Thermodynamics I

Chapter two
Energy, energy transfer, and general
energy analysis
MAE 3310 001

MAE 3310 001

INTRODUCTION

A refrigerator operating with its door open in a well-sealed and wellinsulated room

A fan running in a well-sealed and

well-insulated room will raise
the temperature of air in the room

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT

Forms of Energy

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK

MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS

ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Macroscopic forms of energy: those a system possesses as a whole with

respect to some outside reference frame, such as kinetic and potential
energies
Microscopic forms of energy: those related to the molecular structure
of a system and the degree of the molecular activity
Internal energy, U: the sum of all the microscopic forms of energy
Kinetic energy, KE: the energy that a system possesses as a result of its
motion relative to some reference frame
2
2
=
=
2
2
Potential energy, PE: the energy that a system possesses as a result of
its elevation in a gravitational field

= =

Total energy
2
= + + = +
+ ()
2
Energy of a system per unit mass
2

= + + = +
+
2

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Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY

Forms of Energy

Mass flow rate & Energy flow rate:

= =
=

Internal Energy

Thermal energy

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK

THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES

PROBLEMS

Sensible energy: the portion of the internal energy of a

system associated with the kinetic energies of the molecules
Latent energy: the internal energy associated with the phase
of a system

Chemical energy: the internal energy associated

with the atomic bonds in a molecule
Nuclear energy: the tremendous amount of energy
associated with the strong bonds within the nucleus
of the atom itself

Mechanical Energy

ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

The form of energy that can be converted to mechanical work

completely and directly by an ideal mechanical device such as an ideal
turbine

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PROBLEMS

At a certain location, wind is blowing steadily at 10 m/s. Determine the

mechanical energy of air per unit mass and the power generation
potential of a wind turbine with 60-m-diameter blades at that location.
Take the air density to be 1.25 kg/m3.

(2-13)

(2-17)

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Consider a river flowing toward a lake at an average velocity of 3 m/s at

a rate of 500 m3/s at a location 90 m above the lake surface. Determine
the total mechanical energy of the river water per unit mass and the
power generation potential of the entire river at that location.

MAE 3310 001

Energy Transfer by Heat (Q)

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Heat: the form of energy that is transferred between two systems (or a
system and its surroundings) by virtue of a temperature difference

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK

Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed Temperature difference is the driving force for
system in the form of heat and work
heat transfer. The larger the temperature
difference, the higher is the rate of heat transfer

THE FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

adiabatic process

Energy is recognized as heat transfer

only as it crosses the system boundary

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

Energy Transfer by Work

Work: the energy transfer associated with

a force acting through a distance
(e.g., a piston, a shaft, an electric wire, etc.)
Formal sign convention:

FORMS OF ENERGY

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

heat transfer to a system and work done by a system

are positive (+)
Heat transfer from a system and work done on a system
are negative (-)

Energy Transfer (Heat & Work)

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Both are recognized at the boundaries of a

system as they cross the boundaries. That is,
both heat and work are boundary phenomena
Systems posses energy, but not heat or work
Both are associated with a process, not a state
Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning
at a state
Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes
depend on the path followed during a process
as well as the end states

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Energy Transfer by work

Electrical work

Electrical power: =

Electrical work: =

= t (J)

Mechanical forms of work

= ()

Shaft work

Shaft power = 2
Shaft work = 2 ()

= =

= 2

Spring work

Spring work = 22 12

1
2

Work done on elastic solid bars

2

1

()

Work associated with the stretching of a liquid film

2

1

()

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PROBLEMS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

How much work, in kJ, can a spring whose spring constant is 3 kN/cm
produce after it has been compressed 3 cm from its unloaded length?

(2-36)

(2-38)

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Determine the power required for a 1150-kg car to climb a 100-m-long

uphill road with a slope of 30 (from horizontal) in 12 s (a) at a constant
velocity, (b) from rest to a final velocity of 30 m/s, and (c) from 35 m/s
to a final velocity of 5 m/s. Disregard friction, air drag, and rolling
resistance.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

The conservation of energy principle

Energy can be neither created nor destroyed during a process
It can only change forms
1st law: for all adiabatic processes between two specified states of a
closed system, the net work done is the same regardless of the nature
of the closed system and the details of the process

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

The increase in the energy of a potato in an oven

is equal to the amount of heat transferred to it
Energy cannot be created or
destroyed; it can only change forms

MAE 3310 001

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy balance

Chapter 2

The net change in the total energy of the system during a process is equal to the
difference between the total energy entering and the total energy leaving the system
during that process

INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Energy change of a system

MAE 3310 001

The First Law of Thermodynamics

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Mechanism of energy transfer, Ein and Eout

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

The energy content of a

control volume can be
changed by mass flow as
well as heat and work
interactions.

For a cycle E = 0, thus Q = W.

MAE 3310 001

PROBLEMS

A classroom that normally contains 40 people is to be air-conditioned

with window air-conditioning units of 5-kW cooling capacity. A person
at rest may be assumed to dissipate heat at a rate of about 360kJ/h.
There are 10 light-bulbs in the room, each with a rating of 100 W. The
rate of heat transfer to the classroom through the walls and the
windows is estimated to be 15000 kJ/h. If the room air is to be
maintained at a constant temperature of 21, determine the number
of window air-conditioning units required.

(2-47)

(2-51)

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

A fan is to accelerate quiescent air to a velocity of 8 m/s at a rate of 9

m3/s. Determine the minimum power that must be supplied to the fan.
Take the density of air to be 1.18 kg/m3.

MAE 3310 001

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

Energy Conversion Efficiencies

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

Efficiency: how well an energy conversion or transfer process is

accomplished
Efficiencies of mechanical and electrical devices

FORMS OF ENERGY
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

The mechanical efficiency of a

fan is the ratio of the kinetic
energy of air at the fan exit to
the mechanical power input.

MAE 3310 001

PROBLEMS

Water is pumped from a lower reservoir to a higher reservoir by a

pump that provides 20 kW of shaft power. The free surface of the upper
reservoir is 45 m higher than that of the lower reservoir. If the flow rate
of water is measured to be 0.03 m3/s, determine mechanical power that
is converted to thermal energy during this process due to frictional
effects.

(2-74)

(2-78)

Chapter 2
INTRODUCTION

FORMS OF ENERGY

Images from engel, Y.A. and Boles, M.A., 2006, Thermodynamics:

An Engineering Approach, 7th ed. McGraw Hill, Boston, MA

ENERGY TRANSFER BY
HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFER BY
WORK
MECHANICAL FORMS
OF WORK
THE FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYANMICS
ENERGY CONVERSION
EFFICIENCIES
ENERGY AND
ENVIRONMENT
PROBLEMS

A wind turbine is rotating at 15 rpm under steady winds flowing

through the turbine at a rate of 42,000 kg/s. The tip velocity of the
turbine blade is measured to be 25 km/h. If 180 kW power is produced
by the turbine, determine (a) the average velocity of the air and (b) the
conversion efficiency of the turbine. Take the density of air to be
1.31kg/m3.