Nisa Pro Section

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iii
Table of Contents
Preface - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vi
Version 15.0 New Features - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - viii
1. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.1
2. Problem Statement and Solution Technique - - - 2.1
3. Section Types and Design Variables - - - - - - - - - 3.1
4. Design Variable Linking - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4.1
5. Constraints - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 5.1
5.1 Section-Property-Constraints - - - - - - - - - - - - -5.1
5.2 Additional-constraints - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5.2
5.3 Equality-Constraints - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5.5
5.4 Constraint numbering - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -5.6
6. Node and Member Numbering - - - - - - - - - - - - - 6.1
6.1 Rules for Numbering Nodes and/or Members - -6.1
6.2 Accuracy of Section-Property Computations
for Thin Walled Sections (NTYPE = 1) - - - - - - - - -6.5
7. Major Options - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7.1
7.1 Section-Properties only or Optimization: - - - - -7.1
7.2 Wall Thicknesses alone as Design Variables: - -7.1
7.3 Input either member lengths and orientations or
nodal coordinates: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -7.2
8. Description of Files - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.1
8.1 Problem Output File - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -8.3
iv
8.2 NISA *RCTABLE Input File - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.4

8.3 Section-Plot Input File - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.5
8.4 Summary File - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.5
8.5 Section Geometry Input Data File - - - - - - - - - 8.5
8.6 Problem Input Data File - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.6
9. Description of Difficult Input Parameters - - - - - 9.1
9.1 ALPHA (I) : Member Orientation - - - - - - - - - 9.1
9.2 NTCL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.1
9.3 NICL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.1
9.4 INE(I) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.2
9.5 IFE(I) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.2
9.6 NTC(I, 1) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.3
9.7 NTC(I, 2) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.3
9.8 NTC(I, 3) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.3
9.9 NTC(I, 4) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.3
9.10 NSETS - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.5
9.11 NTL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.5
9.12 NLL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.5
9.13 MNLT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.5
9.14 MNLL - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.6
9.15 ZSCALE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9.7
10. SECOPT Application - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.1
10.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.1
10.2 Interactive Terminal Session - - - - - - - - - - - 10.3
10.3 Example Problems - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.4
10.3.1
10.3.2
10.3.3
10.3.4
10.3.5
10.3.6
Problem 1 : Angle Section - - - - - - - - - - - - -10.4

Problem 2 : Angle Section - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.28
Problem 3 : Box Section - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.38
Problem 4 : Rectangular Section - - - - - - - - 10.51
Problem 5 : Elliptical Section - - - - - - - - - - 10.60
Problem 6 : Regular Hexagonal Section - - - 10.77
10.3.7 Problem 7 : Three-Cell-Section - - - - - - - - 10.88

10.3.8 Problem 8 : I-Section - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10.103
10.3.9 Problem 9 : Rear Seat Reinforcement - - - 10.120
10.3.10 Problem 10 : Multiple Cellular Section - 10.136
vi
vii
Preface
You have with you the latest version of NISA - A standard in Finite Element
Analysis. NISA is one of the few, commercially available, proven and robust
Finite Element Analysis software that has enjoyed a long-standing presence in
the arena of engineering analysis and design. Today it is the result of more than
three decades of innovation and dedication of highly skilled scientists, technology architects and software engineers. As a result, generations of scientists,
engineers and researchers have come to depend on NISA to solve their most
complex engineering problems.
NISA which has a heritage of more than 30 years, changed hands from EMRC,
to Cranes Software, Inc. in July of 2005. Cranes Software, Inc is a wholly
owned subsidiary of Cranes Software International Limited - a global software
products and solutions provider. With this change comes an induction of fresh
talent and resources which is poised to take NISA to a new level in the world of
FEA. NISA Version 15.0 is the achievement of a great development team
which has worked rigorously for the past year in accordance to the best in breed
software development life cycle management practices. As manuals are very
important to us, a lot of thought has gone into the design and content of the
manuals. These have been totally revamped as per the new features and look of
the product. New additions to the various modules have been consolidated and
presented in an integrated manner.
The NISA Shell is now more appropriately called Application Launcher. The
new application launcher makes selecting modules, input/ output files, analysis
type and various CAD/FEA translators a simple task. Significant updates and
error correction have been made to individual modules of the NISA suite of
programs.
vii
Version 15.0 New Features
NISA II: Improved iterative and sparse matrix equation solvers; end release for
pipe and elbow element; General spring element (NKTP=38) upgraded to a
general spring and damper element; facility to input user element stiffness,
mass, and damping matrices; rigid link forces output for linear transient
dynamic analysis; ability to post process larger problems involving multiple
load cases.
ADVANCED DYNAMICS: Multiple Support Excitation, for shock spectrum
analysis to handle non-uniform support excitations. This feature also includes
seven modal summation rules namely ABS, SRSS, CQC, Grouping Method,
Ten percent Method, Double Sum Method, and with & without Missing Mass;
Centroidal Stresses, Stress Resultants at Element Centroid and Base Shear
computation for Shock Spectrum Analysis.
DYSPAN: Spectrum compatible Power Spectral Density generation.
ENDURE: Improved functionality of features in Shell; expansion of crack
propagation configurations; Automatic identification of EDI path; Automatic
mesh generation for plate, pipe, and elbow with different types of cracks; and
fatigue initiation theory based on the MANSON approach.
DISPLAY III: Pre & post processing support new features of NISA modules.
In addition to this, general features are: Viewing the input function such as time
amplitude, spectra etc. as a graph; Realistic plot for 3-D General Beam, 3-D
Straight pipe, 3-D Elbow elements (NKTP=48); Automatic selection of Master
and Slave node for Rigid links; Post processing of Non-linear Beam element
(NKTP 39) stresses; Post processing of 3-D beam results such as - filtering of
the results and report generation, reporting maximum stresses and ASME ratios
at critical points across section; Option to plot the XY points in the graph with-
viii
out the connecting lines; Area under the curve with respect to X-Axis; History
plot for nonlinear results for external results; Reading/ Writing of Multiple
External results for linear and nonlinear static analyses; Viewing results for
complete model using Symmetry for external results; Variation of stress triaxiality along a line of nodes; Crack mouth opening displacement graph; Crack
opening area calculation; facility to integrate fluid quantities such as pressure,
temperature on surface.
DISPLAY IV: Pre & post processing support new features of NISA modules.
Key additional features in DISPLAY IV are: Enhancement of Dialog boxes,
accelerator keys. XP style file open dialog; enhancement of Entity-Status view
in the workspace to facilitate the deletion of a single entity or the entire group
using mouse right click or by using Delete key on the keyboard; a wizard that
helps navigate analysis data.
Up-gradation of translators such as SAT2NEU translator to support ACIS R16
geometry kernel; Solid Works translator S/W 2007; geometric import from
IGES 5.3 version.
EMAG: 3D-Magnetodynamic analysis (harmonics) and 3D Transient Magnetic analysis capabilities using magnetic vector potential and electric scalar
potential (with and without massive conductors).
NISA/HEAT3 and 3DFLUID: Heat Flux computation and Printing of Heat
Balance Sheet, Sparse Matrix Equation Solver has been implemented; printing
of Local Reynolds and Peclet numbers.
NISA/CIVIL: Revised code of practice conforming to ACI 318 -2005, BS
8110-1997, BS 5950-1:2000 and LRFD 2002 for concrete and steel designs,
Module to design pipes conforming to ASME-NB, NC & ND codes is now part
of NISA/CIVIL. More emphasis is given to produce good structural design
drawings of RCC slabs, Beams, Columns, Footings, & structural steel drawings, Inclusion of concrete and steel quantities in structural drawings, customized design report generation in ASCII, MS-Word and MS-Excel formats,
stress resultants, contours for shell elements, reinforcement contouring for shell
elements, combined isolated footings for expansion joint columns, improved
realistic plots, standard animation feature for all Stress Resultants and Eigen
Modes, animation of Color Contours.
ix
Chapter
1
Introduction
SECOPT is a program developed especially to help designers of automobile, bus

