3 Tutorial STARS BUILDER Revised Nov 2007

Introduction to STARS
Introduction to CMGs Thermal and Advanced Process

Simulator
Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

2007
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... 3
REQUIRED FILES........................................................................................................................ 4
CREATING A MODEL FROM GEOLOGICAL DATA USING BUILDER..................................... 5
Starting CMG Launcher............................................................................................................................................... 5
Opening BUILDER....................................................................................................................................................... 5
Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data) ........................................................................................................... 5
Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model ......................................................................................................... 9
Creating Fluid Model Data......................................................................................................................................... 10
Creating Relative Permeability Data.......................................................................................................................... 12
Creating Initial Conditions ......................................................................................................................................... 13
Creating Numerical Controls...................................................................................................................................... 13
Incorporating Well Trajectories and Perforations..................................................................................................... 14
Adding Historical Production Data to the Model....................................................................................................... 17
Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data .................................................................. 18
Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match.................................................................................... 18
Well Definition and Constraints ................................................................................................................................. 19
Write Out Restart information to a Restart File ........................................................................................................ 23
Running the STARS Dataset....................................................................................................................................... 23
Reviewing the Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH and RESULTS 3D ..................................................... 23
Using the Historical Data Restart File in a Prediction Run ....................................................................................... 25
Adding an Aquifer ...................................................................................................................................................... 27
Analyzing the Data...................................................................................................................................................... 29
Further Analysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 29
Extra Exercises............................................................................................................................................................ 33
Who gets more oil???? .......................................................................................................................................... 33
CREATE A PATTERN STEAM MODEL .................................................................................... 34

Open BUILDER.......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Create an STARS Heavy oil Dataset Using Quick Pattern...................................................................................... 34
Generate STARS Fluid Model Properties From Black Oil PVT Correlations .......................................................... 35
Creating Relative Permeability Data.......................................................................................................................... 39
Temperature Dependent Relative Permeability ......................................................................................................... 40
Modifying Relative Permeability Curves for Steam Injection (compositional dependence) ..................................... 43
Creating Initial Conditions ......................................................................................................................................... 47
Create Numerical Controls......................................................................................................................................... 47
Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc
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Complete the Well Perforations.................................................................................................................................. 47

Adding Operating Constraints ................................................................................................................................... 48
Adding Dates............................................................................................................................................................... 49
Outputting Basic Properties and Well Information ................................................................................................... 49
Validate Dataset Using Builder................................................................................................................................... 50
Running the Simulator................................................................................................................................................ 51
Building a Cyclic Steam Simulation Model in STARS................................................................................................... 54
Water Flood ................................................................................................................................................................ 57
Primary Production .................................................................................................................................................... 57
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 1: New Dataset with Contour Map Open ................................................................................................... 5
FIGURE 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid.................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet ......................................................................................... 6
FIGURE 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property........................................................................................... 7
FIGURE 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification.................................................................................. 8
FIGURE 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display ........................................................................................ 8
FIGURE 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified ............................... 9
FIGURE 8: Components Tab in the Tree View ...................................................................................................... 10
FIGURE 9: Import Black Oil PVT Form.................................................................................................................. 11
FIGURE 10: Plots for RockType 1......................................................................................................................... 13
FIGURE 11: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3.......................................................................................... 14
FIGURE 12: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3.......................................................................................... 15
FIGURE 13: Trajectory Perforations Window ........................................................................................................ 16
FIGURE 14: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File ........................................................... 16
FIGURE 15: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard.............................................................................................. 17
FIGURE 16: Average Production/Injection Data Plot ............................................................................................. 18
FIGURE 17: Well Events Window ......................................................................................................................... 19
FIGURE 18: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events......................................................................................... 20
FIGURE 19: Well Completion Data Window .......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 20: Adding perforations to well ................................................................................................................... 22
FIGURE 21: Simulation Log File ........................................................................................................................... 23
FIGURE 22: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data................................................................................... 24
FIGURE 23: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint ........................................................................... 25
FIGURE 24: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint .................................................................................. 26
FIGURE 25: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction ................................................ 27
FIGURE 26: Select Aquifer Location Window........................................................................................................ 28
FIGURE 27: Aquifer Properties Window................................................................................................................ 28
FIGURE 28: Plot of Pressure Difference Due to Aquifer ........................................................................................ 29
FIGURE 29: Reservoir Showing High Oil Saturation (orange)................................................................................ 30
FIGURE 30: Areal View (IJ-2D) of Trajectory for W11 ........................................................................................... 31
FIGURE 31: Cross Section View (JK-2D) of Trajectory for W11............................................................................. 32
FIGURE 1: General Property Specification Spreadsheet ....................................................................................... 34
FIGURE 2: Thermal Rock Types........................................................................................................................... 35
FIGURE 3: Drop down box.................................................................................................................................... 48
FIGURE 4: Constraints and Injected Fluid............................................................................................................. 49
FIGURE 10: I/O Control ........................................................................................................................................ 50
FIGURE 5: Log File Summary............................................................................................................................... 51
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REQUIRED FILES
TO10FLT.bna
Porosflt.bna
Thickflt.bna
viscosity.txt
TRAJ_Meter.wdb
PERFS_Meter.perf
production-history.prd
Tutorial_CYC_DEFINE.INC
Well-11.perf
Well-11.wdb
viscosity.xls
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Creating a Model From Geological Data using Builder

Create a working directory somewhere on your disk and put the map files that accompany this tutorial in this directory.
Starting CMG Launcher

1. Start the CMG Launcher by using the icon on your desktop, or by going through the Start menu and
selecting Programs/CMG/Launcher.
2. Select menu item Projects, then Add Project.
3. Browse for the directory where you stored the map files.
4. Call the project Tutorial.
5. Click OK to exit back to the Launcher.
6. You should now have this directory displayed.
Opening BUILDER
1. Open Builder by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.
2. Choose:
STARS Simulator, SI Units, Single Porosity
Starting date 1991-01-01
3. Click OK twice.
Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)

1. Click on File (on the menu bar, top left), then Open Map File.
2. Choose Map Type Atlas Boundary format (.bna) and m in Units for X,Y coordinates in the files box.
3. Select the Top-of-Structure map file called TO10FLT.bna by clicking on the Browse button and locating the
file.
4. Click OK
FIGURE 1: New Dataset with Contour Map Open

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5. Maximize the screens for a better view by clicking on the window maximize button.
6. Click on the arrow next to the Reservoir (on the left menu bar) and select Create Grid.
7. Select Orthogonal Corner Point and specify a 25 (I-direction) x 35 (J-direction) x 4 (K-direction) grid.
8. Enter 25*110 in the I direction box (meaning all 25 columns in the I-direction will be 110 meters in length).
9. Enter 35*125 in the J-direction box (meaning all 35 rows in the J-direction will be 125 meters in length).
10. Click OK.
11. Hold down Shift key and hold down left mouse button to move (pan) grid.
12. Hold down Ctrl key and hold down left mouse button to rotate grid.
FIGURE 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid

13. Align the grid with the fault so that a grid block boundary lies along it, and the grid covers the whole map area.
14. Change display control to Probe mode by clicking on this
toolbar button on top tool bar.
15. Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of screen) to open the General Property Specification
spreadsheet as shown below.
FIGURE 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet
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16. Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top. Right click in this box and select
the Geological Map option as the data source.
17. Click the Values in file1 button, then Browse and select the top-of-structure map file called TO10FLT.bna
FIGURE 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property

