345.25
345.15
344.95
344.75
344.65
344.45
344.35
344.25
344.15
343.95
343.75
343.65
343.55
343.45
343.35
343.25
343.05
342.85
342.65
342.45
342.35
342.15
342.05
341.85
341.65
341.55
341.45
341.25
341.05
340.95
340.85
340.65
340.55
340.35
340.25
340.15

61

0.45440
0.45361
0.45202
0.45044
0.44885
0.44726
0.44647
0.44568
0.44409
0.44330
0.44251
0.44171
0.44013
0.43933
0.43854
0.43695
0.43616
0.43458
0.43299
0.43140
0.43061
0.42982
0.42823
0.42665
0.42506
0.42347
0.42268
0.42189
0.42030
0.41951
0.41872
0.41713
0.41634
0.41396
0.41316
0.41237
0.41079
0.40920
0.40841
0.40682
0.40603
0.40523
0.40444
0.40285
0.40127
0.40048
0.39968
0.39889
0.39810
0.39730
0.39572
0.39413
0.39255
0.39096
0.39017
0.38858
0.38779
0.38620
0.38462
0.38382
0.38303
0.38144
0.37986
0.37906
0.37827
0.37669
0.37589
0.37431
0.37351
0.37272

-0.78877
-0.79052
-0.79402
-0.79754
-0.80107
-0.80461
-0.80638
-0.80816
-0.81172
-0.81351
-0.81530
-0.81710
-0.82069
-0.82250
-0.82430
-0.82793
-0.82974
-0.83339
-0.83704
-0.84071
-0.84255
-0.84439
-0.84809
-0.85180
-0.85553
-0.85926
-0.86114
-0.86302
-0.86678
-0.86867
-0.87056
-0.87436
-0.87626
-0.88199
-0.88391
-0.88583
-0.88969
-0.89355
-0.89549
-0.89938
-0.90134
-0.90329
-0.90525
-0.90918
-0.91312
-0.91510
-0.91708
-0.91907
-0.92106
-0.92305
-0.92705
-0.93107
-0.93510
-0.93915
-0.94118
-0.94525
-0.94730
-0.95140
-0.95551
-0.95758
-0.95964
-0.96379
-0.96796
-0.97005
-0.97214
-0.97635
-0.97845
-0.98268
-0.98480
-0.98693

28.80764
28.91355
29.01946
29.12537
29.23128
29.33719
29.44310
29.54901
29.65492
29.76083
29.86674
29.97265
30.07856
30.18447
30.29038
30.39629
30.50220
30.60811
30.71403
30.81994
30.92585
31.03176
31.13767
31.24358
31.34949
31.45540
31.56131
31.66722
31.77313
31.87904
31.98495
32.09086
32.19677
32.30268
32.40859
32.51450
32.62041
32.72632
32.83223
32.93814
33.04405
33.14997
33.25588
33.36179
33.46770
33.57361
33.67952
33.78543
33.89134
33.99725
34.10316
34.20907
34.31498
34.42089
34.52680
34.63271
34.73862
34.84453
34.95044
35.05635
35.16226
35.26817
35.37408
35.47999
35.58591
35.69182
35.79773
35.90364
36.00955
36.11546

342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411

1026
1029
1032
1035
1038
1041
1044
1047
1050
1053
1056
1059
1062
1065
1068
1071
1074
1077
1080
1083
1086
1089
1092
1095
1098
1101
1104
1107
1110
1113
1116
1119
1122
1125
1128
1131
1134
1137
1140
1143
1146
1149
1152
1155
1158
1161
1164
1167
1170
1173
1176
1179
1182
1185
1188
1191
1194
1197
1200
1203
1206
1209
1212
1215
1218
1221
1224
1227
1230
1233

66.9
66.7
66.6
66.5
66.3
66.2
66.1
65.9
65.8
65.7
65.6
65.4
65.2
65.1
65
64.9
64.8
64.6
64.5
64.3
64.2
64.1
63.9
63.7
63.5
63.4
63.3
63.1
63
62.9
62.8
62.6
62.5
62.4
62.3
62.2
62
61.9
61.8
61.7
61.7
61.6
61.5
61.3
61.2
61.1
61
60.9
60.7
60.6
60.5
60.4
60.3
60.2
60.1
60
59.8
59.7
59.6
59.5
59.4
59.3
59.2
59.1
59
58.9
58.8
58.7
58.6
58.5

340.05
339.85
339.75
339.65
339.45
339.35
339.25
339.05
338.95
338.85
338.75
338.55
338.35
338.25
338.15
338.05
337.95
337.75
337.65
337.45
337.35
337.25
337.05
336.85
336.65
336.55
336.45
336.25
336.15
336.05
335.95
335.75
335.65
335.55
335.45
335.35
335.15
335.05
334.95
334.85
334.85
334.75
334.65
334.45
334.35
334.25
334.15
334.05
333.85
333.75
333.65
333.55
333.45
333.35
333.25
333.15
332.95
332.85
332.75
332.65
332.55
332.45
332.35
332.25
332.15
332.05
331.95
331.85
331.75
331.65

62

0.37193
0.37034
0.36955
0.36875
0.36717
0.36638
0.36558
0.36400
0.36320
0.36241
0.36162
0.36003
0.35845
0.35765
0.35686
0.35607
0.35527
0.35369
0.35289
0.35131
0.35052
0.34972
0.34814
0.34655
0.34496
0.34417
0.34338
0.34179
0.34100
0.34021
0.33941
0.33783
0.33703
0.33624
0.33545
0.33466
0.33307
0.33228
0.33148
0.33069
0.33069
0.32990
0.32910
0.32752
0.32672
0.32593
0.32514
0.32435
0.32276
0.32197
0.32117
0.32038
0.31959
0.31879
0.31800
0.31721
0.31562
0.31483
0.31404
0.31324
0.31245
0.31166
0.31086
0.31007
0.30928
0.30849
0.30769
0.30690
0.30611
0.30531

-0.98906
-0.99333
-0.99547
-0.99762
-1.00193
-1.00410
-1.00626
-1.01061
-1.01279
-1.01498
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-1.02156
-1.02598
-1.02819
-1.03041
-1.03264
-1.03487
-1.03934
-1.04159
-1.04609
-1.04835
-1.05062
-1.05516
-1.05973
-1.06431
-1.06662
-1.06892
-1.07355
-1.07588
-1.07820
-1.08054
-1.08522
-1.08757
-1.08993
-1.09229
-1.09466
-1.09941
-1.10179
-1.10418
-1.10657
-1.10657
-1.10898
-1.11138
-1.11621
-1.11864
-1.12107
-1.12350
-1.12595
-1.13085
-1.13331
-1.13577
-1.13825
-1.14072
-1.14321
-1.14570
-1.14820
-1.15321
-1.15572
-1.15825
-1.16077
-1.16331
-1.16585
-1.16840
-1.17095
-1.17351
-1.17608
-1.17865
-1.18124
-1.18382
-1.18642

36.22137
36.32728
36.43319
36.53910
36.64501
36.75092
36.85683
36.96274
37.06865
37.17456
37.28047
37.38638
37.49229
37.59820
37.70411
37.81002
37.91593
38.02184
38.12776
38.23367
38.33958
38.44549
38.55140
38.65731
38.76322
38.86913
38.97504
39.08095
39.18686
39.29277
39.39868
39.50459
39.61050
39.71641
39.82232
39.92823
40.03414
40.14005
40.24596
40.35187
40.45778
40.56370
40.66961
40.77552
40.88143
40.98734
41.09325
41.19916
41.30507
41.41098
41.51689
41.62280
41.72871
41.83462
41.94053
42.04644
42.15235
42.25826
42.36417
42.47008
42.57599
42.68190
42.78781
42.89372
42.99964
43.10555
43.21146
43.31737
43.42328
43.52919