body, air craft and other structures where non-standard geometrical shapes of
beam sections are encountered. In a conventional mode of beam-design; beamstructure is analyzed for initially assumed sectional dimensions, and based on
same limiting values on stresses and displacements, minimum admissible values
for sectional propenies (such as section moduli, torsional constant etc.) are found.
The next step is to suitably modify sectional dimensions so that the sections would
have properties that satisfy the predetermined minimum admissible values. At this
point in design process, the designer consults tables on section properties and
selects a suitable section. However, for non-standard sections, such tables are not
available. The designer is usually interested in minimum sectional areas since that
would minimize the weight of the beam-structure. SECOPT integrates
optimization of beam-section with automatic calculations and satisfaction of
constraints on section properties. It Is also possible to impose several other
constraints required by codes like AISC or those necessitated by some practical
and manufacturability considerations. Several useful features and capabilities
offered by SECOPT make it a very artractive package for beam-structure
designers. These features are:
Input may be through an interactive user friendly terminal session or

througha data file.
Extensive checking of the input with unambiguous messages.
Any shape of section including multi-cellular can be optimized.
1-1
Wide range of section properties computed by the program is available for

constraint' specification.
Starting design of a beam section need not be necessarily feasible.
Design variables are explicit dimensions (side lengths War thicknesses) of

a section.
Any set of design variables can be held fixed during the process of
optimization.
Wall thicknesses (gages) alone can be treated as design variables for thin
walled sections.
Design variables can be easily linked.
Section properties or real constants of optimum section are generated to

provide input to finite element analysis program NISA II.
For complicated sections involving a large number of nodes, the section

drawing may be digitized and nodal coordinates input either interactively
or througha data file.
A quick verification of the section properties of an initial section can be

done before optimization run.
Colored, scaled and superposed plot of initial and optimum sections with
centroids, shear center locations and orientations of principal axes can be
obtained.
Program is highly efficient. Almost any section can be optimized in less

than a minute on an ELXSI-6400 system.
1-2
Chapter
2
Problem Statement and Solution Technique
SECOPT finds dimensions of a beam section of any specified shape that minimize
its area of cross section subject to constraints on section properties and other
related constraints. Mathematically the problem is defined as follows:
n
Find a design variable vector X, X R that minimizes the cost function

F(X) = Area of Cross Section.
and satisfies the constraints:
Ui Gi
( X ) Li
i = 1, 2m,
ui
Xi li
i = 1, 2, n,
where
Gi ( X )
User specified constraints
U i ,L i
User specified upper and lower bounds on constraints
u i ,l i
User specified upper and lower bounds on design variables
2-1
The program uses Generalized Reduced Gradient Method (1) to solve the
optimization problem. The design variable vector comprises of independent
variables and non-negative slack (dependent) variables resulting from reducing the
inequality constraints to equalities. Initial design, if infeasible, is made feasible by
scaling the design variable vector. Design variables are updated iteratively to
obtain a set of feasible designs. Search direction based on Fletcher-Reeves or
Gradient step is followed by line search. The algorithm identifies a local minimum
when the square of the Enclidean norm of the projected reduced gradient is nearly
zero. The algorithm converges to optimum solution in a matter of few seconds
since the problem involves no structural analysis. If optimum solution is not found,
the program always provides a set of feasible points for which the cast function is
monotonically decreasing. Other optimization algorithm based on Cost Bounding
Logic (2) is being incorporated into SECOPT.
2-2
Chapter
3
Section Types and Design Variables
Four types of beam sections are included in the program. They are:
1.
Thin walled section,
2.
Solid section with straight boundaries,
3.
Solid elliptical section, and
4.
Solid rectangular section
These section-types are believed to encompass a large variety of sections.

Practically, any section may be idealized within the tolerance of acceptable
engineering accuracy to fall under one of the four types. A Thin Walled section
(NTYPE = 1) may be a continually connected or a disjointed one. It may be an
open or a closed section with one or more cells. The second type of section covers
any solid section with straight boundaries. The shape of the section may be
regular or irregular. The Solid Rectangular Section is a special case of the second
type of section. The Solid Elliptical section can also be used to define circular
section. A section with curved boundaries can be idealized by a number of short
straight line segments. Each section-type is associated with a fixed number of
design variables (NDV) and they are numbered in a fixed sequence. Table 3.1
shows section-types and associated design variables, (X).
3-1
Table 3.1
NTYPE
SECTION-TYPE
NUMBER
OF DESIGN
VARIBLES
(NDV)
NUMBERING OF
DESIGN VARIABLES
X(1)
= t1
X(2)
= t2
:
Twice the
number of
members
2*NM
X(NM)
= tNM
X(BM+
1)
= L1
X(NM+
2)
= L2
:
:
Thin walled section
Number of
sides or members.
NM
X(2*N
M)
= LNM
X(1)
= L1
X(2)
= L2
X(NM)
Solid section with straight

boundaries
3-2
= LNM
Section Types and Design Variables
NTYPE
NUMBER
OF DESIGN
VARIBLES
(NDV)
SECTION-TYPE
NUMBERING OF
DESIGN VARIABLES
X(1)
= H
X(2)
= B
X(1)
= H
X(2)
= B
Solid elliptic section
Solid rectangular section

Note that t and L stand for thickness and lengths of members respectively.
3-3
3-4
Chapter
4
Design Variable Linking
In an optimization algorithm design variables are changed continually to attain

optimum design. In SECOPT, the design variables are the dimensions of the beam
cross-section. Many a times from practical considerations one wants certain
dimensions of the section to have the same values. For an I-section, one may want
the widths of the top and bottom flanges to be the same or the thickness for the
two flanges to be the same. If such equality of two or more dimensions is to be
specified, the user can link the design variables. Consider. for example, the
Trapezoidal box section shown below. If one wants thickness of all the members
of the box to be the same then design variable linking can be used and the total
number of design variables (N) can be reduced from 8 to 5.
For no-linking of Design Variables, the design variables are numbered as:
4-1
X(1) = t1, X(2) = t2, X(3) = t3, X(4) = t4

X(5) = L1, X(6) = L2, X(7) = L3, X(8) = L4 and N = 8
With the linking of the design variables, the design variables are numbered as:
X(1) = t1 = t2 = t3 = t4
X(2) = L1, X(3) = L2, X(4) = L3, X(5) =L4 and N = 5
It is important to note that linking of the design variables reduces the dimension of
the problem and its use is strongly recommended wherever necessary. It should
also be noted that with the linking, the design variables get renumbered. SECOPT
users should know about the renumbering of design variables to be able to input
appropriate values for the starting design as well as the upper and lower bounds on
design variables.
4-2
Chapter
5
Constraints
5.1
Section-Property-Constraints
Constraints, Gi(x) defined in section 2, are primarily on section properties.
Calculation of section properties is usually based on discretising a given cross
section into a finite number of area elements connected by nodes. Numerical
integration can then be performed to obtain basic and advanced section properties.
SECOPT uses the numerical methods developed in references (3) and (4). These
methods facilitate computation of advanced section properties involving
determination of indeterminate shear flows for multicellular sections. The
program computes and allows the user to impose constraints on any number of the
following 21 section properties.
1.
Area of cross-section
2.
Moment of inertia about centroidal Y-axis
3.
Moment of inertia about centroidal Z-axis
4.
Product of inertia about centroidal Y, Z-axes
5.
Principal axes orientation with respect to Y, Z axes. Counter-clockwise

is taken positive.
6.
Moment of inertia about centroidal principal axis-1
7.
Moment of inertia about centroidal principal axis-2
8.
Section modulus about centroidal Y-axis
5-1
Additional-constraints
5.2
9.
Section modulus about centroidal Z-axis
10.
Y-coordinate of centroid
11.
Z-coordinate of centroid
12.
Warping constant
13.
Torsional constant
14.
Y-eccentricity of shear center from centroid
15.
Z-eccentricity of shear center from centroid
16.
Depth in Y-direction of the section
17.
Width in Z-direction of the section
18.
Section modulus about centroidal principal axis-1
19.
Section modulus about centroidal principal axis-2
20.
Plastic section modulus about Z-axis
21.
Plastic section modulus about Y-axis
Constraints, Gi(x) defined in section 2 may include some additional-constraints
besides the section-property-constraints discussed in section 5.1. These additionalconstraints may be necessary to satisfy some code requirements or some relation
between design variables. A large number of such constraints can be expressed in
the following Standard-Form.
C
NT
C
i
i =1
eij
Xij
j=1
5-2
Constraints
where:
NT
Number of terms for a constraint expression
NCi
Number of X-components for the ith term
Ci
ith coefficient
Xij
jth X-component of the ith term
eij
jth X-exponent of the ith term
The expanded Standard-Form is as follows

e 1NC
e NTNC
e 11 e 12
e 2NC
e 21 e 22
e NT1 e NT2
NT
C 1 X 11 X 12 X 1NC 1 + C 1 X X X 2 + + C NT X
X
X
21
22
2NC
NT1
NT2
NTNC NT
1
2
A large number of usually occurring constraint expressions can be easily put in the
Standard-Form. SECOPT treats values of Ci, Xij, and eij as the constants of the
constraints. These constants have to be input by the user in a proper sequence. User
is advised to write constraint expressions in Standard-Form so as to simplify the
input (NT, NCi (i = 1, NT), constants) for Additional-Constraints. The proper
sequence for giving constants is defined below.
C 1 , X 11 , e 11 , X 12 , e 12 , X 1NC1 , e 1NC1 , C 2 , X 21 , e 21 ,
Table 5.2.1 shows Standard-Forms for three constraint-expressions and the
necessary SECOPT input for them.
5-3
Table 5.2.1
Constraint
No.
Constraint
Expression
6.2 * X(2) - 4 * X(3)
X(4)/X(2) - 2.0
3.2 + X2(9) + X(9) * X(1)
Standard
Form
(6.2) * X1(2) + (-4) *

