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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) is an American

neoconservative think tank based in Washington, D.C., co-founded as "a
non-profit educational organization" by William Kristol and Robert Kagan in
Logo of the Project for the New American Century
early 1997. The PNAC's stated goal is "to promote American global
leadership."[1] Fundamental to the PNAC are the views that "American
leadership is both good for America and good for the world" and support for "a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral
clarity."[2] It has exerted strong influence on high-level U.S. government officials in the administration of U.S President George
W. Bush and strongly affected the George Bush administration's development of military and foreign policies, especially
involving national security and the Iraq War.[3][4][5] As of May 20, 2008, The Project for the New American Century website
was inoperable. A message saying that the account has been suspended and to contact the billing department was put on the sites
page.

Contents

1 Background and history

2 "Fundamental propositions"
2.1 Open letter to President Clinton on Iraq
2.2 Rebuilding America's Defenses
3 Controversy
3.1 US World Dominance ("American Empire")
3.2 Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategies
3.3 Inexperienced in realities of war
3.4 PNAC role in promoting invasion of Iraq
3.5 PNACs Rise to Power: Jeb Bushs Role in 2000 US Presidential Election Controversy in Florida
4 Persons associated with the PNAC
4.1 Project directors
4.2 Project staff
4.3 Former directors and staff
4.4 Signatories to Statement of Principles
4.5 Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[23]
4.6 Associations with Bush administration
5 References in popular culture
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
8.1 External links
8.2 Further reading and media programs: Analysis and criticism

Background and history

An initiative of the New Citizenship Project, a 501(c)(3) organization headed by William Kristol (Chairman) and Gary Schmitt
(President),[1] the Project for the New American Century is funded in part by such organizations as the Sarah Scaife Foundation,
the John M. Olin Foundation and the Bradley Foundation.[6]
On January 26, 1998, in the PNAC's open letter to President Bill Clinton, its members explicitly called for a U.S. ground
campaign to oust Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq.[7]
Further information: #Open letter to President Clinton on Iraq
The goal of regime change remained their consistent position throughout the Iraq disarmament crisis.[8] They followed that up
with a letter to Republican members of the U.S. Congress Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott.[9]
On November 16, 1998, citing Iraq's demand for the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors and the removal of Richard Butler as
head of the inspections regime, William Kristol, co-founder of the PNAC and editor of The Weekly Standard, called again for
regime change in an editorial in his online magazine: "...any sustained bombing and missile campaign against Iraq should be part

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of any overall political-military strategy aimed at removing Saddam from power."[10] Kristol states that Paul Wolfowitz and
others believed that the goal was to create "a 'liberated zone' in southern Iraq that would provide a safe haven where opponents of
Saddam could rally and organize a credible alternative to the present regime ... The liberated zone would have to be protected by
U.S. military might, both from the air and, if necessary, on the ground."
The PNAC also supported the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (H.R.4655), which President Clinton had signed into law.[11]
In January of 1999, the PNAC circulated a memo that criticized the December 1998 bombing of Iraq in Operation Desert Fox as
ineffective, questioned the viability of Iraqi democratic opposition which the U.S. was supporting through the Iraq Liberation
Act, and referred to any "containment" policy as an illusion.[12]
In September 2000, the PNAC published a controversial 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies,
Forces, and Resources For a New Century.
Further information: #Rebuilding America's Defenses
From 2001 through 2002, the co-founders and other members of the PNAC published articles supporting the United States'
invasion of Iraq.[13]. On its website, the PNAC promoted its point of view that leaving Saddam Hussein in power would be
"surrender to terrorism."[14][15][16][17]
On September 20, 2001 (nine days after the September 11, 2001 attacks), the PNAC sent a letter to President George W. Bush,
advocating "a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq," or regime change:
...even if evidence does not link Iraq directly to the attack, any strategy aiming at the eradication of terrorism and its sponsors must
include a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. Failure to undertake such an effort will constitute an
early and perhaps decisive surrender in the war on international terrorism.[18][4]

In 2003, during the period leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the PNAC had seven full-time staff members in addition to its
board of directors.[1] According to Tom Barry, "The glory days of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) quickly
passed but the website is still functioning and was updated as of Feb 8, 2007.[19][20]
As quoted in Paul Reynolds' BBC News report, David Rothkopf states:
Their [The Project for the New American Century's] signal enterprise was the invasion of Iraq and their failure to produce results is
clear. Precisely the opposite has happened. The US use of force has been seen as doing wrong and as inflaming a region that has
been less than susceptible to democracy. Their plan has fallen on hard times. There were flaws in the conception and horrendously
bad execution. The neo-cons have been undone by their own ideas and the incompetence of the Bush administration.[20]

Gary Schmitt, former executive director of the PNAC, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and director of its
program in Advanced Strategic Studies, countered that PNAC had come to a natural end:
When the project started, it was not intended to go forever. That is why we are shutting it down. We would have had to spend too
much time raising money for it and it has already done its job. We felt at the time that there were flaws in American foreign policy,
that it was neo-isolationist. We tried to resurrect a Reaganite policy. Our view has been adopted. Even during the Clinton
administration we had an effect, with Madeleine Albright [then secretary of state] saying that the United States was 'the
indispensable nation'. But our ideas have not necessarily dominated. We did not have anyone sitting on Bush's shoulder. So the
work now is to see how they are implemented.[20]

"Fundamental propositions"
The Project for the New American Century website states the following "fundamental propositions": "that American leadership
is good both for America and for the world; and that such leadership requires military strength, diplomatic energy and
commitment to moral principle."[2]
Its original "Statement of Principles" of June 3, 1997, posted on its current website, begins by framing a series of questions,
which the rest of the document proposes to answer:
As the 20th century draws to a close, the United States stands as the world's pre-eminent power. Having led the West to victory in
the Cold War, America faces an opportunity and a challenge: Does the United States have the vision to build upon the
achievements of past decades? Does the United States have the resolve to shape a new century favorable to American principles
and interests?[21]

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In response to these questions, the PNAC states its aim to "remind America" of "lessons" learned from American history,
drawing the following "four consequences" for America in 1997:
we need to increase defense spending significantly if we are to carry out our global responsibilities today and modernize our
armed forces for the future;
we need to strengthen our ties to democratic allies and to challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values;
we need to promote the cause of political and economic freedom abroad; [and]
we need to accept responsibility for America's unique role in preserving and extending an international order friendly to our
security, our prosperity, and our principles.