412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481

1236
1239
1242
1245
1248
1251
1254
1257
1260
1263
1266
1269
1272
1275
1278
1281
1284
1287
1290
1293
1296
1299
1302
1305
1308
1311
1314
1317
1320
1323
1326
1329
1332
1335
1338
1341
1344
1347
1350
1353
1356
1359
1362
1365
1368
1371
1374
1377
1380
1383
1386
1389
1392
1395
1398
1401
1404
1407
1410
1413
1416
1419
1422
1425
1428
1431
1434
1437
1440
1443

58.4
58.3
58.2
58.1
58
57.9
57.8
57.7
57.6
57.5
57.4
57.3
57.2
57.1
57
56.9
56.8
56.7
56.6
56.5
56.4
56.3
56.2
56.1
56
55.9
55.8
55.7
55.6
55.6
55.5
55.4
55.3
55.2
55.1
55
54.9
54.8
54.7
54.6
54.5
54.4
54.3
54.2
54
53.9
53.9
53.8
53.7
53.6
53.5
53.4
53.3
53.2
53.1
53
53
52.9
52.8
52.7
52.6
52.5
52.4
52.3
52.3
52.2
52.1
52
51.9
51.8

331.55
331.45
331.35
331.25
331.15
331.05
330.95
330.85
330.75
330.65
330.55
330.45
330.35
330.25
330.15
330.05
329.95
329.85
329.75
329.65
329.55
329.45
329.35
329.25
329.15
329.05
328.95
328.85
328.75
328.75
328.65
328.55
328.45
328.35
328.25
328.15
328.05
327.95
327.85
327.75
327.65
327.55
327.45
327.35
327.15
327.05
327.05
326.95
326.85
326.75
326.65
326.55
326.45
326.35
326.25
326.15
326.15
326.05
325.95
325.85
325.75
325.65
325.55
325.45
325.45
325.35
325.25
325.15
325.05
324.95

63

0.30452
0.30373
0.30293
0.30214
0.30135
0.30056
0.29976
0.29897
0.29818
0.29738
0.29659
0.29580
0.29500
0.29421
0.29342
0.29262
0.29183
0.29104
0.29025
0.28945
0.28866
0.28787
0.28707
0.28628
0.28549
0.28469
0.28390
0.28311
0.28232
0.28232
0.28152
0.28073
0.27994
0.27914
0.27835
0.27756
0.27676
0.27597
0.27518
0.27439
0.27359
0.27280
0.27201
0.27121
0.26963
0.26883
0.26883
0.26804
0.26725
0.26646
0.26566
0.26487
0.26408
0.26328
0.26249
0.26170
0.26170
0.26090
0.26011
0.25932
0.25852
0.25773
0.25694
0.25615
0.25615
0.25535
0.25456
0.25377
0.25297
0.25218

-1.18902
-1.19163
-1.19424
-1.19686
-1.19949
-1.20212
-1.20477
-1.20742
-1.21007
-1.21273
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-1.22346
-1.22616
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-1.23158
-1.23430
-1.23703
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-1.34665
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-1.35276
-1.35584
-1.35892
-1.36201
-1.36201
-1.36511
-1.36822
-1.37134
-1.37447
-1.37761

43.63510
43.74101
43.84692
43.95283
44.05874
44.16465
44.27056
44.37647
44.48238
44.58829
44.69420
44.80011
44.90602
45.01193
45.11784
45.22375
45.32966
45.43558
45.54149
45.64740
45.75331
45.85922
45.96513
46.07104
46.17695
46.28286
46.38877
46.49468
46.60059
46.70650
46.81241
46.91832
47.02423
47.13014
47.23605
47.34196
47.44787
47.55378
47.65969
47.76560
47.87152
47.97743
48.08334
48.18925
48.29516
48.40107
48.50698
48.61289
48.71880
48.82471
48.93062
49.03653
49.14244
49.24835
49.35426
49.46017
49.56608
49.67199
49.77790
49.88381
49.98972
50.09563
50.20154
50.30746
50.41337
50.51928
50.62519
50.73110
50.83701
50.94292

482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551

1446
1449
1452
1455
1458
1461
1464
1467
1470
1473
1476
1479
1482
1485
1488
1491
1494
1497
1500
1503
1506
1509
1512
1515
1518
1521
1524
1527
1530
1533
1536
1539
1542
1545
1548
1551
1554
1557
1560
1563
1566
1569
1572
1575
1578
1581
1584
1587
1590
1593
1596
1599
1602
1605
1608
1611
1614
1617
1620
1623
1626
1629
1632
1635
1638
1641
1644
1647
1650
1653

51.7
51.6
51.5
51.4
51.3
51.3
51.2
51.1
51
51
50.9
50.8
50.7
50.6
50.5
50.4
50.3
50.3
50.2
50.1
50
50
49.9
49.8
49.7
49.6
49.5
49.4
49.3
49.2
49.2
49.1
49
48.9
48.8
48.7
48.6
48.5
48.5
48.4
48
48.2
48.2
48.1
48
47.9
47.8
47.7
47.6
47.5
47.5
47.4
47.3
47.2
47.1
47.1
47
46.9
46.8
46.7
46.7
46.6
46.5
46.4
46.4
46.3
46.2
46.2
46.1
46

324.85
324.75
324.65
324.55
324.45
324.45
324.35
324.25
324.15
324.15
324.05
323.95
323.85
323.75
323.65
323.55
323.45
323.45
323.35
323.25
323.15
323.15
323.05
322.95
322.85
322.75
322.65
322.55
322.45
322.35
322.35
322.25
322.15
322.05
321.95
321.85
321.75
321.65
321.65
321.55
321.15
321.35
321.35
321.25
321.15
321.05
320.95
320.85
320.75
320.65
320.65
320.55
320.45
320.35
320.25
320.25
320.15
320.05
319.95
319.85
319.85
319.75
319.65
319.55
319.55
319.45
319.35
319.35
319.25
319.15

64

0.25139
0.25059
0.24980
0.24901
0.24822
0.24822
0.24742
0.24663
0.24584
0.24584
0.24504
0.24425
0.24346
0.24266
0.24187
0.24108
0.24029
0.24029
0.23949
0.23870
0.23791
0.23791
0.23711
0.23632
0.23553
0.23473
0.23394
0.23315
0.23236
0.23156
0.23156
0.23077
0.22998
0.22918
0.22839
0.22760
0.22680
0.22601
0.22601
0.22522
0.22205
0.22363
0.22363
0.22284
0.22205
0.22125
0.22046
0.21967
0.21887
0.21808
0.21808
0.21729
0.21649
0.21570
0.21491
0.21491
0.21412
0.21332
0.21253
0.21174
0.21174
0.21094
0.21015
0.20936
0.20936
0.20856
0.20777
0.20777
0.20698
0.20619

-1.38076
-1.38392
-1.38709
-1.39027
-1.39346
-1.39346
-1.39666
-1.39987
-1.40309
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-1.55616
-1.55993
-1.56371
-1.56371
-1.56751
-1.57132
-1.57132
-1.57514
-1.57898

51.04883
51.15474
51.26065
51.36656
51.47247
51.57838
51.68429
51.79020
51.89611
52.00202
52.10793
52.21384
52.31975
52.42566
52.53157
52.63748
52.74339
52.84931
52.95522
53.06113
53.16704
53.27295
53.37886
53.48477
53.59068
53.69659
53.80250
53.90841
54.01432
54.12023
54.22614
54.33205
54.43796
54.54387
54.64978
54.75569
54.86160
54.96751
55.07342
55.17933
55.28525
55.39116
55.49707
55.60298
55.70889
55.81480
55.92071
56.02662
56.13253
56.23844
56.34435
56.45026
56.55617
56.66208
56.76799
56.87390
56.97981
57.08572
57.19163
57.29754
57.40345
57.50936
57.61527
57.72119
57.82710
57.93301
58.03892
58.14483
58.25074
58.35665

