Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I-20
TILLAGE EQUIPMENT
Tillage any physical soil manipulation which changes the structure of the soil,
kills weeds, and rearranges dead plant materials.
Objectives of tillage:
1.
2.
3.
Classification of tillage:
1. Primary tillage initial cutting, breaking and usually inversion of the soil.
Implements used are moldboard, disc and chisel plows and subsoilers
cutting the soil to a depth of 6 to 36. Often referred to as plowing.
2. Secondary tillage subsequent breaking, pulverization and leveling of the
soil making it ready for planting. Implements used are disc, spiketooth and spring-tooth harrows preparing the soil to a depth of 3 to
6. Often referred to as harrowing.
3. General-purpose tillage Combined primary and secondary tillage in one
operation. Implements used are the rotavators and floating tillers
cutting the soil to a depth of up to 6. Often referred to as rotavating.
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b.
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c.
Tilt angle angle the disc makes with the vertical to make
the disc penetrate the soil to the proper depth (15 25
degrees).
b.
Table 1.
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SPECIFIC DRAFT, SD
Lbs/in2
Kg/cm2
3
0.21
3-6
0.21-0.42
5-7
0.35-0.49
6-8
0.42-0.56
10-11
0.70-0.77
12-15
0.85-1.06
16-18
1.13-1.27
18-20
1.27-1.41
Sandy soil
Sandy loam
Silty loam
Clay loam
Heavy clay
Virgin soil, clay
Gumbo, moist
Dry adobe
Table 2.
DRAFT, %
KPH
1.6
3.2
4.8
6.4
8.0
9.6
Sample Problem 1:
100
114
128
142
156
170
Solution:
a.
SWEff
10
where:
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Ds SpecificDraftxWxd
where:
Ds = Draft, kg
Specific Draft = Kg/cm2 from Table
1
W = width of cut, cm
D = depth of cut, cm
Hp (draft )
Da xS
274
where:
Da = Adjusted Draft, Kg
S = Speed, Kph
Hp (draft )
46.8 hp
e. Tractor Horsepower:
Hp (tractor )
Sample Problem 2:
46.8 hp
58.5 hp
0.8
GEAR SETTING
1L
2L
3L
4L
1H
SPEED (KPH)
2.4
4.0
5.6
7.2
9.6
Solution:
a.
b.
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31.3 hp
274
274
c.
Hp (draft )
d.
Hp (tractor )
31.3 hp
39 hp
0.8
Disc harrow consists of two or more sets of disc gangs cutting the soil
to a depth of 3 to 6. A disc gang is made up of a number of discs
mounted on a common axle.
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Spring-tooth harrow consists of long, flat and curved teeth made from
spring steel. The curved teeth are welded to cross bars on a staggered
arrangement. The spring characteristic allows the teeth to flex and
slide over obstructions (Figure 6).
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Figure 7.
2. Floating power tillers specially designed power tillers for wet land
operation fitted with front-mounted cutting blades on a cagewheel
(Figure 8).
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PLANTING EQUIPMENT
A mechanical device used to place seeds or plants in the soil for crop production.
Make a furrow
Meter the seeds
Deposit the seeds
Cover the seeds
PART (Figure 1)
-
Furrow opener
Metering device
Seed tube
Furrow closer
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Figure 4
Rotating orifice
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Different types of furrow closers and press wheels (Figures 9 and 10)
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Sample Problem 1:
The fertility of a field is such that maximum corn yields are obtained with a
population of 54,000 plants per hectare. The rows are 0.75 m apart and an
average emergence of 85 percent is expected. How many seeds per hill
should be planted if the hills are 0.5 m apart?
Given:
Required:
No. of seeds per hill
Solution:
A = area per hill = RS X HS = 0.75 m X 0.5 m = 0.375 m 2/hill
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 26,667 hills/ha
0.375 m 2 /hill
NH = No. of hills/ha =
NS = No. of seeds/ha =
54,000 plants/ha
= 63,529 seeds/ha
0.85
63,529 seeds/ha
= 2.38 seeds/hill
26,667 hills/ha
= 2 to 3 seeds/hill
Sample Problem 2:
Using the results of the calibration test of the 9 X 7 grain drill, determine the
seeding rate adjustment to use if it is desired to plant at the rate of 100 kg per
hectare.
Given:
Required:
140
460
740
Full
1100
a.
b.
