Professional Documents
Culture Documents
-6.1-
6.
6.1.
,
,
.
.
6.1. ,
- .
-6.2-
[%]
25
20
5
15
10
3
2
[%
. 6.
0
D
GB
[% -15, 1998]
NL SF GR
A DK P IRL
1990-1998
6.2. 15
:
9.830 MW (1998)
8.6%
2.1%
53.3%
29.9%
6.1%
6.3.
. 6.
-6.3-
0.9%
84.8%
1.2%
8.5%
4.5%
6.4.
(1998)
8.5%
0.9%
9.1%
16.8%
6.5.
64.6%
. 6.
-6.4-
,
.
6.1.
.
.
A.
[MW]
[MW]
VIII
IX
1 x 160 = 160
1 x 200 =200
360
()
153
185
I
II
III
IV
V
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 310 = 310
1 x 310 = 310
1 x 366 =366
1586
276
276
285
285
335
I
II
III
IV
1 x 40 = 40
1 x 40 = 40
1 x 150 = 150
1 x 150 = 150
380
38
38
144
145
1 x 300 = 300
II
1 x 300 = 300
I
II
III
IV
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 300 = 300
I
II
V
VI
1 x 150 = 150
1 x 300 = 300
2 x 57,5 = 115
1 x 62 = 62
I
II
III
IV
1 x 125 = 125
1 x 125 = 125
1 x 300 = 300
1 x 300 = 300
I
II
III
V
1 x 70 = 70
1 x 125 = 125
1 x 125 = 125
1 x 300 = 300
1998
338
1998
1457
1984
1984
1986
1986
1997
365
1953
1953
1968
1968
552
1987
1104
1974
1974
1980
1984
276
600
276
1200
276
276
276
276
177
145
285
114
59
850
113
113
270
270
620
65
117
117
276
450
173
1972
1973
1980
1997
766
1970
1970
1975
1991
575
1959
1962
1965
1973
430
. 6.
-6.5-
,
.
6.2.
DIESEL
DIESEL
[MW]
[MW]
()
I
II
1 x 15 = 15
1 x 15 = 15
14.2
14.2
I
II
I
II
1 x 24 =24
1 x 36 = 36
1x11,7=11,7
1x11,7=11,7
19.9
24.8
9
9
I
II
I
1x12,28=12,28
1x12,28=12,28
1 x 7,70 = 7,70
145.66
12.2
12.2
5
120.5
I
IV
V
VI
VII
1x16,2=16,2
1 x 24 =24
1 x 36 = 36
1x45,5=45,5
1x45,5=45,5
1x42,4=42,4
209.6
12.3
23.9
35.7
45
45
42
203.9
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
1 x 6,2 = 6,2
1 x 15 =15
1 x 15 =15
1 x 25 = 25
1 x 25 = 25
1 x 25 = 25
5.9
14.3
14.3
23.5
23.5
23.5
I
II
III
IV
1x12,3=12,3
1x12,3=12,3
1x12,3=12,3
1x12,3=12,3
11.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
I
II
1x16,2=16,2
1x16,2=16,2
16
16
192.8
184.2
,
. ,
( )
.
. 6.
-6.6-
6.3.
[MW]
,
III
2 x 25 = 50
19
2
1
3
4
4
2
3
,
I
-
I - IV
I - IV
,
,
2 x 54 = 108
8.5
2x100 + 80 = 280
4 x 80 =320
4x109,3=437,2
2 x 35 =70
2 x 2,5 =5
5.3
3
3
3
3
3
--
I-II
-
I-II
-
3 x 3,6 = 10,8
3 x 125 =375
3 x 100 =300
3 x 43,3 =129,9
3 x 105 =315
2
1
2
3
,
,
2 x 0,9 = 1,8
1.6
2 x 122 = 244
2 x 0,3 =0,6
0.1
2
2
(,)
(,)
2 x 75 = 150
2 x 3 =6
,
.
, ,
.
5.2.
.
.
, ,
, ,
. 6.
-6.7-
.
.
. ,
1000 4000 .
3 7 5 10
.
.
6.4.
40 60
270 - 350
1565 %
14 %
115 %
130 %
6075 %
7592 %
59 %
46 %
1525 %
210 %
0,2 %
0,51,5 %
0,52 %
12 %
5 10 MJ/kg
28 35 MJ/kg
.
44,5 J/kg (900-1100 kcal/kg) ,
, 5,2-5,6 J/kg (1250 - 1350 kcal/kg)
7,5-9,5 J/kg (1800 -2300 kcal/kg)
.
.
- - 2,5
, 300 . .