552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621

1656
1659
1662
1665
1668
1671
1674
1677
1680
1683
1686
1689
1692
1695
1698
1701
1704
1707
1710
1713
1716
1719
1722
1725
1728
1731
1734
1737
1740
1743
1746
1749
1752
1755
1758
1761
1764
1767
1770
1773
1776
1779
1782
1785
1788
1791
1794
1797
1800
1803
1806
1809
1812
1815
1818
1821
1824
1827
1830
1833
1836
1839
1842
1845
1848
1851
1854
1857
1860
1863

45.9
45.8
45.8
45.7
45.7
45.6
45.5
45.4
45.4
45.3
45.2
45.2
45.1
45
45
44.9
44.8
44.7
44.7
44.6
44.5
44.4
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.2
44.1
44
43.9
43.9
43.8
43.7
43.6
43.6
43.5
43.5
43.4
43.3
43.3
43.2
43.1
43.1
43
42.9
42.9
42.8
42.7
42.7
42.6
42.5
42.5
42.4
42.4
42.3
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.1
42
42
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.5
41.5
41.4
41.4

319.05
318.95
318.95
318.85
318.85
318.75
318.65
318.55
318.55
318.45
318.35
318.35
318.25
318.15
318.15
318.05
317.95
317.85
317.85
317.75
317.65
317.55
317.55
317.45
317.35
317.35
317.25
317.15
317.05
317.05
316.95
316.85
316.75
316.75
316.65
316.65
316.55
316.45
316.45
316.35
316.25
316.25
316.15
316.05
316.05
315.95
315.85
315.85
315.75
315.65
315.65
315.55
315.55
315.45
315.45
315.35
315.25
315.25
315.15
315.15
315.05
314.95
314.85
314.85
314.75
314.75
314.65
314.65
314.55
314.55

65

0.20539
0.20460
0.20460
0.20381
0.20381
0.20301
0.20222
0.20143
0.20143
0.20063
0.19984
0.19984
0.19905
0.19826
0.19826
0.19746
0.19667
0.19588
0.19588
0.19508
0.19429
0.19350
0.19350
0.19270
0.19191
0.19191
0.19112
0.19033
0.18953
0.18953
0.18874
0.18795
0.18715
0.18715
0.18636
0.18636
0.18557
0.18477
0.18477
0.18398
0.18319
0.18319
0.18239
0.18160
0.18160
0.18081
0.18002
0.18002
0.17922
0.17843
0.17843
0.17764
0.17764
0.17684
0.17684
0.17605
0.17526
0.17526
0.17446
0.17446
0.17367
0.17288
0.17209
0.17209
0.17129
0.17129
0.17050
0.17050
0.16971
0.16971

-1.58283
-1.58670
-1.58670
-1.59058
-1.59058
-1.59448
-1.59840
-1.60233
-1.60233
-1.60627
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-1.62221
-1.62623
-1.63027
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-1.63433
-1.63840
-1.64249
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-1.64660
-1.65072
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-1.65486
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-1.71913
-1.72356
-1.72356
-1.72801
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-1.73249
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-1.73698
-1.74150
-1.74150
-1.74603
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-1.75059
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-1.75976
-1.75976
-1.76438
-1.76438
-1.76902
-1.76902
-1.77368
-1.77368

58.46256
58.56847
58.67438
58.78029
58.88620
58.99211
59.09802
59.20393
59.30984
59.41575
59.52166
59.62757
59.73348
59.83939
59.94530
60.05121
60.15713
60.26304
60.36895
60.47486
60.58077
60.68668
60.79259
60.89850
61.00441
61.11032
61.21623
61.32214
61.42805
61.53396
61.63987
61.74578
61.85169
61.95760
62.06351
62.16942
62.27533
62.38124
62.48715
62.59307
62.69898
62.80489
62.91080
63.01671
63.12262
63.22853
63.33444
63.44035
63.54626
63.65217
63.75808
63.86399
63.96990
64.07581
64.18172
64.28763
64.39354
64.49945
64.60536
64.71127
64.81718
64.92309
65.02900
65.13492
65.24083
65.34674
65.45265
65.55856
65.66447
65.77038

622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691

1866
1869
1872
1875
1878
1881
1884
1887
1890
1893
1896
1899
1902
1905
1908
1911
1914
1917
1920
1923
1926
1929
1932
1935
1938
1941
1944
1947
1950
1953
1956
1959
1962
1965
1968
1971
1974
1977
1980
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
2025
2028
2031
2034
2037
2040
2043
2046
2049
2052
2055
2058
2061
2064
2067
2070
2073

41.3
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
41
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.1
40
39.9
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.3
39.3
39.2
39.1
39.1
39.1
39.1
39
38.9
38.9
38.8
38.8
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.2
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38
38
37.9
37.9
37.8
37.7
37.7
37.6
37.6
37.5

314.45
314.45
314.35
314.25
314.25
314.15
314.05
313.95
313.95
313.85
313.85
313.75
313.75
313.65
313.65
313.55
313.55
313.45
313.45
313.35
313.35
313.25
313.15
313.05
312.95
312.95
312.85
312.85
312.75
312.75
312.65
312.55
312.55
312.45
312.45
312.35
312.25
312.25
312.25
312.25
312.15
312.05
312.05
311.95
311.95
311.85
311.85
311.75
311.65
311.65
311.65
311.55
311.55
311.45
311.45
311.35
311.35
311.25
311.25
311.25
311.15
311.15
311.05
311.05
310.95
310.85
310.85
310.75
310.75
310.65

66

0.16891
0.16891
0.16812
0.16733
0.16733
0.16653
0.16574
0.16495
0.16495
0.16416
0.16416
0.16336
0.16336
0.16257
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0.16178
0.16178
0.16098
0.16098
0.16019
0.16019
0.15940
0.15860
0.15781
0.15702
0.15702
0.15623
0.15623
0.15543
0.15543
0.15464
0.15385
0.15385
0.15305
0.15305
0.15226
0.15147
0.15147
0.15147
0.15147
0.15067
0.14988
0.14988
0.14909
0.14909
0.14830
0.14830
0.14750
0.14671
0.14671
0.14671
0.14592
0.14592
0.14512
0.14512
0.14433
0.14433
0.14354
0.14354
0.14354
0.14274
0.14274
0.14195
0.14195
0.14116
0.14036
0.14036
0.13957
0.13957
0.13878

-1.77837
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-1.95227
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-1.95788
-1.96351
-1.96351
-1.96918
-1.96918
-1.97487

65.87629
65.98220
66.08811
66.19402
66.29993
66.40584
66.51175
66.61766
66.72357
66.82948
66.93539
67.04130
67.14721
67.25312
67.35903
67.46494
67.57086
67.67677
67.78268
67.88859
67.99450
68.10041
68.20632
68.31223
68.41814
68.52405
68.62996
68.73587
68.84178
68.94769
69.05360
69.15951
69.26542
69.37133
69.47724
69.58315
69.68906
69.79497
69.90088
70.00680
70.11271
70.21862
70.32453
70.43044
70.53635
70.64226
70.74817
70.85408
70.95999
71.06590
71.17181
71.27772
71.38363
71.48954
71.59545
71.70136
71.80727
71.91318
72.01909
72.12500
72.23091
72.33682
72.44274
72.54865
72.65456
72.76047
72.86638
72.97229
73.07820
73.18411

692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761

2076
2079
2082
2085
2088
2091
2094
2097
2100
2103
2106
2109
2112
2115
2118
2121
2124
2127
2130
2133
2136
2139
2142
2145
2148
2151
2154
2157
2160
2163
2166
2169
2172
2175
2178
2181
2184
2187
2190
2193
2196
2199
2202
2205
2208
2211
2214
2217
2220
2223
2226
2229
2232
2235
2238
2241
2244
2247
2250
2253
2256
2259
2262
2265
2268
2271
2274
2277
2280
2283