While "Such a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity may not be fashionable today [1997]," the "Statement of
Principles" concludes, "it is necessary if the United States is to build on the successes of this past century and to ensure our
security and our greatness in the next."[21]

Open letter to President Clinton on Iraq

On January 16, 1998, following perceived Iraqi unwillingness to co-operate with UN weapons inspections, members of the
PNAC, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Robert Zoellick drafted an open letter to President Bill Clinton, posted
on its website, urging President Clinton to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political, and military
power. The signers argue that Saddam would pose a threat to the United States, its Middle East allies, and oil resources in the
region, if he succeeded in maintaining what they asserted was a stockpile of Weapons of Mass Destruction. They also state: "we
can no longer depend on our partners in the Gulf War to continue to uphold the sanctions or to punish Saddam when he blocks or
evades UN inspections" and "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN
Security Council." They argue that an Iraq war would be justified by Hussein's defiance of UN "containment" policy and his
persistent threat to U.S. interests.[7]

Rebuilding America's Defenses

Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and Resources For a New Century (2000), which lists as Project Chairmen
Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt and as Principal Author Thomas Donnelly, quotes from the PNAC's June 1997 "Statement of
Principles" and proceeds "from the belief that America should seek to preserve and extend its position of global leadership by
maintaining the preeminence of U.S. military forces."[22][23]
The report argues:
The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. It has, over the past decade, provided the geopolitical
framework for widespread economic growth and the spread of American principles of liberty and democracy. Yet no moment in
international politics can be frozen in time; even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself.[22]

After its title page, the report features a page entitled "About the Project for the New American Century", quoting key passages
from its 1997 "Statement of Principles":

[What we require is] a military that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges; a foreign
policy that boldly and purposefully promotes American principles abroad; and national leadership that accepts the
United States global responsibilities. Of course, the United States must be prudent in how it exercises its power.
But we cannot safely avoid the responsibilities of global leadership of the costs that are associated with its
exercise. America has a vital role in maintaining peace and security in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. If we
shirk our responsibilities, we invite challenges to our fundamental interests. The history of the 20th century should
have taught us that it is important to shape circumstances before crises emerge, and to meet threats before they
become dire. The history of the past century should have taught us to embrace the cause of American leadership.
[22]

In its "Preface", in highlighted boxes, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that it aims to:
ESTABLISH FOUR CORE MISSIONS for the U.S. military:
defend the American homeland;
fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars;
perform the constabulary duties associated with shaping the security environment in critical regions;
transform U.S. forces to exploit the revolution in military affairs;

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and that
To carry out these core missions, we need to provide sufficient force and budgetary allocations. In particular, the United States
must:
MAINTAIN NUCLEAR STRATEGIC SUPERIORITY, basing the U.S. deterrent upon a global, nuclear net assessment that
weighs the full range of current and emerging threats, not merely the U.S.-Russia balance.
RESTORE THE PERSONNEL STRENGTH of todays force to roughly the levels anticipated in the Base Force outlined by the
Bush Administration, an increase in active-duty strength from 1.4 million to 1.6 million.
REPOSITION U.S. FORCES to respond to 21st century strategic realities by shifting permanently-based forces to Southeast
Europe and Southeast Asia, and by changing naval deployment patterns to reflect growing U.S. strategic concerns in East Asia.
(iv)

It specifies the following goals:

MODERNIZE CURRENT U.S. FORCES SELECTIVELY, proceeding with the F-22 program
while increasing purchases of lift, electronic support and other aircraft; expanding submarine and
surface combatant fleets; purchasing Comanche helicopters and medium-weight ground vehicles
for the Army, and the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft for the Marine Corps.
CANCEL ROADBLOCK PROGRAMS such as the Joint Strike Fighter, CVX aircraft carrier,
[24] and Crusader howitzer system that would absorb exorbitant amounts of Pentagon funding
while providing limited improvements to current capabilities. Savings from these canceled
programs should be used to spur the process of military transformation.
DEVELOP AND DEPLOY GLOBAL MISSILE DEFENSES to defend the American homeland
and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world.[25]
CONTROL THE NEW INTERNATIONAL COMMONS OF SPACE AND CYBERSPACE,
and pave the way for the creation of a new military service U.S. Space Forces with the mission
of space control.
EXPLOIT THE REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS to insure the long-term superiority of
U.S. conventional forces. Establish a two-stage transformation process which
maximizes the value of current weapons systems through the application of advanced
technologies, and,
produces more profound improvements in military capabilities, encourages competition between
single services and joint-service experimentation efforts.
INCREASE DEFENSE SPENDING gradually to a minimum level of 3.5 to 3.8 percent of gross
domestic product, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually. (v)

The report emphasizes:

A table from the second page

of Rebuilding Americas
Defenses which emphasizes
the goal of perpetuating the
post-Cold War 'Unipolar
Moment' and targets East
Asia as the region of new
global competition.