X1(3)
(1.) * X1(4) * X-1(2) +

(-2.)
(3.2) + (1.) * X2(9) +

(1.) * X1(9) * X1(1)
NT
NCi (i = 1,
NT)
1, 1
2, 0
0, 1, 2
Constants
6.2, 2, 1, -4, 3, 1
1, 4, 1, 2, -1, -2
3.2, 1., 9, 2, 1., 9, 1, 1, 1
5-4
Constraints
5.3
Equality-Constraints
All constraints in SECOPT are Inequality constraints with suitable limiting values
on their upper and lower bounds. However, it is possible to include Equality
constraints approximately by specifying a narrow band of constraint-feasibility
near zero. The band width near zero can be specified by suitable positive and
negative small numbers as upper and lower bounds respectively. As an example,
the Equality constraint:
X(1) - X(5)/2 = 0
can be approximately stated as a Pseuo-Inequality constraint in the form
0.01 X ( 1 ) X ( 5 ) 2 0.01
5-5
Constraint numbering
5.4
Constraint numbering
All Constraints can be grouped under two categories
1.
Section-property-constraints, and
2.
Additional-Constraints
The user is required to input upper and lower bounds for all the constraints.
Constraints should be numbered in a proper sequence for correct assignment of
appropriate values to the upper and lower bounds. Additional-constraints are
numbered from 1 to NCA where NCA is the number of Additional-Constraints.
Section-property-constraints are then numbered from (NCA + 1) to (NCA + NCI)
where NCI is the number of Section-Property-Constraints.
5-6
Chapter
6
Node and Member Numbering
6.1
Rules for Numbering Nodes and/or Members

A thin walled section (NTYPE = 1) is considered as an assemblage of wall
centerlines with specified wall thicknesses. Wall centerlines are termed as
members and the points where these centerlines meet are called nodes. A solid
section with Straight Boundaries (NTYPE = 2) is taken as a set of points called
nodes connected by straight lines. Certain rules need to be observed while
numbering the nodes and the members.
1. The nodes and the members of a section should be numbered starting from 1
with an increment of 1.
2. Each member is assigned a direction by an arrow. Each member has two end
nodes, near-end and far-end. The arrow tip of a member points to the far-end
node and the tail points to the near-end node.
3. SECOPT computes the coordinates of the far-end node from the coordinates
of the near-end node. Members are taken in succession, starting with member
no. 1 and incrementing each time by 1. It should be clear that the coordinates
of the near-end node of a member must be known from earlier computations
to obtain coordinates of the far-end node. The following figures illustrate the
correct and incorrect numbering of nodes and members
6-1
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
It can be seen that Figure 6.1, Figure 6.2, Figure 6.3, and Figure 6.4 show correct
numbering while Figure 6.5, Figure 6.6, Figure 6.7, and Figure 6.8 show incorrect
numbering. From Figures 6.5 and 6.6, note that the coordinates of the far-end node
(No. 4) can not be found from the earlier computation. From Figure 6.7, it is noted
that the coordinates of the near-end node (No. 3) of member 2 are not known. Also
from Figure 6.8, the coordinates of the near-end node (No. 4) of member 3 are not
known.
6-2
4. For closed and cellular thin walled sections, the boundary-members of a cell
must be so directed as to form a closed loop.
5. For each cell of a cellular section, an additional overlapping node should be
introduced at the far-end of any of the boundary-members of the cell. The following figures illustrate usage of Rule no. 4 and 5.
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.12
Note that Figure 6.9 and Figure 6.10 comply with the rules of node and member
numbering, however, Figure 6.11 and Figure 6.12 do not comply. For Figure 6.11
6-3
(a)
Members of cell II do not form a closed loop (Rule no. 4 violated)
(b)
Additional overlapping node for cell I is missing (Rule no. 5 violated)

For Figure 6.12:
(c)
Rule no. 4 is violated for cell I
6. For solid sections with straight boundaries (NTYPE = 2), the sides or the
members are not numbered. Coordinates of the (i + 1) th node are computed
from the coordinates of the ith node. Thus, the node numbers have to be in
ascending order either in clockwise or counterclockwise sense. Figure 6.13
and Figure 6.14 illustrate correct node numbering whereasFigure 6.15 shows
wrong node numbering.
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.14
6-4
Figure 6.15
6.2
Accuracy of Section-Property Computations for Thin Walled Sections

(NTYPE = 1)
Node and member numbering are critical in terms of the accuracy of sectionproperty computations. For exact area of cross section and greater accuracy in the
computation of other section properties, the user has to be careful in selecting some
additional members of zero thickness near the intersections of the wall centerlines.
It may be recalled from section 6.1 that a thin walled section is considered as an
assemblage of wall centerlines with specified wall thicknesses. This assumption
may, in some cases, give rise to error in computing cross-sectional area and further
computations of section properties. As an example, consider a thin walled Tee
section as shown in Fig 6.16. The actual cross-sectional area is: 180*16 + 364*18 =
9432. However if the section is modeled as shown in figure. 6.17 then the program
SECOPT would compute the area as: 90*16 + 90*16 + 372*18 = 9576 which is
1.526 percent in error. Subsequent computations of moment of inertia, section
modulus etc. will also be in error due to erroneous area. To avoid such errors, the
section may be modeled as shown in figure 6.18. Note that an additional member
no. 3 with zero thickness is introduced. The area computation in this case is: 90*16
+ 90*16 + 8*0 + 364*18 = 9432 which is exact. It can thus be seen that there would
be no errors introduced in other section properties due to error in area computation.
6-5
Accuracy of Section-Property Computations for Thin Walled Sections (NTYPE = 1)
User may, at his discretion, introduce such zero-thickness members to improve

accuracy of sectional properties.
Figure 6.16
Figure 6.17
6-6
Figure 6.18
Chapter
7
Major Options
There are several options offered by SECOPT. Some of the main options are
described here.
7.1
Section-Properties only or Optimization:

The user, sometimes may be interested in obtaining the section properties of the
initial section without performing any optimization. This option is very useful in
verifying whether the initial section satisfies the constraints on section properties
for optimization. The optimization algorithm used in the program requires the
initial section to be feasible, meaning that the values of the design variables and
constraints be within the specified upper and lower bounds. If the user is certain
about the feasibility of the initial section and is not interested in the properties of
the initial section then he/she may directly proceed for optimization.
7.2
Wall Thicknesses alone as Design Variables:

In case of thin-walled sections, sometimes the designer cannot change the lengths
of the members (sides) of the section. He may want to change only the wall
thickness (gauges) and obtain optimum values of wall thicknesses. The program
offers this option by treating thicknesses alone as design variables.
7-1
Input either member lengths and orientations or nodal coordinates:
7.3
Input either member lengths and orientations or nodal coordinates:

In case of thin walled and solid irregular sections (NTYPE = 1 and 2), user has an
option of inputting values of member lengths and their orientations (ALPHA), or
the nodal coordinates (Z, Y). If user exercises option of inputting nodal
coordinates, he/she may do so interactively or through a file. The program converts
nodal coordinates to appropriate member lengths and their orientations. Note that
orientation (ALPHA) of a member is with Z-axis placed at the near end.
Counterclockwise orientation is considered positive and its value is input in
degrees.
7-2
Chapter
8
Description of Files
There are six files either created or used by he program. SECOR output can be
obtained from four files whereas the input can be received from two files as
shown in Figure 8.1
Figure 8.1
8-1
In the SECOPT w, the user is requested to provide names of the two input data files
viz. (I) Section Geometry Input Data File and (2) Problem Input Data File and the
name of the Problem Output File. The remaining three output files are named as
follows:
(1)
NISA *RCTABLE
Input File
OUT.N
(2)
Section -Plot
Input File
OUT.P
(3)
Summary File
OUT.S
If the interactive mode of input is selected, then all the input is saved on a file
named OPT.I. This file can be used as a ProbIern Input Data File for future runs of
SECOPT.
A brief description of the six files is given.
8-2
8.1
Problem Output File

The contents of this fiIe can be imagined to be divided imo three parts. They are:
(A)
User supplied inputdata of the problem and section-properties for the initial design
(B)
Output from iterative optimization solution process
(C)
FinaI results of optimization and section-properties of the final design
User can selectively control the contents of this file by assigning proper values to
the parameters KDAT and KOPT. KDAT = O would mean that the parts (A) and
(C) are not to be included in the file whereas KDAT = 1 would include these parts.
KOPT = 0 would exclude part (B) from the file. KOPT = -1 would give detailed
diagnostic information about the iterative optimization solution process (B).
Howewer, KOPT = 1 gives only the summary of each iteration of the optimization
solution process (B). It may be noted that with KDAT = 1 and KOPT = -1, all the
detailed output can be obtained. The option KDAT = 0 is not recommended. The
file contents for four combinations of KDAT and KOPT options are given in
Appendix A for the user to identify the three parts (A), (B) and (C).
8-3
NISA *RCTABLE Input File
8.2
NISA *RCTABLE Input File
Finite element analysis programs like NISA, ANSYS, NASTRAN, etc., require
section properties (area of C/S, moment of inertia, torsional constant. etc.) of beam
elements as an input. For complicated beam-section geometries, it is difficult to
provide this data. SECOPT creates such an input data file for the program NISA.
The first eight entries of the *RCTABLE are contained in this file. The eight entries
are:
1. A
- cross-sectional area
2. IYY - moment of inertia about Y-axis

3. IZZ - moment of inertia abut Z-axis
4. J
- torsional consistent
5. EY - shear center eccentricity with centroid in Y-direction

6. EZ - shear center ecceitricity with centroid in Z-diredon
7. DY - depth in Y-direction
8. DZ - depth in Z-direction
If the user wants the section properties only without optimization then these eight
entries are for the initial section. However, if the optimization is asked for, then the
entries are for the optimum (or final) section.
8-4
8.3
Section-Plot Input File
For complicated section geometries, one would want to verify the validity of the
input by a pictorial view of the section This is possible by using a graphics program
called SECPLOT (Section Plotter). SECOPT user has an option to create an input
data file for SECPLOT. This file contains the data required for plotting the initial
and the optimum sections with their centroidal principal axes and shear centers.
The program SECPLOT can be used with this input data file to obtain colored plots
with selective option of changing the plot-size, character size, plot-colors, etc.
8.4
Summary File
Many a times the program-user is not interested in the detailed output on

optimization process. One would want to see the concise input and the results on
one single page. The Summary File presents the cardinal output on area of crosssection, values of design variables and constraints with their upper and lower
bounds for the initial and the optimum section.
8.5
Section Geometry Input Data File
For beam sections with large number of nodes, it is difficult to give an interactive
input on section geometry such as nodal coordinates, member connectivity, etc. It
is likely that the user might provide wrong values and wouldn't have a chance to
correct them if such a lengthy data is collected interactively. The SECOPT user
may create a Section Geometry Input Data File and avoid interactive input. This
file is not required for NTYPE = 3 and 4. It is intended primarily for thin walled
sections (NTYPE = 1) with complicated geometry. The contents of this file consist
of three blocks of input data described as follows. All the data is free formatted. It
is always possible to verify and correct, if necessary, the contents of this file before
being used in SECOPT.
The first block provides the data about member connectivity and member
thicknesses. In this block, the user writes for each member: (1) member ID
number, (2) its near end node number, (3) its far end node number, and (4) its
thickness. This block would therefore consist of data lines equal to the total
number of members for the section. Each line would have four entries.
8-5
Problem Input Data File
The second block follows the first one and gives information about member
locations with respect to the exterior and interior cells. There are five entries per
line and there is one line for each member. The five entries are: (1) member ID
number, (2) exterior cell number to the left of the member, (3) exterior cell
number to the right of the member, (4) interior cell number to the left of the
member, and (5) interior cell number to the right of the member. The left and the
right sides of a member are determined by assuming that one goes from the near
end to the far end of the member. Entries (4) and (5) may be omitted if there is no
interior cell for the section. The entire block may be omitted if there is no cell for
the section.
The third block follows the second and gives nodal coordinates. There are three
entries per line and there is one line for each node. The three entries are: (1) node
number, (2) Z (horizontal) coordinate of the node, and (3) Y (vertical) coordinate
of the node. The input for this block may be obtained from digitizing tlne drawing
of the section.
8.6
Problem Input Data File
Input data file for a problem is best created by providing the data through an
interactive terminal session and saving this data on a file (named OPT.1) for future
run of SECOPT. This file (OPT.1) is a part of the entire interactive terminal session
The input-requests as well as the user-supplied-input are stored in this file. The
input in this file can be easily modified for future runs of SECOPT. The program
skips reading of the input-requests and reads only the user-supplied-input.
Appendix B gives all the input which could be used by the program. However, the
input required for a problem would depend on the options selected by the user and
should be much less than what is given in Appendix B. The easiest method of
giving the input for a problem is to keep the problem-formulation ready on a piece
of paper and then use the information for an interactive terminal input.
8-6
Chapter
9
Description of Difficult Input Parameters
The interactive-input-reqests from SECOPT are self explanatory. However, a few

of them need to be further explained and exemplified. Explanation and examples
for such input parameters are given in this section.
9.1
ALPHA (I) : Member Orientation

Orientation (in degrees) of he member I with respect to Z-axis (placed
at the near end). Counterclockwise angles are taken as positive.
Figure 9.1
9.2
NTCL
TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS
9.3
NICL
NUMBER OF INTERIOR CELLS
9-1
INE(I)
Figure 9.2
For the section shown in Figure 9.2, NTCL = 3 and NICL = 1
9.4
INE(I)
NEAR END NODE NUMBER
9.5
IFE(I)
FAR END NODE NUMBER
The near and far-end node numbers for the members of the section shown in
Figure 9.3 are:
Figure 9.3
9-2
The near and far-end node numbers for the members of the section shown in
Figure 9.4 are:
Figure 9.4
9.6
NTC(I, 1)
EXTERIOR CELL NUMBER TO THE LEFT

The exterior cell number to the left of the member I
whiie going from INE(I) to IFE(I). This entry should be
zeroed if no such cell exists.
9.7
NTC(I, 2)
EXTERIOR CELL NUMBER TO THE RIGHT

The exterior cell number to the right of the member I
while going from INE(I) to IFE(I). This entry should be
zeroed if no such cell exists.
9.8
NTC(I, 3)
INTERIOR CELL NUMBER TO THE LEFT

The interior cell number enclosed in the cell number
NTC(I, 1). This entry should be zeroed if no such cell
exists.
9.9
NTC(I, 4)
INTERIOR CELL NUMBER TO THE LEFT

The interior cell number enclosed in the mil number
NTC(I, 2). This entry should be zeroed if no such cell
exists.
9-3
NTC(I, 4)
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.5
Input for the section shown in Figure 9.5 can be given as

I
NTC(I, 1)
NTC(I, 2)
NTC(I, 3)
NTC(I, 4)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
2
0
0
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9-4
Similarly for the section shown in Figure 9.6, the input can be given as
I
NTC(I, 1)
NTC(I, 2)
NTC(I, 3)
NTC(I, 4)
1
7
6
5
11
2
3
4
8
9
10
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Note that member numbers need not be given in sequence.
9.10 NSETS
NUMBER OF SETS FOR LINKING EITHER

MEMBER
THICKNESSES
OR
MEMBER
LENGTHS.
9.11 NTL
NUMBER OF THICKNESSES LINKED IN A SET.
9.12 NLL
NUMBER OF LENGTHS LINKED IN A SET.
9.13 MNLT
MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED THTCFWESSES FOR A SET.
9-5
MNLL
9.14 MNLL
MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED LENGTHS FOR

