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Pure Subtance
Mixture
2.
It is perfectly homogenous
3.
4.
Elements
Compounds
Homogenous mixture
Hetrogenous mixture
Homogenous Mixture
1. Constituents have uniform composition throughout
the mixture.
2. Air, blood, saturated sugar, water solution, alloys
are examples of homogenous mixture.
3. Particles Not visible to unaided eye.
4. All solutions are homogenous mixture.
Heterogeneous Mixture
1. Constituents have non-uniform
composition throughout mixture.
2. Rock, oil and water, Mixture of Iron
filling and Sulphur.
3. Particles may be visible to unaided eye.
4. All suspensions are heterogeneous
mixture.
Q10: Identity which of the following is homogenous mixture or heterogeneous one. Also identify the type of constituents in mixture (e.g. gas in gas,
gas in liquid, gas in solid etc.)
a. Air
b. Water and Oil (N2 + O2 )
c. Hydrogen in Palladium
d. Aerated Water (CO2 + H2O)
e. Chalk in water
f. Ethyl Alcohol in Water
g. Alloys e.g. brass
h. Dust (e.g. fine sand) in water
i. Sand + iron fillings
j. Sand + ammonium chloride
h. milk
i. Mercury in amalgamated Zinc
Answer:
Type of
Mixture
1. Gas in gas
2. Gas in liquid
3. Gas in solid
4. Liquid in liquid
Homogenous Mixture
6. Solid in liquid
Air
Aerated water
Hydrogen in palladium
Ethyl alcohol + Water
Mercury in amalgamated
Zinc
Sugar in water
7. Solid in solid
5. Liquid in solid
Heterogeneous Mixture
Answer: A Compound is u substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio by weight. They are homogeneous and exhibit definite
physical and chemical properties E.g water is a compound. It is made up of two elements hydrogen and oxygen, which combine chemically in a fixed ratio of 1:8
by weight. It possesses properties entirely different from the properties of hydrogen and oxygen.
Q16: State the differences between compounds and mixtures.
Answer:
Sno.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Compounds
It is made up of two or more elements
that are chemically combined.
A compound has definite melting and
boiling points and density.
The properties of a compound are
entirely different from those of its
constituents.
Mixtures
It is made up of two or more pure substances
that are mixed physically.
A mixture has no definite melting or boiling
points and density.
A mixture retains the properties of the
components.
The particles of a solution are smaller than 1 nm in diameter. So, they cannot be seen by naked eyes.
3.
A true solution is clear and transparent ( A few may be coloured one but clear. e.g. Copper Sulphate solution)
4.
Because of very small particle size, they do not scatter a beam of light passing through the solution. So, the path of light is not visible in a
solution.
5.
The solute particles cannot be separated from the mixture by the process of filtration.
6.
The solute particles do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a solution is stable.
Solvent
Solution
Sugar in water
Urea in water
Ammonium Chloride in
water
Ethyl Alcohol in water
Carbon Di-Oxide in water
Solute
Name
Physical State
Name
Water Liquid
Water Liquid
Sugar
Urea
Ammonium
Chloride
Ethyl Alcohol
Carbon Di-Oxide
Solid
Solid
Water Liquid
Water Liquid
Water Liquid
Physical
State
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Numerically, it is the number of grams of a solute that dissolves in 100g of a solvent to form a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is
the maximum weight of a solute that can be dissolved in 100g of a solvent at a given temperature and pressure.
Q21: What factors affect the solubility of solvent and solute?
Answer:
Temperature: For majority of solutions of solid-in-liquid and liquid-in-liquid types, solubility increases with temperature. However for solutions of
gases-in-water type, solubility decreases with increase in temperature.
Pressure: It is applicable to gas-in-liquid solutions. An increase in pressure increases the solubility of a gas. For example, aerated drinks contain
carbon dioxide gas under pressure.
Mechanical Stirring: Mechanical stirring increases solubility. For example, sugar dissolves faster on stirring with a spoon.
Size of Solute Particles: Smaller the particle size of solute, greater is the solubility. For example, it is easier to dissolve powdered sugar than
granules of sugar.
Q22: Why do fish go in deep waters during day light?
Answer: During day time, the shallow water is warmer and hence it has less dissolved oxygen. Therefore fish tend to go in deep water during day time.
Q23: Based on the type of solvent, how solutions are classified?
Answer:
Aqueous solution
Non-aqueous solution
Q24: Based on the amount of solute in the given solution, how solutions are classified?
Answer:
Unsaturated solution
Saturated solution
The components of air can be separated by a physical method such as fractional distillation of liquid air.
