Power Transmission, Distribution and

Utilization
Lecture# 1 : Overview of power system

Slide credits
Following slides have diagrams and
photographs from internet that are cited
properly.
Slide #6
Slide # 11
Slide # 16-23

No other slide credits

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Lecture outline
Introduction to the course
Typical power system
Sources of electricity generation
Conventional sources
Non-conventional sources

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Course introduction
The course will teach the students

Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Utilization
Lighting and heating applications.

The theory will emphasis much on the systems installed in

Pakistan.
Text books
Modern power system analysis by D P Kothari & I J Nagrath
Electrical power distribution system engineering by Turan Gonan
Selected material from refereed journals will also be provided
separately
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Typical power system

But is it that simple ??

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Typical power system

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Sources of Electricity Generation

Conventional sources

Furnace oil
Natural Gas
Hydro
Nuclear

Non-conventional sources

Solar
Wind
Biomass
Tidal
Geo-thermal
Fuel cells

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Conventional sources
Furnace oil
It is most widely used in Pakistan.
Costly for the oil importing countries.
Global fluctuation in oil market fluctuates the per unit
cost of electricity
Oil is burnt to produce heat that is converted into
mechanical energy by steam engines.
The prime movers then drives the alternator.
Minimum down time is 20-30 hrs.
30-40% efficiency in large power plants. Even low in
small power plants.
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Conventional sources
Hydro
Cheapest electricity
Huge capital investment.
Water is either stored in a large reservoir and then
through controlled gates it is dropped on the blades of
water turbines that drives the alternator.
In run of river the water is not stored in a reservoir,
rather the water is stopped for a while and then
dropped on the blades of turbine.
Ecological and biological factors limits the
development of hydro power plants .
Power variation in winter and drought times.
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Conventional sources
Nuclear
Abundant uranium reserves.
Heat is generated by fission of nuclear material
These are base power plants.
Not easy to install because of technological
restrictions.
High capital costs.
Nuclear waste is a big environmental issue.
Refueling frequency is very low. Once a year
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Conventional sources
The non conventional
energy sources are
depleting

Oil for 85 years

Natural gas for 125 years
Coal for 280 years
Nuclear for 60 years

Other than the hydro

power all the other ways
are harming the nature
with thermal and air
pollution.
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Non-conventional sources
Solar
Sunlight is converted into electricity either by using
solar thermal or solar photovoltaic systems
Ideal solution for rural electrification.
Large solar plants are installed world wide to meet the
energy requirements. (large space required)
It is intermittent.
High initial investment.
Average life 2-25 years.
Remember sunlight is FREE.
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Non-conventional sources
Wind
Convert wind energy into electrical energy by
means of a electromechanical system
Intermittent energy
Off shore and on shore wind farms are deployed.
Very area specific. Typically well suited for coastal
areas.
High initial cost and cost for ongoing maintenance.
Extensive land use.
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Non-conventional sources
Biomass
Cow dunk is used to produce biogas which is used to generate
electricity.
Must be installed near the user end to reduce cost.
Liquid waste and some gases like Nitrogen oxide is produced which is
an air pollutant.

Tidal
Sea tides are used to generate electricity.

Geo-thermal
Heat energy trapped inside the earth core is tapped out and is used t
generate electricity.
Found only in few areas in the world.
High initial cost. Low cost afterwards.
Wells have a certain life.
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Comparison of sources
Hydro

Thermal

Nuclear

Renewable

Initial cost

High

Low

Highest

High

Running cost

Less

High

Least

Least

Reserves

Permanent

Exhaustible

Inexhaustible

Permanent

Cleanliness

Cleanest

Dirtiest

Clean

Cleanest

Construction
time

Very long

Long

Long

Shortest

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Pakistan Energy Outlook - Generation

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Pakistan Energy Outlook- Generation

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Pakistan Energy Outlook

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Remarks
Electricity is must in modern world to carry on
almost all aspects of life.
In order to ensure that it lasts long we should
adopt a policy. Some issues in this regard are
Curtailment of energy consumption
Use modern efficient technology
Energy saving methods must be adopted

Shift to the non-conventional sources of energy

Recycling of nuclear wastes.
Application of anti pollution technologies.
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Assignment # 1
List the conventional and non-conventional
energy sources installed in Pakistan.
Duration = 2 weeks

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