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    Deep Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at the Paradox Valley Colorado

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    Deep Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at the Paradox Valley Colorado

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    Deep Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at the Paradox Valley Colorado

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    Deep Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at The Paradox Valley Colorado

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    ellswors
    Deep Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity at the Paradox Valley Colorado

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    Deep-Injection and Closely Monitored Induced Seismicity ‘at Paradox Valley, Colorado by Jon Ake, Kenneth Mahrer, Daniel O'Connell, and Lisa Block Abstract Te US, Bue of Recanaton’s uy exits seater rie : ey in teow escent tvs °400 snd 00 ln Sc, Show de sua PU ne a sd 00 ice VU as eplced ove 10m dd indced re han 400 sce. feuded nie evnt. The een ected othe a Metton Pano Wale Sebi Newark, Te ned say Pann sets inf ln soc ones prin ne (95% of he vem) emer soon ing he ecton vel to mato al dsuace of hm, an econ. ciel om "2 kniong ad coed “8 nore fe mon we ‘The eas ohn ones arsine 99, sou the ye shee |, team of conimous econ. Wine pci Zoe ypcent an a ) hacer ptr showing ep cog nd he ac Wey Ma ae tre ad fa yen Te pry feo a Wey Mesa my se acim, Stking spc wt fore main pil sess etn, ih oor tore fap tng at ld condo seca se oe Id “isi event et oes dot Scr colate nh shri i [Gpston pete: hone 403 la epeninmetsy norte he nee {wall etponds to anger hang in non ane posing ofa treated incon pee Foal acai of he ned eens eoniten nih single dnleco kelp mens nd stort ex ‘Sao othe nore In lon, the fa plats ae consist Wit rapa Sis dectonsetemie om bse bests Mare han 99% of he PVU ‘sy is tlow human econ (~M 23) However appoint TS ees ave ben fly. with be get ng 4 mage M43. Brae ofthe M43 nd to alec at M35 even at jetion coor, shang These changes seduced ses from Tnroducton Deep. neton ca induce seismicity (Niblson an Weson, 1990; Basch ea, 202), Most icons are Colorado (Raleigh eta, 1972). A he Arenal Brant peel ean 130 theo ic mies alos fete Sore, longer injections (eg eanced il ad gis covery, wich ypc indice nil sels hat an ‘be evorded onthe surface: high peste, shr emi secon (eg dali factring) whch boar ger Sciam hat can be recorded the surface. However & few documented ess of comnts, ies, ng ‘ym i inecon hve endoeed sist at wa ‘sored thes Amen These te the injection at Rocky Moanin Arsenal eat Denver, Colorado (Hs era, 168) and wear Raney. telow the sufice a maximam sure pres of —72 Dh n 210 Das aiedoe ‘monte Hele 96 eaied Sete sees) “eto of engin wel he #7 HP ah Se eacee Cot) nd Zk an aly (8) el tet fa pee nee of 32 MP wae ‘induce the seismic activity. The largest event atthe Arsenal, S083 nel el tance fom he cen Smetana rar atr ein ee The morn Trt ena treed fanned a Deere an Clty Mane Inde Seo Parade elle, Colorado A similar pect injec i prenalyccuring in rmate Tretia Corso. Excess salty athe Coles River cases dds of milion of dln damage adie politic sues forthe oven ates of th river tain