, ,
(900 . ) (150 .
).
5 . .
. 6.
-6.8-
. -
,
4 550 . .
6.6. .
,
50 .
25% .
( ).
4 125 . .
. 6.
-6.9-
6.2.1.
(10 )
1 . , , ,
,
.
(, , ) .
.
, . ,
,
.
,
. Zebra.
12 230
.
, , , .
,
2 ,
20 30.
6.2.2.
.
,
, .
.
,
, .
: - ( 140.), (
20-100 .) ( 45.).
5 .
. 6.
-6.10-
6.2.3.
.
, , .
, .
.
,
, .
6.7.
.
10 30
.
( )
. 6.
-6.11-
,
.
6.8 . .
,
, .
,
, ,
, , .,
.
6.2.4.
1998
330 MW ,
2002.
2005. , , .
- .
. 6.
-6.12-
,
.
300 MW
500 MW .
,
(,
, , ) .
, 2000
70 . .
6.3.
,
.
.
6.9.
. 6.
-6.13-
6.10.
,
.
.
540 170 ,
.
3.000 .
,
.
, . ,
20kV, 400 kV,
().
.
. 6.
6.11.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
-6.14-
. 6.
-6.15-
6.12.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. .
7.
8.
9.
10. .
11.
2
ALSTHOM.
300 MW, 151 kg/cm2
540 . ,
, , ,
TANDEM.
.
. 6.
-6.16-
.
353 MVA 21kV,
=0,85. .
6.13.
. 6.
-6.17-
6.4.
, 400KV, 150KV
66KV. 9.500 km . ,
23 ,
,
, 400KV 150KV,
.
T
160.000 km 6
(22KV, 20KV, 15KV, 6,6KV)
(380/220V).
.
, , 6 und 21 KV.
, ,
,
. hm,
R=
l
A
l
2
, =0,18 mm , 200
km 600 mm 60 Ohm.
. 500 MW,
,
P = U I PV = R I2.
34 MW 7% ,
, .
400 km, , 14%.
. 6.
-6.18-
, ,
, .
20%.
6.14.
, PV = R I2
,
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
0.34 MW 200 km 0,7 MW 400 km.
kV.
,
.
. 6.
-6.19-
6.15.
(400 kV)
,
.
(150, 66 kV)
. (22KV, 20KV, 15KV,
6,6KV) (
)
...) , ,
.
6.16. .
. 6.
-6.20-
6.5. 1990
. ( ) ,
, ,
1980-1990.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
/,
.
,
.
,
11.000 MW
6 m/sec (
9.500 MW).
,
,
. (2000)
200 MW ,
800 MW,
.
. ,
/, .
,
,
.
.
,
.
/,
. 6.
-6.21-
, / (8760 )
. ,
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, ,
300 kW,
(150 450 kW)
600 kW,
(450 750kW)
1500
kW,
.
:
/ 1500 kW,
kW
. 6.
-6.22-
6.17. /
6.17 ,
, ,
/.
/ , .
, /
.
. 6.
-6.23-
/
.
, .
/
.
, ,
, .
. diesel.
/ .
diesel (
1000 . kWh)
. , /
,
,
.
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
/ .
/
.
,
, ,
.
/ ,
.
:
. ,
, ,
.
/
.
/ 63,5 kWp.
,
. ,
, /
100 kWp. ,
,
/ .
. 6.
-6.24-
.
.
.
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.
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,
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. 6.
-6.25-
1973.
CO2 SO2
,
.
,
, , ,
.
.
() ().
, C/N
.
,
,
C/N > 30 < 50%. : )
( ), ) , )
) .
,
, , ,
C/N < 30 > 50%.
: ) , ) ) .
: )
, ) , )
,
, ) ,
, )
, .
,
.
.
10,5*106 (
).
. 6.
-6.26-
( , ).
0,6*106 / 0,8 .
3740 kcal/kg 935 kcal/kg
9*1012 kcal/ 2,2*1012
kcal/ .
730 kcal/.
4*1012 kcal/ .
1000 km2 ,
500
.
1,82*1012 kcal/ , . ,
,
, 6,6
, 5,3 2,4 .
, , 0,67 ,
0,04 100 km, 0,10 .
1.9 , 1/3 ,
.
500,000 J.
6.6.
,
.
.
.
,
. 40 ,
. 1970 1980
1980
(, , )
. 1999 2000,
,
. ,
.
. 6.
-6.27-
.
.
, .
,
1970 .
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
,
.
. 6.
-6.28-
6.18.
6.7. ,
(
),
, (European
Internal Energy Market)
.
