Professional Documents
Culture Documents
100
2003 11
101
101
Trigger Level
12Hz
1Hz
101
87 91
NSC91-2526-Z-008-009 NSC92-2625-Z-008-012
II
1.
.....................................................1
........................................................1
1.2
....................................................1
1.3
....................................................2
1.4
....................................................2
1.5
....................................................3
2.
1.1
...................................4
2.1
........................................................4
2.2
................................................4
2.2.1
........................................4
2.2.2
........................................8
2.2.3
........................................9
2.3
3.
.........................................10
............................................14
3.1
.......................................................14
3.2
.............................................14
3.2.1
...........................................14
3.2.2
.............................................17
3.2.3
.............................................23
3.2.3.1
.........................................23
3.2.3.2
.........................................28
3.2.3.3
3.3
.................................................34
3.3.1
.............................................34
3.3.2
...............................................35
3.3.3
.........................................35
3.3.4
...............................................39
3.3.5
...................................41
III
3.3.6
.............................55
3.3.6.1
S .................................55
3.3.6.2
...................................55
3.3.7
...............................57
3.3.8
.....................................57
...............................................58
3.5
.......................................................60
4.
3.4
................................................62
4.1
.......................................................62
4.2
...................................................62
4.3
.........................................62
4.4
.................................................63
4.4.1
.........................................63
4.4.2
.......................................66
4.5
5.
.......................................................66
....................................................69
.................................................69
5.2
...................................................70
6.
5.1
................................................72
IV
2-1 1999 .......................6
2-2 Wang C. Y.2004 ....................7
2-3 Wang C. Y.2004 ............................7
2-4
1997..........................................................12
2-5 S 1996 .....13
3-1 15 ................................................................16
3-2 1996 7 29 TAP022 ...........................19
3-3 1996 7 29 TAP089 ...........................19
3-4 15 PGA ratio...............................................22
3-5 15 PGV ratio...............................................22
3-6 .................................25
3-7 .................................26
3-8 .................................27
3-9 .....................................................29
3-10 FFT PGA ratio ..................................................32
3-11 PGA ratio......................................33
3-12 1Hz PGA ratio .........33
3-13 ...................................................37
3-14 93 .........................................................38
3-15 ...............................40
3-16 0.1Hz .........................................................................44
3-17 0.2Hz .........................................................................44
3-18 0.3Hz .........................................................................45
3-19 0.4Hz .........................................................................45
3-20 0.5Hz .........................................................................46
3-21 0.6Hz .........................................................................46
3-22 0.7Hz .........................................................................47
V
VI
3-1 1995 2001 15 .......16
3-2
3-3
3-4 .............................................................61
4-1 .............................68
VII
1.
1.1
101
5 101 2003 11
2004
1986 5 11 2002 3 31
1.2
Source Effect
Path Effect
Site Effect
1985 300
Anderson et al.1986
1999
TAP022TAP089
1
PGAPeak Ground Acceleration
3-2Trigger Level
1.3
1997
1.4
TAP022
1.5
Haskell1953
2.
2.1
2.2
2.2.1
150
1000
1980
300 200
2-1
3000 400
50006000
Wang2004
2-2 2-3
2-1 1999
2-2 Wang2004
2-3 Wang2004
7
2.2.2
1978
1990
6000 4000
1 T1 2200 2000
Ditrupa Sp
a. Kct
300
b. Kce
2.2.3
1998
1999
2-4
239
600750 10
170
10,000
2.3
2000 SHAKE
Sa
Site
Period
2000
760
10
1996
TAP022
1996 SH
2-5
S
1996TSMIP
11
12
2-4 1997
12
2-5 S 1996
13
3.
