1.

In the time before 10,000 BCE of human development, explain the major developmental changes that
took place from the:
a. Homo Habilis
i. Human-like creatures, like the skeleton of Lucy found, that have both human and ape like
characteristics. In this period, fire is developed/controlled, stone tools are used, and the
brain begins to grow
b. Homo Erectus
i. Become bi-pedal/walk upright, which gives advantages to spotting danger and hunting as
you are higher off the ground, this also had loss of hair, which is used to protect you from
the sun, but this is not needed on the back as much, female reproduction organs move to
the front (no more back mounting), and brain grows
c. Home Sapiens
i. Stands for wise man which represents a larger brain, this is the period in which the
Neanderthal exists
d. Homo Sapiens Sapiens
i. US! Stands for wise wise man which represents an even larger brain
Then describe the role of creation myths and science in explaining human origins:
i.

there has been the overriding question about where do we come from and why are we

here
e. Creation Myths
i. a myth is a story that is based on popular beliefs passed on via oral tradition from
generation to generation
ii. it serves the function to answer the overriding questions above
iii. most have the same elements of:
1. indication of the human status with respect to the world and animals
2. talk about the relationship between humans and God/gods
3. a guidance or a moral principle on how to live/act
iv. there are various examples:
1. In India, there was a giant purusha, which was the cosmic man, was disassembled,
and from the body parts came the people. From the head came the priests and the
intellects, from the arms came the warriors, and from the feet came the slaves
[[Caste System]]

2. In the Christianity story, the world was made in 7 days by God. The last thing to
be made was the human, who was dominant over all the creatures of the earth.
Humans were made in Gods image which related to the elevated status humans
have
3. In the Acadian creation story, there were two groups of gods fighting, and the
good gods defeated the evil gods, and from the blood of the evil gods came the

human being. This shows that the humans have very low status and are evil. This
reflects the difficult life of the Acadians, who were constantly invaded.
f. Science
i. There is a problem with the Genesis account because:
1. It describes separate creation of each animal, but there are many species that are
very similar, like the zebra and horse, or the dog and wolf. Evolution, in the
fastest form of metamorphosis, like tadpoles to frogs and caterpillars to butterflies
ii. Charles Darwin, in The Origin of the Species by Means of Natural Selection suggested
that nature chooses certain qualities that allow a species to survive and these a passed on
from generation to generation
1. If you have 3 giraffes, one with a short, one with a medium, and one with a long
neck, the one with the longest neck can reach and eat the most leaves off a tall
tree. The giraffe with the tallest neck will survive and pass this tall neck trait to its
next offspring
2. This also leads to humans evolving from monkeys
iii. This evolution theory:
1. Challenges religion as it has no guidance or moral principle
2. Has no discussion about the relationship between God/gods with humans.
3. There is also no talk about the human soul.
a. It is clear that we have souls, and monkeys dont, so when do we get the
soul?
b. Also, the soul is given by God/gods, so if we evolve, how to we get it?
iv. Darwin does try to reconcile by saying that evolution is Gods method of creation, but
this leaves many unanswered questions

2. Explain THREE reasons why humans changed from a nomadic existence of hunters and gathers to a
sedentary existence in agricultural villages. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION
a. Technology they technology needed to farm in comparison to that of the hunter-gather societies
were relatively the same, so it was only a small gap
b. Depletion of wild game, especially large animals due to climate change (ice age), which forced
the hunting of smaller animals, which more are required to feed
c. Increase in population: hunter-gather societies could only support bands of 15-25 members, so as
the population increased, there was pressure to find ways to feed everyone
d. Domestication of plants was very easy take and plant seeds
e. Geography hunter-gather societies needed large area, and when farms begin to pop up and
expand, the hunter-gathers have to adapt or die (dislocate/migrate)
Explain FOUR outcomes of this agricultural revolution.
f.
g.