Colorado, New Mex ic, Ui, Arona, Wyoming, Neva, an Calor, an Inthe hallow, Paradox Vly slr sutvener Col a ‘The ground weer, Purdon Valley Be ove : ati oabae, seeps int the Dolores Rive, tbo of te Caer River, arate of 2 1 Rots of et ere Inte ‘970, he US. Burst of Relation ised Pr fox Vay Uni (PV) to reduc te saint the Doles River Si ed soethan 4 TOP ofthe ager brine wc has incded ave "han 9-10 tones o al, ind sep Paola re Cambrian srt, The nections rbd oer 400 sr fscevecaded cic eons aly i porn ognize tat VU ino rescath pran, tan exoarial-goveted projet0 remove and dispose of bine Hest tbe poet bas 140 wine os voir (6 tine, ij) within te purmters ‘ened by (i). Antying ud ier the ced ee ‘mit Blps meet the pole Flings case say ofthe rt decade ad alt of PVU operations Thies deseson fe el ‘es neodig the Paradot Valley Seumic Newer he fal poly, operations ad seismic response: Mob cee ‘aly event ction an heaton lal go loge srt teclzed rein seiemieall esponsie so lrpescale pressure changes and earthquake earns, ‘moment volume, and feral mechaner alee, Files ‘The Paradox Valley Unit PMU conti of rey {00 shallow 10-100 m deep) vel of whieh ine te Dolores River near the ener of Pus Valey ure ‘ration. treatment, anspor nd puna acs US. Environmental rtecon Agency (EPA-permited Css, towers ‘deepest cominuos apo well ad lcl ssc ni toring rework, the Pardon Valley “Sclsie Network 100" 108.5" gure 108.5" Prax Valley Uni con up. st mip sows Pon Vat. Inpste wl ac cin lal nisl el sues lor Rie en ay ec taney Ser pr pe od Sema ei: rome, Seopa sae 6 (SN), The jnton wes cased frm se src fo TD rick tse aly pie, “Ath ppg fly ul Jamary 2002, PU ted the PVR with eshte ton 70% PVE fresh water Inject ao. Brine ition esd fro cones tht 1008 PV ieston would precipitate exces cat 1) lt tpt nd block jerbon karat ea 1997. Tn te 200, PVU rex ths ea considered flier reduced afr jer of ineton 1 je 105, VB. In Janay 2002, PVU began injecting 100% FYB, ‘which coninas to resent with no evidence of gear presiptaton ‘Tyoughoutis history, PU has sed mathe, constan- ra injetion ug: theinval injection rate ofthe prs. fu geeraon of pps 30 Lnin Was aye of ump jen prere s «val, bing afin th ijection rat and inject of the arg formations. Frm 191 ug 195, PV an a sees of injection ‘et 0 qualify fran PA ijcton pari Having beer same pemi in 1956, PU tegen ud sostans coat "Sous ie, "ounthe- Sone hve nly Yrealcomponen sem AV preset Sess are Teledyne Gcoch Mode! S13, a nomial Sensor with ney ft spose to 100 Ha (Gee Sunes, we ges coms cess February 2003) Besides th caso, ech ste equipped with am api (bandpass 021025 He: gan 60 of 78 dB stespeio, ‘oliage-contrlosillacr (Teledyne Getech mode 4250), I Ale KMD. O'Comel. and Black tow. power teeta, sol pel, ters nd rd ‘Suton withistana atone Ses, een ‘elo son PYSN operas two Song moon se romet (Spighete FBA-2s mere by Kieth shore ner retin wel and on rear Be extncton ‘etn sey tb tone oon daa rot roy Tctodt in vem ans) All sera ocd on the eon ese tive tonely fw Ivo nt Siete alow decent M =O to ble oaon Fa even nd shove ach ae bdant aanlog sg aol en receive in Nos Calor (Fg 1). Ter the sige Giga (00 samples) and coninoeny aside Sigal lepine he prceig cern Deer Cotando, Here odd form of he EARTHWORMS Sotware ecag dest events casi, oes cle {ies sv cous magi) and achive them Subse spent