37.5
37.5
37.5
37.4
37.4
37.3
37.2
37.2
37.2
37.1
37
37
37
36.9
36.9
36.8
36.8
36.8
36.7
36.6
36.6
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.3
36.3
36.3
36.2
36.2
36.1
36
36
36
35.9
35.9
35.9
35.8
35.8
35.8
35.7
35.6
35.6
35.6
35.5
35.5
35.5
35.4
35.4
35.3
35.3
35.3
35.3
35.2
35.2
35.2
35.2
35.1
35.1
35
35
34.9
34.9
34.9
34.9
34.8
34.8
34.7
34.7
34.7
34.6

310.65
310.65
310.65
310.55
310.55
310.45
310.35
310.35
310.35
310.25
310.15
310.15
310.15
310.05
310.05
309.95
309.95
309.95
309.85
309.75
309.75
309.65
309.55
309.45
309.45
309.45
309.45
309.35
309.35
309.25
309.15
309.15
309.15
309.05
309.05
309.05
308.95
308.95
308.95
308.85
308.75
308.75
308.75
308.65
308.65
308.65
308.55
308.55
308.45
308.45
308.45
308.45
308.35
308.35
308.35
308.35
308.25
308.25
308.15
308.15
308.05
308.05
308.05
308.05
307.95
307.95
307.85
307.85
307.85
307.75

67

0.13878
0.13878
0.13878
0.13799
0.13799
0.13719
0.13640
0.13640
0.13640
0.13561
0.13481
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0.13323
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0.13243
0.13164
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0.13085
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0.12926
0.12926
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0.12926
0.12847
0.12847
0.12768
0.12688
0.12688
0.12688
0.12609
0.12609
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0.12530
0.12530
0.12530
0.12450
0.12371
0.12371
0.12371
0.12292
0.12292
0.12292
0.12213
0.12213
0.12133
0.12133
0.12133
0.12133
0.12054
0.12054
0.12054
0.12054
0.11975
0.11975
0.11895
0.11895
0.11816
0.11816
0.11816
0.11816
0.11737
0.11737
0.11657
0.11657
0.11657
0.11578

-1.97487
-1.97487
-1.97487
-1.98061
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-1.98637
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-2.14923
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-2.14923
-2.15605

73.29002
73.39593
73.50184
73.60775
73.71366
73.81957
73.92548
74.03139
74.13730
74.24321
74.34912
74.45503
74.56094
74.66685
74.77276
74.87868
74.98459
75.09050
75.19641
75.30232
75.40823
75.51414
75.62005
75.72596
75.83187
75.93778
76.04369
76.14960
76.25551
76.36142
76.46733
76.57324
76.67915
76.78506
76.89097
76.99688
77.10279
77.20870
77.31462
77.42053
77.52644
77.63235
77.73826
77.84417
77.95008
78.05599
78.16190
78.26781
78.37372
78.47963
78.58554
78.69145
78.79736
78.90327
79.00918
79.11509
79.22100
79.32691
79.43282
79.53873
79.64464
79.75055
79.85647
79.96238
80.06829
80.17420
80.28011
80.38602
80.49193
80.59784

762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831

2286
2289
2292
2295
2298
2301
2304
2307
2310
2313
2316
2319
2322
2325
2328
2331
2334
2337
2340
2343
2346
2349
2352
2355
2358
2361
2364
2367
2370
2373
2376
2379
2382
2385
2388
2391
2394
2397
2400
2403
2406
2409
2412
2415
2418
2421
2424
2427
2430
2433
2436
2439
2442
2445
2448
2451
2454
2457
2460
2463
2466
2469
2472
2475
2478
2481
2484
2487
2490
2493

34.6
34.5
34.5
34.4
34.4
34.4
34.3
34.3
34.2
34.2
34.2
34.1
34.1
34
34
34
33.9
33.9
33.9
33.8
33.8
33.7
33.7
33.6
33.6
33.5
33.5
33.4
33.4
33.4
33.3
33.3
33.3
33.2
33.2
33.1
33.1
33
33
33
33
32.9
32.9
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.8
32.7
32.7
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.6
32.5
32.5
32.5
32.4
32.4
32.3
32.3
32.3
32.3
32.2
32.2
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
32.1
32

307.75
307.65
307.65
307.55
307.55
307.55
307.45
307.45
307.35
307.35
307.35
307.25
307.25
307.15
307.15
307.15
307.05
307.05
307.05
306.95
306.95
306.85
306.85
306.75
306.75
306.65
306.65
306.55
306.55
306.55
306.45
306.45
306.45
306.35
306.35
306.25
306.25
306.15
306.15
306.15
306.15
306.05
306.05
305.95
305.95
305.95
305.95
305.85
305.85
305.75
305.75
305.75
305.75
305.65
305.65
305.65
305.55
305.55
305.45
305.45
305.45
305.45
305.35
305.35
305.25
305.25
305.25
305.25
305.25
305.15

68

0.11578
0.11499
0.11499
0.11420
0.11420
0.11420
0.11340
0.11340
0.11261
0.11261
0.11261
0.11182
0.11182
0.11102
0.11102
0.11102
0.11023
0.11023
0.11023
0.10944
0.10944
0.10864
0.10864
0.10785
0.10785
0.10706
0.10706
0.10626
0.10626
0.10626
0.10547
0.10547
0.10547
0.10468
0.10468
0.10389
0.10389
0.10309
0.10309
0.10309
0.10309
0.10230
0.10230
0.10151
0.10151
0.10151
0.10151
0.10071
0.10071
0.09992
0.09992
0.09992
0.09992
0.09913
0.09913
0.09913
0.09833
0.09833
0.09754
0.09754
0.09754
0.09754
0.09675
0.09675
0.09596
0.09596
0.09596
0.09596
0.09596
0.09516

-2.15605
-2.16293
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-2.16985
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-2.18383
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-2.25686
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-2.27213
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-2.30338
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-2.33564
-2.33564
-2.34387
-2.34387
-2.34387
-2.34387
-2.34387
-2.35217

80.70375
80.80966
80.91557
81.02148
81.12739
81.23330
81.33921
81.44512
81.55103
81.65694
81.76285
81.86876
81.97467
82.08058
82.18649
82.29241
82.39832
82.50423
82.61014
82.71605
82.82196
82.92787
83.03378
83.13969
83.24560
83.35151
83.45742
83.56333
83.66924
83.77515
83.88106
83.98697
84.09288
84.19879
84.30470
84.41061
84.51652
84.62243
84.72835
84.83426
84.94017
85.04608
85.15199
85.25790
85.36381
85.46972
85.57563
85.68154
85.78745
85.89336
85.99927
86.10518
86.21109
86.31700
86.42291
86.52882
86.63473
86.74064
86.84655
86.95246
87.05837
87.16429
87.27020
87.37611
87.48202
87.58793
87.69384
87.79975
87.90566
88.01157

832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901

2496
2499
2502
2505
2508
2511
2514
2517
2520
2523
2526
2529
2532
2535
2538
2541
2544
2547
2550
2553
2556
2559
2562
2565
2568
2571
2574
2577
2580
2583
2586
2589
2592
2595
2598
2601
2604
2607
2610
2613
2616
2619
2622
2625
2628
2631
2634
2637
2640
2643
2646
2649
2652
2655
2658
2661
2664
2667
2670
2673
2676
2679
2682
2685
2688
2691
2694
2697
2700
2703

32
32
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.9
31.8
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.7
31.6
31.6
31.6
31.5
31.5
31.5
31.5
31.4
31.4
31.4
31.3
31.2
31.2
31.2
31.2
31.1
31.1
31.1
31
31
31
31
30.9
30.9
30.8
30.8
30.8
30.7
30.7
30.6
30.6
30.5
30.5
30.5
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.4
30.3
30.3
30.3
30.3
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.2
30.1
30.1
30.1
30
30
30
30
30
29.9
29.9