18. Click OK to return to the spreadsheet type window.
19. Repeat this action for Grid Thickness in layer1 box, but this time select Thickflt.bna in the Values in file1
box. Also, enter 0.25 in the times box (still on the property specification menu) in order to allocate 25% of
the total thickness map to each of the 4 layers in the grid.
20. Finally, copy the layer1, Grid Thickness cell contents and paste it into the layer 2, layer 3 and layer 4 Grid
Thickness cells to complete the specification of Grid Thickness source data for each of the 4 layers in the
grid. You can use Ctrl-C and Ctrl-V keys to copy specifications for the first layer to the other 3 just as in a
regular spreadsheet. .
21. Click OK to the Block / Corner Value Calculation button will pop up click OK to populate the grid with top-ofstructure and grid thickness data (this operation is performed by BUILDER using the specified map data to
interpolate grid cell values). Also click OK to the pop-up window regarding clamping.
22. Change the view from IJ-2D Areal to 3D View (in the upper left corner!!).
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FIGURE 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification

23. Click on the Rotate (3D View) button
(from the toolbar) to rotate the display by holding down the left mouse
button and using the cursor to move the model. Hold down the Ctrl key with the left mouse button and move
the mouse toward the bottom of the screen to zoom in or move the mouse to the top of the screen to zoom out.
If a mouse has a scroll wheel, this can also be used to zoom in and out by scrolling the wheel forward (zoom
out) or backward (zoom in)
24. To remove the contour map from the display, click the right mouse button while the cursor is anywhere in
the display area. Select Properties from the displayed menu (bottom of list), Maps from the tree view; and
(finally) uncheck the Show Map Contours Lines and Fault boxes. Press OK.
FIGURE 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display
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Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model

25. Repeat the above process for Porosity (i.e. similar to step #19), but select the map porosflt.bna. Use the
same map for each layer. This time, leave the value in the times box as 1.
FIGURE 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified
26. Select Permeability I from the list on the panel and enter the following:
Layer 1
50
Layer 2
250
Layer 3
500
Layer 4
100
27. Select Permeability J and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select EQUALSI then OK.
28. Do the same with Permeability K and select EQUALSI. In the first box select * and then enter a value of
0.1 in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1). Press the OK button.
29. Press the OK button on the Block/Corner Value Calculation window. This window can also be accessed
by clicking on the Calculate Property button at the top.
30. Double click on Thermal Rocktypes in the tree view menu, create a new thermal rock type, select the
Rock Compressibility tab and input 2E-5 in the Formation compressibility box, 20000 kPa in the Porosity
Reference Pressure box and click OK. Units will be applied automatically; you should now have the
Green check mark for Reservoir section.
31. This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then Save As. Save file as
Tutorial.dat.
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Creating Fluid Model Data

1. Click the Components tab menu in the tree view (or use the top menu), and select Import Blackoil PVT
FIGURE 8: Components Tab in the Tree View

2. Select SI units, then click the button Launch the Black Oil PVT Graphical User Interface (GUI).
3. Click the Tools button and select the menu item Generate PVT Table Using Correlations.
4. Enter 70 (deg C implied) in the Reservoir Temperature box. Generate Pressure data up to 35000 kPa. For
Bubble Point Pressure, select the Value Provided option and enter a value of 6500 kPa. For the Oil
Density option, select Stock tank oil gravity (API) as the type of gravity value you want to use and enter a
value of 35 in data entry window. Change the Gas Density box to display Gas Gravity(Air=1) and type .65 in
the data entry window.
5. Check the box at the bottom Set/Update Values of Reservoir Temperarture, Fluid Densities in Dataset, and
click OK. Click Yes to the question about oil compressibility.
6. Select the General tab and click the Tools button and select the menu item Generate Water Properties
Using Correlations. In the Reference Pressure box, enter a value of 20000 kPa and leave the Water
bubble point pressure value blank. Check the box at the bottom Set/update values of TRES and REFPW in
PVT Region dialog, then click OK. Click OK again to exit the black oil PVT form. Click OK to the message
about bubble point.
7. The panel should look like the following:
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FIGURE 9: Import Black Oil PVT Form

1. In the Bubble Point Pressure section of the panel, click on Select From Table and click on the grey box
next to the 6500 kPa value in the pressure column. Click on Next> which take you to Step 2. Note the
various elements that have been selected by default. We will accept these selections/values, but in reality,
they may be changed by the user.
2. Assuming we have a measurement of dead oil viscosity of 420 cp and 5 cp at reservoir and maximum
steam temperature 70 and 325, respectively. Enter these values in the table. Note that under the
Component System part of the panel, we are creating a live oil system. Also in the Gas K Value
Temperature Dependence part of the panel, we are accepting the default value. Click Next>. A message
will appear regarding the thermal expansion coefficient with a default value that we will accept. Click OK
which takes you to Step 3 (Check Matches of PVT Properties).
3. Move this panel to the side to enable viewing of the match plots. Note the Match error values shown in the
Step 3 panel. Check the match quality by expanding and clicking on the various available plots. Matches
are acceptable, given the limited PVT data available. Note that the Gas Viscosity plot appears not to match.
This is because the STARS computes gas viscosity changes with temperature and/or composition, but
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does not compute gas viscosity change with pressure. If gas viscosities are important, then the user can
select the option Composition dependent gas viscosity and click the Re-Match button.
4. On the Step 3 panel, select Next> and then Finish on the Step 4 panel which has come up. Note that in the
tree, the Components tab now has a green checkmark.
5. Save your dataset.
Creating Relative Permeability Data

1. Click the Rock-Fluid button on the menu in the left handside.
2. Double click on Rock Fluid Types in the tree view. A window will open. Click on the
button and
select New Rock Type.

3. Press the Tools button (on the Relative Permeability Tables tab) and select Generate Tables using
Correlations.
Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation.
SWCON
0.2
SWCRIT
0.2
SOIRW
0.4
SORW
0.4
SOIRG
0.2
SORG
0.2
SGCON
0.05
SGCRIT
0.05
KROCW
0.8
KRWIRO
0.3
KRGCL
0.3
KROGCG
0.8
All Exponents
2.0
4. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph containing the
relative permeability curves will appear.
5. The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.
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FIGURE 10: Plots for RockType 1
Creating Initial Conditions

1. Click the Initial Conditions button on the tree view of Builder.
2. Double click on Initial Conditions.
3. Select Depth-Average Capillary-Gravity Method option.
4. Type the following values in the available fields:
27600 (kPa implied) in the Reference Pressure (REFPRES) window
3050 (m implied) in the Reference Depth (REFDEPTH) window
3080 (m implied) in the Water-Oil Contact (DWOC) window
Leave the Gas-Oil Contact (DGOC) window blank.
5. Leave the other boxes blank.
6. Click on Apply; then OK.
Creating Numerical Controls

1. Click the Numerical button in the Builder tree view and double click on Numerical Controls and
click OK to the message about DTWELL.
2. Set the DTWELL value to be 1.0 day and click OK.
3. You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green checkmark in the tree
view, except for the Wells & Recurrent tab.
4. At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and Save.
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Incorporating Well Trajectories and Perforations

Once we have created the static model, we will now incorporate the trajectory and perforation information into the model.
1. Go to the main Builder menu and select Well / Well Trajectories / Well Trajectories. The Import well
trajectory wizard. Step 1 of 3 window will pop up.
2. You need to choose Trajectory File Type and appropriate Units for it (3 Steps Wizard).
3. Choose Table Format and m for X, Y and Z,MD then browse for the file TRAJ_Meter.wdb, Open, and
press Next >(Step 1 of 3)
FIGURE 11: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3

4. The following window will open. Make sure all wells are selected, and check the box Clear all existing
trajectories then press Next> (Step 2 of 3).
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FIGURE 12: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3

5. Click Finish to complete Step 3 of 3.
6. This screen will create a vertical trajectory for each well that exists in the main contour map.
7. Now go back to top menu and select Well, Well Trajectories, click on Trajectory Perforation Intervals
a window will open (Figure 13):
8. Click on Read File and choose File unit selection option as SI then browse PERFS_Meter.perf. Press
Open.
9. If this is done correctly, the window will be like Figure 14:
10. Press Apply and then OK. This completes the trajectories and Perforation of the wells in the model
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FIGURE 13: Trajectory Perforations Window
FIGURE 14: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File
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Adding Historical Production Data to the Model

