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Article history:
Received 8 May 2014
Received in revised form
25 July 2014
Accepted 29 July 2014
Available online xxx
In this paper, inuence of an external magnetic eld on ferrouid ow and heat transfer in a semi
annulus enclosure with sinusoidal hot wall is investigated. The governing equations which are derived by
considering the both effects of FHD (Ferrohydrodynamic) and MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic) are solved
via CVFEM (Control Volume based Finite Element Method). The effects of Rayleigh number, nanoparticle
volume fraction, Magnetic number arising from FHD and Hartmann number arising from MHD on the
ow and heat transfer characteristics have been examined. Results show that Nusselt number increases
with augment of Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction but it decreases with increase of
Hartmann number. Magnetic number has different effect on Nusselt number corresponding to Rayleigh
number. Also it can be found that for low Rayleigh number, enhancement in heat transfer is an increasing
function of Hartmann number and decreasing function of Magnetic number while opposite trend is
observed for high Rayleigh number.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
CVFEM (Control Volume based Finite
Element Method)
Joule heating
Ferrouid
FHD (Ferrohydrodynamic)
MHD (Magnetohydrodynamic)
Free convection
1. Introduction
The CVFEM (Control Volume based Finite Element Method) uses
the benets of both nite volume and nite element methods for
simulation of multi-physics problems in complex geometries [1]
and [2]. Sheikholeslami et al. [3] studied the problem of free convection between a circular enclosure and a sinusoidal cylinder.
They concluded that streamlines, isotherms, the number, size and
formation of the cells inside the enclosure strongly depend on the
Rayleigh number, values of amplitude and the number of undulations of the enclosure. Sheikholeslami et al. [4] used heatline
analysis to simulate two phase nanouid ow and heat transfer.
Their results indicated that the average Nusselt number decreases
as buoyancy ratio number increases until it reaches a minimum
value and then starts increasing. MHD (magnetohydrodynamic)
effect on natural convection heat transfer in an enclosure lled with
nanouid was studied by Sheikholeslami et al. [5]. Their results
indicated that Nusselt number is an increasing function of buoyancy ratio number but it is a decreasing function of Lewis number
and Hartmann number. Sheikholeslami et al. [6] used CVFEM to
simulate the effect of magnetic eld on free convection in an inclined half-annulus enclosure lled with Cuewater nanouid. Their
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: 98 911 3968030.
E-mail addresses: m.sheikholeslami1367@gmail.com, mohsen.sheikholeslami@
yahoo.com (M. Sheikholeslami).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
0360-5442/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
Nomenclature
X,Y
A
B
Cp
Ec
En
Grf
!
g
Hx,Hy
H
Ha
k
K0
Ls
Greek symbols
z
angle measured from the lower right plane
a
thermal diffusivity
f
volume fraction
g
magnetic eld strength at the source
1
temperature number(T1/DT)
2
Curie temperature number Tc0 =DT
s
electrical conductivity
m
dynamic viscosity
m0
magnetic permeability of vacuum(4p107 Tm/A)
y
kinematic viscosity
j&J
stream function & dimensionless stream function
Q
dimensionless temperature
r
uid density
b
thermal expansion coefcient
u, U
vorticity & dimensionless vorticity
MnF
M
Nu
Pr
r
Ra
T
Tc0
u,v
U,V
x,y
amplitude
magnetic induction (m0H)
specic heat at constant pressure
Eckert number ((mfaf)/[(rCP)fDTL2])
heat transfer enhancement
Grashof number gbf DTrout rin 3 =y2f
gravitational acceleration vector
components of the magnetic eld intensity
the magnetic eld strength q
Hartmann number m0 H0 L sf =mf
thermal conductivity
constant parameter
gap between inner and outer boundary of the
enclosure L rout rin
0
Magnetic number arising from FHD (m0H20K (Th Tc)
2
L /(mfaf))
magnetization K 0 HTc0 T
Nusselt number
Prandtl number(yf/af)
non-dimensional radial distance
Rayleigh number (gbfDT(rout rin)3/afyf)
uid temperature
Curie temperature
velocity components in the x-direction and y-direction
dimensionless velocity components in the X-direction
and Y-direction
space coordinates
Subscripts
c
cold
h
hot
ave
average
loc
local
nf
nanouid
f
base uid
s
solid particles
in
inner
out
outer
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
Fig. 1. (a)Geometry and the boundary conditions; (b) the mesh of enclosure considered in this work; (c) A sample triangular element and its corresponding control volume.