A SET.
Following example should help understand the
meanings of NSETS, NTL, NLL, MNLT and MNLL.
For the I-section shown in Figure 9.7, if the design
variables are not to be linked then they would be
specified as follows:
X(1) = t1, X(2) = t2, X(3) = t3, X(4) = t4, X(5) = t5
X(6) = L1, X(7) = L2, X(8) = L3, X(9) = L4, X(10) = L5
Figure 9.7
However, if the design variables are to be linked such

that the flange thickness as well as the flange lengths
are to be equal, then the design variables would be
specified as follows:
X(1) = t1 = t2 = t4 = t5
X(2) = t3
9-6
set number = 1
X(3) = L1 = L2 = L4 = L5
X(4) = L3
set number = 1
Input for the design variable linking would be

NSETS = 1 for thicknesses, NTL = 4, MNLT = 1, 2, 4,
5
NSETS = 1 for lengths, NLL = 4, MNLL = 1, 2, 4, 5
9.15 ZSCALE
YSCALE
SCALE ALONGZ-AXIS
SCALE ALONG Y-AXIS

FOR THE DRAWING OF THE SECITON
If a scaled drawing is used for inputting the nodal
coordinates of a section then ZSCALE or YSCALE are
the multiplying factors for obtaining true coordinates
in the horizontal and vertical directions respectively.
Obviously these factors cannot be negative or zero. As
an example, assume that the section drawing is made
by using a horizontal scale of 1 inch= 8 inch and a
vertical scale of 1 inch = 4 inch, then ZSCALE = 8 and
YSCALE = 4. However, if the true nodal coordinates
are to be input, then ZSCALE = 1 and YSCALE = 1.
9-7
ZSCALE
9-8
Chapter
10
SECOPT Application
10.1 Introduction
This section presents a set of problems solved by using SECOPT. It is believed
that this will help users in formulating and inputting correct data for their
problems. Problem-formulation is extreme1y important and cannot be
overstressed in optimization It is important that the user carefully spells out the
design variables and the constraints with their bounds before attempting to solve
any optimization problem. Care should be exercised to avoid linear dependency of
constraints. In other words, a constraint must be such that the satisfaction of some
other constraint should not imply satisfaction of the constraint. Upper and lower
bounds on design variables as well as constraints should be specified so as to
obtain the optimum section that is practicable.
In the ten problems that follow, the information needed for beginning the
interactive sessions of SECOPT is contained in the subsections titled ProblemFormulation.
Recognizing the importance of correct input on initial section, all problemformulations and interactive terminal sessions are presented. Problem
formulations should provide information about
1.
Type of section wih node and member numbering as well as memkr

directions and cell numbering, if any.
2.
Design variable numbering, starting values, lower bunds, upper bunds,

and linking.
10-1
Introduction
3.
Section-property and additional constraints with their lower and upper

bounds if any.
For the first problem, the contents of all the files created by the program are given.
User should read and understand the contents of these files to know the scope of
SECOPT. The user should study the input data and the output obtained from
various files. Summary files, section plots, and cost function histories for all the
problems are included.
10-2
SECOPT Application
10.2 Interactive Terminal Session

Before starting with the SECOPT interactive terminal session, the user should have
the problem formulation written down on a piece of paper. The program collects
the data through an interactive terminal session. The input is free formatted. For
each input-entry, three attempts are given to the user to input data correctly. If the
expected input is numerical and if the user discovers that he has provided incorrect
input, he should make an intentional error by giving some alphabetic input so that
he may use another attempt to provide correct data. Whereever possible,
correctness of input is checked by the program and suitable error-messages
displayed on terminal screen and additional attempts given to provide correct input.
10-3
Example Problems
10.3 Example Problems

10.3.1 Problem 1 : Angle Section
Page
(A) Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 5
(B) Interactive-Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 7
(C) Section-Geometry-Data (anglel.d) . . . . . . . . .
10 - 11
(D) Problem-Input Data (OPT.I) . . . . . . . . . . ..
10 - 12
(E) *RCTABLE Input FOR NISA (0UT.N) . . . .. . .
10 - 15
(F) Problem-Output (ANGLE1.OS). . . . . . . . .
10 - 16
(G) Output Summary (OUT.S). . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 - 24
(H) Section-Plot Input (OUT.P). . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 - 25
(I)Section-Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 - 26
(J) Cost Function History. . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
10 - 27
10-4
SECOPT Application
(A) Problem Formulation

The design objective is to find thickness and lengths of the two legs of an Anglesection that minimize its cross sectional area while providing section modulii of
10,000 and 25000 about centroidal Y and Z axes respectively.
(1) SECTION TYPE
(2) DESIGN VARIABLES
Thin Walled Section (NTYPE = 1). No cells.
: Member thicknesses and lengths without

linking
Numbering
Dimension
Starting Value
Lower Bound
Upeer Bound
X(1)
t1
25.40
2.0
1.0E20
X(2)
t2
25.40
2.0
1.0E20
X(3)
L1
102.00
10.0
1.0E20
10-5
Example Problems
X(4)
L2
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
229.00
:
10.0
1.0E20
Additional-Constraints = 0
Section-Property Constraints = 2
Expression/Description/
(Section-Property Number)
Lower
Bound
CON (1)
Section modulus about Y-axis (8)
10,000
CON (2)
Section modulus about Z-axis (9)
25,000
10-6
Upeer
Bound
SECOPT Application
(B) Interactive-Session
Cranes Software Inc.
** Welcome to a pleasant and fruitful session **
with SECOPT - Section Optimizer
Windows 9x/NT/XP PRODUCTION Version
** Version: 15.0 **
Last updated : 01/15/07
PLEASE ENTER FILE NAME FOR OUTPUT :
angle 1 .os
** The output file exists **
DO YOU WISH TO OVERWRITE IT ?
Yes
ENTER TITLE FOR SECTION - PLOT :
angle section
DO YOU HAVE A SECTION-GEOMETRY-DATA-FILE ?
y
ENTER THE FILE-NAME FOR THE
SECTON-GEOMETRY -DATA:
angle1.d
DO YOU HAVE AN INPUT DATA FILE FOR YOUR PROBLEM ?
no
DO YOU WANT ONLY SECTION PROPERTlES ?
(Y => PROGRAM COMPUTES ONLY SECTION PROPERTIES
N => PROGRAM COMPUTES SECTION PROPERTIES AND
FINDS AN OPTIMAL SECTION)
no
DO YOU WANT TO USE DEFAULT VALUES FOR
IMPORTANT TOLERANCES AND LIMITS ?
Yes
10-7
Example Problems
ENTER VALUES OF OUTPUT-CONTROLLING- PARAMETERS

KDAT = 0, FOR NO OUTPUT ON INTIAL DATA AND FINAL RESULTS
1, FOR OUTPUT ON INITIAL DATA AND FINAL RESULTS
KOPT = - 1, FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
0, FOR NO OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
1, FOR SUMMARY OF EVERY OPTIMIZATION STAGE
11
ENTER A VALUE FOR TYPE OF SECTlON

NTYPE = 1 => THIN WALLED SECTlON
= 2 => SOLID SECTION WlTH SPECIFIED GEOMETRY
= 3 => SOLID ELLIPTIC SECTION
= 4 => SOLID RECTANGULAR SECTION
1
ENTER VALUES OF
NODES = NUMBER OF NODES
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
32
DO YOU WANT ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESSES CHANGED
DURING OPTIMIZATION-PROCESS ?
no
ENTER VALUES OF :
NTCL = TOTAL NUMBER OF CELLS
NlCL = NUMBER OF INTERIOR CELLS
MNDE = MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEMBERS CONNECTED TO A NODE
zero
** Input Error. Please try again. **
002
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS ?
no
10-8
SECOPT Application
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS ?

