1

Skim the article and choose the best title.

a How reliable are eyewitnesses?

b University psychologist accused in court
c Study suggests women are more observant than men

People are more likely to remember faces of their own race,

age group or gender than other faces, suggests recent
research from the University of Sussex.
Cognitive psychologist Dr Dan Wright found that both men and
women are less likely to accurately recall faces of the opposite
sex. These findings support previous research into own-race bias
in facial recognition. Earlier studies had demonstrated that most
individuals recognise people of their own race more correctly than
people of different races.

1o Why

15

such bias exists is still open to question. According to Dr

Wright, 'The contact hypothesis suggests that we remember
the faces we associate with the most, and as people tend to
mix with others of their own race or age, this could explain the
results. However, this might not be the whole truth . It could be
that really we just remember people who look like us, as we are so used to seeing our own faces.' A further explanation
of why facial recognition is not so accurate across the sexual divide is the evolutionary idea that we are more likely to
remember the faces of those with whom we are competing for mates.
The study also showed that hair was a critical factor in identifying faces. Both men and women were better able to recall
and identify faces of their own gender if the person's hair was uncovered.

20

25

The research may explain why people who are convinced they have correctly identified the culprit in a crime make
mistakes, and why innocent people are wrongly convicted . 'A jury places a lot of importance on eyewitness accounts,'
says Dr Wright. 'You 'll often hear a witness insist that they remember something clearly, when, in fact, their recollection
is not accurate at all. ' This seems most apparent in cases where a witness and suspect are of different races. Research ,
such as this study from the University of Sussex, may prompt us to question the use of eyewitness accounts in criminal
trials in the future.

Are the sentences true or false? Find evidence

in the text to support your answers.
1 Women f ind it easier to remember the faces
of other women.
2 Experts agree about why own-gender bias
in recognising faces exists.
3 Men are better at remembering faces than women
when the hair is not covered.
4 Juries are often persuaded by eyewitness accounts.
5 Witnesses are more likely to make mistakes when
the suspect is of a different race.

Target READING
Choosing the correct summary
Use this technique to choose the correct
summary of a text.
Identify the main point of each paragraph
included in the topic sentences.
Read the different summaries carefully.
Choose the summary which contains
the main points of the text and does not
contain irrelevant information.

,..

....

......

.. &.:

3 Choose the five main points from the text.

1 People remember faces of their own kind
more accurately than others.
2 Research suggests we are less likely to
remember faces of the opposite sex.
3 There is no agreement as to why bias exists.
4 The contact hypothesis suggests that we
remember the faces we associate with most.
5 We mix more with those of our own race
or age.
6 Tests showed that hair was a critical factor
in recognition.
7 Innocent people are convicted because
of inaccurate witness statements.
8 Witnesses insist that they remember
accurately when, in fact, they don't.
9 Research supports the use of DNA to change
wrong convictions.

4 Choose the most complete summary of the

text. Explain your choice.
a According to the text, the contact hypothesis

suggests that we remember the faces we

associate with the most. The text also claims
that we remember them because we mix
more with people of our own race, age and
sex. It concludes that witnesses insist they
remember people when actually they don't.
b According to the text, we remember better
the faces of people of the same sex and race
as ourselves, although there is no agreement
as to why this bias exists. Tests showed that
hair was a critical factor. The text concludes
that innocent people are sometimes
convicted incorrectly on mistaken identity.

5 Answer the questions in your own words.

1 What did studies about race bias in
recognising faces find?
2 What theories do experts give to explain
own-race and gender bias?
3 Why is this research important for the legal
system?

6 Find words in the text to match the

definitions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

probable (paragraph 1)
sex (paragraph 1)
different attitude (paragraph 2)
theory (paragraph 3)
resemble (paragraph 3)
spouses, partners (paragraph 3)
remember (paragraph 4)
found guilty (paragraph 5)
correct, precise (paragraph 5)
encourage (paragraph 5)

Crime and punishment

1 Find these words in the text. What do
they mean?
1 culprit (paragraph 5)
2 jury (paragraph 5)
3 witness (paragraph 5)

2 Match the underlined words with the

definitions.
1 The arsonist ran away from the burning
building.
2 The kidnappers told the millionaire to
pay $10m or never see his wife again .
3 The passport had been forged by an
expert, so it was impossible to tell
that it was false .
4 The hijacker forced the pilot to change
course .
5 The police did not find the body until
several days after the murder.
6 The attacker fled when he heard people
coming.
a a person who uses violence to take

control of a plane or another vehicle

b the deliberate killing of a person

c to falsify money or documents
d a person who uses violence to hurt
someone
e a person who starts a fire deliberately
f a person who takes somebody away
against their will to get money for
returning them

3 Write the words in the correct columns.

forgery attacker murder hijacking
kidnapper arsonist attack arson
forge hijack kidnap hijacker
murderer forger kidnapping

[~-Cr-im-e-_ _L__P_e_r_s_o_n_-----'---V-e-=-b- -

Work in pairs to describe the picture.

