LOGARITHMS

SYNOPSIS

log a m

log ab m n

Let a, b be two positive real numbers and

a 1 . The real number x such that a x b is
called logarithm of b to the base a . It is

If a is positive real number and a 1 , then

log a a =1.

4
3

If a is positive real number and a 1 , then

log a 1 0 .
If a, m are positive real numbers and a 1 ,
then a loga m m .

a 1 , then log a mn log a m log a n .

i)

eg: logn!1logn! 2logn! 3.... logn! n

ii) Range = R,
iii) Monotonic function
iv) continuous function in the
interval 0,

If a, m, n are positive real numbers and

eg: lo g 3 5 lo g 3 3 log 3 3



If a, m are positive real numbers a 1 , n is
real number, then log a m n n log a m .
eg: log2 8 log2 23 3log2 2 3

If a, b, m are positive real numbers a 1 ,

b 1 , then log a m log b m log a b .

eg: log3 2.log2 9 log3 9 log3 32 2log3 3 2

LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION :

If a, m, n are positive real numbers and

m
a 1 , then log a n log a m log a n

a log x b blog x a

2log2 3 3,5log5 x x

logn! 1.2.3.....n logn! n! 1

Let y = log a x ;0 < a <1 ; or a>1.

eg: log2 2 1, log 5 5 1

eg:

n
log a m
b

eg: log8 81 log2 3

denoted by log a b .

log b m log m

log b a log a

log b a

1
log a b .

Domain 0, R

v) y = loga x is mirror image of y a x with

respect to y = x.
vi) x = 0( y - axis) is a vertical asymptote to
the function y = log a x
vii) Graph intersects x -axis at (1,0)
log a x 0 has only one solution
viii) y log a x, x a y are mutually inverse
functions
ix) If a > 1; the logarithmic function
y = log a x is an increasing function
x) If 0 < a < 1; the logarathmic function
y = log a x is a decreasing function.

ii) If 0 a 1; 0 x1 x2 log a x1 log a x2

Graph of function y f x loga | x | here D =

R 0 this graph is symmetrical about y- axis

Note i) If 0 a 1 , log a x 0 x a
ii) if 0 a 1 ; log a x x a

For a 1 graph is

LOGARITHMIC INEQUALITIES
y

ii) a 1, x 1 log a x 0

1,0

1,0

i) 0 a 1; 0 x 1 log a x 0

iii) 0 a 1; x 1 log a x 0
iv) a 1; 0 x 1 log a x 0

For 0 a 1 graph is

i) a 1; x 1; x a 0 log a x 1
ii) a 1; x 1; x a log a x 1
iii) 0 a 1; 0 x 1; x a log a x 1

1,0

1,0

i) If a >1 then loga N is an increasing function.

i.e if N then loga N

iv) 0 a 1; 0 x 1; x a 0 log a x 1
TYPES OF LOGARITHMS:
i) logarithms definedto the base 10 are
called common logarithms (or) Brigg`s
logarithm.
ii) logarithms defined to the base e are
called Natural logarithms or Napier
logarithms

Note i)

log aN
0
ii)

ii)

ii) If a 1; log a x x a

i) If 0 a 1 then loga N is decreasing function.

That is as N then loga N

1,0
log

N
a

1
log e 10

1
0.43429448....
2.30258509

= 0.43

a 1 ; 0 x1 x2 log a x1 log a x2

log10 e

1,0

Note: i) If a 1; log a x 0 x a

loge 10 2.303 2.3

iii) n R ; log10 n loge n 0.43

i) Common logarithm is the sum of two parts.
Common logarithm = integral part +
decimal part = Characteristic + mantissa
ii) Characteristic is the positive or negative
integral power of 10
iii) Mantissa is a non negative decimal fraction
iv) The characteristic of common logarithm of
a number greater than unity and with only
one digit in its integral part is zero.
i) the characteristic of the logarithm of a num
ber N, with n digits in its integral part is
(n-1).
ii) The characteristic of the common logarithm

of a decimal fraction N with n zeros imme

3
4
5
diately following the decimal point is - (n+1) Sol. Given sum log n log n log n
2
3
4
iii) The mantissa is the same for the logarithm
n 1
n
of all numbers which have the same
.... log n
log n
significant figures.
n2
n 1
iv) If two numbers N and M are so related that
n
log n log n n log n 2 1 log n 2 .
N M 10 p where p is any integer, posi
2
tive or negative, the logarithms have the
1
same mantissa
1
log 7 5
5

3
If a, b, c are in G.P and x > 0 then
W.E-2:
=
log10 0.1
i) log x a, log x b, log x c are in A.P
ans: 2
ii) log a x, log b x, log c x are in H.P..
Sol.We have 5log5 7 7 and
If a, b are relatively prime then log b a is
1
log10
log10 10 1 log10 10 1
irrational.
10
Explanation
7
1
1
If possible suppose that log ba is rational
3 5log5
3 7
382
log10 1 /10
1
p
a
log b ( p,q, z )
4
3
q
W.E-3:The value of 3 log3 4 log4 is
p

a b q aq b p

Ans: 0

which is a contradiction

Sol.
a
b

if a,b are relatively prime then log is

irrational

x
x
x
x

.......
2
3
4
5

x2
x3
x4
x5
log 1 x x

....
2
3
4
5

1 x 1

iii)

x3 x 5
1 x
log
2x

.............