3.1
3.2
3.2.1
1992
Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation
Program TSMIP1993
2002
96dB A900
TAP022
TAP089
1995 2001
15 3-1
760 1 15
1 3-1
921
15 4.96.8 3-1
15
1995
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996
1998
1999
07 14
08 20
12 01
01 22
03 05
07 29
05 09
09 22
16 52
09 25
03 17
19 22
14 52
20 20
20 53
00 14
121051.06 24019.22
121034.82 24041.54
Km
ML
Km
8.79
5.8
84.1
159.20
56.92
67.9
176.19
169.44
4.9
45.07
5.7
65.4
66.86
5.1
69.7
124.38
122021.69 23055.81
6.4
146.3
146.06
65.68
6.1
119.2
130.63
5.4
93.4
123.16
6.00
15.59
6.8
143.6
201.21
83.61
1999
09 22
00 49
8.95
6.3
151.2
200.94
10
1999
09 23
12 44
121004.89 23054.73
11
1999
09 25
23 52
6.47
5.6
132.8
201.25
9.89
6.8
141.3
203.31
12
1999
09 30
09 49
65.87
5.5
86.1
134.18
13
2001
06 13
13 17
122036.39 24022.87
64.41
6.3
96.6
175.90
17.29
6.3
78.9
150.95
6.7
138.06
14
2001
06 14
02 35
15
2001 12 18 04 03 122 39.12 23 52.02
12.00
170.1
921
3-1 15
16
3.2.2
Trigger Level 15
PGA
PGA
2.45 3.94 4.24 3-2
PGA ratio
TAP089 PGA
3-4 PGA 3-2 3-4
PGA
PGA ratio
17
PGA ratio
TAP089 PGA
PGV ratio
3-3 3-5
PGA ratio
PGV ratio
2002
PGA
PGA
PGA ratio
PGA
18
182.81
140.13
38.43
34.2
16.51
19
3-2
Event Station
PGA(gal)
NO.
Code
TAP022
8.09
22.18
19.42
TAP089
4.20
6.73
6.14
TAP022
20.58
42.10
42.22
TAP089
5.08
6.24
6.32
TAP022
13.35
63.30
46.36
TAP089
5.44
10.14
11.13
TAP022
9.81
31.06
34.24
TAP089
7.26
7.89
9.32
TAP022
10.32
37.61
46.89
TAP089
5.07
10.74
12.04
TAP022
38.43
182.81
141.13
TAP089
16.51
21.74
34.20
TAP022
12.18
24.64
42.21
TAP089
6.23
6.13
7.76
TAP022
16.54
51.80
34.54
TAP089
9.72
16.03
16.02
TAP022
11.52
37.91
24.90
TAP089
5.52
11.79
7.52
TAP022
3.64
10.21
8.61
TAP089
2.19
4.66
3.58
TAP022
12.89
32.20
25.95
TAP089
5.17
10.62
9.98
TAP022
29.98
55.72
49.91
TAP089
6.31
8.50
8.96
TAP022
23.30
49.46
76.44
TAP089
10.65
12.32
21.19
TAP022
42.65
116.68
234.23
TAP089
15.88
39.86
43.52
TAP022
16.85
24.22
26.22
TAP089
5.51
10.84
8.83
10
11
12
13
14
15
EW
NS
EW
NS
1.93
3.30
3.16
4.05
6.75
6.68
2.45
6.24
4.17
1.35
3.94
3.67
2.04
3.50
3.89
2.33
8.41
4.13
1.96
4.02
5.44
1.70
3.23
2.16
2.09
3.22
3.31
1.66
2.19
2.41
2.49
3.03
2.60
4.75
6.56
5.57
2.19
4.01
3.61
2.69
2.93
5.38
3.06
2.23
2.97
2.45
3.94
4.24
0.91
1.86
1.31
Mean
PGA ratio
20
3-3
Event Station
NO.