Calibration curve
Adjustment at 100 kg/ha
Solution:
Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization
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X1/4 = 0.14 kg X
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 23 kg/ha
61.32 m 2
setting:
X1/2 = 0.46 kg X
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 75 kg/ha
61.32 m 2
setting:
X3/4 = 0.74 kg X
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 120 kg/ha
61.32 m 2
Full setting:
XF = 1.1 kg X
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 179 kg/ha
61.32 m 2
Calibration Curve
Sample Problem 3:
Using the specifications of the transmission system of the metering device of
the two-row corn planter, determine the hill spacings. If the row spacing is
0.75 m, average seeds per hill is two and emergence is 90 percent, what are
the expected plant populations per hectare?
Given:
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Emergence = 90 percent
No. of rows = 2
No. of cells of seed plate (SP) = 20
Ground wheel diameter (GW) = 0.60 m
No. of teeth
Speed ratio (GW/SP)
T=6
6/1
T=8
5/1
T = 10
4/1
T = 12
3/1
Required:
a.
b.
Hill spacings
Expected plant populations
Solution:
C = Circumference of GW = X D = 3.14 X 0.6 m = 1.88 m
Hill spacing (HS) and expected plant population (EPP) for:
T1:
HS1 =
C X SR
1.88 m X 6
=
= 0.56 m
SP
20
T2:
HS2 =
1.88 m X 5
= 0.47 m
20
T3:
HS3 =
1.88 m X 4
= 0.38 m
20
HS4 =
1.88 m X 3
= 0.28 m
20
EPP4 =
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Crop protection process of providing plants the conditions that will make them
free of weeds, pests and diseases.
the growing stage between planting and flowering constitutes the longest
stay in the field and the most vulnerable period of the crop.
weeds compete with
uncontrolled.
the
available
moisture
and
nutrients
if
left
pests and diseases multiply above the economic threshold levels if left
uncontrolled.
Yield losses due to uncontrolled weeds alone are significantly high (Table 1).
Table 1.
Lowland rice
Upland rice
Corn
Range
37 97
41 100
18 80
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Soybean
69
55 100
Peanut
65
35 94
Labor for weeding is highest among the different operations for lowland rice
production (Table 2)
Table 2.
Operation
Seedling preparation
Irrigation
Land preparation (carabao)
Transplanting (hand transplanting)
Fertilizer application (broadcasting)
Weeding (push-type weeder)
Rodent control
Chemical application (spraying)
Harvesting
Threshing
Bagging and hauling
Drying
Milling
TOTAL:
Man-days/ha
7.33
6.24
27.98
15.52
2.76
75.0 (38%)
1.84
4.5
27.89
11.40
5.07
8.95
3.94
198.42
Classification of weeders:
A.
By design of soil working part:
1. Blade type rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes with
cutting edges sharpened and hardened for soil cutting and
weed uprooting.
2. Tine type straight or curved, round or square cross-section steel
rods sharply pointed and hardened at the soil working end.
3. Rotary type curved spikes or paddles attached radially to a
common axle which rotate when pushed forward to uproot and
bury weeds.
B.
By power source:
1. Manual weeders hand-held or push-type weeders for upland or
lowland.
a) Hand-held weeders utilize the blade and tine type of soil
working parts with short (< 0.5 m), medium (< 1 m) and
long (> 1 m) handles.
b) Push-type weeders utilize any of the three types of soil
working parts for upland (wheel hoe) and lowland (rotary
weeder) weeding.
2. Animal-drawn weeders soil working parts are mounted on a frame
or tool bar pulled by an animal for upland weeding.
3. Tractor-drawn weeders soil working parts are mounted on a frame
or tool bar pulled by a two-wheel or four-wheel tractor for
upland weeding.
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4. Power weeders rotary type weeder driven by its own engine for
lowland weeding.
Table 3.
Hours per Ha
Weeding Index
(%)
Plant Damage
(%)
63
70
80
45
99
93
91
88
88
78
3
5.4
5.5
5.6
4.3
120
114
180
110
86
86
81
94
6.2
6.0
12.3
11.5
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Most popular way of applying chemicals in the Philippines is with the use of
knapsack sprayers.
Functions of a sprayer:
1. Break the liquid into droplets of effective size
2. Distribute the spray solution uniformly
3. Regulate the spraying rate
Basic components:
1. Chemical supply
2. Energy source
3. Atomizer
4. Control device
5. Conductors
lance
:
:
:
:
Tank
Pump and pressure chamber
Nozzles
Cut-off valve
:
Flexible hose and rigid
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Figure 5.
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Nozzles:
Performance is dependent on hydraulic energy as follows:
1.
2.
3.
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Sprayer calibration:
For a given sprayer, the following factors should be measured:
1.
2.
3.
Sample problem 1:
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Using the results of the calibration test of a knapsack sprayer, determine the
application rate in l/ha. Effective width or swath is 1.5 m, average walking
speed is 20 m/min, and discharge rate is 1.5 l/min.