3
5
1 x

log xa

4
3
3 log3 4 log4 0 .
W.E-4:If 3x 4 x1 , then x is equal to (ADV- 2013)

2 log 3 2
2
,

A. 2 log 2 1
B. 2 log 3
3
2

, x 1

WORKEDOUT EXAMPLES
1
1
1
W.E-1: log n 1 log n 1 log n 1
2
3
4
1
1

... log n 1
log n 1

n2
n 1

Ans: 1 log 2n

log34

1
log34

1 x 1

ii)

log34

= 4
2

lo g 1 x x

The least value of log b a log a b is 2 where

i)

log34

log b a 0

log34
log34

1
2 log 2 3
C. 1 log 3
D. 2 log 3 1
4
2
ANS: A,B
Sol:
3x 4 x1 , taking log 3 on both sides

x log33 x 1 log34
x 2 log 32 x log34

x 1 2 log 32 2log 32 x

2log 32
2 log 32 1

W.E-5:The value of

1
1
1
1
6 log3/2
4
4
4
........ is
3 2

3 2
3 2
3 2

(ADV- 2012)
ANS: 4
Sol:
4

Let

3 2

y 4

1
3 2

1
3 2

1
3 2

y40

1
6 log 3
2 3 2

1
y 6 log 3
.

2 3 2 3 2

4
6 log 3
9
2

3
6 log 3
2
2

3
6 2.log 3 4
2
2
W.E-6: Let a = log 3 log3 2 . An integer K satisfying

k 3
a

3 N 4 .
digits in the number 20002000 is
Ans: 6603
Sol:
Let x 20002000

log x 2000.log10 2000 2000 log10 2 3

3 2 y 2 y 12 2 0
1 17
8
y
or y
6 2
3 2
Now, required value is

1 2

N log10 64 log10 31 log10 1984

W.E-8:Given that log 2 0.3010......, number of

... y

y2

W.E-7:The number N=6 log10 2+log1031, lies

between two successive integers whose sum is
equal to
Ans: 7
Sol.

= 2000 3.3010 6602

number of digits = 6603
W.E-9:In which of the following case(s) the real number
m is greater than the real number n ?
2

A. m log 2 5 and n log 2 20

B. n log10 2 and n log10 3 10
2

C. n log10 5.log10 20 log10 2 and n =1

1
1
D. m log1/ 2 and n log1/ 3
3
2
Ans: A,D
Sol:
2

A. m n log 2 5 log 2 5 2

2 is

Ans:1

let log 2 5 x
a

Sol. a log3 log 3 2 3 log 3 2

3 a

1
log 2 3
log 3 2

now 2 k 3 a 2 k log23 2 k .2log 23

2 k.3 a log a x x

= log 2 5 2 log 2 5 1 0
hence m n
B. m log10 2 0.3010
1
3
hence n m
C

n 0.333......;

a
therefore the inequality 1 2 k 3 2

k
reduces to 1 2 .3 2

m n x 2 x 2 x 2 x 1

1
2k 2 / 3
3

3
k
or by taking receiprocals to 2 3
2
the only integral value of k which satisfies this
double inequality is k =1.

m 1 log10 2 1 log10 2 1 log10 2

and n=1
2

m n log10 2 0
m n
D. m log 2 3; n log 3 2 m n

W.E-10: Let f(a,b)=

b
a
loga 4 ab logb 4 ab loga 4 logb 4 loga b

a
b

then answer the following questions.

i. If 1 a b then f(a,b) equals to
Ans: 2
ii) If 1 b a then f(a,b) equals

1
1
log a b
....(2)
2
log a b
adding (1) and (2) , we get
s= log a 4 ab log b 4 ab

Ans: 2logba
3
iii) The value of f(2,3) + f 2, equals
2

7
2

Ans:

1
log a b
log a b 0

log
b
a

log a 4 b / a log b 4 a / b

1
1

log a b
2
log a b

log a b

1
log a b

i) If 1 a b then

Sol.

log a 1 log a a log a b 0 1 log a b i.e

First we simplify log a 4 ab log b 4 ab

1
1
log a 4 ab log b 4 ab
log a ab log b ab
4
4

1
log a a log a b logb a logb b
4

1
1
2
log a b
4
log a b

log a b 1 , Then

1
1
1
s log a b
log a b

2
log a b
log a b
1
2
1

1
1

x x ifx 1

2 log a b
x
x
log a b

f(a,b) = 2s.
ii) If 1<b<a then

log a b

2.

log a 1 log a b log a a 0 log a b 1

1
2

log a b

1
log a b 0
log a b

1
1
log a b
..... 1
2
log a b
similarly
log a

b
log b
a

a
1
b
a

log a log b
b
4
a
b

log a b 1 log b a 1
2

1
1
log a b
2
2
log a b

1
1
1
log a b
log a b

2
log a b
log a b

1 1

x x x x if 0 x 1

s log a b
f a, b 2s

log a b

2log a b .

3
3
log2 3/ 2
2 7 / 2.
iii) f(2,3) + f 2, 2 2
2
2
W.E-11:The values of x for which ,the function

log 3 x 2 2x 3 is defined is

x 1 5 x
2
x 1 0

5 x 0
...(2)
x 4 0

x 4 1

Ans: , 1 3,
Sol. log 3 x 2 2x 3 is defined when
x 2 2x 3 0 x 3 x 1 0

Solving the equation, entering system(2), we get:

+

+
3

-1

(By sign rule) x , 1 3,

x1 2, x 2 3 . Of these two values only x=2

satisfies the rest of the conditions of system (2).
Thus, x=2 is a root of equation (1).
W.E-15:Solution of the equation

log 0.5x x 2 14 log16x x 3 4log 4x x 0 is

W.E-12:The value of x, where the logarithm function

log x22x4 3 defined is

Ans: x

1
,1, 4
2

Sol.