no
ARE DESIGN VARIABLES LINKED ?
no
ENTER VALUES OF :
ZSCALE = SCALE ALONG ZAXIS
YSCALE = SCALE ALONG Y-AXIS
FOR THE DRAWING OF THE SECTION
11
YOU HAVE : 4 DESIGN VARIABLES. ENTER
LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND FOR EACH OF THEM
2.0 1.0E20 2.0 1.0E20 10.0 1.0E20 10.0 1.0E20
ENTER VALUES OF CONSTRAINT-PARAMETERS
NCI = NUMBER OF SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS
NCA = NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS
20
ENTER APPROPRIATE NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 21
FOR SPECIFYING SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS.
10-9
Example Problems
1 = AREA OF CROSS-SECTION
2 = MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
3 = MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
4 = PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y,Z-AXES
5 = PRINCIPAL AXES ORIENTATION ( + CCW )
6 = MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS-1
8 = SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
9 = SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
10 = Y-COORDINATE OF CENTROID
11 = Z-COORDINATE OF CENTROID
12 = WARPING CONSTANT
13 = TORSIONAL CONSTANT
14 = Y-ECCENTRICITY OF SHEAR CENTER FROM CENTROID
15 = Z-ECCENTRICITY OF SHEAR CENTER FROM CENTROID
16 = DEPTH IN Y-DIRECTION OF SECTION
17 = WIDTH IN Z-DIRECTION OF SECTION
18 = SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS-1
20 = PLASTIC MODULUS ABOUT Z-AXIS
21 = PLASTIC MODULUS ABOUT Y-AXIS
89
ARE THERE UPPER-BOUNDS ON ANY OF THE CONSTRAINTS ?

no
YOU HAVE : 0 ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS, AND
2 SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS.
ENTER LOWER-BOUNDS ON ALL ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS
FIRST AND THEN ON ALL SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS
10000 25000
**** STOP
10-10
SECOPT Application
(C) Section-Geometry-Data (anglel.d)

1
2
1
2
3
1
2
0
102
102
2
3
0
00
229
25.40
25.40
10-11
Example Problems
(D) Problem-Input Data (OPT.I)

ANGLE 1.I
DO YOU WANT ONLY SECTION PROPERTIES ?
( Y = PROGRAM C0MPUTES ONLY SECTON PROPERTIES
N = PROGRAM COMPUTES SECTION PROPERTIES AND
N
Y
KOPT = - 1, FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
1, FOR SUMMARY OF EVERY DESIGN ITERATION
1 1
ENTER A VALUE FOR TYPE OF SECTION
NTYPE= 1 = THIN WALLED SECTION
= 2 = SOLID SECTION WITH SPECIFIED GEOMETRY
= 3 = SOLID ELLIPTIC SECTION
= 4 = SOLID RECTANGULAR SECTION
1
ENTER VALUES FOR
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
32
N
10-12
SECOPT Application
ENTER VALES FOR :

NICL. = NUMBER OF INTERIOR CELLS
002
N
N
N
ENTER VALUES FOR :
ZSCALE
= SCALE ALONG Z-AXIS
YSCALE
= SCALE ALONG Y-AXIS
1.0 1.0
YOU HAVE: 4 DESIGN VARIABLES. ENTER
LOWER BOUND AND UPPER BOUND FOR EACH OF THEM.
2.0 1.0E+020 2.0 1.0E+020 10.0 1.0E+020 10.0 1.0E+020
ENTER VALUES FOR CONSTRAINT-PARAMETERS
NCI
= NUMBER OF SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS
NCA
= NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS
20
10-13
Example Problems
ENTER APPROPRIATE NUMBERS FXOM 1 TO 2 1 FOR

SPECEYING SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS.
8 = SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENIROIDAL Y-AXIS
9 = SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CEMROIDAL Z-AXIS
14 = Y-ECCENTRTClTY OF SHEAR CENTER FROM CENTROID
17 = WIDTH IN Z-DIRECTION OF SECTlON
18 = SECTON MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS-1
19 = SECTON MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS-2
89
N
2 SECTON-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS.
FlRST AND THEN ON ALL SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS
10000.0 25000.0
10-14
SECOPT Application
(E) *RCTABLE Input FOR NISA (0UT.N)

0.701E+03, 0.106E+07, 0.378E+07, 0.935E+03, -69.367, 24.135, 220.597,
130.096,
10-15
Example Problems
(F) Problem-Output (ANGLE1.OS)

SECTION O P T I M I Z E R
( S E C O P T)
LAST REVISION -- OCTOBER 30, 1989
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INITIAL DESIGN INPUT DATA
AREA OF CROSS SECTION = 0.840740E+04
DESIGN VARIABLES
I
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
LOWER BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.254000E+02
0.254000E+02
0.102000E+03
0.229000E+03
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.100000E+02
0.100000E+02
1
2
3
4
CONSTRAINTS
I
1
2
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
LOWER BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.836893E+05
0.327521E+06
0.100000E+05
0.250000E+05
CON. CRITERION FOR THE ALGORITHM

DIFFERENCING
DERIVATIVES
PARAMETER
ACS
IN
ACD
=
=
0.100000E-05
0.100000E-03
LINE SEARCH STOPPlNG CRITERION
ACL
0.100000E-03
ACTIVE CONSTRAINTS REGION
ACV
0.100000E-05
MAXG
50
KDAT
MAX. NO. OF REDUCED GRAD. STAGES

INITIAL AND FINAL, OUTPUT PARAMETER
10-16
SECOPT Application
OPTLMIZATION OUTPUT PARAMETER
KOPT
NO
NUMBER OF DESIGN VARIABLES (D.V.)

TYPE OF SECTION
NTYPE
NUMBER OF NODES
NODES
NUMBER
OF
CONSTRAINTS
SECTION-PROPERTY-
NUMBER OF ADDlTfONAL-CONSTRAINTS
NCI
NCA
NM
NTCL
NICL
= 0
MNDE
= 2
NUMBER OF MEMBERS
MAX. NO. OF MEMBERS AT A NODE
ARE ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESSES CHANGED
IN SECTION OPTIMIZATION ?
NO
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTRODAL Z-AXIS ?
NO
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS

?
NO
MEMBER
NO.
1
2
I
NEAR END
NODE
1
2
ALPHA(I)
10-17
NEAR END
NODE
2
3
THICKNESS
0.2540E+02
0.2540E+02
Example Problems
1
2
0.0000E+00
0.9000E+02
SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINT NUMBERS : 8 9
I
1
2
3
Z(I)
0.0000E+00
0.1020E+03
0.1020E+03
Y(I)
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2290E+03
SECTION PROPERTIES
AREA OF CROSS SECTION
(AR)
0.840740E+04
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
(IY)
0.722104E+07
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
(IZ)
0.490575E+08
(IYZ)
0.104669E+08
(BETA)
-0.132910E+02
M. OF I. ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS-1
(IP1)
0.515300E+08
(IP2)
0.474851E+07
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
(YSMOD)
0.836893E+05
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
(ZSMOD)
0.327521E+06
Y-COORDINATE OF CENTROID
(YBAR)
0.792160E+02
Z-COORDINATE OF CENTROID
(ZBAR)
0.862840E+02
(GAMMA)
0.110972E+09
(TC)
0.180804E+07
CENTROIDAL Y-ECCENTRIClTY OF SHEAR CENTER
(YSC)
-0.743431E+02
CENTROIDAL Z-ECCENTRIClTY OF SHEAR CENTER
(ZSC)
0.167111E+02
DEPTH OF SECTION IN Y-DIRECTION
(YD)
0.229000E+03
WIDTH OF SECTION IN Z-DIRECTION
(ZD)
0.102000E+03
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-Z AXES

PRINCIPAL AXES ORIENTATION, CCW +
WARPING CONSTANT
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
10-18
SECOPT Application
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CEN. PRIN. AXIS-1
(SMOD1)
0.344948E+06
(SMOD2)
0.722083E+05
PLASTIC MODULUS ABOUT Z-AXIS
(ZZ)
0.563582E+06
PLASTIC MODULUS ABOUT Y-AXIS
(ZY)
0.357426E+07
10-19
Example Problems
Optimization with
Generalized Reduced Gradient Method
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*************
ITERATION NO = 1
*************
COST FUNCTION = 0.840740E+04
DECISION VARIABLES :
0.254000E+02
0.254000E+02
0.102000E+03
0.229000E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 2
*************
0.375546E+01
0.200000E+01
0.966101E+02
0.223610E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 3
*************
0.285407E+01
0.200000E+01
0.109898E+03
0.223577E+03.E
*************
ITERATION NO = 4
*************
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.130007E+03
0.223535E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 5
*************
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.130096E+03
10-20
0.220597E+03
SECOPT Application
>>>>> CONVERGENCE ACHEIVED <<<<<