Radical increase in population because you have the food to support more and more people
Property becomes very important as your farm and livestock were precious, which leads to

walls, formation of police and military forces

h. Religion becomes important as a way to help control some of the many factors associated with
farming create rituals to get in touch with the spirits that control things such as weather =>
emersion of priests, who act as the intermediary between the humans and God/gods
i. More susceptible to contagious diseases as you form a community in close contact
j. Formation of class hierarchy and job specialization surplus of food allows for some people to
take up other jobs, like make pots and baskets to store food, or work on irrigation to help control
water flow to crops, or craftsmen to make tools. These jobs are important and hold higher status.
k. Formation of villages, which can be populated by 50 5,000 people
l. Change in gender roles: men are strong and warrior like and are needed to protect property and
are defenders = more important, which leads to a patriarchal society
m. Development of metallurgy: Copper, Bronze, and Iron
Explain THREE negatives critiques of urbanization.
n.

Increase in warfare fighting increases because property becomes more important, and societies

o.

become stagnant/not moving, which allows them to amass more materials

Subordination of woman - men are strong/warrior like and are needed to protect property and

are defenders = more important, which leads to a patriarchal society

p. Emergence of class struggle - surplus of food allows for some people to take up other jobs, like
make pots and baskets to store food, or work on irrigation to help control water flow to crops, or
craftsmen to make tools. These jobs are important and hold higher status. Priests > craftsman >
farmers > slaves/servants/etc.

3. In each of the four primary civilizations, the sources of information were examined. Compare and
contrast the sources of information we have about the civilizations of:
a. Sumer
i. Wrote on clay tablets with a stick wedge in Cuniform, which is a written language that
combines both the alphabetic and pictographic components
ii. The epic Giglamesh

iii. Hammurabis creates the first law code, and from this we can determine what the hold a
valuable
1. retributive law code tooth for a tooth, with very harsh punishments
2. lower classes are punished more inequalities
3. favor men over women
4. malpractice by a doctor allows you to cut his hand off
5. if your house falls down, you can kill the builder
6. shows high value to contracts and consumer protection
iv. they were a polytheistic people that build large towers, called ziggurats, in which priests
perform rituals, priests were seen as intermediary between people and God/gods
b. Egypt
i. Writing system of hieroglyphics, which was pictographical writing
ii. Wrote on papyrus paper
iii. Has a large tablet called the Rosetta Stone, which was a translation table from 3
languages, including the Egyptian hieroglyphics, demonic B, and Greek
iv. Build large pyramids

c. Indus River Valley (India)

i. They had a writing system, but we cant decipher it
ii. There was very little to no class distinction
iii. In the civilizations, every home was about the same size, which shows economic equality
iv. They also had a sewer system, indoor plumbing, and running water

d. Chinese
i. Has a writing system that combined pictographic and ideographic style
1. pictographic is pictures of the actually thing the word means
2. ideographic is symbols which represent a concept = difficult to decode
ii. There is major question with the accuracy of the information of this early history
iii. The king played a very import role, the Huang He River would flood very often, and it
was the job of the king to control the river. The king could be dethroned by the people if
he doesnt do his job.

4. Compare and contrast early ancient Egyptian civilizations to the Chinese civilization in terms of:
a. Geography
i. Egypt
1. considered to be the gift of the Nile River, because the Nile would flood, but in
a very slow manner, making it very predictable, especially by astronomers, who
used the stars
2. irrigation canals were made to avoid flooding of crops
3. lots of natural defenses to the North, the Mediterranean Sea, to the East, the Red
Sea (which is a seafaring nightmare due to drifting sand bars), to the South, 6
cataracts/waterfalls (making it impossible for invaders to cover via river), and to
the West, the Sahara Desert
ii. China

b. The ruler (power and roles)

i. Egypt
1. pharaoh was the most powerful leader in the ancient world

ii. China
1. The king played a very import role, the Huang He River would flood very often,
and it was the job of the king to control the river. The king could be dethroned by
the people if he doesnt do his job.

c. Religious beliefs
i. Egypt
1. Polytheistic (lots of gods) (like 2000 many)

2. Role of priest is to act as the intermediary between the gods and the people there
is a priest for every god
3. Pharaoh was a god-king, meaning he trumps all priest

ii. China
1. Also polytheistic
2. Believe in the worship of ancestors after they died, the go and communicate
with the gods about you

d. Organization of labor force

i. Egypt
1. very organized build the pyramids

ii. China
1.

