Professional Documents
Culture Documents
quantities of sullage to be collected increase. Disposal of sullage into ope stormwater drains
is undersirable because mosquitoes are likely breed in them and because ther is a temptation
for people to discharge effluent from cloggd septic tank soakaway into the drains, adding to
the hazard and nuisances. Sewers are the usual alternative, but they are very expensive. A
separate submodule on conventional sewerage is part this serise. A less expensive alternative
is the small bore which collects both sewage and sullage. Existing leach pits and septic pits
and septic tank can be upgraded to from interceptor tanks to remove the settleable solids
before the wastewater is carried away bye the sewer. The small bore sewer is less expensive
than the conventional sewer because it is small, installed in shallower trenches, and requires
fewer manholes and pumping stations. The collected wastewaters are treated by waste
stabilization ponds. In summary, we have looked at sanitation technologies which are
appropriate to various kinds of water supply: bucket carried, yard tap and house connection.
We have seen that increasing water supply does have an important bearing on the choice of
appropriate sanitaion technologies. We have also seen that improving water supply increses
the cost of wastewater disposal.
Conclusion
.Water consumption may be even higher in hte dense urban centres, and sewers will be
required to remove the wastewater. Where water is scarce and carried by busckets, the dry
latrine is an appropriate sanitation technology. The vented improved pit latrine or VIP is the
most appropriate technology here. There are two types of VIP latrine. The compost latrine is
another dry on site sanitation technology, that can be used where water is very scarce.
Unfortunately, to date, the compost latrine has not proved very successful in low-income
areas except in Vietnam. If space is very limited, on-site excreta disposal may not be
practical.
Where water is available closer to the home through standpipes or yard taps, watersealed
toilets are feasible. These require six to ten liters of water per day per person for flushing.
Sullage can be stored in containers and used for flushing.
Apart from the flush water, pour flush toilets cannot be used to dispose of large quantities of
sullage. Where leach pits cannot be used in on rock for example, then a vault system can be
isntalled.
The third sanitaion alternative which is appropriate where water supply is available close to
the home is aquaprivy. Aquaprivies are, however, expensive to build, as they are commonly
made of concrete and must have watertight vaults underground. We have seen now sanitation
technologies should be designed to be compatible with the amount of water used and wasted.