Ans:
Sol. Here the base is x 2 2x 4
Now x 2 2x 4 x 2 2x 4

x 1 3 0x R Hence there is no
value of x for which base >0 and base 1. Thus
no value of x exists.
W.E-13:Solution of the equation

log 2 x 1 log 2 x 2 2
Ans: 2
Sol. x-1>0 & x+2>0
We use the logarithm of a product,we get

log 2 x 1 x 2 2

log x x 2
log x x 3 4 log x x
14

0
x
log x 16x
log x 4x
log x
2

2
3
2
14

0
1 y
1 4y 1 2y
where y= logx 2
or simplification it reduces to the quadratic
equation.
2y 2 3y 2 0 2y 2 4y y 2 0

2y y 2 1 y 2 0
2y 1 y 2 0 y

x 1 x 2 22 4
2

x x 6 0 x 3 x 2 0
x 3, 2 .
Hence, x=2 is the solution. (By using number line)
W.E-14: Solution of the equation
log x 4 x 2 1 log x 4 5 x is

Ans: 2
Sol.

log x 2

1
or y 2
2

1
or log x 2 2
2

2 x1/2 or 2 x 2

1
2
Hence, the original equation has three roots
x 4 or x 21/ 2

1
,1, 4
2

log x 2x

4.is
W.E-16:Solution of the equation x
Ans:
Sol. The equation is valid if base>0 and base 1
and 2x>0.
that is, x>0 and x 1
Therefore the equation is meaningful for x>0,
x 1 or x 0, 1

Now we solve the equation x log

lo g

( x1 / 2 )

2x

4 2x 4

4x 2 4 x 2 1 x 1 .
But neither -1 or 1 lie in the domain of the variable of the original equation.

W.E-17:Suppose that log10 x 2 log10 y 0

and

x y 2 x y . Then the value of

(x+y) is
Ans: 2 2 2
Sol.
First equation reduces to
y x 2 1 x

y =1 +

1
2... 1
y

Now,

x y 2 x y,
on squaring both sides, we get

x y 2 2 x y 2 x y

2 since it is negative
2 using (3) in (1) x= 1+ 2

x y 2 2 2
W.E-18:The number of solutions of

log x log x 2 is
Ans: 2
Sol.
Since the equation can be satisfied only for x<0

x2 x x

hence

2 x

4.. log a n x log a x

n

2log x 2x

log x 2x

rejecting y=1 -

log x log x
log x log x

log x 1 log x 0

if log (-x) =0 x 1 x 1
if log10 x 1 then x 10 x 10 .
W.E-19: Solution of the inequality
log x 1 x 2 2x 0 is

Ans: 1 2, 0 1 2,

Sol.
Case(i): By the property note(i),
0 x 2 2x 1and 0 x 1 1

x x 2 0 and
x 2 2x 1 0and x 1 0

x x 2 0 and x 2 2x 1 0 and x 1
and x<0
we put all the cases on real line

1 x y 2 x y 2 1.. 2
Put value of x from (1) and (2), we get
1

2
2 y 2 1 1 2y 4 1
y
y

y 2 2y 1 0 y
y 1 2 ...(3)

2 44
2

1 2

x 1 2, 0

2 1 2

LEVEL-A

Case(ii) : x 2 2x 1 and x 1 1
x 2 2x 1 0 and x 0

SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

1 2

x 1 2,

1 2

1.
2.

from 1 such that logb a.logc a loga a 0 then

Thus the values of x satisfying given inequality are

If loga 3 2,logb 8 3 then logba

(A) log3 2 (B) log2 3 (C) log3 4 (D) log4 3
If a, b, c are distinct positive number different

given by 1 2, 0 1 2, .

3.

W.E-20:The solution set of

log sin x x 2 8x 23

3
log 2 sin x contains

4.

1
1
1
1

.........................
4
log2 log4 4 log8 4
log2n 4 is

3 3
,5
Ans: 3, ,

2 2

Sol.
The given inequaity will be valid when

(A)

n n 1
2

(B)

n n 1 2n 1
12

(D)

n n 1
4

(C) n n 1

x 2 8x 23 0 and sin x 0,1

Now it is obvious that

abc =
(A) 0
(B) e
(C) 1
(D) e2
The value of log4 2log8 2log16 2................. is
(A) e2
(B) ln 2 1 (C) ln 2 1 (D) 1 ln 2
The sum of the series

5.

The sum of series log cos log cos 2

2
2

x 2 8x 23 x 4 7 0

for all real numbers. Again for second one

, and x n where n Z
2
The given inequality can be written as
x 2n 1

log 2 x 2 8x 23
log 2 sin x

3
log 2 sin x

As log 2 sin x 0 , we get

log 2 x 2 8x 23 3

x
x
x

log cos 3 .......... log cos n log sin n

2
2

2
is equal to
1
1

(A) n sin x
(B) log n sin x
2
2

1
1
(C) n cos x
(D) log sin x n
2
2
6.
log 2 7 is
A)an integer
B)a rational number
C)an irrational numberD)a prime number
7.
The value of log20 3 lies in
1 1

x 2 8x 23 23 8
x 2 8x 15 0

x 5 x 3 0 3 x 5
3
For x 3,5 , x , ,
2 2

3 3
Hence x 3, , ,5 .
2 2

8.

