[1]

1995

[2]

involvement

---[3]

outsiders

object

[4]

improvement

critical action research[5]

1980

Borg, W. 1963
10
1981 1 1987 2 1993 3 1999 4
formal research 9 [6]

1963 10
Differences among Formal Education, Action
Research, and the Casual Approach to Problem Solving in Education [7]

[8]
----

[9]
systematic

[10]to be made open

[11]

[12]

 20 40
[13]

20 80
----[14]

[15]

[16]1
23
45

1
2
3

[17]

1.Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge and Action

Research, Deakin University Press, 1986.
2.Elliott, J. Action Research for Educational Change, Open University Press.
1991.
3.Stenhouse, L. An Introduction to Curriculum Research and Development,
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. 1975.
4..[M]. ,2002.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

1..[M]., 2003.
2.Greenwood, D. Levin, M.(1998) Introduction to Action Research for Social
Research and Social Change, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers.

3.[].[M] ., . : , 2007.

4.McNiff, J. Action Research: Principles and Practice, Macmillan Education Ltd,

1988.

5.[].[M] .,.,
1997.

1.Hogdkinson, H. (1957) Action Research: A Critique, The Journal of

Educational Sociology, 31(4).
2.Husen, T. & Postlethwaite (eds) (1984) The International Encyclopedia of
Education, New York: Pergamon, 1st ed. Kemmis, S.
Action Research
3..[J] ..19992

4..[M] .,2000.
5..[M] .,1998.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------[1]

[2] McKernan, J. (1996) Curriculum Action Research: A Handbook of Methods

and Resources for the Reflective Practitioner, Kogan Page, 2nd ed. p.257.
[3] See Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge
and Action Research, Deakin University Press, p.165.
[4] Corey, S. (1953) Action Research to Improve School Practice, Teachers
College, Columbia University, New York.
[5] See Carr, W. & Kemmis, S. (1986) Becoming Critical: Education, Knowledge
and Action Research, Deakin University Press.
[6] See Gall, J. Gall, M. Borg, W. (1993) Applying Educational Research: A
Practical Guide, Longman, 3rd ed, pp.390-410; Gall, J. Gall, M. Borg, W. (1999)
Applying Educational Research: A Practical Guide, Longman, 4th ed, pp.478480.
[7] Borg, W. (1963) Educational Research: An Introduction, David McKay
Company, pp.320-322.
[8] Hogdkinson, H. (1957) Action Research: A Critique, The Journal of
Educational Sociology, 31(4), according to Oja, S. & Smulyan, L. (1989)
Collaborative Action Research: A Developmental Approach, The Falmer Press,
p.5.
[9] Stenhouse, L. (1981) What Counts as Research? British Journal of

Educational Studies 29,2,June; Also See Rudduck, J. & Hopkins, D. (eds) (1985)
Research as a Basis for Teaching: Reading from the work of Lawrence
Stenhouse, Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. pp.15-19.
[10] Stenhouse, L. (1979) The Problems of Standards in Illuminative Research,
Scottish Educational Review 11(1).
[11] Stenhouse, L. (1981) What Counts as Research? British Journal of
Educational Studies 29, 2, June.
[12] Ebbutt, D. (1985) Educational Action Research: Some General Concerns
and Specific Quibbles, in Burgess, R. (ed.) Issues in Educational Research:
Qualitative Methods, The Falmer Press.
[13] Lewin, K.(1952) Group Decision and Social Change, In Swanson G.
Newcomb, T. & Hartley, E. (eds) Readings in Social Psychology, Holt, New York.
[14] According to Ebbutt, D. (1985) Educational Action Research: Some
General Concerns and Specific Quibbles, In Burgess, R. (ed.) Issues in
Educational Research: Qualitative Methods, The Falmer Press.
[15] McNiff, J. (1988) Action Research: Principles and Practice, Macmillan
Education Ltd. 35.
[16] Whitehead, J. (1985) An Analysis of an Individual's Educational
Development: The Basis for Personally Oriented Action Research, in Shipman,
M. (ed.) Educational Research: Principles, Policies & Practices, The Falmer
Press.
[17] .[J]. , 1996,(1).