cach ev mata evataed ya seelogst eft ing din siorlsnlase. With ep 0 ‘magi, be heal Goda magne lati wa ori inl calibrated o events ered USGS and Unicity OF Us Sete Rework Figure 2s for camp of (eli) sco srs nice by teto snd rere by he PVSN {Em pre an 09 eve ecard 29 fanary 1954 S209 UTC: Fre 7 Feary 994 0728 UTC {be tame magne and inte 3m fom event a: Fare 25, 1 Febery 1997 a 1208 UTC is sho an MOD and insted 9m rom (a; an Figure 24 30 Octber 1989 at (G/341TE, sand 0.2 occ m from (3). Esch bese ‘iene har been angst ered Dawe 0 20 Hew pe sop Bel ie Local Geoloay ‘The Parador Bas lost within he eastern Col- rado Pltan nr the Claro border (Fi 1). Hi toil the region ie exhibied very Tow Teel of rarrlly occur seismic (Ake ta 198; Wong e {1 1996; Ake ea, 2002) Bae on Hed repo da, Zoback and Zoeck (1980) suggested the cet tes ‘ne of the Cokeao Pleas o be west ove! ected ‘ompeson ‘Pardon Vale, tctes im he east poten of te Parador Bain coloped pie salt sel tat trendr “NSS The valle x 8 km log, 57 im ide, tnd uneriin yup a6 km of serbia sales the Pessjvnian ape Pradex Formation. The Doors River crosses the aly about midway slong is eng Be- fore and afer cosing the valle. be Does Bows cus ply incised canyons "PV's primary injection gti the Missppon-age Lentil Limestone, 2 Toaly wey, ipl acted, ‘eri lone mesons a deh of 4.3 blow the mrace-Teelfectve pry (acre ors i bleved wo be Ins thn 6 (Brera and Ha, 1988) Deer ection and Clty Moiored Iced Semis ot Pardes ely, Colorado © wd ooo “1 a aera Pigue 2 “ec sans werich-cinpones seameprans to ar esac ‘hme ves ced ye Pron Vey Sms Neos) A 09 eat ‘Seed om 39 ana 109 () a2 MO aed men (a) and ceo {aby 1934 0) at 0 aed 9 nd redo 1 Fray SC 8 M07 cued 9i mom san credo 0 Oa 99 Tae seem ‘oe becn 05-20 son par oe ag» pepe Beale however, widespread frctung has significantly incase ‘the local pereably. The iecton Imeva i sig erforation) icles ~200 mf the Levi Formation, ‘Uderyng Devonian sandsons, and ~70 m of Preame ‘Bean apne shit, Noe thet Row ox in he nsston “wal (EroCap, 1995) showed that mos of he inion comespnds fo the upper 20% of the Lene Limestone formation, ‘Wel os foe meaty wel, seismic efestn profes, and sit sues (Brena andar 1980 ined a Joc sefes of Laramigeae sepals the Wray Mes alt ‘Sytem. seeing sabre! the sk fh Paradox Vale ay (ONSSW) Ther ale ip eepy tothe oon 8 hile the sas shallow o he west-southwest Te neton Sell was sted to optimie id migration io and along thee fate, In nin othe Wray Mesa fut system, cores and fctre logs oie uring iin, showed well veloped actor system oth te Lead and Uper Precambrian Har (198) ound maf ecoveredbeadile ore contained 78 open rues extend ough —15 of cre He also ser that well ate logs Indetd st eat 38m of probable Laie fetes in contact wit the wellbore, with fcr nlinaone between 65 and _Bremkamp ana Har’ 988) analy of he eovered core ‘nl em es upped brine raison ad sorepe ‘ould pimariy depend on tener exten ofthe care He, sete pray pony and permeate ft horizons i ow. Prior to consston of the ineton ‘ell Brenan and Har (1988) analyzed exsing deep ‘ells the Pardon Vly region and predicted «id Faint Ge Aoid migration) w the norres within the {advil Formation and slong the posed flr aed ‘ces. Operations and Seismicity ACP the injection operations viento tee main periods: Pienecton, nection Tess, and