3.
4.
We can prepare air artificially by mixing the various components of air in the same proportions in which they occur at a place. This is a
physical process because no energy changes occur.
Q29: What are the advantages of preparing solutions?
Answer: In a solution, solute and solvent may be present in the form of ions or molecules or both. Solutions are obtained for the following reasons:
1.
To carry out reactions. For a reaction to take place, reactant molecules must come close together. In solutions, reactions take place
faster because reactants are in ionic or molecular form an dare close to each other.
2.
As dissolving medium like medicines. Certain medicines can only be administered to patients in solution form only. e.g. saline
glucouse solution is given to patients suffering from dehydration.
Q30: What is an unsaturated solution?
Answer: A solution in which some more solute can be dissolved at any fixed temperature is called an unsaturated solution.
Q31(NCERT): What is saturated solution? Explain with an example.
Answer: A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved at any fixed temperature is called a saturated solution. In saturated solution, dissolved and undisolved
solutes are in equilibrium with each other. Any more solute added will settle down at the bottom of the container as a precipitate.
e.g. if 500 g of a solvent can dissolve a maximum of 150 g of a particular solute at 40C. Then, the solution obtained by dissolving 150 g of that solute in 500 g of
that solvent at 300 K is said to be a saturated solution at 300 K.
1.
2.
3.
Visibility: The particles can be seen with unaided eye or under simple microscope. Particles scatter a beam of light passing through it so
path is visible.
4.
5.
Sedimentation: The larger particles have tendency to settle down while the very fine particles remain suspended in the medium.
Separation by filtration: Larger particles of suspension can be filtered out from fluid medium.
Particle Size: Colloid particle size lies between 1nm (10-9 m) to 100 nm (10-7 m)
3.
Separation of colloidal particles by filtration: Colloidal particles cannot be separated from the
mixture by the process of filtration. But, a special technique of separation known as centrifugation.
4.
Brownian Motion: When seen under microscope, the colloidal particles in a colloid are seen to be moving in a random fashion, called
Brownian motion.
5.
Stability: They do not settle down when left undisturbed, that is, a colloid is quite stable.
6.
Tyndall effect: Colloid exhibit Tyndall effect. When a light is passed through sol kept in dark room, the path of light beam is visible. It is
due to scattering of light by colloidal particles and this effect is called Tyndall effect.
7.
Electrophoresis: Man colloidal particles may have electrical charge (+ve or -ve) on them. When an electric current passes through a sol,
colloid particles move towards opposite charged electrodes. This process is called electrophoresis.
Q38(NCERT/CBSE 2011): How are sol, solution and suspension different from each other?
Answer:
Property
1. Particle Size
(1 nano-m = 10-9 m)
2. Appearance
Solution
Sol(Colloid)
Suspension
less than 1 nm
1 nm to 100 nm
Transparent
Translucent
Opaque
Property
3. Particles Visibility
4. Nature
5. Diffusion of
particles
6. Scattering of Light
Q39(CBSE
Solution
Not visible even
under powerful
microscope
Homogeneous
Sol(Colloid)
Visible under
powerful microscope
Visible to the
naked eye
Heterogeneous
diffuses rapidly
diffuses slowly
Heterogeneous
diffusion does not
occur
It scatters light
Suspension
2010): (a) What is Tyndall effect? Doe true solution exhibit Tyndall effect.
Tyndall Effect
(credits: wikipedia)
(b) Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight passes through the canopy of dense forest. or we see a rich red sunset. "Explain how this occurs
Answer: (a) The phenomenon by which colloidal particles scatter light is called Tyndall effect. The particles of a colloids scatter a beam of light passing through it
and make its path visible. True solutions DO NOT show Tyndall effect. Scattering of light or Tyndall Effect is exhibited by Colloidal and Suspension particles.
Red Sunset
(b) When sunlight passes through a canopy of forest, the colloidal misty air particles scatter the sunlight. Similarly, the seattering of light by smoke or dust particles
(colloid) produce a rich red sunset.
Watch the following you tube video explaining about Tyndall effect:
Q40: What do you mean by strength of the solution?
Answer: The amount of solute dissolved in a unit quantity (mass or volume) of a solution is called the concentration or strength of the solution.
i.e. Concentration of solution = Amount of solute/Amount of solution
Q41: What are the various methods to express concentration of a solution?
Answer: There are many ways to express strength of a solution. A fee are:
1.
Percentage by mass
2.