,...

Obligation and permission

1

,...
,.

What instructions does the police officer give

to the suspects? Use these words.
can

can't

Target LISTENING

b no obligation
c prohibition
d permission
2 Work in pairs. Answer the questions .
1 How do we make the interrogative and
negative forms of modal verbs?
2 Are there any exceptions to this rule?
3 Look at the examples. Do the modal
verbs mean the same?

Checking notes
Use this techn ique to check your notes are
correct.
Listen carefully and note down the key
information.
Re-read your notes.
Underline the information you need to check.
Listen for a second time to confirm or correct
your notes.

the examples with the categories.

can sit down.
can't talk.
don't have to answer any questions.
have to stand behind the line.
must keep still.
mustn't take more than one step.

a obligation

have to don't have to

must mustn't

.,.-....
14.11 Listen and check your ideas.

Match
1 You
2 You
3 You
4 You
5 You
6 You

a You don't have to answer any questions.

b You mustn't answer any questions.

3 You are a security guard in a disco. Write
six rules for customers.

,--...

14.21 Listen and check the police officer's

notes. Are they correct?

Robbery in Presslines 1f1orist at 2Union Station.
Witness description of very 3short man with
long, 4red hair. Escaped from scene of the crime
by Staxi. Police found a size 612_ trainer. Public
to contact 7013 4687.
.,.-....
14.31 Listen to a summary of the identity

parade and check the notes.

1 Number 2 couldn't have stolen the money as
he doesn't drive.
2 Number 2 was at the bus station at the time:
he can't have committed the crime .
3 Number 4 can't be the criminal as he is too
tall.
4 Numbers 4 and 5 might have taken the
money: they were both seen at the station
and both have long hair.
5 Only one suspect has very big feet, he must
have committed the robbery. The robber
must be ...

Past obligation and permission

1

Match the underlined examples with the

categories.
There was a bomb alert at the airport
yesterday. All the passengers 1had to leave
the terminal building and wait outside. They
2weren't allowed to take photographs, but
they 3could use their mobile phones to call
their families. They 4couldn't go back into
the terminal until the police had checked
it thoroughly.
a permission

b obligation

...... .
-

'
"""'~
~

Match the present and past forms of the

modals.
1 They can't go into the building.
2 They must stay here.
3 I'm (not) allowed in.
4 They are (not) allowed to use their mobile
phones.

_"ft.;,
_tt'

2 Complete the conversations with can't,

might or must.
A: Look, there's the Eiffel Tower! We _ _
be in Paris!
B: That's not the Eiffel Tower! We
be in
Paris: we only left London half an hour ago.

C: Whose phone is ringing?

D: It
be mine: I left it at home.
E: Wait a minute. It
be mine. I think I

a They had to stay here.

b They were (not) allowed to use their

mobile phones.

forgot to switch it off.

c They couldn't go into the building.

d I was (not) allowed in .

3 Complete the text with could(n't), had to
and were(n't) allowed to.
Police closed the city centre to traffic
yesterday when an armed gang tried to rob
the Boston Bank. Drivers who had left their
cars in the main car park 1_ _ enter the
area and 2_ _ wait for three hours until
the centre was reopened. People in office
buildings 3_ _ stay inside although they
4_ _ make calls on their mobile phones.
They 5_ _ leave until all the members of
the gang had been arrested .
4 Write sentences about you with could(n't),
had to and was(n't) allowed to.

Present deduction
1 Read the examples and complete the rules.
1 It might be number 2, number 3 or
number 5.
2 It can't be number 3 because he's too
short.
3 OK, so it could be number 5.
4 No, it can't be number 5 because he was
at the airport.
5 So it must be number 2!
can't be

could be

might be

must be

a When we deduce that something is true,

we use
b When we deduce that something is
impossible, we use _ _ .
c When we are not sure, we use _ _ or

Invent an identity. Other students make

deductions about you.