Fulfilling these requirements is essential if America is to retain its militarily dominant status for the
coming decades. Conversely, the failure to meet any of these needs must result in some form of strategic retreat. At current levels
of defense spending, the only option is to try ineffectually to manage increasingly large risks: paying for todays needs by
shortchanging tomorrows; withdrawing from constabulary missions to retain strength for large-scale wars; choosing between
presence in Europe or presence in Asia; and so on. These are bad choices. They are also false economies. The savings from
withdrawing from the Balkans, for example, will not free up anywhere near the magnitude of funds needed for military
modernization or transformation. But these are false economies in other, more profound ways as well. The true cost of not meeting
our defense requirements will be a lessened capacity for American global leadership and, ultimately, the loss of a global security
order that is uniquely friendly to American principles and prosperity. (v-vi)

In relation to the Persian Gulf, citing particularly Iraq and Iran, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that "while the unresolved
conflict in Iraq provides the immediate justification [for U.S. military presence], the need for a substantial American force
presence in the Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein" and "Over the long term, Iran may well prove as
large a threat to U.S. interests in the Gulf as Iraq has. And even should U.S.-Iranian relations improve, retaining forward-based
forces in the region would still be an essential element in U.S. security strategy given the longstanding American interests in the
region."[22]
One of the core missions outlined in the 2000 report Rebuilding America's Defenses is "fight and decisively win multiple,
simultaneous major theater wars."[26]
The report also states:
"Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic

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and catalyzing event like a new Pearl Harbor"

The report Rebuilding America's Defenses has been the subject of much analysis and criticism.[4][5]

Controversy
US World Dominance ("American Empire")
According to its critics, the PNAC promotes American "hegemony" and "Full-spectrum" dominance in its own publications
featured on its website.[27][28][29][30]
Ebrahim Afsah, in "Creed, Cabal, or Conspiracy The Origins of the Current Neo-Conservative Revolution in US Strategic
Thinking", published in the German Law Journal, cites Jochen Blsche's view that the goal of the PNAC is world dominance or
global hegemony by the United States.[31][32] According to Blsche, Rebuilding America's Defenses "was developed by
Rumsfeld, Cheney, Wolfowitz and Libby, and is devoted to matters of 'maintaining US pre-eminence, thwarting rival powers and
shaping the global security system according to US interests.'"[31][32]
William Rivers Pitt, editorial director of Progressive Democrats of America, writes, in an editorial published by Truthout.org,
that the PNAC is motivated by an imperial agenda of US military expansionism, which will bring negative side effects to
ordinary citizens of the United States, while it enriches some industries: "defense contractors who sup on American tax revenue
will be handsomely paid for arming this new American empire."[33]
George Monbiot, a political activist from the United Kingdom, observes: "...to pretend that this battle begins and ends in Iraq
requires a willful denial of the context in which it occurs. That context is a blunt attempt by the superpower to reshape the world
to suit itself."[34]
PNAC co-founder Robert Kagan counters such criticism in his statement during a debate on whether or not "The United States
Is, and Should Be, an Empire":
"There is a vital distinction between being powerful--even most powerful in the world--and being an empire. Economic expansion
does not equal imperialism, and there is no such thing as "cultural imperialism". If America is an empire, then why was it unable to
mobilize its subjects to support the war against Saddam Hussein? America is not an empire, and its power stems from voluntary
associations and alliances. American hegemony is relatively well accepted because people all over the world know that U.S. forces
will eventually withdraw from the occupied territories. The effect of declaring that the United States is an empire would not only
be factually wrong, but strategically catastrophic. Contrary to the exploitative purposes of the British, the American intentions of
spreading democracy and individual rights are incompatible with the notion of an empire. The genius of American power is
expressed in the movie The Godfather II, where, like Hyman Roth, the United States has always made money for its partners.
America has not turned countries in which it intervened into deserts; it enriched them. Even the Russians knew they could
surrender after the Cold War without being subjected to occupation."[35]

Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategies

Jeffrey Record, of the Strategic Studies Institute, in his monograph Bounding the Global War on Terrorism, Gabriel Kolko,
research professor emeritus at York University in Toronto, and author of Another Century of War? (The New Press, 2002), in his
article published in CounterPunch, and William Rivers Pitt, in Truthout.org, respectively, argue that the PNAC's goals of
military hegemony exaggerate what the military can accomplish, that they fail to recognize "the limits of US power", and that
favoring pre-emptive exercise of military might over diplomatic strategies can have "adverse side effects."[36][37][33] (Paul
Reynolds and Max Boot have made similar observations.[27][28])
The Sydney Morning Herald publishes an English translation of an article published in German in Der Spiegel summarizing
former President Jimmy Carter's position and stating that President Carter:
judges the PNAC agenda in the same way. At first, argues Carter, Bush responded to the challenge of September 11 in an effective
and intelligent way, "but in the meantime a group of conservatives worked to get approval for their long held ambitions under the
mantle of 'the war on terror'." The restrictions on civil rights in the US and at Guantanamo, cancellation of international accords,
"contempt for the rest of the world", and finally an attack on Iraq "although there is no threat to the US from Baghdad" - all these
things will have devastating consequences, according to Carter. "This entire unilateralism", warns the ex-President, "will
increasingly isolate the US from those nations that we need in order to do battle with terrorism".[31]

Though not arguing that Bush administration PNAC members were complicit in those attacks, other social critics such as
commentator Manuel Valenzuela and journalist Mark Danner,[38][39][40] investigative journalist John Pilger, in The New

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Statesman,[41] and former editor of The San Francisco Chronicle Bernard Weiner, in CounterPunch,[42] all argue that PNAC
members used the events as the "Pearl Harbor" that they neededthat is, as an "opportunity" to "capitalize on" (in Pilger's
words), in order to enact long-desired plans.[43]
"When the Towers came down," William Rivers Pitt writes in his editorial in Truthout.org, "these men saw, at long last, their
chance to turn their White Papers into substantive policy."[33]