Percentage by volume
1. Percentage by mass: It is defined as number of parts by mass of the solute dissolved per hundred parts by mass of the solution. i.e.
2. Percentage by volume: It is defined as the number of parts by volume of the solute dissolved in hundred parts by volume of the solution.
Similarly, for liquid in liquid solutions, the strength of a solution can be expressed as
Note Mass percentage concentration of solution is independent of temperature. While mass by volume percentage strength of a solution is temperature
dependent, since volume changes with temperature.
Q42(NCERT): To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293K. Find its concentration at this
temperature.
Answer: Concentration of a solution (mass %) = mass of solute 100 / mass of solution.
mass of solute (NaCl) = 36g
mass of solvent (Water) = 100g
mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent = 100 + 36 = 136g
mass by % concentration = 36 100 / 136 = 26.47%
Q43: Calculate the mass of glucouse and mass of water required to make 200g of 25% solution of glucouse.
Answer: Given mass of solution(M) = 200g
Concentration of solution = 25%
Since, Mass by Mass percentage of solution = mass of solute(m) 100 / mass of solution(M).
25 = m 100/200g
m = 25 200/100 = 50g
mass of solute = 50g
mass of solvent (water) = M - m = 200g - 50g = 150g
Q44: A solution contains 40 mL of ethyl alcohol mixed with 100mL of water. What is the concentration of the solution in terms of volume by volume
percentage?
Answer: Volume of solute (ethyl alcohol) = 40mL
Volume of solvent (water) = 100 mL
Total volume of the solution = 40 + 100 = 140 mL
Volume by Vol. Percentage = Volume of solute 100 / volume of solution
v/v % = 40 100 /140 = 28.57%
Q45: What are different ways to separate solid mixtures?
Answers:
1.
Hand Picking
2.
Sieving
3.
4.
Sublimation
Sieve
credits:wikipedia
2.
3.
Answer: (a) Sedimentation and Decantation are used to separate coarse particles of a solid which is insoluble in the liquid. Sedimentation works on the property
that heavy particles settle down due to gravity.
(b) e.g. sand in muddy water can be separated using sedimentation and decantation technique.
Another example is to remove dust from rice. When water is added, rice grains being heavy settle down while the
dust remains floating on the water.
(c) The particles of sand particles settle down to the bottom of the beaker. The settling down of heavier particles is called sedimentation. We can transfer the clear
water in the upper layer (supernatent) carefully to another beaker without disturbing the solid partciles. This is called decantation.
Q 50: What principle is applied in centrifugation? Give examples where this method is applied to separate mixtures.
Answer: Centrifugation works on the principle that that the denser particles are forced to the
bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
Examples are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Used in preparing lactic cultures to prepare cheese (paneer) from milk in dairies.
Q56(NCERT): Which separation techniques will you apply for the separation of the following?(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water.
(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing sodium chloride and ammonium chloride.
(c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car.
(d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals.
(e) Butter from curd.
(f) Oil from water.
(g) Tea leaves from tea.
(h) Iron pins from sand.
(B) State the principle of each of the following methods of separation of mixtures.
(i) centrifugation method.
(ii) separation using separating funnel.
Answer: (A) (i) aerated drinks: Solute = Carbon Dioxide, Solvent=Water
(ii) tincture of iodine: Solute= Iodine, Solvent = Alcohol
(iii) lemon water: Solute: Sugar, Citric Acid, Solvent: Water
(B) (i) Centrifugation Principle: The denser particles are forced to the bottom and the lighter particles stay at the top when spun rapidly.
(ii) Separation using separating funnel: Immiscible liquids separate out in layers depending on their
densities.
Q67: Why solutions do not exhibit Tyndall effect?
Answer: The solution particles are too small (< 1nm) to scatter the light. Therefore, true solution does not exhibit Tyndall effect.
Q68: What is an emulsion? Give examples
Answer: Emulsion is a colloidal solution where both dispersed phase and dispersed medium are liquids. Examples are: Milk, face cream
Q69: What are the differences and similarities between concentration and solubility?
Answer:
1.
Concentration is amount of solute dissolved in a unit quantity (mass or volume) of a solution. While solubility is the maximum amount of
the solute that can be dissolved in a given amount of the solvent.
2.
Concentration is expressed as percent by weight or volume, mole fraction, molarity etc. Solubility is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a
solvent at given temperature and pressure. It is expressed as grams/litre or moles/litre.
3.
Based on concentration, a solution can be saturated, unsaturated or supersaturated. Based on solubility, the solutes are soluble or
insoluble, miscible or immiscible.
4.