Professional Documents
Culture Documents
By
Prijono Tjiptoherijanto**)
Sutyastie Soemitro Remi ***)
*)
**)
***)
Senior
Lecturer
at
the
University of Padjadjaran
Faculty
of
Economics,
By
Prijono Tjiptoherijanto
Sutyastie Soemitro Remi
Abstract
During the period prior to the crisis (1993-1996)
1.
Introduction
2.
in the mid 1997, following the long drought during the year,
has been adversely affecting the overall macroeconomic
condition, and most importantly people's welfare. The number
of people living in poverty is believed to increase drastically.
Table 1
Number and Percentage of People in Indonesia
by Urban-Rural Areas, 1976-1999
Year
(1)
Index)
million)
Urba
n
Rural
Urban+ Rural
Urban
Rural
Urban+Rur
al
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
197
6
38.7
9
40.3
7
40.08
10.00
44.2
54.2
197
30.8
33.3
33.31
8.30
38.9
47.2
28.56
9.50
32.8
42.3
29.0
28.4
26.85
9.30
31.3
40.6
21.64
9.30
25.7
35.0
28.0
26.4
17.42
9.70
20.3
30.0
15.08
9.40
17.8
27.2
23.1
21.1
13.67
8.70
17.2
25.9
11.34
7.20
15.3
22.5
20.1
16.1
17.86
11.6
24.9
36.5
18.20
12.40
25.1
37.5
16.7
14.3
13.4
13.7
9.71
12.3
0
8
198
0
198
1
198
4
198
7
199
0
199
3
199
6
199
14.4
3
15.1
20.2
0
199
9
20.0
(1)
Urban
Rural
Urban+Rur
al
Urba
n
Rural
Urban+Rural
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
197
6
197
8
198
0
198
1
198
4
-7.95
-6.77
1.70
5.30
-7.00
-1.80
-0.98
-4.92
-3.00
-3.39
-3.30
-3.74
198
7
199
0
199
3
199
6
199
8
6.99
-
-4.75
+1.2
6.10
0.20
1.50
0.00
5.60
+0.4
5.04
5.40
1.81
0.30
2.50
0.54
0.70
0.60
1.49
1.50
1.90
+4.4
+9.6
4.96
1.93
5.31
-
+4.7
+7.7
-1.71
-5.21
-4.22
-2.34
-1.41
-2.33
+6.52
-4.90
-1.70
-5.60
-5.00
-2.80
-1.30
-3.40
+14.0
Table 3
Poverty Line and Their Changes in Indonesia, by Urban-Rural
Areas,
1976-1998 (Rupiah/capita/month)
Year
Change in
Percentage
Poverty Line
Absolute Change
(milion People)
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
Urban
Rural
(1)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(6)
(7)
1976
4 522
2 849
1978
4 969
2 981
447
132
9.88
4.63
1980
6 831
4 449
1 862
1 468
37.47
49.25
1981
9 777
5 877
2 946
1 428
43.13
32.10
1984
13 731
7 746
3 954
1 869
40.44
31.80
1987
17 381
10 294
3 650
2 548
26.58
32.89
1990
20 614
13 295
3 233
3 001
18.60
29.15
1993
27 905
18 244
7 291
4 949
35.37
37.22
1996
38 246
27 413
10 521
9 169
37.70
50.26
1998
85 518
67 734
47 272
40 321
123.60
147.0
10
finding
was
at
glance
confusing
and
11
high income classes for the former and low income class
for the latter. This impact was believed to get through
12
Gini Ratio in the Theil Index and L-Index Urban and Rural
Indonesia,
1993 1998
Gini Ratio
Area/Group
of Population
1993
1996
1998
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
0.33
0.362
Urban
Below the
0.078
PL
0.341
Above the
PL
Rural
Below the
PL
Above the
PL
The L-Index
1996
1998
1996
1998
0.33
0.264
0.2169
0.2238
0.183
0.09
5
0.29
1
0.26
0.274
0.073
0.251
0.25
0.150
0.1274
0.1333
0.114
4
0.09
6
0.21
6
13
Uban + Rural
0.34
0.356
0.31
9
0.260
9
0.2042
0.2159
0.171
9
Table 5
Expenditure Distribution of Population in Urban and Rural Indonesia,
1993 1998
D:\My Documents\Yanruis Conference\ aces_ppk.doc
14
1993
1996
1998
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
20.47
19.03
20.63
37.29
36.93
36.84
42.24
44.04
42.52
25.13
23.18
24.39
38.42
38.99
39.38
36.45
37.83
36.23
20.34
20.25
21.53
36.90
35.05
36.94
44.76
44.70
41.53
Area/Population
Groups
Urban :
Rural :
Urban + Rural
3.
15
most affected by
the crisis and
synergy between the civil society,
decentralisation of
processes, strong
16
Table 6
Budget Allocated for Social Safety Net Program
Programs
Component/Activities
Food Security
Special Market
Operation
National Food Reliance
Budget
(in billion rupiah)
1998/199
1999/20
00
PM
PM
633.1
119.5
17
Social Protection
Education
- Scholarships and
4975.0
2704.8
1259.1
3719.0
2033.6
1188.7
operational financial
aids
- Rehabilitation of Primary
850.7
308.5
school buildings
- Construction of new
594.9
536.4
Regency
Presidential Instruction for
2270.2
1042.7
1685.3
880.0
48.0
92.0
105.0
15.7
Presidedential Instruction
for Health
720.9
85.7
414.4
550.0
Employment Creation
Sector Labour Intensive
- Labour Intensive of
3768.6
2067.1
578.8
1800.0
1000.0
1000.0
598.5
Ministry of Manpower
399.1
Ministry of Manpower
490.5
Ministry of Forestry
1701.4
800.0
Culture
Regency
Ministry of Health
in community Health
Centre
- Basic Health Service in
Hospital
- Social Weafare
- Revitalisation of
Emergency Food Relief
(SKPG)
- Health Infrastructure
Ministry of Health
18
Total
9376.7
5638.6
19
20
21
22
23
4.
C o n c lu d i n g R e m a r k s
24
5.
REFERENCES
25
for
Population/NFPCB,
-----------,1997.
Pengentasan
Kemiskinan
(Poverty
Sutanto,
26
27