thermodynamics applied to an electrically conducting incompressible nanouid uid owing over a porous rotating disk. They
concluded that using magnetic rotating disk drives has important
applications in heat transfer enhancement in renewable energy
systems. Sheikholeslami et al. [53] studied the magnetic eld effect
on CuOewater nanouid ow and heat transfer in an enclosure
which is heated from below. They showed that effect of Hartmann
number and heat source length is more pronounced at high Rayleigh number. Sheikholeslami et al. [54] studied the problem of
MHD free convection in an eccentric semi-annulus lled with
nanouid. They showed that Nusselt number decreases with increase of position of inner cylinder at high Rayleigh number. Lattice
Boltzmann Method was used to investigate magnetohydrodynamic
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
Fig. 2. Contours of the (a) magnetic eld strength H; (b) magnetic eld intensity component in x direction Hx; (c) magnetic eld intensity component in y direction Hy.
r rin A cosNz
(1)
in which rin is the base circle radius, rout is the radius of outer
cylinder, A and N are amplitude and number of undulations,
respectively, z is the rotation angle. In this study A and N equal to
0.2 and 4, respectively. For the expression of the magnetic eld
strength it can be considered that the magnetic source represents
a magnetic wire placed vertically to the xey plane at the
pointa; b. The components of the magnetic eld intensity
(Hx ; Hy ) and the magnetic eld strength (H) can be considered as
[62]:
g
Hx
2p
2
x a y b
2
g
Hy
2p
yb
2 x a
x a y b
vu vv
0
vx vy
rnf
(5)
!
vu
vu
vp
v2 u v2 u
vH
v
mnf
snf B2y u
u
m0 M
vx
vy
vx
vx
vx2 vy2
snf Bx By v
(6)
(2)
!
vv
vv
vp
v2 v v2 v
vH
mnf
snf B2x v
m0 M
rnf u v
vx
vy
vy
vy
vx2 vy2
snf Bx By u rnf bnf gT Tc
(3)
r
H
Hx Hy
g
1
r
2
2p
2
x a y b
(7)
(4)
where g the magnetic eld strength at the source (of the wire) and
a; b is the position where the source is located. The contours of the
Table 1
Thermo physical properties of water and nanoparticles [65].
4179
670
0.613
6
21
1.3
e
47
0.05
25,000
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
!
2
vT
vT
v2 T v2 T
knf
2 snf uBy vBx
rCp nf u v
2
vx
vy
vx
vy
!
vM
vH
vH
m0 T
u
v
vT
vx
vy
(
)
2
2
vu
vv
vu vv 2
mnf 2
vx
vy
vy vx
Table 3
Comparison of the present results with previous works for different Rayleigh
numbers when Pr 0.7.
Ra
Present
103
104
105
1.1432
2.2749
4.5199
1.118
2.245
4.522
1.118
2.243
4.519
(8)
termsm0 M vH
vx
m0 M vH
vy
The
and
in (6) and (7), respectively, represent the components of magnetic force, per unit volume, and
depend on the existence of the magnetic gradient on the corresponding x and y directions. These two terms are well known from
FHD which is the so-called the Kelvin force. The
termssnf B2y u snf Bx By v andsnf B2x v snf Bx By u appearing in (6)
and (7), respectively, represent the Lorentz force per unit volume
towards the x and y directions and arise due to the electrical conductivity of the uid. These two terms are known in MHD. The
principles of MHD and FHD are combined in the mathematical
model presented in Ref. [62] and the above mentioned terms arise
together in the governing Eqs. (6) and (7). The term
vH
vH
m0 T vM
vT u vx v vy in Eq. (8) represents the thermal power per unit
volume due to the magneto caloric effect. Also the term
snf(uBy vBx)2 in (8) represents the Joule heating. For the variation
of the magnetization M, with the magnetic eld intensity H and
temperature T, the following relation derived in Ref. [62] is
considered:
mf
1 f2:5
(14)
ks 2kf 2f kf ks
knf
kf
ks 2kf f kf ks
(15)
and the effective electrical conductivity of nanouid was presented by Maxwell [64] as below:
snf
1
sf
!
ss
3
1 f
sf
!
!
ss
ss
2
1 f
sf
sf
(16)
(9)
rnf rf
mnf
M K 0 H Tc0 T
1 f rs f
(10)
rCp nf rCp f 1 f rCp s f
a
b
x
y
T Tc
uL
vL
a ;b ;X ;Y ;Q
;U ;V ;
L
L
L
L
af
af
Th Tc
H
Hy
H
Hx
p
; Hx
; Hy
; P . 2
H0
H0
H0
rf af L
(17)
g
where in Eq. (17) H0 Ha; 0 2pjbj
and L rout rin. Using the
dimensionless parameters, the equations now become:
(11)
k
anf nf
rCp nf
(12)
bnf bf 1 f bs f
(13)
Table 2
Comparison of the average Nusselt number Nuave along hot wall for different grid
resolution at Ra 105, f 0.04, MnF 500, Ha 5, Ec 105, 1 0 and Pr 6.8.
41 121
51 151
61 181
71 211
81 241
91 271
101 301
5.394706
5.460063
5.486711
5.495555
5.496007
5.492356
5.486761
Fig. 3. Comparison of average Nusselt number between the present results and numerical results by Khanafer et al. [63] Gr 104, f 0.1 and Pr 6.8(Cu Water).
