SCAPULA

Part
1. Spine

2. Acromion
3. Cd border

4. Dorsal border

5. Cr border
6. Cd angle
7. Cr angle

8. Ventral angle

9. Neck

10. Scapular notch

11. Supraglenoid
tubercle
12. Coracoid process

13. Infraglenoid
tubercle

Description
- a shelf of bone divided into
two nearly equal fossae
- most prominent feature
-at dorsal border: thick, low
ridge
- at neck: thinner, wider
- at free border: slightly
thickened
- truncated process at distal
end
- thick
- bears infraglenoid tubercle
just dorsal to vtrl angle
- middle 3rd: broad and
smooth
- less than 1/3: thickest part
- from cr to cd angles
- capped by a narrow band
of cartilage (live animal)
thin
dorsal end thickened
where cr border (w/o clear
demarcation) is continuous
w the dorsal border
- expanded distal/articular
end, segment distal to spine
and proximal to expanded
part, that forms the glenoid
cavity
- clinically: most impt part
bc enters into shoulder jt
formation
- constricted part that unites
w the expanded blade
- adjacent to vtrl angle
notch formed by the
concave border near the
ventral angle as it enters
into neck formation
eminence at cr of glenoid
cavity
a small tubercle on the slight
medial inclination of the
supraglenoid tubercle
- seen at the opposite side of
the supraglenoid tubercle

Muscle Attachment

Bone Articulation
(if any)

proximally omotrans;
trapezius;
scapular deltoideus

acromial deltoideus
tubercle teres minor and
triceps (long head);
middle 3rd: some subscapularis
and triceps (long head);
less than 1/3 teres major
rhomboideus

glenoid cavity head of

humerus

biceps brachii
coracobrachialis

teres minor;
triceps (long head)

14. Glenoid cavity

15. Supraspinous fossa
16. Infraspinous fossa
17. Subscapular fossa

18. Serrated face

- on the thick cd border, just

proximal to the vtrl angle
- shallow cavity at the
ventral angle by the neck
entire lateral surface cr to
spine
- triangular area cd to spine
- w the apex and neck
- large part of the
medial/costal surface
- nearly flat
- usually has 3 straight
muscular lines that converge
distally
small part of the
medial/costal surface

except distally supraspinatus

infraspinatus
subscapularis

serratus ventralis thoracis

HUMERUS
Part
1. Head

2. Intertubercular
groove

3. Greater tubercle

4. Lesser tubercle

5. Neck

6. Cr surface

7. Crest of greater
tubercle

8. Lateral surface

9. Deltoid tuberosity
10. Tricipital line

Description
- more than 2x area of
glenoid cavity
- elongated sagitally
- begins at cr end of
articular area
- deflected towards median
plane by greater tubercle
- forms craniolateral part of
proximal extremity
- convex at summit and
usually higher than its head
- bet this part and its head:
several foramina for
transmission of vessels
- lat side w/ a smooth facet
- medial of proximal
extremity, cd to
intertubercular groove
- lower/smaller than greater
tubercle
- indistinct except cdlly
- line along w/c head and
tubercle parts have fused w/
the body of bone
- distinct in middle 3rd of
body of bone
- fades distally
- proximal 3rd: 2 ridges
- distal continuation of the
greater tubercle
- ridge that extends
proximally in a
craniomedial direction
- cranial border of bone
- has the ridge that extends
until cd part of greater
tubercle
- distal thickening of lateral
surface
from deltoid tuberosity to cd
part of greater tubercle

Muscle Attachment

O: tendon of biceps brachii

supraspinatus;
infraspinatus;
part of deep pectoral;
smooth facet infraspinatus

proximal bor. - subscapularis

mid 3rd brachiocephalicus,

some pectorals

some pectorals;
some cleidobrachialis

deltoideus
triceps (lat head)

Bone Articulation
(if any)
glenoid cavity of scapula
(ball&socket jt w/ only
flexion and extension)

11. Teres minor

tuberosity
12. Brachialis groove

13. Lat supracondylar

crest

14. Cd surface

15. Crest of lesser

tubercle

16. Teres major

tuberosity
17. Medial surface

18. Humeral condyle

19. Condyle: Trochlea

20. Condyle: Capitulum

21. Condyle: Lat
epicondyle
22. Condlye: Lat supracondylar crest
23. Condyle: Med
epicondyle

24. Condyle: Olecranon

fossa
25. Condyle: Radial
fossa

adj to proximal extremity of

tricipital line
- smooth groove located
laterally
- spirals around the bone
- distally lies on
craniolateral surface
- thick crest distal to
brachialis groove
- extends distally to the lat
epicondyle
- smooth, rounded
transversely
- ends in deep olecranon
fossa
- crosses proximal end of
medial surface
- ends distally at teres major
tuberosity
- tuberosity at medial
surface
- middle 3rd: smooth and w/o
muscle