The last item we want to do is add historical rate data so that we can set up a history match run.
1. Go to the main Builder menu and select Well / Import Production/Injection Data (this is the wizard to import
production/injection data into the well & recurrent data for the simulator and it also defines the status of each
well!!).
2. STEP 1: First step of this wizard is to provide the type and name of the production file. In our case, we will use
General and choose a file in the tutorial directory named Production-history.prd. Press the Next button.
[Use the Next/Back buttons on the panels to move forward/backward between each Step].
3. STEP 2: Follow the instructions and highlight the first line containing the production data (top window) and
well name (lower window) (as shown in the following figure). Press Next.
FIGURE 15: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard

4. STEP 3: If the delimiters look good and separate the columns correctly, click Next to go to STEP 4.
5. STEP 4: Go to Columns 3 to 5 and in the identifier row, choose Oil Produced, Water Produced and Gas
Produced for each column. Leave others as they pop up then click Next to go to the next step.
6. STEP 5: This is the place showing you which wells production data has been picked up and which well is not.
For example, the program could not find any production data from well 5, 7 and 9. Since wells 5, 7 and 9 have
no production history, the easiest action is to delete them from the model. We will do this later. Other than that,
click Finish. Also, close the Simulation Dates window that may pop up.
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Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data

Next thing we want to do is to generate the well recurrent data for every month.
1. Go back to the main Builder menu and select Well / Average Production/Injection Data...
2. Now, move your mouse and right click on the x-axis. A menu will show up to allow you to change the
average interval from this point on to monthly, bi-annually, yearly, etc.
FIGURE 16: Average Production/Injection Data Plot

3. Select Reset all intervals to every month and press the OK button. Once again, click Close on the
Simulations Dates window that pops up.
Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match

1. Next thing we want to do is to create a field history file so that we can make a comparison between the
simulation run and the actual field history file.
2. Go to the top menu again and select Well / Create Field History File then provide a filename (or you
can just use the default production-history.fhf). Press OK.
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Well Definition and Constraints

1. For those wells that have no production history, we can either delete them or define them as a producer or
injector and shut-in the wells so that they will not affect the history match.
2. In this tutorial, we will delete Well 5 and change Wells 7 & 9 so that they are injectors. To do that, open the
tree view and press the Wells & Recurrent tab. Expand the Wells list by clicking on the +. Right mouse
click on Well 5, select Delete and press Yes to the message that pops up.
3. Go to Well 7, right mouse click and select Properties. A new window will show up as follows:
FIGURE 17: Well Events Window

4. Click on ID & Type, check the Edit box for Type, and select INJECTOR MOBWEIGHT EXPLICIT. Check
the Auto-apply check box.
5. Go to Constraints tab (say YES to apply changes if asked!!), and check the Constraint definition box.
6. Under select new (in the Constraint column of the table), select OPERATE. Then select BHP bottom
hole pressure, MAX, 25000 KPa, CONT REPEAT. Press Apply.
7. Go to the Injected Fluid tab and choose Water as injection fluid, enter a mole fraction of 1.0 for the
component Water, then enter a Temperature of 70 C and a Steam Quality of 0.0. Press Apply.
8. Go to the Options tab. Check the Status box and choose to SHUTIN the well at this time. Press Apply.
9. Now, we can copy all the above specifications to Well 9. To do that, make sure you are looking at Well 7 in
the Name/Date list. Then highlight the following Events (for Well 7) by clicking on them with your mouse and
pressing down the Ctrl key to select multiple items: INJECTOR, constraints, injected fluid, stream quality,
stream temperature and SHUTIN (all of them!!!).
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10. Press the Tools button at the bottom of the screen, and select Copy events using filter. This will open a
new window. In the Select Wells tab, check on Well 9 and then go to the Select Dates tab. Check the date
1991-01-01 and press the Search & Add button. The window should look like this:
FIGURE 18: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events

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11. Click OK and the same constraint information created for Well 7 will now be copied to Well 9. If a message
pops up requesting to change the well type for Well 9, say Yes. Press OK to close the Well Events
window.
12. Make sure that the View Type is set to IK-2D X-Sec (located in the upper left hand corner of the main
Builder window).
13. Even though we defined Well 7 as an injector, provided constraint information and defined the trajectory
path, well completions (or perforations) might need to be defined along the trajectory path. If the well
completions are not defined, then the simulator will not be able to properly recognize the well. To define
some well completions, go to the Well menu and select Well Completions (PERF). The following window
will open:
a. Note: by default, Builder will provide one completion in Layer K=1. To use the following approach
to Add a new completion, this single completion should first be deleted. Alternatively we can add
to the existing completions as also described below.
14. Expand the Well & Date list and select Well 7.
a. To delete the existing perforation date Press the
button and select Completion Delete
Current. Answer Yes to delete the model well. All related information for this completion is also
deleted and must be re-entered by reference to one of the other wells. Press the
button and
select Completion Add New. Press the OK button in the window that pops up regarding the New
Well Completion Date.
FIGURE 19: Well Completion Data Window

b. Select the Perforations tab and press the
button. This will allow you to use your
mouse to select the grid blocks where you want the well completions to be. Since the well will be
SHUTIN right away anyway, the location where you click in the grid does not have to be exact.
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Change the Plane Slider to 15 and zoom in to the section containing Well 7 so that you can see the
trajectory for Well 7. Use your mouse to click two or three times somewhere along the Well 7
trajectory in the main Builder window. Press
when you are done. Your screen
should look similar to figure 20 below. Press Apply and then OK to close the window.
Figure 20: Adding perforations to well
c.
Alternatively, we can simply add to the existing completion, or change it, by going to the Perforations
tab and Delete the existing completion with the [X] button and Add new completions with the mouse.
15. If everything is OK, all of the tabs in the tree view should have a green checkmark. The Dates under Wells
& Recurrent tab may still have a yellow exclamation mark. This will not affect the simulation of the model,
however it can be removed by adding a top date a day after the last date on the list.
16. Double click on Dates. The Simulation Dates window will pop up. Click on the Add new date button on
the right handside and enter 1991-09-02 and click OK. Make sure this date is checked under the set STOP
column. Click Close to close the window.
17. Please save the file one more time!!!
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Write Out Restart information to a Restart File

1. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view.
2. Double click on Restart.
3. Check 0n Enable Restart Writing.
4. Press the
button and select the first simulation date which is 1991-01-01. Press OK.
5. Set the Writing Frequency Option to Every TIME or DATE Keywords.

6. Click OK to close the window.
7. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file Tutorial_hm.dat.
8. By enabling the restart feature, you will be able to make prediction runs without having to rerun the
historical data portion.
Running the STARS Dataset

1. If everything is OK, you should be able to run the dataset using STARS. Click the Validate with STARS
button, click Yes to the question about saving the data set, then click the Run button.
2. If there are no errors, a MS-DOS window will open up and show you the progress of the run. When finished,
the MS-DOS window will be terminated and shows a brief summary of results.
FIGURE 21: Simulation Log File
Reviewing the Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH and RESULTS 3D

We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would
perform.
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1. From the CMG launcher, drag and drop Tutorial_hm.irf onto the Results Graph 2007.10 icon.
2. Select menu item File; then Open Field History.
3. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of the
tutorial.
Click on the Add Curve icon
4. Select the file to display data from as Tutorial_hm.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC. Choose Well
3 for the Origin and then Click OK.
5. Now repeat the same steps but this time select the file as production-history.fhf, as we want to compare
the simulated data with the historical input data. You should now see a plot similar to:
FIGURE 22: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data

6. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time, plot the Water Rate SC & Gas Rate SC curves
either in the same plot or separately. To add new plot, right click on the Plot 1, then click on Add Plot.
7. In order to view this plot for all the production wells you can use the Repeat origins button
8. In the Repeat Plots window, select the All Producers option and OK to generate the plots.
9. You should now have a series of plots showing the historical data and simulator calculation for each of your
production wells.
10. You can now continue to investigate the results from these datasets in Results Graph and Results 3D, and
interactively discover the large range of features that are available to you for analyzing your data. Exit
Graph and save the template file.
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Using the Historical Data Restart File in a Prediction Run