1 1

(A) ,
4 3

(B) ,
3 2

1 3

3 4

(C) ,
(D) ,
2 4
4 5
If log10 3 0.4771then the number of digits in
340 is
(A) 18
(B) 19
(C) 20
(D) 21

9.

If x 1, y 1, z 1 are three numbers in G.P

1

10.

19.

1 log 1 x log 2 x 2 3 log 1 x log 2 x

then 1 ln x , 1 ln y , 1 ln z are in
(A) A.P (B) H.P (C) G.P (D) A.G.P
If the roots of the equation x2 4x log2 a 0
are real then
1
2
1
(C) a
16

1
8
1
(D) a
4

(A) a

The least value of 2log100 aloga 0.0001,a 1 is

(A) 2
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 1

21.

12.

For i= 1 to 6, let log a log b log c xi 0 ,

where a,b and c represent every possible
different arrangement of 2,4 and 8. The
product x1 x2 x3 x4 x6 can be expressed in the
form 2 N . The value of N is
A.20
B.28
C.33
D.50
If
then the value of
x 2

22.

14.

(B) -4

(C) -6

4 8

(B) ,
5 5
8

23.

A
In triangle ABC logcos
then A belongs
0.1 1
to

1 1
1 1
(A) , cos (B) cos ,
10
10 2
2

(D) 8

(D) ,0
2

(C) R

log3 x 1 2 then the value of x

15.

(A) 1
(B) -1
(C) 10
The solution of the equation

(D) 5

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER

1
log x 1 log 2 x 15 1 is
2

16.

17.

3
2

24.

23
15
(C) 5
(D)
2
2
x
If log 2 x.log 2 4 0 then x is equal to
16
1
(A) 4
(B) -4
(C)
(D) 2
4

(A)

(B)

x 7
If log3 2,log3 2 5 ,log3 2 2 are in A.P then

If f x log10 3x 4 x 5 , then
(A) Domain of f is R
2

(C) 5,6

(D) 5,7

18. If 2logx alogax a3loga2x a0 then x =

1

(A) a 3

(B) a 3

(C) a 3

(D) a 4

11

(B) Range of f is log10 ,

3

(C) f is defined in 0,

11

(D) range of f is , log10

the value of x is
(A) 1,4 (B) 2,3

(C) ,0 , (D) 0,
5
5

If log 3 x x x 1 log 3 x 1
3

If log0.1 x2 log0.01 x2 then the range of x

(A) 2 x 3
(B) 4 x 6
(C) 3 x 5
(D) 0.01 x 0.1
The solution set of log 2 4 5 x 2 is
(A) ,
5

x2
log 4 2log 4 4 x 4 is
4

(A) 2

1
1
1

A. ,1 B. , C. , D.R
6
6
6

The number of pairs x, y satisfying the

equations log y x log x y 2 and x2 20 y is

(A) Infinite (B) 2
(C) 0
(D) 1

11.

13.

is

20.

(B) a

Solution set of the equation

25.

If

log x log y log z

, then which of the

b c c a a b

following are true?

(A) xyz 1
(B) xa y b z c 1
(C) xbc y c a z a b 1 (D) xyz xa y b z c

26.

The correct statement of the following

is/are
A. log 3 19.log1/ 7 3.log 4 1/ 7 2

ASSERTION-REASONING QUESTIONS

B. log5 1/ 23 lies between -2 & -1

C. log10 cos ec 160 0 is positive

27.

D. log 5 sin 5 .log sin 5 simplifies to an

5
irrational number.
Consider the quadratic equation

log10 8 x 2 log10 5 x 2 log 2 10

28.
29.

x.
Which of the following quantities are
irrational.
A. sum of the roots
B.product of the roots
C.sum of the coefficients
D.discriminant
If x log x 6 log x 11 64 then x is equal to
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 16
A solution of the system of equations

Statement II: If logb a.loga b1, then x = 3

34.

x. y 1

(A) 1,1

3
(B) 1, 3

(C) 3
9,1

1 3
(D) 3 , 3
9

35.

Statement I: If x log 1 x 9 then x = 3

Statement II: aloga x x where 0 a 1 wheree
x>0
Statement
I:
The
equation
x

log 2x 1 5x2 log3x2 15 x has no solution.

A solution of the inequality log 0.2 x 4 1

satisfies
(A) 1 x 2
(B) 2 x 3
2

(C) 1,0

(B) , 1
2

(D) 0,3

If log x 6 x 1 log x 2 x , then x belongs to

1 1
(A) ,
6 4

(B) ,
6

(C) 1,

(D) ,
8

1
m

Statement II: logb a logb a

m

MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS

(D) 1 x 3

The solution set of the inequality

log 2 x 3 x 2 1 contains
(A) 0,1

32.

8 loga x3 logb y3 logc z3 27

(C) 3 x 4
31.

33.

x x y y x y and

30.

Statement I and II are given in each of the

questions in this section. Your answer should
be as per the following pattern:
(A) If both statement I and II are correct
and II is a correct reason for I
(B) If both statement I and II are correct
and II ia not a correct reason for I
(C) If statement I is correct and statement
II is false
(D) If statement I is false and II is correct.
Statement I: If a x 2 , b y 2 and c z 2
where x, y, z are non-unit positive reals, then

36.