O at proximal part: brachialis

ECR;
some anconeus

teres major;
latissimus dorsi
cd, prox to TMT triceps
(medial head),
coracobrachialis

- distal end of humerus

- articular surface (unevenly
divided by a low ridge) and
adj fossae
- large area med to the ridge
- extends proximally into
adj fossae
small articular area lat to the
ridge
- smaller than medial epi
- occupies enlarged
distolateral end of humerus
proximal to capitulum
extends proximally from lat
epi
- enlarged distomedial end
of humerus, proximal to
trochlea
- cd projection deepens
olecranon fossa
- deep excavation of cd
humeral condyle
- on cr humeral condyle
- communicates w/
olecranon fossa via an

radius;
trochlear notch of ulna
(ginglymus one of most
stable hinge jts)
head of radius
O: CDE, LDE, UL, supinator

lat collateral lig of elbow

O: ECR
cd projection anconeus;
elevated part FCR, FCU,
pronator teres, SDF, DDF

med collateral lig of

elbow

anconeal process of ulna

(during elbow ext)

26. Condyle:
Supratrochlear
foramen

opening
- opening bet olecranon and
radial fossae

(no soft structures pass)

RADIUS
Part
1. Head
2. Head: Fovea capitis
3. Head: Articular
circumference
4. Radial tuberosity

5. Body

6. Body: Carpal end

7. Body: Cr surface
8. Body: Cd surface

9. Body: Lat border

10. Body: Med border
11. Trochlea

12. Trochlea: Ulnar

notch
13. Trochlea: Styloid

Description

Muscle Attachment

- at proximal extremity
- widest at med to lat
- proximally an oval,
depressed articular surface
- smooth cd border of radial
head
- at proximal extremity
- small tuberosity distal to
neck on med border of bone
- compressed w/ cr & cd
surfaces and med & lat
borders
- slightly convex crlly
blends w/o sharp
demarcation w/ the enlarged
distal extremity
smooth throughout and
convex transversely
- roughened and slightly
concave
- distally broadens/expands

- distal extremity
- concave carpal articular
surface
- on lat surface of trochlea
- slightly concave area w/ a
facet for articulation
- rounded projection on med

Bone Articulation
(if any)

capitulum of humerus
radial notch of ulna

some biceps brachii;

some brachialis

ligamentous attachment to
ulna

ulna

proximally med

process
14. Trochlea: Articular
face
15. Trochlea: Cr surface

surface of trochlea

collateral lig of carpus

- presents 3 distinct grooves:

> med small, short,
oblique
> mid longest, extends
proximally on radial
shaft
> lat wide and of variable distinctness

med groove O for tendon of

abductor digit I longus;
mid groove O for ECR;
lat groove O for tendon of
CDE

Description

Muscle Attachment

ULNA
Part
1. Olecranon

- proximal extremity
- 4-sided, laterally
compressed, medially
inclined

2. Olecranon:
Olecranon tuber

- proximal end of
olecranon
- grooved crlly and
enlarged & rounded cdlly
smooth, vertical, halfmoon-shaped concavity
facing crlly
- at proximal end of
trochlear notch
- sharp-edged and slightly
hooked
- smaller process at distal
end of trochlear notch
- larger process at distal end
of trochlear notch
- bet lat & med coronoid
processes
- 3-sided in its middle 3rd
- middle 3rd: where groove
for cd. interosseous a. is
most visible

3. Trochlear notch

4. Olecranon: Anconeal
process

5. Lat coronoid process

6. Med coronoid
process
7. Radial notch
8. Body

Bone Articulation
(if any)

lever arm for extensor mm

of elbow;
cd part triceps brachii,
anconeus, TFA;
med surface FCU (ulnar
head), DDF

trochlea of humerus

olecranon fossa of
humerus (during elbow jt
ext)

articular circumference of
radius (to form the elbow)

9. Body: Ulnar
tuberosity

10. Body: Inter-osseous

border

11. Articular
circumference
12. Styloid process

- compressed laterally
proximal to middle 3rd
- distal 3rd: gradually loses
its borders, becomes
irregular, continued by
distal ptd extremity
- small elongated eminence
on medial surface of bone
at its proximal end
- just distal to med
coronoid process
- distinct, rough, irreg
- eminence at jxn of
proximal and mid 3rds of
bone
- vascular groove med to
the crest: position of cd
interosseus a.

biceps brachii;
brachialis

eminence heavy lig of

radius

- prominence at ulnar head

or distal extremity of the
bone

head medially w/ radius

CARPAL BONES [7]

Part
1. Intermedioradial /
Radial
2. Ulnar

3. Accessory

4. I
5. II
6. III
7. IV

Description
largest and medial proximal
CB
- lateral proximal CB
- palmar portion projects
distally palmar and lat to 4th
CB
- palmar member
- short rod of bone
- always lat
most med and smallest
distal CB