Given:
Required:
Solution:
10,000 m 2 / ha
= 333.33 min/ha
30 m 2 /min
Sample problem 2:
The application rate of a certain insecticide is recommended at 4 l/ha. Using
the results of the calibration test of a 16-liter knapsack sprayer, determine the
amount of insecticide to mix with water per loading of the sprayer. Discharge
rate of the sprayer is 1.2 l/min, effective width or swath is 1.5 m, and average
walking speed is 20 m/min.
Given:
Required:
Solution:
a.
16 l/load
1.2 l/min
= 13.33
min/load
b.
c.
proportion):
=
d.
4 l/ha
X 400 m 2 /load = 0.16 l/load
2
10,000 m /ha
EXTRA:
NL = Number of loadings =
10,000 m 2 /ha
= 25 loads/ha
400 m 2 /load
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Mechanical device used for transferring fluids from one place to another
The source of fluid is usually of lower elevation than the point of delivery
Source of water are usually wells, rivers, lakes, reservoirs and canals
Pumps are essential for good health and sustained agricultural production
Pumps are either hand-operated for domestic water supply or power-operated for
both domestic and irrigation purposes.
Basic parts:
Piston or plunger
Inlet or admission valve
Outlet or discharge valve
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Figure 4.
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Centrifugal pump
Table 1.
Operating
Hrs/day
8
12
16
20
24
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
0.67
1.00
1.33
1.67
2.00
0.85
1.25
1.67
2.08
2.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
1.17
1.75
2.33
2.91
3.50
1.33
2.00
2.67
3.33
4.00
1.50
2.25
3.00
3.75
4.50
1.67
2.50
3.33
4.17
5.00
Table 2.
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The size of the pump can be determined by the pump output using
Table 2.
Sizes and outputs of centrifugal pumps
Pump output
(gpm)
20 30
30 50
50 70
70 100
100 200
200 - 300
QXH
3960 X Eff s
Where:
Q = pump output, gpm
H = total head, ft.
Effs = system efficiency = Effp X Efft X Effpm
Effp = pump efficiency
Efft = transmission efficiency
Effpm = prime mover efficiency
The total head H may be estimated by adding the friction and velocity head
losses to the total static lift.
Pump efficiency varies with the size of the pump with bigger ones being
more efficient (Table 3).
Table 3. Normal efficiencies of centrifugal pumps
Pump Output (gpm)
Efficiency (%)
20
32
30
37
40
40
60
45
100
50
150
55
Table 4 gives the transmission efficiencies of four types of transmission
systems
Table 4.
Efficiency (%)
100
98
95
90
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Delivery Rating
65 72
72 90
60
70
80
The power unit for driving pumps may be electric motors or engines.
Electric motors provide an economical installation when an adequate and
reliable source of electric power is available at reasonable cost.
Engine should be used when the source of electric power is not reliable or
too costly.
When an engine is considered, the decision is to use either a gasoline
engine or a diesel engine.
Where the annual use is more then 800 hours, the high cost of the diesel
engine may be overcomed.
Specific Yield of well the discharge rate of a well per foot drawdown.
Example:
Specific yield = 3 gpm/ft drawdown)
Discharge rate of pump = 30 gpm
Total drawdown = 10 ft
Total drawdown is added to the total head for the computation of power to
drive the pump.
Sample Problem:
Determine the size of the centrifugal pump and air-cooled diesel engine to use
for a 1.5-ha field planted to lowland rice. The field is to be irrigated for 12
hours every 2 days. Source of water is a well with the following data:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Given:
Area = 1.5 ha
Operating time = 12 hr/2 days
Static suction lift = 8 ft
Specific yield = 12 gpm/ft DD
Friction/velocity head = 2 ft
Discharge head = 0 ft
Type of transmission = v-belt
Agricultural Machinery and Mechanization
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Required:
a.
b.
Solution:
a. Size of centrifugal pump:
From Table 1, at 12 hr/day and 1.5 ha, the required pump capacity is 60
gpm.
Since pumping operation is to be carried out every two days, then the
pump capacity should be doubled to 120 gpm.
From Table 2, at 120 gpm, the required pump size is 3X3 centrifugal
pump.
b. Size of diesel engine:
QXH
Hp = 3960 X Eff X Eff X Eff
p
pm
t
Q = pump discharge = 120 gpm
H = Total head = static head + drawdown + friction/velocity head +
discharge head
= 8 ft +
120 gpm
+ 2 ft + 0 ft = 20 ft
12 gpm/ft
120 gpm X 20 ft
1.75 hp
3690 X 0.52 X 0.95 X 0.70
Since power units are available in standard sizes only, select the next
higher standard size of air cooled diesel engine.