Cntincas I Jestion. AS noted earl, in esjonse to objectionable sei ‘icy nd esoromicconsaint the Connon Injection Feria subvert oor pes: Phe I oaph Pate 1, Thee phases caresponé 9 major and wine changes in injection parameters. Preeti, 145 -un 191 In amt x years of ontrng pe the ft t- Jeon tein 181, PVSN coed pleted ony ‘Sul eae thin 800k sumone tue nesta te ig 3) Nant eee were hn {os tote nto ea ad nner ae cough {abe fk Tegel kof smi cose with revs absersions in hs pa of he Cobado Peas {Women Son, eet 198). Injection Testing, July 1991-Ape 1995 Between Joly 1991 and Mach 1995, FU conducted seven neton eas with ration ringing fom 12 dye 0 pion Table 1) Thee were rege ality the ellforan EPA Clas V (nom arash) ipsa Sell permit Ding ee ats, PYU varied neta 2d injectate comsey whe mesarig icon (ure) estan nection rte. Ech injection est was flowed Uyashacin ped: the welliead was closed andthe peso ketne was recorded (avec op, 1995) Forme dys tr loge. fhe Wl Conuaivly, during and immediate be Seveninjecton us PYSN detected ad oct 666 indeed ‘yen Tpial, slic ceased win ous a fe ‘ay fowing eich est The api with which che ear inks sopped seme 19 corel withthe tt draon ‘Thechractenats fhe nection ess ineson ata png dato draa, necator, ad ume ‘ince earthtkes) se sare a Table Fortis Same tne pei Fle shows te injection rat ad i ‘hice cami ves pr dy. Cominaosinecton, May 1956-Present Flowing te ting of be ition emi, PU = comin ieion May 1986 (3 monte te fod melon et. Afar show 10 dys of ten SGjtmens wd sony inteingevton, he ton ‘ss fed o~1390 nin atenainsps a a ‘ren snc wh commons pong 1 ey er Panpng beg. ete May 19S sn he end 208 aN cred nd acted ore thn 350 evens wa "lO km of be jon well Of tes event “1S wee reported kt esac M2 Serpe ith {Sevet ccrag ADE 97, en rar coninsts poping ep. The ton rae, Sob reser tn ep) rd i vet (ny vane tn or inp shown rs) a (ot Figue 3 nach ofthe fire oly cre ot ‘100 an pear ae nl In ae 20,3 cg a txenedeecton sat ese need sea forever lean M00 For conssesy, wena ely thectens MOD or eo be etre ase, OF tors tnn 350 ew coi ic 1996, “185 were Eaton Tepe Sahoos awe af hrc inning oun haga in inet pres csd tn Bess tse chge gush pt econ sy inp entra 2, ct fe Seren eminem nossa nl et a OF hemi email ay ow. Teo Gershow at be l pemr ice ad 2D te Ngan thas ce conan nsion bean tte tote ny dng te ein ao 203 ial ow th IDE an 990 vel The ean Tehri not aren tis time Trey fon 198 ape M36 cv cared {hase stg nthe morhwesen prion of Pane Wat Upto pi agent ves er sve an wich wer wey ein nein Wy ‘be al An aed som age ee ‘rage Moc Os 7 May 200, te gest inde eent VU, M43 ene ome There ‘rs ogi te ally Reprs allowing tis ve Mor mior tl ef aes ad free! Nosy ‘Ser ows inex sping The bse otin ee Deep jes a Clay Monired nda Sionty ot Pardo Wale, Colorado co Figue 3. Pande inl pe ineioe ‘sin: 158-11 ron wage Pure. {or Vale Sema Newoatsekoomatr Sis: ew suas monies ee Fp il Mix jection weenie Sie, ethos Sx camnis na Teble 1 Pact eine eee A fae eae eee a See eae eae "Pv an Vy Be 0,00 gf. el ns i 0 1. Ae, K Mae, D. OCaml and. Black 2000 4 ‘so 20 = e 3 a & 000 E : ni 5 3 3 é = soo 0 0 ° dungt ung? Jun-83 Jun Ju Date Figwe | op ipigin inion gy. et aint sey ach pt an) versie Lars bse man enn ‘Steet oer bted mores ie) fet ge ned mms ee nerf even ney erences PSN rah te injson wll cred pak