Inexperienced in realities of war

Former US Congressman Lionel Van Deerlin and UK Labour MP and Father of the House of Commons, Tam Dalyell, have
criticized PNAC members for promoting policies which vociferously support an idealized version of war, even though only a
handful of PNAC members have served in the military or, if they served, seen combat.[44]
In discussing the PNAC report Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000), Neil MacKay, investigations editor for the Scottish
Sunday Herald, quotes Tam Dalyell: "'This is garbage from right-wing think-tanks stuffed with chicken-hawks -- men who have
never seen the horror of war but are in love with the idea of war. Men like Cheney, who were draft-dodgers in the Vietnam war.
These are the thought processes of fantasist Americans who want to control the world.'"[45]
Eliot A. Cohen, a signatory to the PNAC "Statement of Principles", responded in The Washington Post: "There is no evidence
that generals as a class make wiser national security policymakers than civilians. George C. Marshall, our greatest soldier
statesman after George Washington, opposed shipping arms to Britain in 1940. His boss, Franklin D. Roosevelt, with nary a day
in uniform, thought otherwise. Whose judgment looks better?"[46]

PNAC role in promoting invasion of Iraq

Commentators from divergent parts of the political spectrumsuch as Democracy Now! and American Free Press, including
Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams and former Republican Congressmen Pete McCloskey and Paul Findleyhave
voiced their concerns about the influence of the PNAC on the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.[47][48] Some
have regarded the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton, which urged him to embrace a plan for "the removal of
Saddam Husseins regime from power,"[7] and the large number of members of PNAC appointed to the Bush administration as
evidence that the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a foregone conclusion. [39][43][49]
The television program Frontline, broadcast on PBS, presents the PNAC's letter to President Clinton as a notable event in the
leadup to the Iraq war.[50]
Media commentators have found it significant that signatories to the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton (and
some of its other position papers, letters, and reports) include such Bush administration officials as Donald Rumsfeld, Paul
Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, John Bolton, Richard Armitage, and Elliott Abrams.[33][38][50][27]

PNACs Rise to Power: Jeb Bushs Role in 2000 US Presidential Election Controversy in Florida
In 2000, PNAC signator Dick Cheney and George W. Bush became the Vice President and President of the United States
following a landmark Supreme Court decision [51][52] to not perform a recount of the Florida votes in the highly contended [53]
U.S. Presidential Election in 2000. With a PNAC member in the number-two spot in the U.S. Federal Government, who could
provide advice to the newly elected President on his White House appointments, many PNAC members were elevated from their
nascent thinktank to many of the most powerful positions in the executive office of the United States, including Secretary and
Deputy Secretary of Defense, Deputy Secretary of State, and multiple additional posts within the Defense and State Departments.
It is inconclusive whether Cheney's affiliation with PNAC was related to these appointments, although it has been repeatedly
alleged that Bush and Cheney had every intent of bringing PNACs foreign policy ideas to fruition in their administration[54][55]
[56][57][58][59][60].
The close election that brought Bush and Cheney to the White House hinged on the outcome of the Floridas votes. At this time,
the governor of Florida was Jeb Bush, also a PNAC signator. Jeb Bush, along with Katherine Harris, his secretary of state, were
accused by the US Commission on Civil Rights of "injustice, ineptitude and inefficiency," and "gross dereliction [of duty]"[61]
with regard to Floridas 2000 presidential election, which was riddled with numerous voting fraud issues[62][63][64]. The
commission found that Governor Bush knew that black voters were 10 times more likely to have their ballots rejected than white
voters, often due to outdated voting technology in black and hispanic areas. It was also found that DBT Online (now
ChoicePoint), the private company whose list of felons (who cannot vote in Florida[65]) included non-felons and ex-felons, had
warned Jeb Bush to check for irregularities prior to using its list in the election. This problem helped swing election results, as
93% of blacks in Florida[64] (and 90% of blacks nationwide[66]) voted for Gore, and while Bush and PNAC signator Cheney's

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margin of victory in Florida was only 1,725 votes[67], at least 8,000 of the 173,000 people on the felons list had the right to vote,
and 54% of the supposed felons were black[64]. It has been estimated that a total of 22,000 black democrats were barred from
voting[68]. Jeb Bush's role in the alleged election fraud was further examined in a BBC report[68] by investigative journalist Greg
Palast.
After the Supreme Courts decision not to allow a recount in Florida, The NORC at the University of Chicago conducted a
recount study that found that Bush won the 2000 election in Florida[69], although the possible votes from ex-felons, who were
barred from filling out a ballot in the first place, were not considered.
William Rivers Pitt has asserted that Jeb's actions in the election fraud were done deliberately so that his fellow PNAC members
would be assured the high-power posts in the Federal government that they received upon Bush and Cheney taking office[70].
Bernard Weiner noted that PNAC expected victory for its candidate, Cheney, in the 2000 election, and hence penned Rebuilding
Americas Defenses just two months before the election[71]. This coincidence was also noticed by Steve Brouwer, who further
claims that the organizations very name (coined in 1997) was anticipatory of political takeover in 2000, right at the start of the
new century [72]. However, records are scarce regarding whether Jebs decision to allow an election biased in favor of a fellow
PNAC member to proceed was a purposeful attempt to bring PNAC to power or simply a coincidence.

Persons associated with the PNAC

Project directors
[as currently listed on the PNAC website:]

William Kristol, Co-founder and Chairman[1]

Robert Kagan,[1]Co-founder
Bruce P. Jackson[1]

Mark Gerson[1]
Randy Scheunemann[1]

Project staff

Ellen Bork, Deputy Director[1]

Gary Schmitt, Senior Fellow[1][73]
Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow[1]

Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow[1]

Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director[1]
Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate[1]

Former directors and staff

Daniel McKivergan, Deputy Director[74]

Signatories to Statement of Principles

Elliott Abrams[21]
Gary Bauer[21]
William J. Bennett[21]
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush[21]
Richard B. Cheney[21]
Eliot A. Cohen[21]
Midge Decter[21]
Paula Dobriansky[21]
Steve Forbes[21]
Aaron Friedberg[21]
Francis Fukuyama[21]
Frank Gaffney[21]
Fred C. Ikle[21]