305.15
305.15
305.05
305.05
305.05
305.05
304.95
304.85
304.85
304.85
304.85
304.85
304.75
304.75
304.75
304.65
304.65
304.65
304.65
304.55
304.55
304.55
304.45
304.35
304.35
304.35
304.35
304.25
304.25
304.25
304.15
304.15
304.15
304.15
304.05
304.05
303.95
303.95
303.95
303.85
303.85
303.75
303.75
303.65
303.65
303.65
303.55
303.55
303.55
303.55
303.55
303.45
303.45
303.45
303.45
303.35
303.35
303.35
303.35
303.35
303.25
303.25
303.25
303.15
303.15
303.15
303.15
303.15
303.05
303.05

69

0.09516
0.09516
0.09437
0.09437
0.09437
0.09437
0.09358
0.09278
0.09278
0.09278
0.09278
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0.09199
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0.09120
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0.09120
0.09040
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0.08961
0.08882
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0.08882
0.08882
0.08803
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0.08803
0.08723
0.08723
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0.08723
0.08644
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0.08565
0.08565
0.08565
0.08485
0.08485
0.08406
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0.08327
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0.08247
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0.08247
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0.08168
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0.08168
0.08168
0.08089
0.08089
0.08089
0.08089
0.08089
0.08010
0.08010
0.08010
0.07930
0.07930
0.07930
0.07930
0.07930
0.07851
0.07851

-2.35217
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-2.54454
-2.54454

88.11748
88.22339
88.32930
88.43521
88.54112
88.64703
88.75294
88.85885
88.96476
89.07067
89.17658
89.28249
89.38840
89.49431
89.60023
89.70614
89.81205
89.91796
90.02387
90.12978
90.23569
90.34160
90.44751
90.55342
90.65933
90.76524
90.87115
90.97706
91.08297
91.18888
91.29479
91.40070
91.50661
91.61252
91.71843
91.82434
91.93025
92.03617
92.14208
92.24799
92.35390
92.45981
92.56572
92.67163
92.77754
92.88345
92.98936
93.09527
93.20118
93.30709
93.41300
93.51891
93.62482
93.73073
93.83664
93.94255
94.04846
94.15437
94.26028
94.36619
94.47210
94.57802
94.68393
94.78984
94.89575
95.00166
95.10757
95.21348
95.31939
95.42530

902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971

2706
2709
2712
2715
2718
2721
2724
2727
2730
2733
2736
2739
2742
2745
2748
2751
2754
2757
2760
2763
2766
2769
2772
2775
2778
2781
2784
2787
2790
2793
2796
2799
2802
2805
2808
2811
2814
2817
2820
2823
2826
2829
2832
2835
2838
2841
2844
2847
2850
2853
2856
2859
2862
2865
2868
2871
2874
2877
2880
2883
2886
2889
2892
2895
2898
2901
2904
2907
2910
2913

29.9
29.8
29.8
29.8
29.8
29.7
29.7
29.7
29.6
29.6
29.6
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.5
29.4
29.4
29.4
29.3
29.3
29.3
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.1
29.1
29.1
29
29
29
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.9
28.8
28.8
28.8
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.6
28.6
28.6
28.5
28.5
28.5
28.5
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.4
28.3
28.3
28.3
28.3
28.3
28.2
28.2
28.2
28.1
28.1
28.1
28.1
28.1
28

303.05
302.95
302.95
302.95
302.95
302.85
302.85
302.85
302.75
302.75
302.75
302.65
302.65
302.65
302.65
302.55
302.55
302.55
302.45
302.45
302.45
302.35
302.35
302.35
302.35
302.25
302.25
302.25
302.15
302.15
302.15
302.05
302.05
302.05
302.05
302.05
301.95
301.95
301.95
301.85
301.85
301.85
301.75
301.75
301.75
301.65
301.65
301.65
301.65
301.55
301.55
301.55
301.55
301.55
301.55
301.55
301.45
301.45
301.45
301.45
301.45
301.35
301.35
301.35
301.25
301.25
301.25
301.25
301.25
301.15

70

0.07851
0.07772
0.07772
0.07772
0.07772
0.07692
0.07692
0.07692
0.07613
0.07613
0.07613
0.07534
0.07534
0.07534
0.07534
0.07454
0.07454
0.07454
0.07375
0.07375
0.07375
0.07296
0.07296
0.07296
0.07296
0.07216
0.07216
0.07216
0.07137
0.07137
0.07137
0.07058
0.07058
0.07058
0.07058
0.07058
0.06979
0.06979
0.06979
0.06899
0.06899
0.06899
0.06820
0.06820
0.06820
0.06741
0.06741
0.06741
0.06741
0.06661
0.06661
0.06661
0.06661
0.06661
0.06661
0.06661
0.06582
0.06582
0.06582
0.06582
0.06582
0.06503
0.06503
0.06503
0.06423
0.06423
0.06423
0.06423
0.06423
0.06344

-2.54454
-2.55469
-2.55469
-2.55469
-2.55469
-2.56495
-2.56495
-2.56495
-2.57531
-2.57531
-2.57531
-2.58578
-2.58578
-2.58578
-2.58578
-2.59637
-2.59637
-2.59637
-2.60706
-2.60706
-2.60706
-2.61787
-2.61787
-2.61787
-2.61787
-2.62880
-2.62880
-2.62880
-2.63985
-2.63985
-2.63985
-2.65102
-2.65102
-2.65102
-2.65102
-2.65102
-2.66232
-2.66232
-2.66232
-2.67375
-2.67375
-2.67375
-2.68531
-2.68531
-2.68531
-2.69701
-2.69701
-2.69701
-2.69701
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.70884
-2.72082
-2.72082
-2.72082
-2.72082
-2.72082
-2.73294
-2.73294
-2.73294
-2.74521
-2.74521
-2.74521
-2.74521
-2.74521
-2.75763

95.53121
95.63712
95.74303
95.84894
95.95485
96.06076
96.16667
96.27258
96.37849
96.48440
96.59031
96.69622
96.80213
96.90804
97.01396
97.11987
97.22578
97.33169
97.43760
97.54351
97.64942
97.75533
97.86124
97.96715
98.07306
98.17897
98.28488
98.39079
98.49670
98.60261
98.70852
98.81443
98.92034
99.02625
99.13216
99.23807
99.34398
99.44990
99.55581
99.66172
99.76763
99.87354
99.97945
100.08536
100.19127
100.29718
100.40309
100.50900
100.61491
100.72082
100.82673
100.93264
101.03855
101.14446
101.25037
101.35628
101.46219
101.56810
101.67401
101.77992
101.88584
101.99175
102.09766
102.20357
102.30948
102.41539
102.52130
102.62721
102.73312
102.83903

972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017

2916
2919
2922
2925
2928
2931
2934
2937
2940
2943
2946
2949
2952
2955
2958
2961
2964
2967
2970
2973
2976
2979
2982
2985
2988
2991
2994
2997
3000
3003
3006
3009
3012
3015
3018
3021
3024
3027
3030
3033
3036
3039
3042
3045
3048
3051

28
28
27.9
27.9
27.9
27.8
27.8
27.8
27.7
27.7
27.7
27.7
27.7
27.7
27.7
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.5
27.5
27.5
27.4
27.4
27.4
27.4
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.3
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.2
27.1
27.1
27.1
27.1
27
27
27
27
27
26.9

301.15
301.15
301.05
301.05
301.05
300.95
300.95
300.95
300.85
300.85
300.85
300.85
300.85
300.85
300.85
300.75
300.75
300.75
300.75
300.75
300.65
300.65
300.65
300.55
300.55
300.55
300.55
300.45
300.45
300.45
300.45
300.45
300.35
300.35
300.35
300.35
300.25
300.25
300.25
300.25
300.15
300.15
300.15
300.15
300.15
300.05