Code
TAP022
TAP089
TAP022
10
11
12
13
14
15
PGV Ratio
PGV (gal)
V
EW
NS
EW
NS
0.46
1.44
0.96
1.59
4.24
2.23
0.29
0.34
0.43
0.49
2.01
1.55
3.06
7.18
5.34
TAP089
0.16
0.28
0.29
TAP022
0.72
4.22
4.36
3.27
6.21
8.38
TAP089
0.22
0.68
0.52
TAP022
0.45
1.70
1.35
1.50
2.70
2.41
TAP089
0.30
0.63
0.56
TAP022
2.07
5.23
6.48
1.34
3.29
4.05
TAP089
1.54
1.59
1.60
TAP022
1.64
10.14
8.42
2.34
9.14
5.23
TAP089
0.70
1.11
1.61
TAP022
0.34
0.91
1.35
1.42
2.94
4.09
TAP089
0.24
0.31
0.33
TAP022
1.24
5.24
2.40
1.94
5.19
2.31
TAP089
0.64
1.01
1.04
TAP022
0.93
3.36
2.10
2.66
3.65
2.56
TAP089
0.35
0.92
0.82
TAP022
0.26
0.85
0.66
2.60
2.83
2.28
TAP089
0.10
0.30
0.29
TAP022
1.02
4.41
2.34
1.89
5.07
2.32
TAP089
0.54
0.87
1.01
TAP022
1.18
2.38
1.76
5.62
5.29
4.51
TAP089
0.21
0.45
0.39
TAP022
1.78
2.10
5.33
3.07
2.44
3.86
TAP089
0.58
0.86
1.38
TAP022
3.12
12.48
10.86
2.35
4.99
2.41
TAP089
1.33
2.50
4.51
TAP022
1.30
3.84
2.54
1.07
1.84
2.12
TAP089
1.21
2.09
1.20
2.38
4.47
3.61
1.13
1.99
1.75
Mean
PGV ratio
21
(a)ML
(a) ML
(b)Km
(b) Km
(c)Km
(c) Km
(d)
(d)
(e)TAP089 PGA
3.2.3
Source
Mechanism Path Effect
MagnitudeEpicentral DistanceFocal
DepthSite Effect
3.2.3.1
1Borcherdt19702Nakamura
1989
Lermo and Chavez-Garcia1993
S
Field and Jacob1993
Lachet and Bard1994 Dravinski et al.1996
23
15 S
3-6
1. S
2. 5%Cosine Taper
3. EWNS V
5 Smooth
4. RMS
15 3-7 3-8
1995 7 14 1.8Hz
0.81.5Hz
1.53Hz
24
3-6
25
3-7
26
3-8
27
3.2.3.2
TAP089
Stefano and Richwalski
2004
S
15 3-9 1Hz
1Hz 1Hz2Hz
28
3-9
29
0.1
TAP089
TAP089
FFT
1. FFT 15
PGA ratio
3-10
2. 15
30
1Hz 1Power
Amp2 PGA ratio
3-11 3-12 1Hz
PGA ratio
FFT PGA ratio
24Hz
PGA ratio FFT
1Hz
PGA ratio
PGA ratio
TAP089
FFT
PGA ratio
0.8Hz1.5Hz
1Hz 0.8Hz1.5Hz
31
aE
bN
cZ
3-10 FFT PGA ratio
32
1. PGA ratio
33
3.3
3.3.1
Microtremor Measurement
S Wave
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
34
3.3.2
Borcherdt1970
Lermo and
Chavez-Garcia1993
H S H B
SE =
HS
HB
3-1
2003 Nakamura1989
SM =
HS
VS
3-2
3.3.3
3-13
2 1.7
93 100200
200
35
400 3-14
1. EWNS V
2. 25Hz50Hz100Hz200Hz400Hz
3. GPS
4. 3.5Inch 1.3Gbyte
GIGAMO
5. 0.07100Hz-3db
6.
18 200
36
3-13
37
3-14 93
1. 64
2. 1520255075100125 150
3.
4.
3.3.7
38
3.3.4
Nakamura1989
3-15
1.
2. 20 4096
5%Cosine Taper
3.
4. EWNS V
5 Smooth
5. RMS
2003
93 93
H/V ratio A
3-163-36 93
H/V ratio 3-37
3-15
40
3.3.5
Te
H VS
Te =
4H
1
VS
f
3-3
Te
n
Hi
i =1 VSi
Te = 4
3-4
Hi = i
VS i
= i
3-3
VS = 4 f H
3-5
1. 55
300m/s 3-5
1.36Hz 1.41Hz
2. 7
130m/s 3-5
4.64Hz 3.14Hz
1.
41
2.
3-163-36 3-37
0 60
101
3.3.6.2
0.1Hz1.0Hz 3-163-25
1.2Hz
1.6Hz
1.6 2.0Hz
2.5Hz4.0Hz
3.5Hz
1
10,000
3-263-29 1.2Hz1.8Hz
1.4Hz 1.6Hz
3-37
1.