Past deduction
1 Read the conversation and complete the
rule.
A: He must have broken in last night.
B: He can't have got in through the w indow there isn't any broken glass.
A: He might have had a key!
To make past deductions, we use must I
might I can't+ _ _ + the past participle.
2 Answer the questions. Use the modal verbs
in brackets.
1 Why is she crying? (might have)
2 Why did he arrive so late this morning?
(must have)
3 Why didn't he give her a present on her
birthday? (can't have)
4 Why did they move to another town?
(might have)
5 Why did she borrow his phone? (might not
have)
6 Why did he fail the exam? (must have)
3 Write sentences with can't, might or must+
have for these situations.

1 Your best friend came to school this

morning with a broken arm .
2 You have not seen your next-door
neighbour for two weeks.
3 Your brother was in a very bad mood when
you got home yesterday.

: !
. . . .
+ +-

Speaking: Interaction - Explaining mysteries

...

Over to you!

Work in pairs. Can you explain the pictures?

Can you talk about a mystery?

In groups, discuss these mysteries.
The Bermuda Triangle
The Marie Celeste
Crop circles

:) For help with talking about mysteries,

turn to page 110.

,........
14-41 Listen. Match the extracts with the
pictures.

Target SPEAKING
.--

~-

Expressing feelings
To express your feelings in a conversation,
you can use a variety of expressions. It is
important to use appropriate stress and
intonation patterns with these expressions.

Robbing and stealing

1 Read the examples and complete the rules.
1 The thieves robbed a bank.
2 They stole a million dollars.
3 Then they robbed a famous millionaire.
a We use rob I steal when we talk about

an object.

b We use rob I steal when we talk about

Match the expressions with the feelings.
a amazement
1 Mm, I'm not sure.

2 How strange!
3 Wow!

4 Oh no!
5 That's terrible!
6 Just as well!

b annoyance
uncertainty
d disbelief
e relief
f sadness
C

2 Match the underlined words with the

definitions.
1 The pickpocket was so skilful that I did

not realise my wallet had been stolen .

2 The guards arrested her for shoplifting

as soon as she left the mall.

Work in pairs. Practise the dialogues with the
correct intonation.
1 A: I heard that Kelly had an accident.
B: Oh no!

2 A: John's disappeared. Nobody has heard

from him for weeks.
B: How strange!
3 A: Rory had a big lottery win last week two hundred thousand pounds.
B: Wow! Lucky Rory!
4 A: What do you think will happen in the
game next Saturday?
B: Mm, I'm not sure.
5 A: Have you heard? Frank and Lucy are
breaking up!
B: Just as well!

a person or a place.

Work in groups. Discuss the pictures and

express your feelings.

3 He was sentenced to six years in prison

for armed robbery.

4 The burglars waited until the family

were asleep, then broke in and took

a valuable painting .
5 In many cities, tourists are mugged when
they go out walking alone at night.
a to steal things from a shop
b people who break into a private

building to steal
c a person who steals from a pocket or

bag without the victim noticing

d to use violence to steal something from
a person in a public place
e the act of stealing
3 Write the words in the correct columns.

mugger
pickpocketing
burglar
robbery
pick a pocket shoplifter
burglary rob
mug
shoplifting
robber
burgle
mugging
Person

Verb j

......

......

Match the names with the pictures. Explain each person's role in court.

character witness defence lawyer judge

prosecution lawyer reporter

juror police officer

suspect

Write the words in the correct categories.

beard
chubby curly dark dark-skinned
earrings fair freckles
bald
moustache
long
of medium height overweight pale round scar
glasses
scruffy short skinny spiky square straight tall tanned thin-faced wavy
well-built well-dressed wig
Build

Clothes and
accessories

Face

3 Read the witness description and correct

Hair

the mistakes.

Skin

Listen again. Which character adjectives do

you hear?

aggressive
argumentative arrogant
brave generous kind-hearted
intelligent narrow-minded
outgoing
reliable shy unsociable

-r\.\e IMO\~ l So<.W V\o<.S o<.oov.+- +-we~+-y yeo<.vS

ol.A. 1-\e i.s +-"'ll ,,..~.A +-\.\i.~. 1-\e i.s spi.\:.y, s\.\ov+-,

.Ao<.v\:. V\O\lY "'~.A SV.~B'"'sses. \.\e's Bo+- olv.e,

SIMo<.ll eyes "'~.A "' eo<.vvi.~B \.\e's qv.i.+-e
scvv..P.Py; \.\e weo<.vs je,,..~s "'~.A "'~ ol.A -r-s\.\i.v+-.

Height

Prepare a character description of another

person in exercise 1.