0.06344
0.06344
0.06265
0.06265
0.06265
0.06186
0.06186
0.06186
0.06106
0.06106
0.06106
0.06106
0.06106
0.06106
0.06106
0.06027
0.06027
0.06027
0.06027
0.06027
0.05948
0.05948
0.05948
0.05868
0.05868
0.05868
0.05868
0.05789
0.05789
0.05789
0.05789
0.05789
0.05710
0.05710
0.05710
0.05710
0.05630
0.05630
0.05630
0.05630
0.05551
0.05551
0.05551
0.05551
0.05551
0.05472

-2.75763
-2.75763
-2.77021
-2.77021
-2.77021
-2.78295
-2.78295
-2.78295
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.79585
-2.80893
-2.80893
-2.80893
-2.80893
-2.80893
-2.82217
-2.82217
-2.82217
-2.83560
-2.83560
-2.83560
-2.83560
-2.84920
-2.84920
-2.84920
-2.84920
-2.84920
-2.86299
-2.86299
-2.86299
-2.86299
-2.87698
-2.87698
-2.87698
-2.87698
-2.89117
-2.89117
-2.89117
-2.89117
-2.89117
-2.90555

102.94494
103.05085
103.15676
103.26267
103.36858
103.47449
103.58040
103.68631
103.79222
103.89813
104.00404
104.10995
104.21586
104.32178
104.42769
104.53360
104.63951
104.74542
104.85133
104.95724
105.06315
105.16906
105.27497
105.38088
105.48679
105.59270
105.69861
105.80452
105.91043
106.01634
106.12225
106.22816
106.33407
106.43998
106.54589
106.65180
106.75772
106.86363
106.96954
107.07545
107.18136
107.28727
107.39318
107.49909
107.60500
107.71091

7. DISCUSIN DE RESULTADOS
Los valores de los coeficientes de conveccin obtenidos fueron:
para el cobre
K= 316.79 W/m2K, para el aluminio K= 319.9
W/m2K y para el acero K=853.13 W/m2K, donde el acero tiene un
mayor valor de coeficiente de conveccin por lo que este se enfra
ms rpido que los dems solidos.
71

 Llos resultados por el Mtodo de Resistencia Interna Despreciable

son :

-Para el aluminio K =403.18 W/mk y

para el cobre K=235.14 W/mK

Con procentaje de error de 0.39% para el cobre y 0.78% para el aluminio

Para el caso del CILINDRO ACERO AISI 304 en agua estancada no se

puede usar el mtodo de resistencia interna despreciable ya que
su nmero de Biot supera el valor de 0.05 que segn literatura
correspondera para cilindros. Para el cilindro en agua estancada el
nmero de Biot es 0.6562, finalmente el valor del factor de
conductividad trmica de K para el acero es 12.83 W/mk con
porcentaje de erro de 13.14%
Para el caso del acero enfriado con el uso de ventilador el factor de
conductividad trmica K es 14.78 W/mk

8. CONCLUSIONES
El coeficiente de conveccin permitir conocer la rapidez con
la cual se transferir el calor presente en el cilindro de
aluminio o de cobre al fluido con el que est en contacto.

72

 En las condiciones ambientales dadas el coeficiente de

transferencia de calor por conveccin h fue mayor en el agua
que en el aire para el acero, por tal razn el acero se enfrio
con mayor rapidez en al agua que en el aire, lo mismo ocurre
con el cobre y aluminio tienen mayor coeficiente de
transferencia de calor en el agua comparado con el acero
enfriado en aire.
El cobre tiene mayor conductividad que el aluminio y el
acero, lo cual se corrobor en el caso de transferencia de
calor en agua como en el aire.
Por la experiencia comprobamos lo que expuesto en la
literatura, que el coeficiente de conveccin cuantifica la
influencia de las propiedades del fluido, de la superficie y del
flujo cuando se produce transferencia de calor por conveccin.
Por lo tanto no depende nicamente del material sino tambin
del medio.

9. RECOMENDACIONES

73

 En todo momento de la prctica comprobar que las condiciones

sean las ptimas, tales como usar un aislante para el soporte a fin
de prevenir la fuga de calor, evitar que se introduzca agua en los
orificios de las barras y que las medidas se den en intervalos de
tiempo apreciables (3 segundos).
Para tener mejores datos para comparar, se debe realizar la prctica
con slidos con diferentes dimensiones, variando el rea de
transferencia de calor.
El trabajo considera una resistencia conductiva interna del slido
despreciable. Tambin debe realizarse un estudio considerando un
gradiente de temperatura en el slido.
Hacer un anlisis de los cilindros para verificar su composicin, si
son muestras puras o aleaciones.

Durante la transferencia de calor del solido al medio, en este caso el

agua, se recomienda mantener en una posicin fija de las barras
slidas, de esta manera se evita conveccin forzada.
Sumergir los cuerpos en agua en la medida que se cubra casi
completamente su superficie.

Evitar acercarse mucho al cilindro de metal cuando se enfra en aire,

debido a que se puede dificultar la transferencia de calor por
conveccin.

74

10.BIBLIOGRAFIA

1. INCROPERA FRANK, DAVID P. DEWITT; Fundamentos de transferencia de

calor; EDITORIAL
PRENTICE MAY, Mxico 1999; Pg.213-230

2. RODRIGO BALLN, FERNANDO; TESIS: Determinacin de la Conductividad

Trmica de un slido,

1972; Pag.13-85.

3. KERN D, PROCESOS DE TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR, Decimonovena

Impresin, 1986 ED CECSA,
Pg. 19-41, 730-753.

75

11.APNDICE
EJEMPLO DE CALCULOS PARA EL ALUMINIO, COBRE Y

ACERO ENFRIADO EN AGUA

El mtodo de clculo es el mismo para el aluminio y cobre en cada caso (agua en
estancada). Por lo cual solo se mostrara los clculos para el cilindro de Aluminio
cuando se trabaj en agua estancada.

1. Determinacin del coeficiente de transferencia de calor h

del Aluminio en agua estancada
T T

=
Se procede a determinar
T 0T 0

Donde:

T =22C
To =124.2C
t =tiempo (segundos)

De la Tabla N 5 se calcula

para cada tiempo:

t=0 s

t=60 s

T T
56.222
=
=0.3346
T 0T 124.222

T T

=
T 0T 0

T T
124.222
=
=1.000
T 0T 124.222

t=300 s

T T
23.722
=
=0.0166
T 0T 124.222

Se determina el clculo hasta el tiempo 640 segundos

Se determina

ln

T T
T 0T

]
76

Para tiempo 60 segundos

Con una T=56.2C, T=22C y To=124.2.2C

ln

56.222
=1.0947
124.222

Los resultados para los dems datos se encuentran en tablas

ln

Luego se grfica

T T
T 0T

vs t, ver Grfico N 2

Deduccin de la curva obtenida:

Se parte del mtodo de la resistencia interna despreciable

[ ]

hS
xt
CpV

e
T T
=
T 0T

Aplicando Logaritmo natural a la expresin previa, para linealizarla:

ln

] [ ]

T T
hS
=
xt
T 0T
CpV

Esta ecuacin muestra que al efectuar la grfica

ln

T T
vs t
T 0T

La pendiente ser:

[ ]

m( pendiente)=

hS
CpV

Donde:

h = coeficiente de conveccin (W/m2 s)

=densidad de material de la barra (kg/m 3)
Cp=capacidad calorfica del material (J/kg K)
V =Volumen de la barra (m3)
S= rea superficial de la barra (m2)

77

La curva que se obtiene se muestra en el Grfico N 2

Pendiente: m= -0.0114 s-1
Luego

[ ]

0.0114=

hS
CpV

Superficie de la barra:

S=

D2
+ DL
4

S=

(0.05 m)2
+ (0.05 m)(0.1500 m)
4

S=0.0255255 m

Volumen de la barra:

V=

D2
L
4

V=

(0.05 m)
0.1500 m
4

V =2.945210 m

Por lo que la relacin:

V
S

( )

2.9452104 m3
=
=0.011538 m
2
0.0255255 m
Al

Luego para un valor del Cp y densidad del aluminio:

Cp=897.75 J/Kg-K, =2709.45 Kg/m3

Reemplazando en (1)
78

0.0114 s1=

h
J
( 0.011538 m )
(897.75 KgK
)(2709.45 Kg
m )
3

h=319.9

W
m2K

2. Determinacin de la conductividad trmica K

Se sabe:

][

h x (V /S )
hxS
k xt
=
x
x Cp x V
k
x Cp x ( V /S )2

Donde:

k
=a
x Cp

Biot =Bi=

Entonces:

h
x Cp x

( VS )

=Bi x

(V /S )2

Como:

ln

T T
hS
=
xt
T o T
CpV

] [ ]

ln

T T

=Bi x
xt
T o T
( V / S )2

Por lo que al final se obtiene:

ln

T T
=Bi . Fo
T 0T

79

h x (V / S)
k

ln

Al graficar:

T T
vs . Fo
T 0T

(Grfica N3), la pendiente es

Bi

Se asume un valor de k ( Kasumido = 235 J/m-K )

h .(
Bi=

V
)
S

K asumido

319.9
Bi=

W
( 0.011538 m )
2
m K
W
235
mK

Bi=0.0157
Hallando difusividad trmica ():

k asumido
. Cp

Tenemos como dato terico:

=2709.45

Kg
3
m

Reemplazando datos:

235
=
2709.45

W
mK

Kg
J
.897 .75
3
kg K
m

=9.6612E-05

80

C p =897.75

J
kg K

Calculando el nmero de Fourier (Fo)

Fo=

.t
V 2
S

( )

Reemplazando datos en la ecuacin anterior, queda:

Fo=0.7257215 t

Donde t: tiempo

Graficando

ln

T T
T o T

vs Fo. se obtiene:

Pendiente= -Bi = -0.0157

ver grfico N3

A partir del valor del nmero de Biot se determina la conductividad trmica

h
Bi=

( VS )

k experimental

Despejando el valor de K experimental:

k experimental =235.14 W /(m K )

( %desviacin=0.06 con respecto a un

k asumido =235

W
mK

Ahora hallaremos el % de error relativo con respecto al valor terico

81

experimental
| valor tericovalor
|.100
valor terico

%error=

|237235.14
|100
237

%error=

%error=0.78

82

Mtodo iterativo para el clculo de la Conductividad

Trmica
Asumir valor de
conductividad trmica:

k asumido

Calcular el nmero de
Fourier a partir del valor
de

Graficar

k asumido

ln

T T
T o T

Hallamos la pendiente =
- Bi

Calculamos el valor de

k experimental
SI
NO

k asumido =k experimental

S
Termino

83

Para el caso del CILINDRO ACERO AISI 304 en agua estancada no se puede
usar el mtodo de resistencia interna despreciable ya que su nmero de
Biot supera el valor de 0.05 que segn literatura correspondera para
cilindros. Para el cilindro en agua estancada el nmero de Biot es 0.6562

Hallar h
Se procede a determinar

T T

=
T 0T 0

Se calcularan para todas las temperaturas tomadas en los distintos

tiempos, donde
T es temperatura a un tiempo t; T=102.4C

T es la temperatura en tiempo infinito; para nuestro caso de ejemplo

ser 23C

T0

es la temperatura del cilindro al tiempo 0; para nuestro caso ser

125.5C

T T
102.423
= =
T 0T 0 125.523

[
ln

Se determina

T T
T 0T

T T

= =0.774634
T 0T 0

Para tiempo 36 segundos

ln

102.423
=0.255364
125.523

Los resultados para los dems datos se encuentran en las tablas

Luego se grfica

ln

T T
T 0T

vs t

84

Deduccin de la curva obtenida:

[ ]

h
xt
Cpr 0
e
T T
=
T 0T

Aplicando Logaritmo natural a la expresin previa, para linealizarla:

ln

] [ ]

T T
h
=
xt
T 0T
Cpr 0

Esta ecuacin muestra que al efectuar la grfica

ln

T T
vs t
T 0T

La pendiente ser:

[ ]

m( pendiente)=

h
Cp r 0

Dnde:
h = coeficiente de conveccin (W/m2 s)
=densidad de material de la barra (kg/m 3)
Cp=capacidad calorfica del material (J/kg K)

r0

: radio del cilindro (m)

La pendiente obtenida fue -0.0093, y los valor de densidad y Cp son

7741.28 kg/m3 y 474 J/kg-K, respectivamente; el radio es 0.025m

h=m Cp r 0=853.13

W
m K
2

Se halla el nmero de Biot:

h
ksupuesto
Biot=

Donde:
h = coeficiente de conveccin (W/m2 s)
V=volumen del cilindro cuyo valor es 2.945x10 -4 m3
S=superficie del cilindro cuyo valor es 0.0255255 m 2
85

 Ksupuesto=15 W/m-K

h
=0.6562
ksupuesto
Biot=

0.6562>0.05 por lo tanto se busca un nuevo mtodo de resolucin el cual

seguir la siguiente resolucin que se usara de ejemplo de clculo el caso del
cilindro de acero AISI 304 cuando se encuentra en agua estancada:

Calcular un Biot supuesto a partir de un k supuesto

Suponiendo un K, para nuestro caso tomaremos el valor de 15 W/m-K
Calculando un Biot supuesto

Biot =

hr 0
=1.4219
ksupuesto

Se calcula 1/Biot

1
=0.7033
Biot
3. Hallar Fo
Con el valor calculado de 1/Biot y

T T

=
T 0T 0

se buscara el valor del Fourier

en la Figura D.4 del apndice D del texto Fundamentos de Transferencia de

Calor de autor Incropera
Para el caso del

T T

= = 0.8; el valor de Fo hallado es 0.3

T 0T 0

4. Calcular k nuevo
A partir del Fourier se halla k con el siguiente despeje de la frmula del nmero
de Fourier:
2

F r Cp
k= o 0
t
Para el mismo tiempo del Fourier mostrado en el paso anterior se obtiene:

86

k =20.85

W
mK

Se hallara el promedio con los dems K encontrados y se comparara con el valor

terico:
Siendo el valor promedio

kprom=12.83

W
mK

El porcentaje de error:

%Error=

14.80812.83
100=13.3
14.808

EJEMPLO DE CALCULOS PARA EL ACERO ENFRIADO CON EL

VENTILADOR:
Se har el ejemplo de clculos para el cilindro de Acero 304L expuesto a aire de
ventilador a 4.30 m/s (20C)

1. CLCULO DE LA SUPERFICIE DE TRANSFERENCIA DE CALOR

POR CONVECCIN (AS), DIAMETRO EXTERNO DEL CILINDRO
(DE), VOLUMEN DEL CILINDRO (VC), LONGITUD
CARACTERSTICA (LC), DENSIDAD DEL CILINDRO ():
1.1
Clculo de la superficie externa (AS):
D
A S = D ext ( ext + Lext )
2
Dnde:

D ext =

perimetro 0.158
=
=0.05 m , permetro externo del cilindro

de acero.
altura externa=0.15 m , altura externa del cilindro de acero.

Entonces:
87

A S =0.05 m(

0.05 m
+0.15 m)
2

A S =0.02767 m2
1.2
Clculo del dimetro externo del cilindro (DE):
permetro
DE =

Donde:
permetro=0.158 m , permetro externo del cilindro de acero.

0.158 m
DE =

DE =0.05 m
1.3
Clculo del volumen del cilindro (VC):
2
2
( DE H ED I H I )
V C=
4
Donde:

D E =0.050 m , dimetro externo del cilindro de acero.