2.
3.
239
43
44
3-16 0.1Hz
3-17 0.2Hz
0 60
101
44
45
3-18 0.3Hz
3-19 0.4Hz
0 60
101
45
46
3-20 0.5Hz
3-21 0.6Hz
0 60
101
46
47
3-22 0.7Hz
3-23 0.8Hz
0 60
101
47
48
3-24 0.9Hz
3-25 1.0Hz
0 60
101
48
49
3-27 1.4Hz
3-26 1.2Hz
0 60
101
49
50
3-28 1.6Hz
3-29 1.8Hz
0 60
101
50
51
3-31 2.5Hz
3-30 2.0Hz
0 60
101
51
52
3-32 3.0Hz
3-33 3.5Hz
0 60
101
52
53
3-35 4.5Hz
3-34 4.0Hz
0 60
101
53
54
3-37
3-36 5.0Hz
0 60
101
54
3.3.6
3.3.6.1 S
Wang2004 S
3-38
3-37
3-38 S Wang2004
3.3.6.2
101
55
1999
2-4
1
3-163-37
1.
0.1Hz1.0Hz
3545
0.1Hz 1.6Hz
1.0Hz
1.0Hz1.6Hz
2.
0.3Hz1.4Hz 3-18
3-27
3. 0.3Hz0.4Hz 0.6Hz 5060
1.2Hz
1.11.4Hz
4. 1.6Hz
0 60 Mapinfo
56
2.0Hz
20100
4.0Hz
4.5Hz 4.5Hz
5. 1.62.0Hz
6.
3.3.7
12
3-39
P28
40 PA5
P95
3.3.8
57
0.81.5Hz
1.1Hz1.5Hz
1.53Hz 1.8Hz3.6Hz
3Hz
3.4
2002 3 31 331
101 56 4
331
331 30
PGA 193gal 57gal
PGA ratio 3.39 2002
1.5% 2.03.0
0.30.5Hz 101
1.56Hz 3-40 101
331
2002
58
3-39
59
3.5
1.
2.
1.11.5Hz
3.
12Hz
4.
1986
5.
1.2Hz1.8Hz
1.4Hz 1.6Hz
6.
3-4
60
3-4
PGA ratio
PGA 4
PGA 2.5
0.81.5Hz
1.53Hz
0.7Hz 2Hz
1.8Hz 3.0Hz
1Hz
1.1Hz1.5Hz
1.8Hz3.6Hz
2. 2.
1.121.56Hz
61
1.723.58Hz
4.
4.1
P S
Haskell1953Haskell Method
4.2
4.3
VPVS
1.7g/cm3
Transfer Function
TAP022 15 55 4-1
TAP089 16 7 4-2
TAP022
1.56Hz 10TAP089 5.15Hz
17.5
62
4-1
4.4
4-2
4.4.1
3.2.3.2
1995 7 14 1.8Hz
0.81.5Hz
1.53Hz
4-34-4
TAP022
TAP089
63
4-3 Haskell
64
4-4 Haskell
65
4.4.2
3.3
PA5 1.41HzP3
3.14HzTAP022
1.56Hz 10TAP089
5.15Hz 17.5
4-54-6TAP022
TAP089
4-5
4.5
4-6
3.5
4-1
1.
66
2.
67
4-1
PGA 4
PGA 2.5
PGA ratio
0.81.5Hz
1.53Hz
0.7Hz 2Hz
1.5Hz 3.0Hz
1Hz
1. 1.8Hz3.6Hz
1. 1.1Hz1.5Hz
3Hz
2. 10
2. 10
1. 0.41.4Hz 1. 1.83.0Hz
2. 2.
1.121.56Hz
1.723.58Hz
1. 1.56Hz
1. 5.15Hz
2. 10
2. 17.5
68
5.
5.1
1. 15 1995 2001
PGA
2.
3. Haskell method
4.
660
PGA
5.
6. 101 200
69
5.2
1.
101
SHAKESchnabel
1972
2.
2 1.7
0.1
1Hz 10
5Hz 2
70
13Hz
3 10 101
101 0.10.2Hz
101
3 10
14
71
6.
A.