5. Describe FOUR ways classical China (Zhou, Qin, and Han Dynasties) tried to promote unity in its
empire.
a. Under the Zhou dynasty there is the standardization of the spoken language Mandarin Chinese
b. Under the Qin dynasty there is now a bureaucracy which chooses government workers based on
the merit system (skills) through use of civil service exams
c. Large public works programs that involved the building of roads and most importantly, the Great
Wall of China
d. Promotion of internal trade due to standardization of weights and measurements and coinage
e. Standardization of the written language of Mandarin Chinese
f. Under the Han dynasty the is the embracement of Confucianism and the establishment of the law
code
g. Promotion of external trade through the Silk Road, which expanded all the way to the Roman
Empire
h. Long periods of peace and stability!
Identify and explain the TWO forces of unity in classical Indian civilizations.
i.

Hindu Religion
i. Hindu religion supports the caste system
ii. Dhara is the concept of your duty/responsibility of your caste
iii. Karma is the consequences of your actions as it refers to your dharma
iv. Through Karma, you are reincarnated to another class, if you were good, you can move
up, but if you are bad, you can move down.
v. Once you reach the highest caste, Brahmins (priests) you reach something called Moksha,

j.

which is the end of the reincarnation cycle in which you unite/become one with Brahma
Caste system
i.

Name the FOUR major and distinct areas of achievement of China.

k. Warfare use of organized warfare. Sun Tzu wrote The Art of War in which he described the
use of spying, hit and run tactics, psychological warfare, sabotage, and studying the enemy

l.

Economic Power produced wheat in North and rice in South and traded amongst selves, and
they were the most urbanized society, dependant on prosperous farming. Silk Road helped

external trade
m. Science Astronomy: 365 days in a year, sunspots, movement of Saturn and Jupiter. Anatomy
and Health: call for good hygiene. Seismograph to measure earthquakes and
acoustics/amplification of sound.
n. Inventions paper, caste iron, primitive form of steel, compass, natural gas use, silk
manufacturing, and iron mining
Name the FOUR major and distinct areas of achievements of India.
o. Education formation of first university in the town of Nalanda. It was a very large university
with over 3 libraries, 100 lecture halls/rooms, and ability to study various topics like: religion,
agriculture, astronomy, etc.
p. Astronomy calculated the length of solar year (365.5 days), calculated length of Earths
rotation (24 hours), predicted eclipses, primitive theory of gravity, and identification of 7 of the
planets
q. Medicine bone setting pioneered treatment, plastic surgery, development of small pox
inoculation, develop clean hospitals = focus on sterilization,
r. Mathematics invented decimal system, created Arabic number system (1,2,3,4,5), calculated
value of pi fair length, invented square root, had concept of zero (only 1 of 3 of the world
civilizations), use of negative numbers, and development of table of various sine values
s. Art and Architecture focus in shrines/Hindu temples. In the north, they had smaller/lower
buildings with orange/salmon color, but in the south, they have large/tall white and ornate
buildings. Art was common in statues of the various gods and of Buddha
t. Technology development of iron making, as well as steel this was also done in China, but
India had better quality
u. Economic Power lots of trade which include: spices like pepper and cinnamon, fabrics like
cotton, linen, and cashmere, metals like tin, lead, and glass, and jewels like coral, ivory,
diamonds, and sapphires.