H E =0.150 m , altura externa del cilindro de acero.
D I =0.00507 m , dimetro interno del cilindro de acero.
H I =0.07515 m , altura interna del cilindro de acero.

Entonces:
[ ( 0.050m )2 (0.15 m)( 0.00507 m )2 (0.07515 m) ]
V C=
4
V C =0.000296 m

1.4
Clculo de la longitud caracterstica del cilindro
(LC):
VC
LC =
AS
Donde:

V C =0.000296 m

A S =0.027673 m

, volumen del cilindro de acero.

, rea de la superficie del cilindro por donde

se da calor por conveccin.

Entonces:
88

LC =

0.000296 m3
0.027673 m2

LC =0.0107 m
1.5
m
=
VC

Clculo de la densidad del cilindro():

Donde:
m=2.28 kg , masa del cilindro de acero.

V C =0.000296 m3 , volumen del cilindro de acero.

Entonces:
2.28 kg
=
0.000296 m3
=7690.53 kg /m 3
2. CLCULO DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD TRMICA DEL ACERO (K)
2.1
Clculo del coeficiente de conveccin h:
Se sabe que:
h A S
T T
t=ln
(1)
m Ce
T 0T

Se grafica

ln

T T
T 0T

versus

t , donde la pendiente es

h A S
m Ce ,

entonces:
0.0
0

1000 2000 3000 4000

-0.5
-1.0

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
tiempo, t (s)

89

Donde la ecuacin para estado transitorio se cumple cuando la

funcin es lineal, entonces se toma para el clculo tan solo la
T T
seccin lineal desde t=48 s ; ln T T =0.022 hasta
0

t=3051 s ; ln

TT
=2.906
T 0T

:
0.0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

-0.5
-1.0

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
tiempo, t (s)

Se calcula la temperatura media entre t=48 s y t=3051 s, para t=48

s T=144.8C y para t=3051 s T=86.5 C, luego
144.8 C+ 86.5 C
T m=
=85.2 C .
2
Luego de la grfica en estado transitorio la pendiente:
h A S
=0.0009476 s1
m Ce
Donde:

A S =0.027673 m

, rea de la superficie externa del cilindro de

acero.
m=2.28 kg , masa del cilindro de acero.
C e=474.3 W /kg K , calor especfico del cilindro a la

temperatura media entre t=48 s y t=3051 s.

Entonces:
2
h(0.027673 m )
1
=0.0009476 s
(2.28 kg)(474.3W / kg K )
h=37.03W /m2 K
90

2.2
Clculo de la conductividad del cilindro de Acero
para la primera corrida (K):
Se sabe:
T T
( Bi )( Fo )=ln
T 0 T

Se har un proceso iterativo, suponiendo inicialmente un K, luego se

kt
Fo=
2
hallar el nmero de Fourier
Ce ( LC ) para luego graficar
ln

T T
T 0T

versus

Fo , la pendiente es

Bi

con esta pendiente

hallada se usa la relacin:

h LC
Bi=
k

( )

Para luego hallar un nuevo K, despejndolo d la ecuacin anterior:

hL
k= C
Bi
Sabiendo lo anterior expuesto se inicia el proceso iterativo, se
supone inicialmente un k = 14.78 W/kgK, entonces de la grfica:

1 Iteracin
0.000
- 0.03x - 0 100.000
0.000f(x) = 50.000
-0.500

150.000

-1.000

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.500
-2.000
-2.500
-3.000
-3.500
Fo = t/LC2 = kt/CeLC2

Bi=0.026842, entonces el nuevo K hallado de la primera iteracin

ser:
2
(37.03W / m K)(0.0107 m)
k=
0.026842
k =14.78W /m C

91

3. CLCULO DEL PORCENTAJE DE ERROR DE LA CONDUCTIVIDAD

DEL ACERO ( error ):
error =
Donde:

k expk terico
100
k exp

k terico =14.78 W / m C , conductividad terica del cilindro de

acero
k exp =14.78W /m C , conductividad experimental del cilindro de

acero.
Entonces:
14.78 W /m C14.78 W /m C
error =
100
14.78 W /m C
16

error =9.6 X 10

12. GRFICAS

En contacto con agua

GRFICO N1: Curva de enfriamiento de la barra de aluminio para la 1ra
corrida

(T-T)/(To-T) vs t
1.2
1
0.8

(T-T)/(To-T) vs t

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

50

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

92

GRFICO N2: Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo para el aluminio

Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t
0
0
-1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

f(x) = - 0.01x - 0.52
R = 0.98

Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t

-2

Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)

-3

Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)

-4
-5
-6

GRFICO N3: Iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo para la barra de aluminio

para el agua sin turbulencia. 1ra corrida.

93

1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo
0
0
-1

50 100 150 200

f(x) = - 0.02x - 0.52
R = 0.98

250

300

350

400

-2

1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
vs Fo

-3

Linear (1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-4
-5
-6

GRFICO N4: Iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo para la barra de aluminio

para el agua sin
turbulencia 2da corrida.

2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo
0
-1

50 100 150 200

f(x) = - 0.02x - 0.52
R = 0.98

250

300

350

400

-2

2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
vs Fo

-3

Linear (2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-4
-5
-6

GRFICO N5: Curva de enfriamiento de la barra de cobre

94

(T-T)/(To-T) vs t
1.2
1
0.8

(T-T)/(To-T) vs t

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

GRFICO N6: Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo para el cobre

Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t
0
0
-1

100
200
300
f(x) = - 0.01x - 0.61
R = 0.97

400

500

600

700
Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t

-2

Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)

-3

Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)

-4
-5
-6

GRFICO N7: Iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo para la barra de cobre

para el agua sin turbulencia. 1ra corrida.

95

1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo
0
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

f(x) = - 0.01x - 0.62

R = 0.97

-1

1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
vs Fo

-2

Linear (1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-3

Linear (1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-4

Linear (1 iteracin Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-5
-6

GRFICO N8: Iteracin Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo para la barra de cobre para

el agua sin

turbulencia 2da corrida.

2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs Fo
0
0
-1

100
200
300
f(x) = - 0.01x - 0.62
R = 0.97

400

500

600

2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)]
vs Fo

-2

Linear (2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-3

Linear (2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-4

Linear (2 iteracion Ln[(T-T)/

(To-T)] vs Fo)

-5
-6

96

GRFICO N9: Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs tiempo para el acero

Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t
0

= - 0.01x
0 f(x) 100
200+ 0.05
300
R = 0.98

400

500

600

700

-1
-2

Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs t

-3

Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)
Linear (Ln[(T-T)/(To-T)] vs
t)

-4
-5
-6
-7

97

En contacto con el ventilador

GRFICO N10:

T T
T 0T

versus t para el cilindro de ACERO en aire de

ventilador:
1.2
1.0
0.8

[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

tiempo t (s)

98

GRFICO N11:

ln

T T
T 0T

versus t para el cilindro de acero en aire

de ventilador:
0.0
0

1000

2000

3000

-0.5
-1.0

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
tiempo, t (s)

99

4000

GRFICO N12:

ln

T T
T 0T

versus t para el estado transitorio en el

cilindro de acero en aire de ventilador,

ESTADO TRANSITORIO
0.0
-0.5

=100015002000250030003500
- 0x - 0
0 f(x)
500

-1.0

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.5
-2.0
-2.5
-3.0
-3.5
tiempo, t (s)

GRFICO N13:

ln

T T
T 0T

versus Fo para el estado transitorio en el

cilindro de acero en aire de ventilador, 1 iteracin:

1 Iteracin
0.000
- 0.03x - 0 100.000
0.000f(x) = 50.000
-0.500
-1.000

ln[(T-T)/(T0-T)]

-1.500
-2.000
-2.500
-3.000
-3.500
Fo = t/LC2 = kt/CeLC2

100

150.000

101