Program
for
Earthquake
Response
Analysis
of
1978
304305-380
1980
2002
73
1999
1996
1993
1-10
2002PGA
2003 S
1996
1997
1996
1990
33 1 65-84
2000
2002331
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
B95
92
Map
Map
(m)
4096 A
4096 V
8192 A
8192 V
P1
121.56117
121.55963
121.56148
121.56036
121.55893
121.55788
121.55678
121.55523
121.55413
121.56140
121.56021
121.55905
121.55815
121.55645
121.55509
121.55413
121.56166
121.55995
121.55839
121.55770
121.55671
121.55549
121.55420
121.56153
121.56025
121.55863
121.55721
121.55603
121.55446
121.55368
121.56157
121.56020
121.55888
121.55722
121.56161
25.02679
25.02679
25.02802
25.02798
25.02788
25.02797
25.02807
25.02789
25.02804
25.02894
25.02904
25.02926
25.02909
25.02911
25.02899
25.02881
25.03039
25.03037
25.03044
25.03044
25.03027
25.03028
25.03042
25.03173
25.03170
25.03222
25.03204
25.03196
25.03201
25.03265
25.03274
25.03279
25.03281
25.03273
25.03364
2.44
2.59
2.44
2.5
1.8
1.89
1.87
2.03
3.14
3.14
3.14
3.14
1.72
1.7
1.68
1.68
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.5
3.58
3.5
3.5
20
3.14
3.21
3.18
3.21
11
2.72
2.72
2.5
2.47
10
1.91
1.87
1.89
1.87
3.58
3.41
3.54
3.14
1.98
2.01
1.87
2.01
1.43
1.48
1.41
1.41
1.38
1.38
1.36
1.38
35
1.96
1.85
1.89
1.8
10
2.82
2.72
2.75
2.82
3.18
3.33
3.06
3.06
41
2.95
3.03
2.92
3.03
1.41
1.36
1.48
1.48
1.32
1.32
1.27
1.32
12
1.47
1.41
1.3
1.38
39
1.43
1.5
1.38
1.43
27
1.7
1.56
1.58
1.6
26
1.33
1.27
1.27
1.24
19
3.29
3.21
3.33
3.29
12
2.13
2.35
2.29
2.27
64
1.35
1.08
1.19
1.14
24
1.18
1.07
1.07
1.05
12
1.12
1.27
1.36
1.36
13
1.28
1.12
1.14
1.21
13
1.8
1.47
1.62
1.58
19
2.82
2.82
2.78
2.78
19
1.5
1.47
1.48
1.5
12
1.14
1.17
1.27
1.18
18
1.43
1.41
1.32
1.38
15
2.65
2.65
2.56
2.65
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
P7
P8
P9
P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17
P18
P19
P20
P21
P22
P23
P24
P25
P26
P27
P28
P29
P30
P31
P32
P33
P34
P36
93
P37
P38
P39
P40
P41
P42
P43
P44
P45
P46
P47
P48
P49
P50
P51
P52
P53
P55
P56
P57
P58
P59
P60
P61
P62
P63
P64
P65
P66
P67
P68
P69
P70
P71
P72
P73
P74
121.56019
121.55883
121.55701
121.55595
121.55434
121.55315
121.56025
121.55893
121.55726
121.55600
121.55481
121.55301
121.56158
121.56140
121.55917
121.55732
121.55543
121.55267
121.56161
121.56150
121.55941
121.55741
121.55576
121.55445
121.55333
121.56575
121.56190
121.55888
121.55610
121.55326
121.55191
121.55524
121.55737
121.55925
121.56170
121.56353
121.56360
25.03363
25.03367
25.03386
25.03375
25.03380
25.03380
25.03489
25.03484
25.03491
25.03487
25.03490
25.03496
25.03669
25.03606
25.03652
25.03622
25.03640
25.03582
25.03767
25.03827
25.03776
25.03754
25.03782
25.03783
25.03764
25.04213
25.04221
25.04223
25.04229
25.04255
25.03951
25.03938
25.03863
25.03992
25.04128
25.04112
25.04233
19
1.62
1.62
1.74
