3 COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY by Sigmund Freud

focused on certain erogenous areas. This

Id -is the unorganized part of the
psychosexual energy, or libido, was
personality structure that contains
described as the driving force behind
a human's basic, instinctual drives.
behavior.
Id is the only component of
personality that is present from
birth.
4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE
DEVELOPMENT by: JEAN PIAGET
Ego -acts according to the reality
principle; i.e. it seeks to please the
id's drive in realistic ways that will
1. The Sensorimotor Stage
benefit in the long term rather than
During this stage, infants
bring grief.
and toddlers acquire knowledge
through sensory experiences and
Superego- reflects the
manipulating objects.
internalization of cultural rules,
2. The Preoperational Stage
mainly taught by parents applying
At this stage, kids learn
their guidance and influence.
through pretend play but still
struggle with logic and taking the
5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF
point of view of other people.
DEVELOPMENT by Sigmund Freud
3. The Concrete Operational Stage
1. Oral stage
Kids at this point of
2. Anal stage
development begin to think more
3. Phallic stage
logically, but their thinking can also
4. Latency stage
be very rigid. They tend to struggle
5. Genital stage
with abstract and hypothetical
concepts.
WHAT IS PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY?
4. The Formal Operational Stage
The final stage of Piaget's
The theory of psychosexual development
theory involves an increase in
was proposed by the famous
logic, the ability to use deductive
psychoanalystSigmund Freud and
reasoning, and an understanding of
described how personality developed
abstract ideas.
over the course of childhood. While the
theory is well-known in psychology, it is
3 LEVELS AND 6 SUBSTAGES OF
also one of the most controversial.
MORAL DEVELOPMENT by
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG
So how exactly does this psychosexual
Level 1 (Pre-Conventional)
theory work? Freud believed that
1. Obedience and punishment orientation
personality developed through a series of
childhood stages in which the pleasureseeking energies of the id become

(How can I avoid punishment?)

2. Self-interest orientation

(What's in it for me?)

(Paying for a benefit)
Level 2 (Conventional)
3. Interpersonal accord and conformity
(Social norms)
(The good boy/girl attitude)
4. Authority and social-order maintaining
orientation
(Law and order morality)
Level 3 (Post-Conventional)
5. Social contract orientation
6. Universal ethical principles
The zone of proximal development (ZPD)
has been defined as:
"the distance between the actual
developmental level as determined by
independent problem solving and the
level of potential development as
determined through problem solving
under adult guidance, or in collaboration
with more capable peers"

BRONFENBRENERS BIO-ECOLOGICAL
SYSTEMS THEORY
How is a child's development affected by
their social relationships and the world
around them? Ecological systems
theory provides one approach to
answering this question. The ecological
systems theory was developed by Urie
Bronfenbrenner.
Bronfenbrenner believed that a person's
development was affected by everything
in their surrounding environment. He
divided the person's environment into
five different levels: the microsystem, the
mesosystem, the exosystem, the
macrosystem, and the chronosystem. In
this lesson, you will learn about these
different environmental levels by
meeting five-year-old Alex and examining
the influences in his life.

Microsystem
We will begin with the first level of
Bronfenbrenner's theory:
the microsystem. The microsystem is
the system closest to the person and the
one in which they have direct contact.
Some examples would be home, school,
daycare, or work. A microsystem typically
includes family, peers, or caregivers.
Relationships in a microsystem are bidirectional.
Mesosystem
The next level of ecological systems
theory is the mesosystem. The
mesosystem consists of the interactions
between the different parts of a person's
microsystem. The mesosystem is where
a person's individual microsystems do
not function independently, but are
interconnected and assert influence upon
one another. These interactions have an
indirect impact on the individual.
Exosystem
The exosystem is the next level we will
examine. The exosystem refers to a
setting that does not involve the person
as an active participant, but still affects
them. This includes decisions that have
bearing on the person, but in which they
have no participation in the decisionmaking process. An example would be a
child being affected by a parent receiving
a promotion at work or losing their job.
Macrosystem
The macrosystem setting is the actual
culture of an individual. The cultural
contexts involve the socioeconomic
status of the person and/or his family, his
ethnicity or race and living in a still
developing or a third world country. For
example, being born to a poor family
makes a person work harder every day.

Chronosystem
The chronosystem includes the
transitions and shifts in one's lifespan.
This may also involve the socio-historical
contexts that may influence a person.
One classic example of this is how
divorce, as a major life transition, may
affect not only the couple's relationship
but also their children's behavior.
According to a majority of research,
children are negatively affected on the
first year after the divorce. The next
years after it would reveal that the
interaction within the family becomes
more stable and agreeable.