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
Table 4
Average Nusselt number versus at different Grashof number under various strengths
of the magnetic eld at Pr 0.733.
Ha
0
10
50
100
Gr 2 104
Gr 2 105
Present
Present
2.5665
2.26626
1.09954
1.02218
2.5188
2.2234
1.0856
1.011
5.093205
4.9047
2.67911
1.46048
4.9198
4.8053
2.8442
1.4317
vU vV
0
vX vY
(18)
" . #
!
mnf mf
vU
vU
vP
v2 U v2 U
.
V
Pr
U
vX
vY
vX
vX 2 vY 2
rnf rf
!
rf
vH
2 1 QH
MnF Pr
vX
rnf
" . #
snf sf
.
Hy2 U Hx Hy V
Ha2 Pr
rnf rf
3
knf
!
7 2
2
vQ
vQ 6
6 kf 7 v Q v Q
U
V
6
7
vX
vY 4rCP nf 5 vX 2 vY 2
rCP f
2
3
snf
6 s
7
2
f
6
7
Ha2 Ec6
7 UHy VHx
4rCP nf 5
rCP f
rCP f
vH
vH
V
H1 Q
U
MnF Ec
vX
vY
rCP nf
2
3
mnf
(
)
2
6 m
7 vU 2
vV
vU vV 2
f
6
7
Ec6
2
7 2
4rCP nf 5
vX
vY
vY vX
rCP f
(21)
(19)
whereRaf gbf L3 Th Tc =af yf ; Prf yf =af ; Ha Lm0 H0
T1 =DT; 2 Tc0 =DT; Ec mf af =rCP f DTL2
"
#
!
mnf mf
vV
vV
vP
v2 V v2 V
.
V
Pr
vX
vY
vX
vX 2 vY 2
rnf rf
!
rf
vH
MnF Pr
2 1 QH
vY
rnf
" . #
" #
snf sf
b
.
Hx2 V Hx Hy U RaPr nf Q
Ha2 Pr
bf
rnf rf
(20)
and
q
sf =mf ; 1
MnF m0 H02 K 0
Th Tc L2 =mf af are the Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, Hartmann number arising from MHD, temperature number, curie
temperature number, Eckert number and Magnetic number arising
from FHD the for the base uid, respectively. The thermo physical
properties of the nanouid are given in Table 1 [65].
The stream function and vorticity are dened as:
vj
vj
vv vu
;v ;u
vy
vx
vx vy
uL2
j
;J
af
af
(22)
Fig. 4. Comparison of the isotherm and streamlines between nanouid (f 0.04) () and pure uid (f 0) (ee) when MnF 500, Ha 5 and Pr 6.8.
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
(23)
Nuloc
knf
kf
vQ
vr
(24)
Nuave
1
p
Zp
Nuloc zdz
(25)
En
(26)
Fig. 5. Isotherms (up) and streamlines (down) contours for different values of Hartmann number and Magnetic number when Ra 103, f 0.04, Pr 6.8.
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
creates a close polygonal control volume (see Fig. 1(b) and (c)). The
set of governing equations is integrated over the Control Volume
with the use of linear interpolation inside the nite element and
the obtained algebretic equations are solved by the Gauss-Seidel
Method. A FORTRAN code is developed to solve the present problem using a structured mesh of linear triangular. The details of this
method are mentioned in Ref. [3].
maxgrid
Gn1 Gn
107
(27)
Fig. 6. Isotherms (up) and streamlines (down) contours for different values of Hartmann number and Magnetic number when Ra 104, f 0.04, Pr 6.8.
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
Fig. 7. Isotherms (up) and streamlines (down) contours for different values of Hartmann number and Magnetic number when Ra 105, f 0.04, Pr 6.8.
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
10
Fig. 8. Effects of Magnetic number, Hartmann number and Rayleigh number on local Nusselt number Nuloc along hot wall when f 0.04.
Table 5
Effects of Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and Magnetic number on average
Nusselt number when f 0.04.
Ra
3
10
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
MnF
Ha
Nuave
0
0
500
500
0
0
500
500
0
0
500
500
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0.984445
0.899518
1.478063
0.999565
2.135067
1.702675
2.365715
1.926001
5.926064
5.490067
5.843355
5.495555
Table 6
Effects of Rayleigh number, Hartmann number and Magnetic number on heat
transfer enhancement.
Ra
MnF
Ha
En
103
103
103
103
104
104
104
104
105
105
105
105
0
0
500
500
0
0
500
500
0
0
500
500
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
0
5
7.461432
8.552658
4.123763
2.677329
7.135186
5.86332
6.471199
4.675113
11.38515
11.32785
11.60219
10.95681
Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089
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Please cite this article in press as: Sheikholeslami M, Ganji DD, Ferrohydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic effects on ferrouid ow and
convective heat transfer, Energy (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.07.089