SQUARED NORM OF PROJECTED REDUCED GRADIENT = 0.000000E+00
OPTIMUM DESIGN FOUND
DESIGN VARIABLES
I
OPTIMUM VALUE
1
2
3
4
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.130096E+03
0.220597E+03
CONSTRAINT VALUES AT OPTIMUM

I
OPTIMUM VALUE
1
2
0.100000E+05
0.250000E+05
1
2
3
Z(I)
0.0000E+00
0.1301E+03
0.1301E+03
Y(I)
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.2206E+03
SECTION PROPERTIES
(AR)
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL YAXIS
(IY)
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL ZAXIS
(IZ)
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-Z

AXES
(IYZ)
10-21
=
=
=
=
0.701386E+03
0.105965E+07
0.378039E+07
0.117428E+07
Example Problems
(BETA)
-0.204005E+02
(IP1)
0.421711E+07
(IP2)
0.622933E+06
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL YAXIS
(YSMOD)
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL ZAXIS
(ZSMOD)
=
=
0.100000E+05
0.250000E+05
(YBAR)
0.693811E+02
(ZBAR)
0.105965E+03
(GAMMA)
0.132447E+03
(TC)
0.935182E+03
WARPING CONSTANT
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
CENTROIDAL
CENTER
Y-ECCENTRIClTY
OF
SHEAR
(YSC)
CENTROIDAL
CENTER
Z-ECCENTRIClTY
OF
SHEAR
(ZSC)
(YD)
(ZD)
=
=
=
=
-0.693674E+02
0.241346E+02
0.220597E+03
0.130096E+03
(SMOD1)
0.280873E+05
(SMOD2)
0.829093E+04
(ZZ)
0.445678E+05
(ZY)
TOTAL FUNCTION EVALUATIONS
= 83
TOTAL CONSTRAINT EVALUATIONS
= 283
10-22
0.515318E+07
SECOPT Application
CPU TIME IN SECONDS
= 3.518182
TOTAL CLOCK TIME IN SECONDS
= 388.000000
10-23
Example Problems
(G) Output Summary (OUT.S)

INITIAL AND OPTIMUM DESIGNS AT A
GLANCE
(AREA OF CROSS SECTION)
INITIAL VALUE
OPTlMUM VALUE
0.840740E+04
0.701386E+03
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
1
2
3
4
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.254000E+02
0.254000E+02
0.102000E+03
0.229000E+03
LOWER
BOUND
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.130096E+03
0.220597E+03
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.100000E+02
0.100000E+02
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
0.836893E+05
0.327521E+06
10-24
0.100000E+05
0.250000E+05
0.100000E+05
0.250000E+05
SECOPT Application
(H) Section-Plot Input (OUT.P)

ANGLE SECTION
0
1
3
1 0.0
0.0
2 102.0 0.0
3 102.0 229.0
2
1 1 2 25.40
2 2 3 25.40
86.28398791541 79.21601208459
-13.29103427150
102.9950615046 4.872922013368
1 0.0 0.0
2 130.0962494168 0.0
3 130.0962494168 220.5968410317
1 1 2 2.0
2 2 3 2.0
105.9654145454 69.38113067885
-20.40046721669
130.0999665975 1.3746929442277E-0002
10-25
Example Problems
(I)Section-Plot
10-26
SECOPT Application
(J) Cost Function History
10-27
Example Problems
10.3.2 Problem 2 : Angle Section
Page
10 - 29
10 - 31
(G) Output Summary (OUT.S) . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 - 35
(D) Section-Plot . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
10 - 36
(E) Cost Function History . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
10 - 37
10-28
SECOPT Application

The purpose of including this problem is to demonstrate the option of treating
thicknesses alone as design variables in SECOPT. The design objective is to find
thicknesses of the two legs of an Angle-Section (without changing their lengths)
that minimize its cross-sectional area while providing section modulii of 35000 and
35000 about centroidal Y and Z axes.
(1) SECTION TYPE
Thin Walled Section (NTYPE = 1). No cells
Wall thickrws alone without linking

Constant member lengths: XC(1) = 102,
XC(2) = 229
10-29
Example Problems
Numbering
Dimension
Starting Value
Lower Bound
Upeer
Bound
XC(1)
t1
25.40
2.0
1.0E20
XC(2)
t2
25.40
2.0
1.0E20
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
CON (1)
35,000
CON (2)
35,000
10-30
Upeer
Bound
SECOPT Application
** Version: 15.0 **
angle 2 .od
angle section
DO YOU HAVE A SECTION-GEOMETRY-DATA-FILE?
n
n
no
Yes
KOPT = - 1. FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
1 -1
10-31
Example Problems

1
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUPVIBER OF MEMBERS
32
DO YOU WANT ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESS CHANGED
no
yes
ENTER FOR ALL MEMBERS :
I
= MEMBER NUMBER
XC(I) = LENGTH OF THE MEMBER
1 102
2 229
I
= MEMBER NUMBER
ALPHAC(I) = ANGLE OF ORIENTATION OF THE MEMBER IN
DEGREES WITH Z-AXIS PLACED AT THE
NEAR-END-NODE AND IS TAKEN POSITIVE
IF COUNTER-CLOCKWISE
1 0
2 90
10-32
SECOPT Application
ENTER VALUES OF :
MNDE = MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEMBERS CONNECTED TO A
NODE
002
no
no
I
: MEMBER NUMBER
INE(I) : NEAR-END-NODE-NUMBER
IFE(I) : FAR-END-NODE-NUMBER
1 1 2
2 2 2
no
STARTING-VALUES, LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND FOR
EACH OF THEM
25.4 2.0 1.0E20 25.4 2.0 1.0E20
20
ENTER APPROPRIATE NUMBERS FROM 1 TO 21 FOR
SPECIFYING SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS.
10-33
Example Problems
8 9
no
35000, 35000
**** STOP
10-34
SECOPT Application
(C) Output Summary (OUT.S)

GLANCE
INITIAL VALUE
OPTlMUM VALUE
0.840740E+04
0.196138E+04
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.254000E+02
0.254000E+02
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.144042E+02
0.214915E+01
LOWER
BOUND
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
0.836893E+05
0.327521E+06
10-35
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.350000E+05
0.350000E+05
LOWER
BOUND
0.350000E+05
0.350000E+05
Example Problems
(D) Section-Plot
10-36
SECOPT Application
(E) Cost Function History
10-37
Example Problems
10.3.3 Problem 3 : Box Section
Page
(A) Problem Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...
10 - 39
10 - 41
(C) Output Summary (box. s) . . . . . . . . . .. . ..
10 - 48
(D) Section-Plot . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
10 - 49
(E) Cost Function History . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ...
10 - 50
10-38
SECOPT Application

This problem illustrates input for design variable linking. The design objective is to
find uniform thickness and the two perpendicular member lengths of a box section
that minimize its cross sectional area while providing moments of inertia of 1000
and 1200 about centroidal Y and Z axes respsctively.
:
(1) SECTION TYPE
Numbering
Dimension
Solid Rectangular Section (NTYPE = 1). One

cell.
Thickness and lengths with linking
LINKING
Set
NTL
MNLT
Starting
Value
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
X(1)
t1 = t2 = t3 =
t4
1, 2, 3, 4
1.0
0.1
1.0E20
X(2)
L1 = L3
1, 3
100.0
10.0
1.0E20
X(3)
L2 = L4
2, 4
200.0
10.0
1.0E20
10-39
Example Problems
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
CON (1)
Moment of inertia about centroidal Y-axis (2)
1000
CON (2)
Moment of inertia about centroidal Z-axis (3)
1200
10-40
Upper
Bound
SECOPT Application
** Version: 15.0 **
box.od
box section
no
no
no
yes
1 -1
10-41
Example Problems

1
10-42
SECOPT Application
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
5 4
DO YOU WANT TO INPUT NODAL COORDINATES OF INITIAL
SECTION ?
n
DO YOU WANT ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESSES CHANGED DURING
OPTIMIZATION-PROCESS ?
n
ENTER FOR ALL MEMBERS
I
= MEMBER NUMBER
ALPHA(I) = ANGLE OF ORENTATION OF THE MEMBER IN
1, 90
2, 00
3, -90
4, 180
ENTER VALUES OF :
1, 0, 2
yes
y
10-43
Example Problems