Donald Kagan[21]
Zalmay Khalilzad[21]
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby[21]
Norman Podhoretz[21]
J. Danforth Quayle[21]
Peter W. Rodman[21]
Stephen P. Rosen[21]
Henry S. Rowen[21]'
Donald Rumsfeld[21]
Vin Weber[21]
George Weigel[21]
Paul Wolfowitz[21]

Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[23]

Elliott Abrams[7][9]
Kenneth Adelman[75]
Richard V. Allen[18]
Richard L. Armitage[7]
Gary Bauer[18][75]

Zalmay Khalilzad[7][9]
Jeane Kirkpatrick[18]
Charles Krauthammer[18]
William Kristol[7][9][22][18]
John Lehman[18][75]

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Jeffrey Bell[18][75]
William J. Bennett[7][9][18][75]
Jeffrey Bergner[7][9][18]
John R. Bolton[7][9]
Ellen Bork[75]
Rudy Boschwitz[18]
Linda Chavez[75]
Eliot Cohen[22][18][75]
Seth Cropsey[18]
Midge Decter[18][75]
Paula Dobriansky[7][9]
Thomas Donnelly[22][18][75]
Nicholas Eberstadt,[18][75][76]
Hillel Fradkin[18][75][77]
Aaron Friedberg[18]
Francis Fukuyama[7][9][18]
Frank Gaffney[18][75]
Jeffrey Gedmin[18][75]
Reuel Marc Gerecht[18][75]
Charles Hill[18][75]
Bruce P. Jackson[18][75]
Eli S. Jacobs[18]
Michael Joyce[18]
Donald Kagan[22][18][75]
Robert Kagan[7][9][22][18][75]

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I. Lewis Libby[22]
Tod Lindberg[75][78]
Rich Lowry[75]
Clifford May[18][75]
Joshua Muravchik[75]
Michael O'Hanlon [79][80]
Martin Peretz[18][75]
Richard Perle[7][9][18][75]
Daniel Pipes[75]
Norman Podhoretz[18][75]
Peter W. Rodman[7][9][18]
Stephen P. Rosen[22][18][75]
Donald Rumsfeld[7][9]
Randy Scheunemann[18][75]
Gary Schmitt[22][18][75][73]
William Schneider, Jr.[7][9][18][75]
Richard H. Shultz[18][81]
Stephen J. Kantany[82]
Henry Sokolski[18]
Stephen J. Solarz[18]
Vin Weber[7][9][18]
Leon Wieseltier[18]
Marshall Wittmann[18][75]
Paul Wolfowitz[7][9][22]
R. James Woolsey[7][9][75]
Dov Zakheim[22]
Robert B. Zoellick[7][9]

Associations with Bush administration

After the election of George W. Bush in 2000, a number of PNAC's members or signatories were appointed to key positions
within the President's administration:
Name

Position(s) held

Elliott Abrams

Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights, and International
Operations (20012002), Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and North
African Affairs (20022005), Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for
Global Democracy Strategy (2005-) (all within the National Security Council)

Richard
Armitage

Deputy Secretary of State (2001-2005)

John R. Bolton

Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001-2005), U.S.
Ambassador to the United Nations (2005-2006)

Dick Cheney

Vice President (2001-)

Eliot A. Cohen

Member of the Defense Policy Advisory Board (2007-)[83]

Director of the International Broadcasting Bureau (12/2002-12/2004)

Seth Cropsey
Paula
Dobriansky

Under-Secretary of State for Global Affairs (2001-2007)

Francis
Fukuyama

Member of the The President's Council on Bioethics (2001-2005)

Zalmay
Khalilzad

U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (11/2003 - 6/2005), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (6/2005 - 3/2007) U.S.
Ambassador to the United Nations (2007-)

I. Lewis
Chief of Staff for the Vice President (2001-2005)
"Scooter" Libby
Richard Perle

Chairman of the Board, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (2001-2003)

Peter W.
Rodman

Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security (2001-2007)

Donald

Secretary of Defense (2001-2006)

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Rumsfeld
Randy
Scheunemann

Member of the U.S. Committee on NATO, Project on Transitional Democracies, International Republican
Institute

Paul Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defense (2001-2005)

Dov S. Zakheim Department of Defense Comptroller (2001-2004)
Robert B.
Zoellick

Office of the United States Trade Representative (2001-2005), Deputy Secretary of State (2005-2006)

References in popular culture

The band KMFDM have a song called "New American Century" on their 2005 album Hau Ruck, which includes the lyrics
"Love thy neighbor and turn him in, It's called patriotism" and "Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat
it!", reflecting a negative attitude towards PNAC.

The band Anti-Flag have a song called "The Project for a New American Century" on their 2006 album For Blood and
Empire, which addresses what they call the PNAC's support of fascism, Pax Americana, and American supremacy. In the
song they ask people if they want American democracy or "PNAC fascism" [84]

See also

American Century
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
Office of Special Plans
The Power of Nightmares