We want to predict the reservoir performance until 1/1/1993 if the producers are fixed to a minimum BHP of 15000 kPa.
1. Load the dataset tutorial_hm.dat back into Builder.
2. Click on the I/O Control tab in the tree view.
3. Double click on the Restart option.
4. Check the box for Restart from previous simulation run (RESTART).
5. Browse to select Tutorial_hm.irf. Click Record to restart from (Note that a series of restart dates are
now available).
6. In the Record to restart from field, select the date 1991/09/01 and then press OK to exit back to the
main Builder window. Click OK to the builder message that pops up.
7. Click on the Well & Recurrent section in the tree view and expand the Dates.
8. Select the date to 1991-09-01, double click.
9. If the Set stop box is checked on this date, uncheck it. Then click the button Add a range of dates.
10. Change the range of dates so that the From date is 1991-09-01 and the To date is 1993-01-01. Press OK.
Press Close.
11. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view again. Expand the Well items in the tree view and
double click on Well 1.
12. Change the date to 1991-09-01, check the Auto-apply check box, and click on the Constraints tab.
13. Check the Constraint definition box, then change OPERATE, BHP, MIN to 15000 kPa
14. The panel that is displayed should look similar to:
FIGURE 23: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint
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15. Click Apply, a new constraint will be created in the date 1991-09-01 for Well 1. The next task will be to
copy the same constraint to all the other wells to do the forecast.
16. Highlight the Well 1 constraints Event for 1991-09-01 (in the Name/Date list). Click the Tools button at the
bottom of the screen and select Copy events using filter.
17. On the Select Wells tab; check Producers and Select, then on the Select Dates tab check on 199109-01. At this tab; make sure to check on Do you want to create new dates?. This option creates new
date for wells which are already shut in because of production history event. Press the Clear List button.
Press the Search & Add button, then OK. All the wells except wells 7 & 9 will have a new constraint
starting 1991-09-01.
18. On the Well Event window; you might see ALTER event equal to 0 on 1991-09-01. This should be deleted
from prediction data file (Figure 24).
FIGURE 24: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint

19. Right click on highlighted ALTER and select Delete event using filter.. then repeat step 17 to fix it
20. Click OK and return to the main menu.
21. Save the new file as Tutorial_pred.dat.
22. We can now exit Builder and drag and drop the Tutorial_pred.dat file onto the STARS icon to run it.
We can now look at the simulation run and compare it with the historical data and see how the reservoir would
continue to perform.
23. Drag and drop Tutorial_pred.irf onto the Results Graph icon.
24. Select menu item File; then Open Field History.
25. Select the production-history.fhf file we created in the Creating Field Production History section of the
tutorial.
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26. Click on the Add curve icon
27. Select the file to display data from as Tutorial_pred.irf. Select curve parameter Oil Rate SC; then Click OK.
28. Now repeat the same steps, but this time select the file as production_history.fhf, as we want to compare
the prediction run and the history match run.
29. To increase the size of the historical data markers select menu item View; Properties.
30. Select the Curve tab and increase the marker size from 4 to 8 and Click OK.
31. You should now see a plot similar to:
FIGURE 25: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction
32. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time plot the Water Cut variable. Save the file and exit.
Adding an Aquifer
The next thing we want to do is add an aquifer, and compare the simulation runs with and without an aquifer to see
the difference it makes.
1. Drag and drop Tutorial_hm.dat onto the Builder icon.
2. Once in Builder go to the Reservoir and select Create/Edit Aquifers.
(Alternatively, you can just click on the Create/Edit Aquifers button
from the top tool bar).
3. Select the first listed type Bottom aquifer, and OK the panel.
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FIGURE 26: Select Aquifer Location Window

4. Select Modelling Method Carter-Tracey (infinite). Leave all other items blank.
FIGURE 27: Aquifer Properties Window

5. OK to exit the panel to return to the model display area.
6. Go to File; Save As and change the file name to be saved to Tutorial_hm_aq.dat.
7. OK to save the new file and exit Builder.
You can now drag and drop Tutorial_pred_aq.dat onto the STARS icon. (To run simulation).
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Analyzing the Data

1. The file Tutorial_hm_aq.irf file can be dragged and dropped onto the Results Graph icon.
2. Select File; Open CMG Simulation Results from the menu bar and select Tutorial_hm.irf.
3. We now have both simulation results loaded so that we can compare them.
4. Click on the + icon to add a curve
5. Select Origin Type Sector (Region).

6. Parameter Ave Pres HC POVO SCTR.
7. Click on OK to display the line.
8. Repeat the above except select the filename as Tutorial_hm_aq.irf.
9. We now have a comparison plot that should look similar to:
FIGURE 28: Plot of Pressure Difference Due to Aquifer

10. You can also enter the 3D display area from here and both types of display are linked together. When you
exit Results 3D or Graph, the .ses (line plot) or .3tp (3D image) file referred to is a template that you can
use to re-create the images that you have generated using the same or other input files.
11. Results are very intuitive and most things can be accessed by the menus or by right mouse clicking on the
display areas.
Further Analysis
When you view the ternary plot for Tutorial_pred.irf in Results 3D it seems that there is quite a bit of oil left in the
southern anticline at the end of this simulation, especially in layer K = 2. As part of our reservoir plan we would like
to put in a horizontal well on 1/1/1992 to access this remaining oil.
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FIGURE 29: Reservoir Showing High Oil Saturation (orange)

1. Load the dataset Tutorial_pred.dat into Builder.
2. Make sure you have the IJ-2D areal view showing so that we can easily locate the well we are about to add.
3. Click on the Wells & Recurrent tab, then right click on Wells in the tree view. From the popup menu that
appears, select New
4. Name the new well W11, change Type to PRODUCER, and change the date to be 1991-12-01.
5. Select the Constraints tab and check the Constraint definition check box.
6. Enter the constraint OPERATE; BHP bottom hole pressure; MIN; 10,000; CONT REPEAT.
7. Click OK to exit from the Create New Well panel.
8. Well W11 should have appeared on the Well & Recurrent tree view. There should be an exclamation
mark next to this well indicating that there is a data problem.
9. Right click on this well and select Validate to display any error or warning messages. The message should
indicate that there are no valid perforations. Click Ok to close the window.
10. Click the + sign next to W11 and double click on 1991-12-01 PERF.
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11. In the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel that appears, select the Perforations tab.
12. Click the Begin button to Add perfs with the mouse, then click on the tool button for Advanced options for
perforating intermediate blocks between mouse clicks.
13. Check the Perforate all intermediate blocks box, and check the box to Set constant well length and
leave the well length at the default of 1000m. Then click OK.
14. Now, move the Well Completion Data (PERF) panel to the side so that the model grid can be viewed.
Using the knowledge gained from the previously displayed oil saturation plot from RESULTS 3D, select an
area in the model that has both high oil saturation, and low well density. Once the area for the new
horizontal has been selected, click once to add the first perforation. Move the mouse to a position
approximately near the end of the 1000m horizontal well and click a second time. Click OK to exit.
15. Well W11 should have appeared on your display. You can also view it in JK cross section around plane 12.
Note, the exact grid block position may vary slightly from that displayed below:
FIGURE 30: Areal View (IJ-2D) of Trajectory for W11

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W11
3,000
3,000
3,100
3,100
FIGURE 31: Cross Section View (JK-2D) of Trajectory for W11

16. Note that the perforation will appear and disappear depending on the date you have displayed in Builder.
Left double click on well W11 to see that there is one date associated with it 1991-12-01. If there is also the
simulation start date 1991-01-01 then select this date in the tree view, right mouse click and select "Delete".
This will remove this unwanted date.
17. Well 11 is now fully defined. We save the dataset as Tutorial_Pred1.dat, and exit.
Now run in STARS the dataset and compare it with tutorial_pred.dat. Look at the oil saturation at the end
of the simulation in Results 3D and the Field oil production rate in Results Graph. Note the increased
production when the horizontal well opens. Also, oil left in the southern anticline decreased when viewed in
Results 3D.
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Extra Exercises
Who gets more oil????