1.64
19
1.76
1.36
1.66
1.66
13
1.47
1.47
1.38
1.38
10
1.22
1.14
1.28
1.28
19
1.45
1.35
1.35
1.35
10
1.56
1.27
1.62
1.41
1.47
1.41
1.43
1.43
56
1.72
1.76
1.62
1.72
10
1.91
1.66
1.87
1.94
11
1.56
1.32
1.32
1.56
10
1.4
1.17
1.28
1.28
12
1.68
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.68
1.62
1.78
1.78
11
1.43
1.27
1.38
1.36
19
2.03
1.96
2.01
1.98
12
1.6
1.47
1.56
1.64
15
1.87
1.85
1.89
1.85
35
1.9
2.01
1.9
1.91
1.56
1.32
1.43
1.43
13
1.33
1.47
1.52
1.58
25
1.76
1.76
1.7
1.7
18
1.56
1.58
1.66
1.68
19
1.8
1.5
1.5
1.5
25
1.8
1.56
1.6
1.62
10
1.8
1.7
1.74
1.74
38
1.22
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.89
1.8
1.78
1.78
1.43
1.41
1.47
1.48
1.43
1.21
1.38
1.47
22
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.98
1.47
1.5
1.47
1.47
1.74
1.7
1.7
1.7
29
2.1
1.96
2.03
2.01
1.5
1.32
1.33
1.38
1.58
1.5
1.5
1.5
22
1.76
1.7
1.7
1.7
23
1.27
1.36
1.27
1.27
94
P75
P76
P77
P78
P80
P81
P82
P86
P87
P88
P90
P91
P92
P93
P94
P95
P96
PA2
PA3
PA4
PA5
121.56363
121.56571
121.56624
121.56621
121.56362
121.56616
121.56359
121.56283
121.56248
121.56041
121.55220
121.55160
121.55159
121.55105
121.55176
121.55054
121.55722
121.56358
121.56173
121.55921
121.55514
25.03867
25.04026
25.03840
25.03714
25.03651
25.03545
25.03543
25.02752
25.02558
25.02605
25.02598
25.02697
25.03051
25.03363
25.03644
25.03748
25.03115
25.04036
25.04047
25.03115
25.03301
10
1.62
1.41
1.56
1.54
10
1.47
1.38
1.43
1.43
13
1.5
1.17
1.41
1.38
17
1.5
1.56
1.54
1.48
11
1.72
1.66
1.76
1.64
2.06
2.29
2.06
2.06
1.89
2.01
2.06
2.06
11
3.4
3.46
3.5
3.5
21
1.91
1.89
1.94
1.96
17
2.13
2.24
2.19
2.24
3.14
3.25
3.33
3.18
2.47
2.44
2.5
2.41
14
1.98
1.89
1.85
12
1.48
1.47
1.45
1.45
27
1.48
1.5
1.47
1.47
11
1.8
1.94
1.91
19
1.38
1.21
1.21
1.27
34
1.5
1.21
1.41
1.41
11
2.03
2.08
2.13
2.13
15
1.32
1.21
1.22
1.19
11
1.41
1.33
1.28
1.38
95
C
Haskell
96
(TAP022)
2002 08 07
97
97
(TAP089)
2003 07 10
98
98
Haskell ModelTAP022
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.65
1
0.85
2.5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
0.0
Vp(m/sec)
Vs(Km/sec)
1480.7
1539.1
1492.5
1369.8
1351.3
1204.8
1298.7
1449.2
1538.4
1587.3
1639.3
1538.4
1785.7
2222.2
2300.0
134.6
139.9
127.7
126.3
169.5
192.3
206.2
238.1
384.6
263.2
335.6
416.7
800.0
628.9
900.0
Haskell ModelTAP089
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0.45
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.35
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.0
Vp(m/sec)
Vs(Km/sec)
1003.5
1031.8
1024.9
1187.8
1255.5
1234.6
1176.5
1075.3
990
1010.1
1111.1
1282.1
1470.6
1515.2
1369.3
2000.0
111.5
114.64
113.88
131.98
139.47
124.84
135.14
139.08
130.55
118.62
120.77
135.14
155.76
168.92
304.88
892.86
99
English Abstract
Site effect study in the HsinYi area, Taipei City
Chen-Hsiu Wang