Match type match the following

Column-I
A. If x1 and x2 satisfy the equation x log10 x100 x
then the value of x1 x2 equals
B.Sum of the square of the roots of the equation
log 2 9 2 x 3 x is

1
then x is
3
D. If log b a 3, log b c 4 and if the value
of x satisfying the equation a 3 x c x 1 is
expressed in the form p / q where p and
q are relatively prime then p q is

C.If log1/ 8 log1/ 4 log1/ 2 x

Column-II
p. irrational
q. rational
r. prime
s. composite
37. Match the equations on the left with the
values on the right which make the equation
true.
Column-I
5
2
A. log 5 x log 5 x 1
x

Column-II
p. number of solutions = 2
q. number of solutions = 3
r. number of solutions = 1
s. infinite number of solutions
40. Column-I
2
A. log 1 x 3 0, then x can be
2

B. log2 x 0, then x can be

B. log x 25 3log x 5 log x 1/ 5 2

C. log 2 x log x 2 2, then x can be

C. logx /5 x2 14log625 x x3 40log25 x x 0

2
D. log 1 2 log 2 x 0 , then x can be

9
2
D. log 5 x log5 x 1 log x 1

Column-II
p. x 10

38.

Column-I I
1
p. x
5
q. x 1
r. x 5
1
s. x
25
Column-I

q. x

r. x
s. x
41.

A. f x log10 x 2
B. f x 2log

x 1

1
2

Column-I

2 10

B. log 1 x 3 x 1 0

25

2
D. f x log 1 x 6 x 12
2

Column-II
8

3
2

x2 x
A. log 0.6 log 6 x 4 0

x5

C. f x 2 log 2 4 5 x

C. log x2 2 x 1

p. f x 0 for ,0 ,
5

39.

3
2

q. Domain f x is x 1 or x 1

x 1
0
2x 1
Column-I I

r. f x 0x 4,

p. 0,1/ 3) (3,10 / 3

s. Domain of f x is R
Column-I

q. 2,1 2,

r. 4, 3 8,

A. x 4 log x log x 4 3
3

B. log

C. log 0.2

sin x 2

s. , 2 0,1 1,

2 cos x 2, 2 x 2

x2
1
x

D. log 2 x 5 6 x

D. log10

52.The number of integral solution of the equation,

INTEGER QUESTIONS
1

log 2
4

5 5 log 3 7 log

1 10 2 21
2
2

42.

811/log5 9 33/log 6 3

43.

409

44.
45.

4log x /

2/log25 7

125

log 25 6

Let 3a 4, 4b 5, 5c 6, 6d 7, 7 c 8 and
8 f 9 . The value of the product (abcdef) is
If a,b,c are positive real numbers such that

log3 7

27 : b

log7 11

46.

2
2
log3 72
log7 11
log11 25

b
c
a
equals to

The value of x satisfying the equation

47.

2x4

2 is

3x

x 8

x2

48.
49.

10 x 1

x2

3x

is

If log x log 4 log x 5 x 4 x

value of x is
The number of solutions of

0 then the

1 log2

logx 1log2 x

x
4

is
1
2
2
1
If the product of all solutions of the equation
3log log

50.

X
2

2009 x
2010

2009

log x 2010

in the lowest form as

can be expressed

m
then the value of
n

m n is
51.

a0 log a x a1 log a x

n 1

.... an 0

can be solved by letting t log a x. Now the

53.

equation reduces to a0t n a1t n 1 ..... an 0

The number of solutions of
3

log x 5 log x 5
54.

3log x 5 0 is
C.0
D.infinite

A.3
B.2
The solution set of
log 2 x 2 log 2 x log1/ 2 x 9 is
A. 4

55.

B. 8

C. 8,16 D.
2

The solution set of log 5 x log 5 x 5 / x 1

is
A. 1,5

B. 1,1/ 25

C. 1, 5,1/ 25

D. 1,5,1/ 25,1/125

KEY - LEVEL-A
SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

log2 2x2 log2 x.x

2x

Passage-1
The equation of the form

The number of solutions of the equation

2

4x

PASSAGES

49

and c log11 25 11 .
The middle digit in the value of

x 2 log x 3log x is
2

It is known that x 9 is a root of the equation

8ax
log x 2 15a 2 log a 2 log
.
a2
If m is the sum of other root(s) of this equation
then sum of digits of m is

1.C
5.B
9.B
13.C
17.B
21.A

2.C
6.C
10.C
14.C
18.C
22.C

3.D
7.B
11.C
15.C
19.A
23.B

4.D
8.C
12.D
16.A
20.D

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER

24.ABC 25.ABCD 26.ABC 27.CD
28.ABC 29.AD
30.B
31.BCD
32.AC
ASSERTION-REASONING QUESTIONS
33.C
34. D
35.B
MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS
36.A-qs, B-qs,C-p,D-qr
37.A-qrs, B-rs,C-pq,D-s

log 24 log 44 log 84 ................... log 24

38.A-q, B-r,C-p,D-s
39.A-q, B-p,C-s,D-r
40.A-p, B-pqr,C-s,D-qr
41.A-r, B-p,C-q,D-s

log 2 2 21 2 2..............2 n

INTEGER QUESTIONS
43.1
44.2
45.6
47.2
48.5
49.0
51.6
52.2
PASSAGE QUESTIONS
53.B
54.B
55.C
42.6
46.4
50.1

1 2 3 ....................n n n 1

2
4

5.

log

2
2

Given expression is
x
x
log cos log cos 2 ..........
2
2
x
x
log cos n log sin n log 2n log 2n
2
2

by adding and subtractiong log 2n

HINTS - LEVEL-A

log sin x log 2n

sin x
log n
2

SINGLE ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.

log 3a 2 3 a 2 a 3 2
3

log b 8 3 8 b b 2

Let log 2 7 be a rational number equal to

7.