Notes
1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "About PNAC", newamericancentury.org, n.d., accessed May 30, 2007: "Established in the spring of 1997, the
Project for the New American Century is a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership.
The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project (501c3); the New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its
president is Gary Schmitt."
2. ^ a b Home page of the Project for the New American Century, accessed May 30, 2007.
3. ^ "Empire builders - Neoconservatives and their blueprint for US power", The Christian Science Monitor (Copyright 2004), accessed
May 22, 2007.
4. ^ a b c The PNAC is often identified as a "neo-con" or "right-wing think tank" in profiles featured on the websites of "left-wing" and
"progressive" "policy institute" and "media watchdog" organizations, which are highly critical of it; see, e.g., "Profile: Project for the
New American Century", Right Web (International Relations Center), November 22, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
5. ^ a b Cf. the profile for the "Project for the New American Century" at Sourcewatch (Center for Media and Democracy), March 13,
2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
6. ^ "Funder profile: The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation, Inc.", Media Transparency ("The Money behind the Conservative
Media"), n.d., accessed May 28, 2007: e.g., "With $706 million in assets (2005), the Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation of
Milwaukee, Wisconsin is the country's largest and most influential right-wing foundation. As of the end of 2005, it was giving away
more than $34 million a year [Bradley Foundation 2005 IRS 99-PF]."
7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Elliott Abrams, et al., Letter to President Bill Clinton, January 16, 1998, newamericancentury.org,
accessed May 28, 2007.
8. ^ See, e.g., op-eds by PNAC co-founders William Kristol and Robert Kagan, "Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough", The New York Times
January 30, 1998 and "A 'Great Victory' for Iraq", The Washington Post, February 26, 1998, online postings, newamericancentury.org,
n.d., both accessed May 30, 2007.
9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Elliott Abrams, et al.,Letter to Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott, May 28, 1998, newamericancentury.org,
web.archive.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
10. ^ William Kristol, "How to Attack Iraq", The Weekly Standard, November 16, 1998, editorial, online posting, newamericancentury.org,
web.archive.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
11. ^ "ENR H.R. 4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)", 105th Congress of the
United States, thomas.loc.gov (THOMAS online database at the Library of Congress), January 27, 1998, accessed June 1, 2007.
12. ^ "MEMORANDUM TO: OPINION LEADERS, FROM: MARK LAGON, SUBJECT: Iraq", January 7, 1999,
newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
13. ^ For example, William Kristol, "Liberate Iraq", The Weekly Standard, May 14, 2001, online posting, newamericancentury.org,
accessed May 28, 2007.
14. ^ Neil MacKay, "Former Bush Aide: US Plotted Iraq Invasion Long Before 9/11", The Wisdom Fund, Scottish Sunday Herald January

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11, 2004, accessed June 1, 2007.

15. ^ Gary Schmitt, "State of Terror: War by any other name . . .", The Weekly Standard November 20, 2000, newamericancentury.org,
web.archive.org, accessed June 1, 2007.
16. ^ Gary Schmitt, "MEMORANDUM: TO: OPINION LEADERS, FROM: GARY SCHMITT, SUBJECT: Iraq - al Qaeda Connection",
August 6, 2002, newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed June 1, 2007.
17. ^ Gary Schmitt, "MEMORANDUM: TO: OPINION LEADERS, FROM: WILLIAM KRISTOL, SUBJECT: Iraq and the War on
Terror", August 21, 2002, newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed June 1, 2007.
18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq William Kristol, et al., Letter to George W.
Bush, September 20, 2001, newamericancentury.org, n.d., accessed June 1, 2007.
19. ^ Tom Barry, "Special Report: Rise and Demise of the New American Century", International Relations Center, June 28, 2006,
accessed May 29, 2007.
20. ^ a b c Paul Reynolds, "End of the Neo-con Dream: The Neo-conservative Dream Faded in 2006", BBC News, December 21, 2006,
accessed May 29, 2007.
21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Elliott Abrams, et al., "Statement of Principles", June 3, 1997, newamericancentury.org,
accessed May 28, 2007.
22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and Resources For a New Century, 2000, Project for the
New American Century, accessed May 30, 2007.
23. ^ a b It is important to note that at the end of the list of "Project Participants", on page 90 of Rebuilding America's Defenses, there
appears the following statement: "The above list of individuals participated in at least one project meeting or contributed a paper for
discussion. The report is a product solely of the Project for the New American Century and does not necessarily represent the views of
the project participants or their affiliated institutions."
24. ^ For additional information and projected building schedule [as updated]), see CVX aircraft carrier, Federation of American Scientists,
updated October 15, 2000, accessed June 1, 2007.
25. ^ In its emphasis on developing and deploying Global Missile Defenses, the PNAC renews its call for the United States to abandon
the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union, from which the U.S. withdrew in 2002.
26. ^ Why Another Defense Review
27. ^ a b c Paul Reynolds, "Analysis: Power Americana: The US Appears to Be Heading to War with Iraq Whatever Happens, with
Implications for the Future Conduct of American Foreign Policy", BBC News, March 2, 2003, accessed May 29, 2007.
28. ^ a b Max Boot, "Doctrine of the 'Big Enchilada'", The Washington Post, October 14, 2002, online posting, newamericancentury.org,
accessed May 31, 2007.
29. ^ William Kristol and Robert Kagan, "Reject the Global Buddy System", The New York Times, October 25, 1999, online posting,
newamericancentury.org, accessed May 31, 2007.
30. ^ Robert Kagan, "Multilateralism, American Style", The Washington Post, September 13, 2002, online posting,
newamericancentury.org, accessed May 31, 2007.
31. ^ a b c Jochen Blsche, "Bushs Masterplan - Der Krieg, der aus dem Think Tank kam", Der Spiegel 4 March 2003; English translation,
"This War Came from a Think Tank", trans. Alun Breward, published in Margo Kingston,"A Think Tank War: Why Old Europe Says
No", The Sydney Morning Herald, March 7, 2003, accessed May 28, 2007.
32. ^ a b Ebrahim Afsah, "Creed, Cabal, or Conspiracy The Origins of the Current Neo-Conservative Revolution in US Strategic
Thinking", The German Law Journal, No. 9 (September 2003), n. 5, citing Jochen Blsche, "Bushs Masterplan - Der Krieg, der aus dem
Think Tank kam", Der Spiegel 4 March 2003.
33. ^ a b c d William Rivers Pitt, "Of Gods and Mortals and Empire" ("Editorial: Truthout Perspective"), Truthout.org, February 21, 2003,
accessed May 31, 2007.
34. ^ George Monbiot, "A Wilful Blindness" ("Those who support the coming war with Iraq refuse to see that it has anything to do with US
global domination"), monbiot.com (author's website archives), reposted from The Guardian, March 11, 2003, accessed May 28, 2007.
35. ^ Qtd. by Gary Schmitt, "Response to Asmus and Pollack", newamericancentury.org, July 24, 2003, quoting Kagan's remarks in "A
New Atlantic Initiative Debate" on "The United States Is, and Should Be, an Empire", held at the American Enterprise Institute on July
17, 2003.
36. ^ Jeffrey Record, Bounding the Global War on Terrorism, online posting via washingtonpost.com, January 12, 2004, accessed May 30,
2007.
37. ^ Gabriel Kolko, ""The Perils of the Pax Americana", CounterPunch, January 15, 2003, accessed May 30, 2007.
38. ^ a b Qtd. in the film Hijacking Catastrophe, discussed in "Hijacking Catastrophe: 9/11, Fear & the Selling of American
Empire" (Transcript), Democracy Now!, September 10, 2004, accessed May 29, 2007.
39. ^ a b Manuel Valenzuela, "The Enemy Within: The NeoCon Hijacking of America", axisoflogic.com, December 15, 2003, rpt. Scoop,
December 18, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007; provides URL to Axis of Logic.
40. ^ Cf. Manuel Valenzuela, "Cabal of Criminality", OpEdNews.com December 1, 2005, and the author's page for Manuel Valenzuela,
OpEdNews.com, both accessed June 1, 2007.
41. ^ John Pilger, "John Pilger Reveals the American Plan", New Statesman, December 16, 2002, accessed June 1, 2007.
42. ^ Bernard Weiner,"A PNAC Primer: How We Got Into This Mess", CounterPunch May 28, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
43. ^ a b Christopher Bollyn, "America 'Pearl Harbored': Fanatical Warhawks Drafted Blueprint for Bloody U.S. World Domination Years
Ago", American Free Press, December 24, 2002, accessed June 1, 2007: "The cabal of war fanatics advising the White House secretly
planned a 'transformation' of defense policy years ago, calling for war against Iraq and huge increases in military spending. A 'catalyzing
event like a new Pearl Harbor'was seen as necessary to bring this about."
44. ^ Lionel Van Deerlin, Commentary, SignOnSanDiego.com, September 4, 2002]], accessed June 1, 2007.
45. ^ Neil MacKay, "Lets (sic) Not Forget: Bush Planned Iraq 'Regime Change' Before Becoming President", Scottish Sunday Herald,
September 15, 2002, rpt. Information Clearing House (ICH), accessed June 1, 2007.
46. ^ Eliot A. Cohen, "Hunting 'Chicken Hawks'", The Washington Post, September 5, 2002: A31, rpt. sais.jhu.edu (School of Advanced
International Studies (SAIS)), accessed June 1, 2007.
47. ^ Amy Goodman, "The New Pearl Harbor: A Debate On A New Book That Alleges The Bush Administration Was Behind The 9/11
Attacks", Democracy Now!, May 26, 2004, accessed May 31, 2007. (Interviews with guests David Ray Griffin, author of The New Pearl
Harbor: Disturbing Questions about the Bush Administration and 9/11 and professor of Philosophy of Religion and Theology at the