Muscle Attachment

lever arm for some flexor

mm of carpus

triangular?
most lat and largest distal
CB

Bone Articulation
(if any)
proximally radius

styloid process of ulna;

ulnar CB

bases of 4th and 5th MCBs

METACARPAL BONES [5]

Part
1. Metacarpus

Description
- long for a small bone

Muscle Attachment
intermetacarpal spaces

Bone Articulation
(if any)

body/shaft
2. Metacarpus base

3. Metacarpus head

- interMC spaces: palmar

to MC bones?
proximal extremity

interosseous mm
I to IV w/corresponding
distal CBs;
V 4th distal CB
I to V corresponding
proximal phalanges;
sagittal ridge sagittal
groove in the base of
corresponding proximal
phalanx

distal extremity w/ sagittal

ridges?

* MC1 atypical/vestigial; MT1 (hindpaw) constantly present

PHALANGES [2 or 3] / DIGITS [5]

Part
A. Proximal
1. base
2. body
3. head
B. Middle
1. base
2. body
3. head
C. Distal
1. base
2. extensor process
3. ungual crest
4. flexor tubercle
5. ungual process

Description

Muscle Attachment

not present in 1st phalanx/

dewclaw (pollex)

- thin shelf of bone

- extensor process: rounded
dorsal part of base
- ungual crest: overlaps the
claw and forms a band of
bone around the proximal
portion of the claw
- flexor tubercle: small
process on the palmar
surface
- ungual process: curved

extensor process CDE

tendon;
flexor tubercle DDF tendon

Bone Articulation
(if any)

Proximal sesamoid
bones

Distal sesamoid bones

conical extension of the

distal phalanx into the claw
- a pair located in the
interosseous tendons on the
palmar surface of each
metacarpophalangeal jt
(digits II to V)
- only one for 1st digit
- small round bones
embedded in CDE tendons
as they pass over the
metacarpophalangeal jts
- none for 1st digit

ATLAS = C1
Part

Description

1. Wings/Transverse
processes
2. Body: Vtrl arch
3. Body: Dorsal arch
4. Cr articular foveae

lateral, shelflike, and thick

5. Cd articular foveae
6. Body: Fovea dentis

2 shallow glenoid cavities

- at cd part of dorsal surface
of the body
- concave from side to side
large foramen at the center
thru w/c the SC passes
- short canals that pass
obliquely thru the wings
- contain the vertebral

7. Vertebral foramen
8. Transverse foramina

unites wings vtrlly

unites wings dorsally
cranial pair of articulations

Muscle Attachment

Bone Articulation
(if any)

R & L occipital condyles

of skill (to form atlantooccipital jt)
axis (atlantoaxial jt)
dens of axis

9. Lateral vertebral
foramina

blood vessels
- perforate the cr part of the
vertebral arch
- passage for C1 spinal nn

AXIS = C2
Part
1. Spinous process
2. Wings/Transverse
processes
3. Transverse foramina
4. Dens

5. Body: Cr articular
surface
6. Vertebral arch
7. Vertebral arch: Cr
vertebral notch
8. Vertebral arch: Cd
vertebral notch

Description

Muscle Attachment

Bone Articulation
(if any)

- elongated and ridgelike

- most prominent char.
- pts cdlly
small opening at root of
each wing
- cranial forward projection
of body
- peglike eminence
- articular vtrl surface
- rough tip/dorsal surface
- continuous w/ articular
area of dens
cd part: 2 articular surfaces
that face vtrolaterally
(1st intervertebral
foramen: passage of 2nd
cervical n.)
(2nd intervertebral
foramen: passage of 3rd
cervical n.)

dorsal surface ligamentous

attachment

concurs w/ that of the atlas

(to form the 1st intervertebral foramen)
concurs w/ that of C3 (to
form the 2nd intervertebral
foramen)

RIBS [13 pairs]

Part
1. Dorsal bony part
2. Vtrl cartilaginous
part
3. Costochondral jxn

4. Costal arch
6. Bony part: head

Description

Muscle Attachment

Bone Articulation
(if any)

presents a head, neck,

tuberculum, and body
= costal cartilages
- where dorsal and vtrl
parts meet
- may be rapidly expanded
in growing animals
- unison of costal cartilages
of ribs 10-12
ribs 1-10: costal fovea of
2 contiguous vertebrae

7. Bony part: neck

8. Bony part: tubercle
bet head and tuberculum
* Manubrium of
sternum
*Intersternebral
cartilage
*Intercostal spaces
tot # ribs 1 = 12spaces
*Xiphoid process
*Xiphoid cartilage
* floating rib 13th
* sternal/asternal ratio 9:4; sternebrae = sternal -1 = 8ribs

and the intervening

fibrocartilage;
ribs 11-13: cr costal fovea
on the body of corresponding vertebrae
costal fovea of wing of
corresponding vertebrae