hr Siemon 03 8 Bec of hes evens the ne to maxis ene ‘ngton PU twins te prt changes 1056. There changer reat far tit epersnd pss (Phe Fog Phase 1) a ete nT 2, Fe an dsr i th flowing secon Phase 1(2 tly 1996-28 Jl 1999, 100d). From ‘oly 196 utter he wo M 3+ evens sted eae, 00 ince 108 PVR enh war Gpcc gy = 1.2) atts maximum cpa 1290 nin nd 33 MPa race press. Dur is prio, PYM recorded st ‘eux ict Table Fg 6), Daring Phase. neton ‘pert were ponent by aboot 10, nominally or (G50 ay) uecheted maimenane sow and on T997. Plas ijecton parneten (Tale 3 were op ize forinjecon volume ad wel safe, Dring Phase, ho have sft 0 pt don he Frere of ges events ror‘ the M352 tote th largest evens were M 28, Darl Tes coo tobe fe locally The two M 3+ even oe PV 1 Ieopieran hang neon ty Phase 1 (26 July 199-23 June 2000, 332 dee) Bega ‘ng in tel 1998, FU insted sre tnd | 20-day shtdown every st moths Gn My and Dee te-Jay). Atte ime we wed the shutdowns wool oa the poly roe age evens. We had 0b Served tht ali-dy shat doves (hanes between he Injection tess and uring Phe 1) res ia epi de creases of seismicy an flowing the resumption of ing asow rem in seismic Wehbe that “he Oey shadows wou lt he njecate ianefrom ‘he pte sive lager aus and astro ‘mason rock port (Ley small acters an pore) This ‘ald elt in on cee eth locking ea (sca ess) aco te lg fats and fractes. The chee ‘huldownsspnfcanly reduced seismic even produto (able? and Fig. 6. bower, shudowes sone were aot suficet orede le even poction an scepable level As nse on 27 May 200, PVU wes gest even a magne M 43 ever, Phase Il (26 Jone 2000-7 onary 2002, $5 days) Toe 27 May 2000, M43 carat cased PVU To cae ine ‘sting for 28 dys, When sumed, PV bean ppg “870 Umin 29% ede te. Tas change fuer ve acd overall carpe prdocton (Tate 2a Fig. 628 Sell a arper event proc, Dring Phe, PVSN re fended an serge of 81 eather with pak ff 17 evens Janary 199. Wit he ncepon of Phase ne sisi redeemed to ~9 eaten ‘sltocvens over M28 Howeer, edcing nection a Sine 59% conesponds 1 edi at isos 336 salt g FigreS._ (a Daly seg eion ae. Vay, Cte on nd ly vragen. tek ios ema ask Sep blow ween ac pap sweet er apna econ eth ver ofthe project. Hence, PUL ‘oeiered sma and tied Phe Tinton Phase IV (§ Janay 2002-prese, 724 dasa the nd of 2002). Toe cl fa emparatie lop ery conde ‘Jane 2001 rggeted signin ear weir cooling ud acer ovr the previous sx yas of conti ection, Since calm Slate pecan ible o Be Feduced sgnicanly at emperares below he oserved e-ijection formation peratures (Kar 197). {onanry2002, PU shang inject chor fo 7036 Vito eater to TO PVE Thschanged he pecs on 1. Ae. Mater D-O'Canal and Blok ‘Table? ope ig pean er “Rete png tne he nesta wah sO a ne {inectog arson 0 | ih 7 wll | iii eee 20 “eartnquakesiMonth (M0) | 400 | > Ld lhl sande Figure 6, Four pes of comin pg (196-205) perp on ‘ry eed vanes sn ind ec rst pr month vr me PO [Spmtes Pann ate Be et Bl om eal ie ‘nal iced downhole prsure~2 MPaat~43 nT ‘3e2)A 100% FYB necton represents 213 rene spose salt pr unt volume over Phaser To date we Ive ated o ete indicating inst precipaton Moe Circle and Initiating Seismicity Following Cosgrove (1995), Figure 7 sows tre Mohr ice esimats forthe Prado it ts depth of 43 kr ‘We chowe te 4.34 dept bcase is the wpe prion {ng indeed the msjorty of injection Bow (Enron, 