1-\e loo\:.s li.\:.e "'BB"essi.ve "'~.A ~evvov.s.

Over to you!

4 Work in pairs. Take turns to describe the

people in exercise 1.

14.s1 Listen. Who is talking? Who are they

describing?

Can you describe someone in detail?

Describe two people you know in
detail.
:) For help with describing people,
turn to page 110.

. . . .

...

Skim the article and choose the best title .

a Givin g Out Your Passw o rd

b The Future of Crime
c Stealing Your Nam e

M atch the letter for each statement below

with its example in the article.
a You ca n use contractions in an informal
article .
b D irect q uestions are a way of grabbing your
rea ders' interest.
c It's good to use some informal punctuation .
d Very short sentences can be used for
em phasis.
e Yo u should use appropriate linking phrases.

Target WRITING
Writ ing an article
Use this technique to write an article.
Give yo ur article a title.
Write at least four paragraphs.
Try t o int erest t he reader from the start by
aski ng them a question .
Remember that you can use contractions.
(shouldn't, can't, etc.)

When was the last time you were a victim of

a crime? Most people are fortunate and go their
entire life without ever being burgled or robbed.
It might surprise you to know then, that you
might be the victim of a crime that could take
you months or even years to find out about. 2 The
crime? Identity theft!
The problem is that these days it is quite easy for
people to steal someone's identity. People use the
Internet and e-mail at work as well as at home,
and give their credit card details online when
buying something. It is easy for hackers to find
out this information by attacking the computer
systems of big companies - and this can be the
system of the company you work for or the one
you're buying from.
3
What's more, millions of people have pages on
websites such as Facebook. Here they post their
personal details, so it 4 doesn't take much for a
criminal to get enough information to obtain a
copy of a birth certificate and then a passport in a
new name. This allows the criminal to get a loan
or credit cards in your name - often something
you will know nothing about until you get a letter
saying you haven't paid!

So what can you do? Never give information

about your bank account or credit cards to
anyone. And that means anyone! Be careful how
much information you post about yourself on
the Internet, and remember that your bank or
credit card company will never ask you for your
password. Only a person acting with criminal
intent will do 5 that !

W hich plan did the writer make before

writ ing the article?
1

Paragraph I: introduchrm - ask.queshons

Paragraph 2: how to butj 011 the Internet
Paragraph 3: Facebook.is a good idea
Paragraph 4: giving out 11our password
2

Paragraph I: introduchon - how ma1111 people are

robbed
Paragraph 2: how eastj itis for hack-ers
Paragraph 3: gethng a loan
Paragraph 4: saving informahon
3

Paragraph 1: i11troducho11 - the situahon

Paragraph 2: how people getthe 1nformaho11
Paragraph 3: whatpeople do with the informahon
Paragraph 4: how to stalj safe

.......

Read the following task and decide

if the statements below are true or
false.
Your teacher has asked you to write
an article about the graffiti around
the school. Do you consider this a
crime? Should the people who have
done it be punished?

1 You should use a neutral style as

it is for your teacher.
2 You should have an interesting title.
3 Your writing should be based on
your own experiences.
4 You need to make a
recommendation about what should
be done.
5 You have to say how you feel about
the graffiti.
6 You must include some description.
7 You should mention some sort of
punishment.
8 You should begin Dear Sir or

Madam.

Work in pairs. Discuss which of these would

be the most effective start to your article.
More than one of them may be effective.
1 In this article I'm going to tell you how
much graffiti there is at my school and that
the people who did it should be punished .
2 Graffiti is wrong, right? Wrong!
3 Can we really expect people to paint all over
our buildings and go unpunished?
4 Why we should punish people for the graffiti
is the subject of this article.
In the left-hand column of the table below
make a list of two reasons why you think
graffiti is a crime and two why it is not.
In the right-hand column, list two reasons why
the people should be punished and two why
they shouldn't.

Crime?

Now make a paragraph plan for your article.

Use your notes from Exercises 6 and 7 to help
you.

Here are some titles that other students gave

their articles on this subject. Which two do
you think are the best titles? Why? What is
wrong with the others?
1 Graffiti - brightening up our school?
2 Punish the criminals.
3 Graffiti - a punishable offence?
4 Graffiti is a crime!

10 Write your article.

11

Give your article to a partner to edit and

check.

Punish?

Over to you!
Can you write an article?
Not a crime?

Not punish?

Write an article about how common

crimes commited by young people are in
your country.
:) For help with writing articles, turn to
page 111.