.
.
,
.
, .
.
,
.
. 6.
-6.29-
.
,
.
.
, price
signals,
.
.
,
,
.
. ,
. ,
.
. ,
.
. .
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
. 6.
-6.30-
.
.
(
),
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
6.8.
6.8.1.
19/02/01, ,
,
:
1. , 100 GWh
,
2. , .
()
, ,
. 6.
-6.31-
.
( , ),
,
2005 . , ,
,
, ,
.
6.8.2.
.
,
(),
(2773/99) .
:
1. .
2. ,
,
.
,
, .
, .
:
1. 20 kW.
2. 150 kW
400 kW,
.
.
3. 2 MW
.
. 6.
-6.32-
4.
.
A .
.
,
,
.
:
, ,
.
( )
:
1.
.
.
.
2.
,
,
.
.
3.
,
,
,
.
4.
.
. 6.
-6.33-
5.
, .
6.
.
,
.
6.8.3.
,
.
, ,
:
, -
.
,
,
.
6.8.4.
() 2773/99,
.
96/92
.
.
( )
. 6.
-6.34-
.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
, .
6.8.5.
,
, ,
().
. 51%
.
49% .
.
, ,
, , , .
:
1.
,
. 6.
-6.35-
, ,
.
2.
.
3.
.
-
,
.
4.
, ,
.
5.
.
6. ,
.
7.
,
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,
.
8. ,
,
,
.
.
,
.
:
. 6.
-6.36-
,
.
, :
,
.
.
, ,
:
15%
.
.
,
2000.
. , ,
,
. 6.
-6.37-
,
.
, :
. ,
, , (,
).
. (
, , .).
:
1. : ().
2. , :
.
3. :
,
.
4. :
.
5. :
.
6.
(,
, , ).
6.8.7.
, 2001
.
, ,
,
. :
, , .
,
holding :
. .
. .
. .
. .
. 6.
-6.38-
. .
.
.
. Real estate.
.
,
3% 5% , 2005.
, :
1. 25.000 2005, 31.600
2000, .
2. 20 . . .
.
3. 2003.
4. 15% , .
, 2000 1,084 . .
967,331 . . 1999,
1040,1 . . 2000 13,34
. . 18,7 . . 26,1 . .
1999. , ,
69,2 . .
.
, 2001,
40 . . 1,084 . .,
60 . . , ,
2001, 358,5 . . 343,4 . .
. ,
,
.
11,9%, 76,7%.
406%, 1.451GWh.
1,7 . .
2001, 403 . .
2001.
. 6.
-6.39-
6.8.8.
2001
5.000 MW, 5.000 MW
.
,
10.500 MW,
.
,
:
1. (HED)
- - .
2. Enelko, (Gazexport )
ENEL ( ).
- .
3. , Petrola
.
4. ,
.
- .
.
5. Shell, ENI, Cinergy, Exxon - Mobil, Chevron
.
6. RWE, EDF, ENEL National
Power.
H
,
.
K ,
,
. 6.
-6.40-
,
, .
M
1. EK-TEPNA, TEPNA E
E Y .
E,
. O
,
184 MW ,
, ,
120 MW.
2. , E TAKTP- TEB 66,6%- 33,3%
Intracom, Hellenic Energy Development,
18
E,
. H
100 MW, 40
. .,
. H
, 25 MW.
,
400 800 MW , .
3. M, M E,
A 4 MW,
,
I 120 MW A.
4. H IEKAT IEKAT E,
EH A E
.
A.E.
, 4,2 MW .
. 6.
-6.41-
5. , K,
ENEP, , E
, ..
6.9.
,
.
, ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
.
1990
,
.
(deregulation) (
) .
,
.
,
.
Exxon Mobil, Lee Raymond
,
.
1,7 2 . ( Booz, Allen
& Hamilton). , ,
, ,
. 6.
-6.42-
,
, ( )
.
, , ,
,
1980
,
,
. ,
.
2000 ,
,
2005 ,
, , ,
.
, .
(
8% )
( ).
-
( 1990),
(
1998 2000 ), , ,
, , .
.
.
,
-. ,
G.Valentini
: , RWE E.ON
,
. E.ON,
. 6.
-6.43-
,
,
.
Electricite de France (EdF), ,
,
95% ,
25% Energie
Baden-Wuerttemberg (EnBW),
.
, RWE E.ON,
Enel, EdF Endesa Iberdrola.
.
RWE EnBW dF,
Hidroelecrtrica del Cantabrico . Jeff
Skilling, Enron,
,
, , .
, .
Enron 2001
, - ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
20% ,
.