Harvesting process of gathering the useful portion of the crop from the field
Threshing process of separating the grains from the straw. Additionally, it
may include cleaning the grains.
Systems of harvesting and threshing of rice:
1.
Manual harvesting
Manual threshing
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Hampasan
Foot threshing
Animal treading
Figure 1
Field losses = 3 10 %
Mechanical harvesting
Mechanical threshing
Use
of
manually-operated
Same as above
harvester at 50 manhrs/ha
Power harvester at 5 manhrs/ha
Field losses = 3 6 %
Combine harvesting both operations done by a single machine
combine
3 21 man-hrs/ha
3 21 man-hrs/ha
Field losses = 2 6 %
sickle,
1.
2.
3.
4.
STRIPPER
Separating the rows
Stripping
Cleaning the grains
Conveying the grains to the tank
or sacks
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Kind of crop
Timeliness of operation
Topography
Farm size
Type of culture (row or broadcasted, upland or lowland)
Availability and cost of labor
Availability of capital
Time of harvesting
One week before maturity
At maturity
One week after maturity
Two weeks after maturity
Three weeks after maturity
Four weeks after maturity
The field should be drained 1 1.5 weeks before harvesting to harden the
soil
HARVESTINBG EQUIPMENT:
Groupings of harvesters:
1. Hand tools include the sickle, scythe, yatab, lingkao and cradle (Figure
2)
2. Reapers-windrower a machine that cuts the standing crop, conveys the
cut crop to one side, and lays them down in an orderly manner.
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3. Reaper-binder a machine that cuts the standing crop, binds the cut crop,
and lays down the bound crop to one side (Figure 3).
Cutting mechanisms:
1.
2.
High velocity, single-element, impact action use of sharp or dulledged blades moving at high velocity of 2,000 fpm to 9,000 fpm
(Figure 5)
3.
Figure 3. Reaper-binder
Slicing action
(Sharp smooth edge)
Tearing action
(Serrated edge)
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Methods of threshing:
1. Rubbing action grains are detached from their panicles because of a
rubbing action as in treading by man, animal and vehicle.
2. Impact action grains are accelerated faster than their panicles and are
detached as in hampasan and mechanical threshers.
3. Stripping action grains are detached from their panicles when the straw
is pulled through a V configuration or a comb-like device is passed
through the panicles.
Mechanical threshers:
Mechanical threshers employ the impact method
Variability of threshers come from:
1. Power source manual as in pedal thresher or power thresher as in
engine-driven thresher (Figures 7 and 8).
2. Type of feeding:
a.
and
Japanese
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b.
Cleaning systems:
Separation of the bulky straw, chaff, empty kernels and very light
impurities from the grains.
Light materials can be separated from the grains by winnowing using
natural wind or blower.
For hold-on threshers, straws do not pass through the thresher and only the
removal of the chaff and light materials are needed using blowers and
screens
For throw-in threshers, straws pass through the thresher and cleaning is
done using a straw walker, blower and screens.
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Sample problem 1:
A 5-m self-propelled combine makes an average stop of 4 minutes everytime
its 2-ton grain tank is to be unloaded. The yield of the 20-ha field is 40 tons.
The operating speed is 4.8 kph. The time for turning on the headland at the
ends of the 500-m field is 15 seconds.
Find:
a.
b.
c.
Solution:
a.
SWEff
10
=
b) Actual field capacity = CA =
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A
T
where A = 20 ha
T = t1 + t2 + t3 where
t1 = actual working time in the rows at 100% efficiency
t2 = time for turning at headland
t3 = time for unloading of tank
No. of rows = NR =
400 m
= 80 rows
5m/row
1
X 4 min/tank X 1 hr/60 min = 1.333 hr
2 tons/tank
b.
A
20 ha
=
= 2 ha/hr
T
10 hr
Field efficiency =
CA
CT
X 100 =
2 ha/hr
= 83.33 %
2.4 ha/hr
Sample problem 2:
A 4-m combine travelling at 5 kph can empty its 1.64-ton grain tank in 60
seconds. When unloading on-the-go, it has an 82 % field efficiency. Field yield
is 3 tons/ha.
Find: What would be the field efficiency if the combine stopped to load?
Solution:
1.
Unloading on-the-go:
Actual field capacity (on-the-go) =
(5 kph)(4 m)(0.82)
SWEff
=
10
10
= 1.64 ha/hr
2.
1
1.64 tons/load
= 3 unloadings/hr
3.
4.
Eff =
t1
T
New Eff =
t1
2952 sec
X 100 =
X 100 = 78.10 %
T t2
3600 sec 180 sec
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