Now we are going to apply what we have learned in this class. You should implement everything you have learned
in order to get a history match and perform predictions to produce as much oil as you can at an economic rate.
STEPS:
1. Get a History match until 1991-09-01, in order to do that you might consider using:
a. Aquifer
b. Volume Modifiers
c.
Property modifications
2. After you get a "decent" history match you should create a restart file, so you can start doing predictions
3. Run your predictions up to 2005-09-01, and save the file as Predict_your_name.dat, so we can compare
the results.
4. In order to run your predictions, consider:
a. Drilling new wells
b. Inject water
c.
inject gas
d. Change well constrains

5. Remember, try to get as much oil out as possible, but don't go crazy drilling wells, the project has to be
economic, so you are only allow to drill a max of 3 wells including injectors and producers.
GOOD LUCK !!
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Create a Pattern Steam Model

Open BUILDER
1. Open Builder by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.
2. Choose:
STARS Simulator, SI Units, Single Porosity
Starting date 2005-01-01
3. Click OK twice.
Create an STARS Heavy oil Dataset Using Quick Pattern

4. Click Reservoir (on the menu bar or in tree view) and Create Grid.
5. Select Quick Pattern Grid and enter the following:
Note: units will be applied automatically
Pattern Type: Normal 5-spot
Top of Reservoir: 500 (m)
Pattern Area: 10 (acres)
Approx. Block Thickness: 4 (m)
Thickness of Reservoir: 30 (m)
Approx. Block Size in X,Y: 6 (m)
6. Click Calculate. The results from your input will be displayed.

7. Click OK.
8. Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of screen) to open the General Property Specification
spreadsheet as shown below.
FIGURE 1: General Property Specification Spreadsheet

9. In the box for whole grid, input 0.3 for Porosity, 400 (mD) for Permeability I and J, and 40 (mD) for
Permeability K.
10. Press OK to leave the General Property Specification section and OK again to Calculate Property.
11. Under Reservoir in tree view menu, double click on Thermal Rock Types, click the botton at the
top with the arrow and select New Thermal Rock Type. Then, select the Rock Compressibility
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tab and input 1.8E-5 in the Formation compressibility box, 8576 kPa in the porosity reference
pressure box.
12. Go to the Thermal Properties tab and input the following:
Volumetric Heat Capacity (ROCKCP) 2.35E+06 J/(m3*C)
Thermal Conductivity of Reservoir Rock (THCONR) 6.6E+05
Thermal Conductivity of Water (THCONW) 5.35E+04
Thermal Conductivity of Oil (THCONO) 1.15E+04
Thermal Conductivity of Gas (THCONG) 4000
FIGURE 2: Thermal Rock Types

13. Go to the Overburden Heat Loss tab and input the following for both Overburden & Underburden:
Volumetric Heat Capacity: 2.35E+06 J/(m3*C)
Thermal Conductivity: 1.5E+05 J/(m*day*C)
Generate STARS Fluid Model Properties From Black Oil PVT Correlations
1. There are several options available for creating a fluid model. If a PVT analysis exists, the data may be
entered directly or copied and pasted from a spreadsheet file. Alternatively, CMG's WINPROP software
may be used to generate PVT data in a compatible format. Here, we will assume that limited data is
available.
2. Given that a gas cap exists, it will be assumed the reservoir fluid is at saturated conditions and the initial
measured datum pressure of 8576 kPa represents the bubble point. The API gravity is 21, gas specific
gravity is 0.65 and the live oil viscosity is 120 cp. Initial production testing showed a producing GOR of 30.7
m3/m3.
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3. Click on the Components right arrow and select Import Blackoil PVT. Select Units SI, enter the reservoir
temperature of 37.7778 C (100 F). Click the button Launch the Black Oil PVT Graphical User Interface
(GUI).
4. Click the Tools button and select Generate PVT Table Using Correlations.
5. Enter the reservoir temperature of 100 F (37.7778 C) and a maximum table pressure value of 12000 kPa
(maximum expected pressure in the model). Initially, we will assume the bubble point pressure is valid and
will enter 8576 kPa in row 3 from the drop down menu under Value provided. Select Stock tank oil
gravity (API) from the drop down menu for row 4 and enter a value of 21. Similarly for row 5, select Gas
gravity (Air=1) and enter a value of 0.65. Leave the rest as default, but make sure to check the box at the
bottom Set/Update values of Reservoir Temperature, Fluid Densities in Dataset. The panel should look
like the picture below..
6. Click OK and answer No to the question about using oil compressibility in the PVT table. The PVT table
should now be generated.
7. Examine the PVT table values to check the values of Rsi and Boi. Note the value of Rsi is acceptably close
to the field measured value of 30 m3/m3 at the bubble point of 8576 kPa. Note the oil viscosity is in the
order of 10 cp, much lower than the data value of 120 cp.
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8. Click on the oil viscosity column (viso). Then select Tools and Shift Column values to Match and enter
the Pressure and Column values as 8576 and 120, respectively. Note that in the PVT Table, there is a new
row at a pressure of 8576. Note the values at the bubble point pressure are as expected. Select OK.
9. Select the General tab click the Tools button and select Generate Water Properties Using Correlations.
Enter a Reference pressure of 8576 kPa and check the box Set/Update values of TRES and REFPW in
PVT Region Dialog. The panel should look like the following.
10. Click OK to exit back to the IMEX Black Oil PVT dialog. Enter an Under Saturated Oil Compressibility of
1.0e-5 1/kPa and a value of 0.0 for the water viscosity pressure dependence. Click OK to exit back to the
STARS Black Oil PVT Conversion wizard. The panel should look like the following:
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11. In the Bubble Point Pressure section of the panel, click on Select From Table and click on the grey box
next to the 8576 kPa value in the pressure column. Click on Next> which take you to Step 2. Note the
various elements that have been selected by default. We will accept these selections/values, but in reality,
they may be changed by the user.
12. Assuming we have a measurements of dead oil viscosity as follows:
Temperature, C
Dead Oil Viscosity, cp
37.0
420
50.0
340
70.0
250
Enter these values in the table. Note that under the Component System part of the panel, we are creating a
live oil system. Also in the Gas K Value Temperature Dependence part of the panel, we are accepting the
default value. This value controls the behavior of the bubble point and GOR when temperatures are
changed. Click Next>. A message will appear regarding the thermal expansion coefficient with a default
value that we will accept. Click OK which takes you to Step 3 (Check Matches of PVT Properties).
13. Move this panel to the side to enable viewing of the match plots. Note the Match error values shown in the
Step 3 panel. Check the match quality by expanding and clicking on the various available plots. Matches
are acceptable, given the limited PVT data available. Note that the Gas Viscosity plot appears not to match.
This is because the STARS uses an effective liquid viscosity for gas in the liquid phase.
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14. On the Step 3 panel, select Next> and note the mole fractions vs. pressure (bubble point pressure). You
should find that the mole fractions appearing in the data set correspond to those in the table at a pressure
of 8576 kPa (saturation pressure).
15. Click Finish. Note that in the tree, the Components tab now has a green checkmark.
16. Save your dataset as Tutorial_Stars.dat.
Creating Relative Permeability Data

1. Click the Rock-Fluid tab in the tree view.
2. Double click on Rock Fluid Types in the tree view. A window will open. Click on the
button and
select New Rock Type.