We know that 32 20 33

log a b log 31/2 2 log 3 4

2.

log a log a

log a

log b . log c log a 0

loga loga.logb.logc 0
3

loga logb logc 3loga.logbloc

. 0
logalogblogc 0

3
2log33 log 20
3 3log 3

logabc log1
abc 1
3.

2 log 320 3
1
1
log 320
2
3

2
log 24 log 82 log16
.........

1
1
1
log 22 log 22 log 22 ..................
2
3
4

1 1 1
........................
2 3 4

8.

9.

1 1 1

1 1 ............
2 3 4

1 ln 2
1 1 1

ln 2 1 2 3 4 ...........

4.

From given expression we get

m
,
n
where m, n N and they do not have a common
factor. Then ,
m
log 2 7 7 2m / n 7 n 2m
n
Clearly, this is impossible , because 7 n is an odd
natural number and 2m is an natural number..
Hence, log 2 7 is an irrational number..

6.

10.

Let y 340
3
log10y 40log10
40 0.4771 4 4.771 19.084
Here cha=19 number of digits = 20
As x,y,z are in GP lnx, lny, lnz are in AP
1+lnx. 1+lny, 1+lnz are in AP
1
1
1
,
,
1 ln x 1 ln y 1 ln z are in HP

G.E x2 4 x log a2 0
All roots are real b 0

16 4 log 2 a 0

If t 8 2 x 8 x 3

4 log 2 a 0

18.

log 2 a 4

Put loga x P
2

11.

1
2log100 a loga
2log100 a loga 100 4
100

12.

log a (log b (log c xi )) 0

x2 48 216, x3 82 26, x4 28, x3 42 24, x6 24

14.

1 4
.
2 3
1

xi c b for i 1, 2,3, 4, 5, 6 po ssible

arrangement of (a,b,c) are (2,4,8), (2,8,4) ,
(4,2,8), (4,8,2),(8,2,4), therefore xi 84 212

13.

2
G.E p 1 p 2 p 0 6 p 11 p 4 0

a 24 a 1 / 16

If p

1
1
log a x x a 2
2
2

If p

1
4
loga x
xa3
3
3

19.

Let a 1 log1 x and b log 2 x and c 2

6

x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x6 = 21216 68 4 4

then given equation reduces to

= 250 N 50
By substuting x = -2, the given expression value
becomes -6
G.E

abc a b c a b c
(since c>0)
This equality take place when a,b,c all have same
sign, since c>0 therefore we must have a 0
and b 0 1 log 1 x 0 and log 2 x 0

log 3 x 1 x 2 1 log 3 x 1 log 3 x 1 2

x 1 x 2 1
2
log 3
x 1 x 1
log 3 x 1 2 x 10

15.

Given

equation

is

1
log 1 x 1 and x 20 x and x 1
6
6

possible

when

x 1 0,2 x 15 0

on simplification given equation becomes

20.

x 1 2 x 15 10
Which gives x = 5, x
16.
17.

1
x ,1
6
logy x logx y 2 x y
x, y 1

substitute the value y= x in the equation

x 2 20 y

23
possible solution is
2

x 2 x 20 0

x=5
By verification x = 4 satisfies given equation
Use 2b a c we get

x 5 x 4 0
x 5 x 4
y 5

7
2t
2
2
t 10t 25 2t 7

t 5

existing number of pairs.

21.

t 2 12t 32 0

2log0.1 x 2 log0.1 x 2

t 4 t 8 0

x 2 x 2
x 2 x 2 1 0
x 2 x 3 0

t 4 or 8

If t 4 2 x 4 x 2

2 x 3

22.

From the given inequality we get

xyz 1

4 5x 4 5x 4 4

26

either 5 x 4 4 or 5 x 4 4

either x 0 or x

23.

log 4 19 2
B) log 5 1/ 5 1 and log 5 1/ 25 2 so
log5 1/ 23 lies between -1 and -2

8
5

Given inequality
log 0.1 cos A 1 cos A

1
10

( logarithmic function is decreasing)

A cos 1

1
10

27.

sum

2
Given f x log10 3x 4 x 5 , here f x is

defined 3 x 2 4 x 5 0

log10 5 1 log10 10 log10 2 1

1

3log10 2
3log10 2
3

2 log10 2
2
product = 3log 2 3
10

Which is true for every x R

sum of coefficient = 2log10 2

Domain of f x is R

discriminant = 25 log10 2

also f is defined in 0,

28.

Put log2 x y

29.

x 2y , 2y
26
y 3 6 y 2 11 y 6 0
y 1, y 2, y 3
x 2, x 4, x 8
Given equations

To find range of f ;-

36 y211 y

Let f x y
y
log10 3x 2 4 x 5 y , 10

C) since sin1600 1
cos ec 1600 1
Hence number and base on same side of unity
Quadratic equation

3log10 2 x 2 log10 5 1 x 2 log10 2 0

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE ANSWER

24.

similarly we can prove the other results.