1995), Alsshown in Figure 7 are the sald Navies Cutan cvtaion, which ataces to the (ceved) Gift rit, are cohesion sea STatMPcI be hed noceboen Never Cron fale ee, whic assumes he same tion angle The ‘alos fhe Nave Colom etera az Tor aerge con Fete limesone Hendon, 1968; Good, 1980 InP he? teense srengih or tbe Gin erterio sastumed ‘otehal the sharsrengih Tn Fgue 7. ciele number {thesia of ses inter (rom th wel lead the infeed ideale ct pret sur (Evian, 1995) with no Bie presi The wl logs els iat (vera) ses of 103 MPa Mini- jcc facts pecormed. afer cating perforation ed a (bevion Teastpipal sues of 626 MPa Deep iton ond Cll Moores dae eens t Paras Vly, Clade < Figure7._ Mobrcilet Pando ily ncn, ‘iver Calob sta Seg (od NivecCodonb wish sagt (seu) and ati te at ay ater & ‘Sos seeps se gerpee tn ‘te cle 3nd es 9s oni) ‘ipa athe nd of (69 a, (Bandy, pesondl comm, 200, Te derence—ie do- ‘itor esis ~334 iP, ler bond forthe evi fore srest. Cole 2 cile | shed toward he oii by the Torah elev ses aw (sina, 1980) The Ps resure med fr cele? he Lexile Leone aie) ‘ler resureat 3 km, 436 MPa. Bundy. persona ‘Sta, 200). Cele 2 shows atthe addon ofthe ative ‘Sule i pessre nt suc wo case fale Tis fading sprees wth the lack of osrved ey in thi region: Pom Cile 2 an idm “17 MPa (ut) rs ‘ore rps o shi the Moh cise to tangeny with the Srpstengh NevierCoslomb feline. Hence, sn eld resus of 60 MPa wold eect inde shew les sss peeing ls with eentios ‘rear the maximum set plate. "I soppot ofthe ~€O MPs tresbld sa lower bound onthe inltaton of slp we examied he dt from PVU'S thee tt the formation wa ini es sate, St Slee by aston le vloneinjestions. During the ‘hig day of injecting the dowel pres reacted 6 ‘MPL; onthe Ath day of pumping, PVSN ected at Indaced even Daing the ies dy, jon Was Sloped and the wall stim the downbale pressure was GEMParon he fosesnt yi roppedio 61 MPs ted the Bien ie down to $5 MP The a nde {ent eared by PVSN forte I aon he eet sy sf inecung These rel follow te “60 MPa tetas ed carer fly wel Ijecten test I nected about 11,00 ma sal enough Yolume ro consider esting he ~0.MPaeteld on test 2. Injection est 2 began bout 3 eck alert. Within wo dso piping, the owl presire wa “65 MPa, om tnt fam hee reson ws sty soe 70 eo Suthces eo uiruswaty, Seon the ext PVN cred ef ned veto th ny of oT ani eet fo ied on te sy wien be Sol anus fe Sorunsto 6 Mh Tc io fom asad? Sent ape ext ty nape heen an st Sposa COMP tcl ey sored {eto of scien ane sone he rusk In sapo of hype i sn oe te ate oe =F be ere nen shove =a MP nn she 30 ‘Syreteicopon of cons pina 996 How ‘Se cPvsWecde bet nixed ere TT ear tees of nate, A te he wel poe teach Ad MP yt ne ‘cok cme) ay ind ar sar cen we In, bt he mgns re bee Secon thet of FN may vl ese ing te even (62 © 0 wan len ‘Sane ha seo veyed pes ath sts on ew lp pes tad aed bn ‘esd ye occ of pes ves or mes, Ucar by weg or _saresat the end oF 2003, 814 MPa ‘eal mae on the Met le mali ef clan nt Sieve ae how fat mea pec ct nts Thcoe be eet Tom pineal are bone ion, en scton alow bd Event Locations ‘To eshance our unestaning ofthe ince ksi ty. nett an conte i om pres ton, ‘we developed sbighly-sctnte method loch emi Seurces. We began Wiha one-dimensional velocity moda with tton conection Subsegueny we pertormad te

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