3. Press the Tools button (on the Relative Permeability Tables tab) and select Generate Tables Using
Correlations.
Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation:
SWCON
SWCRIT
SOIRW
SORW
SOIRG
SORG
SGCON
SGCRIT
KROCW
KRWIRO
KRGCL
All Exponents
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.45
0.00
0.05
1
1.0
0.3
2.0
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4. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph containing the
relative permeability curves will appear. The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark.
Temperature Dependent Relative Permeability

1. The relative permeability curve endpoints we have in the models are typical for reservoir temperature
displacement, but may be a little pessimistic for hot water or steam. Since STARS can model this
dependency, lets add it to one of the models. From the top menu, select Rock-Fluid->Create/Edit Rock
Types.
2. Note the value of Sorw & Swc @ 37.778 C.
Swc=0.3
Water oil table has an Sorw

value of (1-0.60) = 0.40
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3. Do the same for the Liquid-Gas table
Sorg = Slc Swc = 0.750 0.3
4. From the Rock Types panel that comes up, Click on the Relative Permeability End Points tab.
5. Ensure there are 2 Temperature Intervals specified and enter the minimum and maximum values for the
temperature range as 37.7778 and 325.0, respectively. These temperatures will then show in the lower
table. Comments may be added at this point.
6. To overwrite individual critical saturation and endpoints from the original tables, Click on the blue triangle for
whichever parameter is to be changed and from the drop down menu, select Temperature dependence.
Here, we will change SWR, SORW and KRWRO. The values at 37.7778C will be the ones in the original
tables. The values at 325C are to account for changes due to steam injection. Columns will appear in the
KRTEMTAB table and should be filled in as follows:
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Parameter SWR
SORW SORG KRWRO
T=37.7778 0.3
0.4
0.45
0.3
T=325.0
0.2
0.05
0.4
0.4
7. Click OK. To view the effect on the relative permeability curves as a function of temperature, Click on
Rock-Fluid, then the right arrow and select Diagnostic Plots. Toggle the Oil Water and Gas Oil buttons.
This allows you to see the effect of the endpoint changes. In the case of multiple rock types, if you click on
Reservoir to display any property and have the Rock Fluid Diagnostics panel open, clicking on any block
will change the diagnostic plot to show that corresponding to the UBA.
8. Pick the Ternary display. Note that only one temperature at a time can be selected. Check that the Kro
(intermediate phase relative permeability) does not touch the zero oil saturation line at either temperature. If
it does, the Stone 2 formulation has failed and another 3-phase relative permeability option should be
chosen.
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9. Diagnostic plots at 325 C.
Check Kro is zero

inside the graph
boundary
10. If you wish, change the 3 phase relative permeability option and rerun the case and compare with the
previous steam flood result.
Modifying Relative Permeability Curves for Steam Injection (compositional dependence)

Note:
With steam injection, it is usual to expect changes in end-point saturations as a function of temperature.
This is accomplished using the tabs available in the Rock-Fluid section.
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Additionally, it is recognized that the flow properties of injected steam are much different than the flow
properties of evolved solution gas. When gas comes out of solution, the smallest pores are occupied by
gas first and have the highest gas saturation. When gas or steam is injected, it is the largest pores that are
occupied first. Therefore, it is expected that flow properties between the two cases should be different.
This is accomplished in STARS using relative permeability interpolation which is based on the composition
of the water component in the gas phase as the interpolation parameter. If the composition of water in the
gas phase (steam) is low, then the low relative permeability curves associated with gas evolution are used.
If the composition of water in the gas phase is large, the high relative permeability curves associated with
gas or steam injection are used.
1. Basically, the two curves generated by changing the temperature dependent endpoints represent two
different temperature regions in the reservoir. They do not reflect the fact that phase composition may also
affect relative permeability.
At original reservoir temperature, the curves apply to a region in which steam is absent (solution gas only in
the gas phase); at high temperature, the curves apply to the region heated by steam (which may, or may
not, have a high concentration of the water component in the gas phase). Depending on whether or not a
region contains principally water or solution gas in the gas phase, we would like to apply a different gas
relative permeability curve. This is done using the interpolation option. Note that this option is currently only
available for water-wet systems.
2. Click on Rock-Fluid and the right arrow to bring up Create/Edit Rock Types. Select the Rocktype
Properties tab and check Use Interpolation sets. Also, enable interpolation components (INTCOMP) as
shown in figure below. Set the component for interpolation as WATER and the Phase from which
component's composition will be taken as gas mole fraction.
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3. Goto the Interpolation set parameters tab and input a value of 0.2 for DTRAPW and DTRAPN. This
means if the water mole fraction in the gas phase is less than 0.2 (no contact with steam), the first table will
be used.
4. Go to Relative Permeability Tables tab. Click on the arrow on the right of the Interpolation sets and
select Copy Current Interpolation Set. This will create a second interpolation set which is a copy of the
first which we can modify.
5. Now click on Relative Permeability Endpoints and for set #1 overwrite the table value of Krgcw with 0.01.
For set #2, overwrite the table value of Krgcw with 1.0.
6. Keeping the Interpolation sets selected as 2, goto Relative Permeability End Points tab and input values
of temperature dependence similar to step 4 described above.
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7. Also, input the interpolation set parameters for interpolation set 2. Set the DTRAP values to 0.6. This
means if the water mole fraction in the gas is greater than 0.6, the second table will be used (with higher
gas relative permeability as shown in the next step). For water mole fraction values between 0.2 and 0.6, an
interpolation between the two relative permeability curves will be made.
8. Finally, apply cubic endpoint smoothing to all curves by selecting each set and setting the cubic smoothing
option. Click OK to exit.
9. View the diagnostic plots from Rock-Fluid, right arrow for both Oil Water and Gas Oil buttons.
10. Save the data set.
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Creating Initial Conditions

1. Click the Initial tab on the tree view of Builder.
2. Double click on Initial Conditions.
3. Select Water, Oil, Gas as the initial fluid in the reservoir to perform a Gravity-Capillary Equilibrium Calculation.
4. Type the following values in the available fields:
8576 (kPa implied) for Reference Pressure
504 (m implied) for Reference Depth
526 (m implied) for Water-Oil Contact
504 (m implied) for Gas-Oil Contact
5. Click on Apply; then OK. You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a
green checkmark in the tree view, except for the Wells & Recurrent tab.
Create Numerical Controls

1. Go to the Numerical tab in the tree view. Double Click on Numerical Controls. Press OK to the warning
that pops up.
2. In the DTWELL box, type 1E-3.
3. In the UPSTREAM box, select KLEVEL.
Complete the Well Perforations

1. In the tree view press the Wells & Recurrent tab.
2. Expand Wells, expand Injector 1, and double click on 2005-01-01 PERF.
3. Go to the Perforations tab.
4. We want to limit the perforations for the injectors so that they do not inject at the top of the formation, since
steam over-ride will always occur and it is better to inject steam lower down in the formation. Under User
Block Address, by clicking with your mouse and holding down the Ctrl key to select multiple items, highlight
layers 1 to 3. Click on the
button to delete these layers. Note: The deleted layers include the gas zone.
This is what we want to isolate.

5. Click Apply.
6. Repeat these steps to delete the top perforations for all other injectors (i.e. Injector 2 4) by selecting each
well from the drop down box under Well& Date:.
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FIGURE 3: Drop down box

7. We want to limit the perforations of the producer so that production does not occur from either the gas cap
or the water zone. Delete the perforations in layers 1 to 3 and layers 7 and 8.
8. Click OK and save your file.
Adding Operating Constraints

1. In the Wells & Recurrent tab, expand Wells and double click on Injector 1.
2. Check the Auto-apply box at the bottom of the window. This will insure that all changes are applied
automatically.
3. Go to the Constraints tab.