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48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.

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Claremont School of Theology, in Claremont, California; and Chip Berlet, Senior Analyst at Senior Research Associates, in
Summerville, Massachusetts.
^ "What They Said: Former Congressmen Assess U.S. Foreign Policy:, inc. "A Republicans Case Against George W. Bush", by Paul
Findley, and "The Need to Refocus Our Policy Priorities in The War on Terror", by Paul N. "Pete" McCloskey", Washington Report on
Middle East Affairs (WRMEA), April 2004: 20-25, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ Margie Burns, "Connecting the Dolts: Warriors Behind the Scenes Coached the Stars On Stage", The Washington Spectator, May 1,
2004, accessed June 1, 2007. (1 of 3 pages.)
^ a b "Chronology: The Evolution of the Bush Doctrine", The War Behind Closed Doors. Frontline, WGBH-TV (Boston,
Massachusetts), Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), online posting February 20, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007. ("Home page" includes
menu of links to "Analysis", "Chronology", "Interviews", and "Discussion" as well as link to streaming video of the program.)
^ Supreme Court of the United States: George W. Bush, et al. PETITIONERS vs. Albert Gore, Jr., et al., December 12, 2000.
^ Paddock, Lisa. Supreme Court for Dummies, October 2002. Selected excerpt: Supreme Court Case Study: Bush v. Gore.
^ Guardian Staff. US Elections 2000 Timeline, Guardian Unlimited, December 14, 2000.
^ Mackay, Neil. Bush planned Iraq 'regime change' before becoming President, Sunday Herald, September 15, 2002.
^ Koppel, Ted. Were 1998 Memos a Blueprint for War?, ABC News Nightline, March 5, 2003. Transcript posted on March 10, 2003.
^ Koppel, Ted. The Plan, ABC News Nightline, March 5, 2003.
^ Moyers, Bill. Buying the War, PBSs Bill Moyers Journal, April 25, 2007. Transcript available. Relevant subsection at Crooks and
Liars.
^ Morgan, John-David. The Report that Laid Out the Eminence of War, WatchdogMilwaukee, March 31, 2005.
^ Behan, R.W. The Surreal Politics of Premeditated War, Common Dreams, December 3, 2006.
^ Floyd, Chris. Smells Like Team Spirit: Bushs B-Boys Replay their Greatest Hits, CounterPunch, February 9, 2004.
^ Borger, Julian. "Jeb Bush blamed for unfair Florida election", Guardian Unlimited, June 6, 2001.
^ Thompson, Alastair. "Diebold Memos Disclose Florida 2000 E-Voting Fraud", Scoop, October 24, 2003.
^ Krugman, Paul. "Hack The Vote", New York Times, December 2, 2003.
^ a b c Palast, Greg. "Florida's flawed 'voter-cleansing' program", Salon, December 4, 2000.
^ Goodnough, Abby. "Florida Governor Is Hoping to Restore Felon Voting Rights", New York Times, April 3, 2007.
^ Exit polls of the 2000 US Presidential Election, CNN
^ Voter Results in Florida, CNN
^ a b Report by Greg Palast, BBC. Transcript at BBC.
^ CNN Florida Ballots Project. "Florida Recount Study: Bush still wins," CNN.
^ Pitt, William Rivers. "Of Gods and Mortals and Empire," Truthout, February 21, 2003.
^ Weiner, Bernard. How We Got Into this Imperial Pickle: a PNAC Primer, The Crisis Papers, May 26, 2003.
^ Brouwer, Steve. Robbing Us Blind: The Return of the Bush Gang and the Mugging of America, June 1, 2003. Relevant excerpt at
Third World Traveler.
^ a b Gary J. Schmitt is currently Resident Scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and Director of its program in Advanced
Strategic Studies.
^ "Daniel McKivergan", newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag William Kristol, et al.,Letter to President G.W. Bush, April 3, 2002,
newamericancentury.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ Nicholas Eberstadt is Henry Wendt Scholar in Political Economy at the American Enterprise Institute.
^ Hillel Fradkin is Director, Center for Islam, Democracy and the Future of the Muslim World, and Senior Fellow at the Hudson
Institute.
^ Tod Lindberg is a Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Editor of its publication Policy Review, founded by the Heritage Foundation.
^ Letter to Congress on Increasing U.S. Ground Forces, January 28, 2005, newamericancentury.org, accessed 2 August 2007.
^ Second Statement on Postwar Iraq, March 28, 2003, newamericancentury.org, accessed 2 August 2007.
^ Richard H. Shultz, Jr. is Professor of International Politics at Tufts University and Director, International Security Studies Program,
which includes the Jebsen Center for Counterterrorism Studies at The Fletcher School.
^ Has contributed to almost all post 9/11 PNAC letters.,
^ Glenn Kessler, "Rice Names Critic Of Iraq Policy to Counselor's Post", The Washington Post, March 2, 2007: A05, accessed June 1,
2007.
^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/For_Blood_and_Empire