A) log 4 19 ( since log 4 16 2 hence

11
3

11
11
y log 10 log y log10
3
3

x x y y x y ....................(1)
x.y 1 y

11
Range of f x is log10 ,
3

25.
log x log y log z

bc c a ab
log x k b c
log y k c a
log z k a b

let
T xyz
log T log x log y log z

substituting the above values we get T=1

1
........(2)
x

Apply log on both sides

logx xylogy xy

x y log x x y log y ...............(3)

y

1
x

1
2

yx

1
2

1
log x ..............(4)
2
Solving (3) and (4)
We get solution of system of equations
log y

1
1

3
,
3

as 1,1 , 3
9

30.

2
Given inequality log 0.2 x 4 1

1
x ,x0
6
Case:1
x 1
6x 1 2x
4x 1

again x 2 4 0 x 2.........(2)
1

x 2 4 0.2 x 2 4 5
x2 9 0
x 3,3 x 3..............(1)

From (1) and (2) we get options B and D

1
4

3 x 2 4 x 5 10 y 0

2 3.10 y 11
x
3.10 y 11 0
6
31.

x 2 0 x ,0 0, ........(1)
2 x 3 1 x 1........................(2)

case: A: If 0 2 x 3 1
3
x 1 then....................(3)
2

log 2 x3 x 2 1 x 2 2 x 3 or
x 2 2 x 3 0i.e x 3 x 1 0

...........(4)

x , 1 3,

from (1) and (2) (3) (4)

3

x , 1
2

Case B: If 2 x 3 1

a x2 , b y2 , c z2

log 2 x3 x 2 1 x 2 2 x 3 or

8 loga x3 logb y3 logc z3

x 2 x 3 0 or x 3 x 1 0 ............(6)
x 1,3
x 1,0 0,3
3

x , 1 1, 0 0, 3
2

Discuss the cases 0 x 1 , x > 1 and removing

logarithems using definition.

log x 6 x 1 log x 2 x
6 x 1 0, 2 x 0

8 log x2 x3 log y2 y3 log z 2 z 3 = 27

From (1),(2),(5) and (6)

32.

ASSERTION-REASONING QUESTIONS
33. Statement-1

x 1.......................(5)

Hence

1 1 1
6 4

x 1
x 1,
Case:2
x 1
6x 1 2x
4x 1
1
x
4
By using number line
1 1
x ,
6 4
Options: A,C

log2x3 x2 1

i.e

34.

Statement-II
is false
Option C
Statement-I
is false

x lo g

1 x 2

x 3 does not satify

1/ 3

Statement-II
loga x

35.

a
x where x 0
For L.H.S

1
1
0 and
1
2 x
2 x

3 x log b a x 1 log b c

2 x 0 and 2 x 1

3x 3 4 x 1 9 x 4 4 x x 4/13
37.

For R.H.S

1 t
1
1 t
t 3 t 2 1 t 1 t t 3 t 2 2t 0
t 0,1, 2 x 1,5,1/ 25
4 3 1
2 1
b) 2 2 2 0 .
t
t t
t t
1
t 2 t 2 0 t 1, 2 x 5,
25
2t
42t
20t

0
c)
t 1 4 t t 2
t 0, t 2, t 1/ 2, x 1, 25,1/ 5
9
2
t 3 1 9
d) t t 1
t 1
t 2 x 1/ 25

MATRIX MATCHING QUESTIONS

36.
A) log10 10 2 x log100 x 2 log10 x
put log x t
t2 2 t t2 t 2 0
t 2 t 1 0

38.

I:- f x log10 x2
2

log10x 0 x 2 1 x 1 x 1 0

B) log 2 9 2 x 3 x

t 8 or t 1

log 5 x t
a)t 2

x0
Common domain is x 0
x 0 , L.H.S is negative
R.H.S is positive
No solution

2 3 x 9 2 x
8
9 2 x put 2 x t
2x
8 9t t 2 t 2 9t 8 0
t 8 t 1 0

ve

ve

II:

f x 2

log 2 x 1

1
C) log1/ 8 log1/ 4 log1/ 2
3

x 1

1
log1/ 4 log1/ 2 x ; log1/ 4 log1/ 2 x ;
2

f x is always positive

f x 0

1/ 3

ve

2 x 8 or 2 x 1
x 3 or x 0

1

8

x;

2
D) Given log b a 3, log b c 4
Given , .a 3 x x x 1

5 x is always positive is x R

t 2 or t 1
x 100 or x 1/10

1
1
log1/ 2 x; log1/ 2 x;
2
2
1

x 2 and x 1

1/ 2

1

4

x5

log 1 x 1
2 22

x5 0

x 5 0 x 2 3x 4 0

ve

ve

III:

II:- Sinx 2 2 cos x 3

ve

x 1 or x 4

1
2 2
sin x
cos x 1
3
3

f x 0 x 4,

Sin x 1 , Tan 2 2

f x 2 log 2 4 5 x

Sin x 1 x

f x 0
x

2 log 2 4 5 x 0 2 log 2 4 5x

3
2

3
tan 1 2 2
2

Tan 1 2 2,

4 5 x 22 4 5 x 4

Sinx 2 2 cos x 0

4 5 x 4 or 4 5 x 4

Sin x 0 , Tan 2 2
III:

8
5x 8 or 5x 0 x or x 0
5

8
,
5

, 0
IV:

x x 2 0,

f x log 1 x 2 6 x 12

2

If f x 0

x2
x2
x2
log 2
0,
0.2
1
x
x
x
x2 1

x
5

x x 2 0, x

5
2

log 1 x 2 6 x 12 0

2

x 2 6 x 12 1 x 2 6 x 11 0

Clearly this inequality holds x R

f x log 1 x 2 6 x 12

2

Clearly x 2 6 x 12 is always po sitive

39.