4. Under select new (in the Constraint column of the table), select OPERATE. Then select BHP bottom
hole pressure, MAX, 12000 kPa, CONT REPEAT.
5. Repeat the previous step to add another operate constraint, except this time select STW, MAX, 250 m3/d,
CONT REPEAT.
6. Go to the Injected Fluid tab and choose Water as injection fluid. Enter the water composition as 1.0 for
component Water. Enter the Temperature of 325 C and steam quality of 0.8.
7. Now, we can copy all the above specifications to the other injectors. To do that, make sure you are looking
at Injector 1 in the Name/Date list. Then highlight the following Events (for Injector 1) using your mouse
and the Ctrl key: INJECTOR, constraints, and injected fluid. Press the Tools button at the bottom of the
screen, and select Copy events using filter. This will open a new window
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FIGURE 4: Constraints and Injected Fluid

8. In the 1.-Select Wells tab, under Auto Select Wells, click on Injectors and press the Select button.
9. Then go to the 2.-Select Dates tab. Under Auto select dates, check All and press the Select button.
Then press the Search & Add button.
10. Click OK and the same constraint information created for Injector 1 will now be copied to all injectors. Click
OK again.
11. Now double click on Producer 1 and set the operate constraints the same way as in steps 2 5.
BHP, MIN, 200 kPa, CONT REPEAT
STL, MAX, 100 m3/d, CONT REPEAT
12. Click OK.
Adding Dates
1. In the Wells & Recurrent tab, double click on Dates.
2. Click on
to Add a range of dates. Choose From: 2005-01-01, To: 2010-01-01, by Month. Click OK
and click OK again to the message that appears.

3. In the set STOP column, check on 2010-01-01 so the simulator knows to stop at this date. Click on Close.
Outputting Basic Properties and Well Information

1. Click on I/O Control in the tree view.
2. Double click on Simulation Results Output.
3. Under the OUTSRF section, change the Well Information to All well values (ALL).
4. For Grid Information press the Select button and a new window should pop up.
5. Check the boxes for the following (if not already checked):
Oil saturation (SO)
Comp. comp. in gas phase (Y)
Gas saturation (SG)
Comp. comp. in oil phase (X)
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Water saturation (SW)

Temperature (TEMP)
Pressure (PRES)
Viscosity (VISO)
Oil density (MASDENO)
Water, oil, gas relative perms (KRW,KRO,KRG)
6. Review the variable description list and select any other output which may be of interest. Note that this will
increase the size of the output files.
7. Click on the green + under OUTSRF and add Well information for COMPONENTS ALL. Do this again and
add LAYER ALL.It should look like the figure below when you are done.
FIGURE 10: I/O Control

8. Press OK to get back to the main Builder.
9. All tabs in the tree view of Builder should now have green checkmarks. Save the file.
Validate Dataset Using Builder

1. Right click the white space in the tree view and select Validate. A window will pop up letting you know the
status of your input information.
2. Another method can be used to validate your data file. Click the Validate With STARS button near the top
of Builder.
3. A message will prompt you to save. Do so if you have not already saved and a new window will appear.
4. Check Validate and press the Run/Submit button.
Note:
The simulator can also be fully run at this point by choosing Run normal instead of
Validate; however the results can only be viewed in this window.
5. A brief output will be displayed, listing any warnings or errors with the dataset. Press Close.
6. Fix any warnings or errors; otherwise save your dataset and exit Builder.
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Running the Simulator

1. Go to Launcher and drag & drop Tutorial_Stars.dat into the STARS 2007.10 icon. A new window will pop
up. Press the Submit Job button.
2. On the CMG Job Scheduler, right click on the job and select View Log File. When the run is finished, a
brief summary of results will be displayed.
FIGURE 5: Log File Summary

3. Check to make sure initial conditions are as expected by reviewing the .out file which was created during
the run. The file can be viewed by using an editor (TextPad, PFE32, or Notepad).
4. Note that if you see the following message at the end of the run, that the data set should be re-run using
higher values of ITERMAX and NORTH (numerical section).
============ WARNING (from subroutine: PRTOUT) =======================
Fraction of Newton iterations with matrix solver failures (38%) is too large.
Simulation result may not be valid.
======================================================================
5. Open Results Graph and create 3 plots per page (Properties->Page Layout->Plots Per Page, 3 rows, 1
column), and show 1 curve in each plot:
Cumulative Oil SC for group Default-Field-PRO,
Water Cut SC for group Default-Field-PRO,
Cumulative Water SC for group Default-Field-INJ,
Make sure to save the template file in Graph.
05/11/2007
51
Default-Field-PRO FiveSpot.irf
Cumulative Oil SC (m3)
40,000
30,000
FiveSpot.irf
20,000
10,000
0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
2009-7
2010-1
1.00
0.80
Water Cut SC
FiveSpot.irf
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
2008-7
Cumulative Water SC (m3)
2.00e+5
1.50e+5
FiveSpot.irf
1.00e+5
5.00e+4
0.00e+0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
6. Open Results 3D and note the temperature distribution in the reservoir.

Temperature (C) 2010-01-01
100
K layer: 5
200
Injector 1
Injector 4
325
296
267
239
-100
-100
Producer 1
210
181
152
123
95
-200
-200
66
Injector 3
0
Injector 2
100
37
200
05/11/2007
52
7. Examine the steam flood behavior in Results 3D. Change the view to be 3D, change the property to be
temperature and use the cutting plane tool to cut the reservoir diagonally through 2 injectors and the middle
producer.
8. Change the property to be Ternay. Probe the blocks and examine the saturations. Add extra properties onto
the Probe display by selecting Properties->Probe Display, check the box Other spatial properties at the
same time, and add: Gas Mole Fraction (SolnGas), Gas Mole Fraction (SolnGas), Gas Relative Perm, Oil
Relative Perm, Ternary, Temperature and Water Relative Perm. Verify that the gas relative perms are the
expected values based on the gas composition. Verify that the oil and water relative perms are the
expected values based on temperature.
05/11/2007
53
Building a Cyclic Steam Simulation Model in STARS