References
External links

Project for the New American Century Website Its home page includes a menu of links to full texts of its "Statement of
Principles"; its history ("About PNAC"); its "Publications/Reports" and "Letters/Statements"; and various related
documents.

As of May 16 2008, newamericancentury.org redirects to a btnaccess.com page which states "This Account Has Been
Suspended, Please contact the billing/support department as soon as possible."

Further reading and media programs: Analysis and criticism

"An American Empire?" Talk of the Nation. National Public Radio. Broadcast September 10, 2001. Accessed May 29,
2007. (Audio link.) [Inc. interviews with three guests: Tom Donnelly, Senior Fellow, Project for the New American

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Page 12 of 12

Century; Joseph Nye, Dean and Don K. Price Professor of Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard
University, and Victor Davis Hanson, former Professor of Greek, California State University, Fresno.
Barry, Tom, "Special Report: Rise and Demise of the New American Century". International Relations Center June 28,
2006. Accessed May 29, 2007.
Donnelly, Thomas. RealPlayer Media. BBC News. Video file of PNAC member Donnelly advocating war in Iraq
(September 2002).
Gonyea, Don. "The U.S. As an Empire, Revisited". National Public Radio. Broadcast September 10, 2002. National Public
Radio. September 10, 2002. Accessed May 29, 2007. Update of program with same guests broadcast the previous year on
same day (September 10, 2001). (Cf. "An American Empire?", as listed above.)
Jones, Terry. "Could Tony Blair Look At the Internet Now, Please? Why Is the British Prime Minister the Only Person
Who Seems to Be Unaware of the US Hawks' Agenda'". The Observer, March 2, 2003. Accessed May 29, 2007.
. "Why Look in the Crystal Ball?" The Observer, May 4, 2003. Accessed May 29, 2007.
Kristol, William. NPR.org Interview with PNAC Chairman. National Public Radio. Broadcast April 1, 2003.
Meacher, Michael. "Comment: This War On Terrorism Is Bogus: The 9/11 Attacks Gave the US an Ideal Pretext to Use
Force to Secure Its Global Domination". The Guardian, September 6, 2003. Accessed May 29, 2007.
Olbermann, Keith. "Critique of Administration policy in Iraq: MSNBC Keith Olbermanns Special Comment, links to
video and text; references Robert Drapers biography Dead Certain. Accessed September 5, 2007.
"Profile: Project for the New American Century". Right Web (International Relations Center), November 22, 2003.
Accessed June 1, 2007.
"Project for the New American Century", Information Clearing House (ICH) (Article No. 1665)
"Project for the New American Century: Info and Sources". OpEdNews.com, n.d. Accessed June 1, 2007. [Includes
sources of information about the PNAC, its members, and their letters.]
"Project for the New American Century", Sourcewatch (Center for Media and Democracy), March 13, 2003. Accessed
June 30, 2007.
Reynolds, Paul. "Analysis: Power Americana: The US Appears to Be Heading to War with Iraq Whatever Happens, with
Implications for the Future Conduct of American Foreign Policy". BBC News, March 2, 2003. Accessed May 29, 2007.
. "End of the Neo-con Dream: The Neo-conservative Dream Faded in 2006". BBC News, December 21, 2006.
Accessed May 29, 2007.
The War Behind Closed Doors. Frontline. WGBH-TV (Boston, Massachusetts). Public Broadcasting Service. (Features
menu of links to "Analysis", "Chronology", "Interviews", and "Discussion" as well as link to streaming video of the
program.) Online posting. pbs.org February 20, 2003. Accessed June 1, 2007.
Vann, Bill. "Meacher: Terrorism a Pretext for Conquest: British Official Charges US 'stood down' on 9/11". World
Socialist Web Site, September 8, 2003. [Comments on article by Meacher, listed above.]

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