5
2

5
x ,
2

sin ce 0, a 0

Infinite number of solutions.

IV:-

Domain of f x is R.

log 2 x 5 6 x

I:- Put log3 x y

3

x5 2

6 x

3y 5 y 2 0
Clearly y 1, satisfies

y 1 3 y 2 2 y 2 0
Number of solutions = 3

x5

26
2x

x 5 2 x 26
x 3 satisfies the equation
Number of solutions = 1

40.

I: log1/ 2 x 2 3 0

0 x 2 1.2 x x 2 , 2 x 0

x2 3 0 x 3 x 2 3 1

x 2, 1 2, 1, 0 0,1

x2 4 0 x 2

D)

x 1
x 1
1 1
1
2x 1
2x 1
x 1
x 1

1 0 and
1 0
2x 1
2x 1
3x
x2

0 and
0
2x 1
2x 1
x , 2 0,1 1,

x 2, x 2

II: log 2 x 0 and x 0

x 1
1
III: t 2 and t 0
t

INTEGER QUESTIONS

log 2x 0 x 1

& x 0, x 1 x 0,1

IV:

42.

7 3 log2 10 2 21

log2 10 2 21 log2 10 2 21

1
log2 x2 1& log2 x2 0 & x2 0
2

log216 4

x 2 & x2 1 & x 0
2

log

9 log 5 33log
2

x 2, 2 & x 1 & x 0

43.

409

x 2, 1 1, 2

25 6 6
409

41.

x x
x x
A) log 6 x 4 1 x 4 6

x2 x

6 0
x4
x 3 x 8 0

x4
4 x 3, x 8

2 10

B) log 1 x x 1 0
3

25
10
0 x2 x 1 1
3
x 1/ 3 or 3 x
and 0 x 10 / 3
Thus 0 x 1/ 3or 3 x 10 / 3
C) log x 2 2 x log x 2 x 2
Thus, either
x 2 1, 2 x x 2 , 2 x 0 or

& 7log 25 53.2.log6 5 25 62 25 6 6

7

R.V=

44.

625 216
1
409

3a 4. a log 3 4; similarly

b log 4 5 etc.
hence
abcdef = 2
(log3 7)(log3 7)
45 T1 a
27 log3 7 33log3 7 343

log711log711 49log711 72log711 121

T2 b

1
log11 25
log11 25
log 25log1125

11
T3 c
112
5
11

sum =

T1 T 2 T 3 4 6 9

46. 62 x 4 33 x 2 x 8 62 x 64 27 x 2 x 28

x4
47.

x2

10 x 2 1

x2

3x

10 x 2 1 3 x or x 2 0

x 5a x 3a 0

10 x 2 3 x 1 0 5 x 1 2 x 1

48.

1
1
, x
5
2

9
x 9 satisfies (1) hence a 5 or a 3

or x 2 0 x 2

We have, log x log4 log x 5 x 4 x

log 4 log x 5 x 2 4 x 3 x 0
log x 5 x 2 4 x 3 41

52.

2
3
4 log 2 x 2 log 2 x 3log 2 x

log 2 x / 2 log 2 4 x
log 2 2 x

x 2 x 5 x 1 0

x 5
49.

x 0 and x 0

1
4. log 2 x 4 log x
9 log 2 x
2
2

log 2 x 1
2 log 2 x 1 log 2 x

y 3 3 y 2 3 y 1 1 where y log 2 x
y y 2 3 y 3 0

50.

y 0 or y 2 3 y 3 0
x 1 (rejected);
y 2 3 y 3 has complex roots.
Hence there is no value of x satisfying given
equation.
2009 x 2009 log x 2010

2010
taking log on both the sides on base x

let log 2 x t

logx 2009 1logx 2010 logx 2010 .logx 2009

hence t 0, t 2, t 3 ,
x 1, x 4 ,
x 1/ 8 (rejected x is not integral value)

2t
4t
9t

( hence either t= 0)
t 1 t 2 t 1
2
4
9

or
t 1 t 2 t 1
6t 2 6t 9t 2 9t 18
t 3 t 2 0

logx 2009 1 logx 2010 1 logx 2010 0

1 log x 2009 1 log x 2010 0
1
2010
x
or x 2010, product
2009
2009
m n 1

51.

9
is not possible a 3
5
substituting a= 3 in (2)
x 2 24 x 225 0
x 9 or x 15
other root is x= 15
The given equation can be written as

but a

x 2 x2 4 x 5 0

x
x
or a
5
3

x 2 15a 2
8ax
log
log
..............(1)
a2
a2
x 2 15a 2 8ax
or x 2 8ax 15a 2 0 .................(2)

t 2

0
t 1
t 1 log x 1
xe
But x >0 x 0, e
PASSAGE
53

x 0 , x 1 . Put log x 5 t to obtain

t 3 t 2 6t 0
t t 2 t 6 0
t t 3 t 2 0

 t 0, 3, 2

54
55

5 x 0 , x 3 , x 2
But 5 x 0 is not possible.
2t 2t t 9 where t log 2 x
t 3 or x 8
Put log 5 x t
1 t
1 t 2 t3 1 t 1 t
1 t
3
t t 2 2t 0
t t 1 t 2 0

t2

x 1,5,1/ 25