1. For cyclic steam there must be an injection well and production well located in the same location.
Therefore, rename the well Producer 1 to Producer 5. Then from the wells menu select Copy well.
Select Injectors and make sure all 4 injectors are selected. Click Next and make sure Copy all
perforations is selected. Click Next. Check the Copy Geometry option and click Next and Next again.
Select the option I will manually enter the new well name on the next step. Click Next. Enter the names
Producer 1 through 4 as shown below and click Finish.
2. Repeat the above Copy Well procedure again but copy the well Producer 5 and rename the new well to
be Injector 5.
3. Now using the Copy Events tool, copy the injector definition, constraints, injected fluid, steam quality and
steam temperature to the new well Injector 5.
4. Using the Copy Events tool, copy the producer definition and constraints to the 4 new producers.
5. Click OK and save the data set.
6. We now have a complete data set BUT - all the wells are open at the same time.
7. We can use this data set to create a number of data sets which can investigate both CSS and alternative
processes such as primary, water flood, and steam flood
8. There is also some customizing we need to do depending on the process we are going to investigate.
9. We need to ensure that only one well in a pair is open at the start. SHUTIN all the producers. From Wells &
Recurrent, double click Wells, select the first producer, select Options, and SHUTIN the well. Repeat for the
other 4 producers, either by copying or doing each individually.
10. Make sure the data set is saved and exit Builder.
11. We need to define cyclic groups (producer/injector pairs). We need to do this in a text editor. We need to
define cycle parameters for forecasting.
12. Find the data set in Launcher and open it in a text editor.
13. Search for the second DATE line. This should be DATE 2005 2 1. Immediately before this is where we want
to add the cyclic information so that it is read at the start. There are four steps:
Defining the groups
Setting cycle injection constraints
Setting cycle soak constraints
Setting cycle production constraints
05/11/2007
54
14. Note: if you are matching historical cycling data you would import these data into Builder in the normal way
and the switching between injection and production will be controlled by the data. This is no different from
any other history match and does not require a special approach. What we are doing is what is required in
order to forecast cyclic steam performance.
15. For
cyclic
groups,
add
the
following
lines
(can
be
copied
and
pasted
from
the
file
Tutorial_CYC_DEFINE.INC:
CYC_GROUP 1 INCLUDES 'Injector 1' 'Producer 1'
** Cyclic group injection controls
INJ_C_SWT 1:5
TOT_TIME 60 **Maximum injection period, days
DTWCYC 0.001 **Time step size for starting injection, days
** Cyclic group soak controls
IN_PR_SHUT 1:5 **All wells shut
TOT_TIME 5 **Soak time, days
DTWCYC 0.01 **Initial time step size, days
** Cyclic group production controls
PROD_C_SWT 1:5
TOT_TIME 730 **Maximum production period, days
DTWCYC 0.01 **Time step size for starting production, days
16. Save the data set and close the editor. Load the data set into Builder. Click the Wells & Recurrent button,
then right click in the white space in the tree view and select. Display dataset for section. Scroll down and
note the Cyclic Group information is still there. Click Validate with STARS and run the data set.
05/11/2007
55
17. Open the Graph template previously saved with the steam flood injection run and add the curves from the
cyclic steam injection case onto the plots so that the 2 cases can be compared.
18. Note that the cyclic steam injection case results in higher oil recovery than the steamflood case. Also note
the behavior of cyclic steam in later cycles. What do you think will occur in later cycles of steam injection?
Default-Field-PRO FiveSpot.irf
Cumulative Oil SC (m3)
40,000
30,000
Fi veSpot.i rf
Fi veSpot_CSS.i rf
20,000
10,000
0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
2009-7
2010-1
1.00
Water Cut SC
0.80
Fi veSpot.i rf
Fi veSpot_CSS.i rf
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
Cumulative Water SC (m3)
2.00e+5
1.50e+5
Fi veSpot.i rf
Fi veSpot_CSS.i rf
1.00e+5
5.00e+4
0.00e+0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Time (Date)
2008-1
05/11/2007
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
56
Water Flood
1. Close the Validation window in Builder and close Builder. We now want to look at water flood with one
central injector. To do this we can use the steam flood data set and change the water injection temperature
to 37.7778 C and the quality to 0, so this is quite simple.
2. Open the steam flood data set in Builder and save it to a different name. From Wells & Recurrent, expand
Wells and double click on Injector 1. Click stream temperature and change it to 37.7778 C. Change the
steam quality to zero. Click Apply, then copy the stream quality and steam temperature values to the 3
other injection wells. Save and run the data set.
3. Add this run to Graph using the template previously saved. Compare the water flood to the steam flood and
cyclic steam results.
4. Close Graph and Results 3D. Back in Builder, close the Validation screen. We have now completed all the
basic thermal requirements to build and run several models, including CSS, based on an inverted 5-spot
configuration. There only one other thing we should do to complete the coverage of this topic:
Model primary production from the 5-spot
Primary Production
5. Finally, lets look at primary production to see how well the field performs under primary with no pressure
support. For primary production we need to do two things:
Shut in the injectors
Monitor the producers for a minimum oil rate and shut them in when it is reached
6. Open the data set Tutorial_Stars_CycSteam.dat in Builder and save it with a new name. Go to the Wells
tab and double click on one of the corner injection wells.
Select the Options tab.
Check Status and change it to SHUTIN.
Repeat for the other injectors.
7. Open all producer wells by selecting the SHUTIN keywords for these wells in the tree view and select
Tools->Delete Events Selected in the List.
8. To monitor oil rate we need to add a MONITOR constraint to each producer.
When the oil rate falls to 1 m3/day for the central well, or of that for the corner wells, they should be
SHUTIN
This constraint can be set immediately or after a period of time

a. If set immediately, use of the STODWN keyword is recommended. This requires the well to
exceed this rate before the constraint is activated.
b. If set after a period of time, either the STODWN or STO constraint can be used. STO is
effective immediately.
9. Select the Constraint tab for well Producer 1. Select the date 2005-01-01. Check Constraint definition.
Add a new MONITOR constraint for STODWN of 0.25 m3/day with the action of SHUTIN.
10. Copy these constraints to other producers. In the tree view make sure constraints from well Producer 1 is
selected, click the tools button and select Copy events using filter.
05/11/2007
57
11. Select all producers, date at 2005-01-01, Search & Add, OK.
05/11/2007
58
12. Well Producer 5 needs to have its Monitor STODWN value changed to 1 m3/day.
13. Save the data set and exit Builder. Load the file into a text editor and remove the keywords for cyclic steam
groups. Save the data set and re-load it into Builder.
14. Click Validate with STARS, and select Run normal in batch and click Run/Submit.
15. Examine the results with Graph. Compare all cases against each other.
16. You now have a basis for trying some variations on your own. In particular, you may want to try changing
the parameters for the CSS. The current cycle parameters are designed to show the cycling, not to optimize
recovery. Can you change the cycle parameters to improve recovery over the steam flood? You can also
switch the wells around in the water flood and steam flood, using corner injectors. How does recovery
compare?
Stars Tuturial
Oil Rate SC (m3/day)
50
Tutorial_Stars.irf
Tutorial_Stars_CycSteam.irf
Tutorial_Stars_Waterflood.irf
Tutorial_Stars_Primary.irf
40
30
20
10
0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
2008-1
Tim e (Date )
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
1.00
Water Cut SC
0.80
0.60
Tutorial_Stars.irf
0.40
0.20
0.00
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Tim e (Date )
2008-1
2008-7
Cum Oil (m3)
20,000
Tutorial_Stars.irf
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
2007-7
Tim e (Date )
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
2007-7
Tim e (Date )
2008-1
2008-7
2009-1
2009-7
2010-1
Cum Steam Inj (m3)
2.50e+5
2.00e+5
Tutorial_Stars.irf
1.50e+5
1.00e+5
5.00e+4
0.00e+0
2005-7
2006-1
2006-7
2007-1
05/11/2007
59

3 Tutorial STARS BUILDER Revised Nov 2007

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3 Tutorial STARS BUILDER Revised Nov 2007

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Introduction to STARS

Introduction to CMGs Thermal and Advanced Process

Computer Modelling Group Ltd.

CREATE A PATTERN STEAM MODEL .................................................................................... 34

Complete the Well Perforations.................................................................................................................................. 47

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Creating a Model From Geological Data using Builder

Starting CMG Launcher

STARS Simulator, SI Units, Single Porosity

Starting date 1991-01-01

Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)

FIGURE 1: New Dataset with Contour Map Open

FIGURE 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid

toolbar button on top tool bar.

FIGURE 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

FIGURE 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

FIGURE 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification

FIGURE 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Creating Fluid Model Data

FIGURE 8: Components Tab in the Tree View

FIGURE 9: Import Black Oil PVT Form

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Creating Relative Permeability Data

select New Rock Type.

FIGURE 10: Plots for RockType 1

Creating Initial Conditions

Creating Numerical Controls

Incorporating Well Trajectories and Perforations

FIGURE 11: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

FIGURE 12: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

FIGURE 13: Trajectory Perforations Window

FIGURE 14: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Adding Historical Production Data to the Model

FIGURE 15: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Creating Average Monthly Production / Injection Recurrent Well Data

FIGURE 16: Average Production/Injection Data Plot

Creating Field Production History (*.fhf) for History Match

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Well Definition and Constraints

FIGURE 17: Well Events Window

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

FIGURE 18: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events

button and select Completion Delete

FIGURE 19: Well Completion Data Window

button. This will allow you to use your

when you are done. Your screen

Figure 20: Adding perforations to well

Tutorial STARS BUILDER_Revised_Nov_2007.doc

Write Out Restart information to a Restart File

5. Set the Writing Frequency Option to Every TIME or DATE Keywords.

Running the STARS Dataset

FIGURE 21: Simulation Log File

Reviewing the Simulation Results using RESULTS GRAPH and RESULTS 3D

Thermal Conductivity: 1.5E+05 J/(mdayC)