I
: MEMBER NUMBER
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
4 4 5
I
= MEMBER NUMBER
NTC(I, 1) = EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE LEFT OF THE
MEMBER
NTC(I, 2) = EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE RIGHT OF THE
MEMBER
AS ONE GOES FROM THE NEAR TO THE FAR END OF THE MEMBER
1 0 1
2 0 1
3 0 1
4 0 1
ENTER THE TWO OVERLAPPING NODE NUMBERS
FOR CELL NUMBER : 1
1 5
yes
ARE MEMBER-THICKNESS LINKED ?
yes
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR LINKING THICKNESSES
1
10-44
SECOPT Application
ENTER VALUES FOR :

NTL : NUMBER OF THICKNESSES LINKED AND
MNLT : MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED THICKNESSES (FOR SETNUMBER : 1)
4
1 2 3 4
ARE MEMBERS-LENGTHS LINKED ?
yes
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR LINKING LENGTHS
two
what
2
ENTER VALUES FOR :
NLL : NUMBER OF LENGTHS LINKED AND
MNLL : MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED LENGTHS (FOR SETNUMBER : 1)
2
1 3
ENTER VALUES FOR :
MNLL : MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED LENGTHS (FOR SETNUMBER : 2)
2
2 4
STARTING-VALUES, LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND
FOR EACH OF THEM
1.0 0.1 1.0E20 100.0 10.0 1.0E20 200.0 10.0 1.0E20
10-45
Example Problems

2 0
2 3

no
10-46
SECOPT Application

1000 1200
**** STOP
10-47
Example Problems
(C) Output Summary (box. s)

GLANCE
INITIAL VALUE
OPTlMUM VALUE
0.600000E+03
0.101833E+02
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
1
2
3
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+00
0.270030E+02
0.239134E+02
0.100000E+00
0.100000E+02
0.100000E+02
0.100000E+01
0.100000E+03
0.200000E+03
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.333335E+07
0.116670E+07
10-48
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.100000E+04
0.120000E+04
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+04
0.120000E+04
SECOPT Application
(D) Section-Plot
10-49
Example Problems
10-50
SECOPT Application
10.3.4 Problem 4 : Rectangular Section
Page
(A) Problem Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 52
10 - 54
(C) Output Summary (OUT.S) . . . . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 57
(D) Section Plot . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
10 - 58
(E) Cost Function History . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
10 - 59
10-51
Example Problems

The design objective is to fInd width and depth of a solid rectangular section that
will minimize it's cross-sectional area while providing moments of inertia of 800
and 1000 about the centroidal Y and Z axes respectively.
(1) SECTION TYPE
Solid Rectangular Section (NTYPE = 4)
Height and width. No linking
Numbering
Dimension
Starting Value
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
X(1)
12.0
1.0
96.0
X(2)
12.0
1.0
96.0
10-52
SECOPT Application
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
CON (1)
800
CON (2)
1000
10-53
Upeer
Bound
Example Problems
** Version: 15.0 **
rect.os
rectangular section
no
n0
no
Yes
11
10-54
SECOPT Application

4
no
STARTING-VALUE, LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND
FOR EACH OF THEM
12.0 1.0 96.0 12.0 1.0 96.0
20
10-55
Example Problems
2 3
no
800 1000
**** STOP
10-56
SECOPT Application

GLANCE
INITIAL VALUE
OPTlMUM VALUE
0.144000E+03
0.103601E+03
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
UPPER BOUND
1
2
0.960000E+02
0.960000E+02
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.120000E+02
0.120000E+02
0.107624E+02
0.962618E+01
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+01
0.100000E+01
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
0.172800E+04
0.172800E+04
10-57
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.800000E+03
0.100000E+04
LOWER
BOUND
0.800000E+03
0.100000E+04
Example Problems
(D) Section Plot
10-58
SECOPT Application
10-59
Example Problems
10.3.5 Problem 5 : Elliptical Section
Page
10 - 61
10 - 63
(C) Problem Output (ellp.os) . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 66
(D) Output Summary (OUT.S) . . . . . . . . . .. . .....
10 - 74
(E) Section Plot . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
10 - 75
(F) Cost Function History . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . ..
10 - 76
10-60
SECOPT Application

The design objective is to find the lengths of the major and minor axes of an
elliptical section that minimize its cross sectional area while providing section
modulus about centmidal Y-axis of 300 and a torsional constant of 3800.
:
(1) SECTION TYPE
(2) DESIGN
ABLES
VARI-
Numbering
Dimension
Solid Rectangular Section (NTYPE = 3)
Lengths of major and minor axes without

linking
Starting Value
Lower
Bound
Upper Bound
X(1)
15.0
3.0
150.0
X(2)
12.0
3.0
120.0
10-61
Example Problems
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
CON (1)
Section modulus about about centroidal Y-axis (8)
300.0
CON (2)
Torsional constant (13)
3800.0
10-62
Upper
Bound
SECOPT Application
** Version: 15.0 **
ellp.os
elliptic section
no
n
no
Yes
11
10-63
Example Problems

3
no
STARTING-VALUE, LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND FOR EACH
OF THEM
15.0 3.0 150.0 12.0 3.0 120.0
20
10-64
SECOPT Application
8 13
no
350.0, 3800.0
**** STOP
10-65
Example Problems
(C) Problem Output (ellp.os)

SECTION OPTIMIZER
(SECOPT)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INITIAL DESIGN INPUT DATA
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
LOWER BOUND
1
2
0.150000E+03
0.120000E+02
0.150000E+02
0.120000E+02
0.3000000E+01
0.3000000E+01
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
LOWER BOUND
1
2
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
0.212057E+03
0.310328E+04
0.300000E+03
0.380000E+04
ACS
0.100000E-05
DIFFERENCING PARAMETER IN DERIVATIVES
ACD
0.100000E-03
ACL
0.100000E-03
ACV
0.100000E-05
MAXG
50
KDAT
KOPT
NO

10-66
SECOPT Application
TYPE OF SECTION
NTYPE
NUMBER OF NODES
NODES
NCI
NCA
NUMBER OF SECTION-PROPERTY-CONSTRAINTS
10-67
Example Problems
SECTION PROPERTIES
(AR)
0.141372E+03
(IY)
0.127234E+04
(IZ)
0.198804E+04
(IYZ)
0.000000E+00
(BETA)
0.000000E+00
(IP1)
0.127234E+04
(IP2)
0.198804E+04
(YSMOD)
0.212057E+03
(ZSMOD)
0.265072E+03
(YBAR)
0.000000E+00
(ZBAR)
0.000000E+00
(GAMMA)
0.000000E+00
(TC)
0.310328E+04
(YSC)
0.000000E+00
(ZSC)
0.000000E+00
(YD)
0.150000E+02
(ZD)
0.120000E+02
(SMOD1)
0.212057E+03
(SMOD2)
0.265072E+03
(ZZ)
0.450000E+03
(ZY)
0.360000E+03
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-Z AXES

WARPING CONSTANT
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
10-68
SECOPT Application
INFEASIBLE INITIAL DESIGN :

CONSTRAINT VALUE LESS THAN LOWER BOUND
DESIGN VARIABLE VECTOR X MULTIPLIED BY 0.1000E+02
OPTIMIZATION WlTH
GENERALIZED REDUCED GRADIENT METHOD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------*************
ITERATION NO = 1
*************
0.150000E+03
0.120000E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 2
*************
0.881968E+02
0.427460E+02
*************
ITERATION NO = 3
*************
0.723806E+02
0.155439E+02
*************
ITERATION NO = 4
*************
0.704568E+02
0.658566E+01
10-69
Example Problems
*************
ITERATION NO = 5
*************
0.510808E+02
0.773450E+01
*************
ITERATION NO = 6
*************
0.377902E+02
0.899231E+01
*************
ITERATION NO = 7
*************
0.266449E+02
0.107091E+02
*************
ITERATION NO = 8
*************
0.192683E+02
0.125933E+02
*************
ITERATION NO = 9
*************
0.145950E+02
0.144697E+02
10-70
SECOPT Application
*************
ITERATION NO = 10
*************
0.128720E+02
0.154077E+01
>>>>> CONVERGENCE ACHEIVED <<<<<

SQUARED NORM OF PROJECTED REDUCED GRADIENT = 0.000000E+00
OPTIMUM DESIGN FOUND
DESIGN VARIABLES
I
OPTIMUM VALUE
1
2
0.128720E+02
0.154077E+02
CONSTRAINT VALUES AT OPTIMUM

I
OPTIMUM VALUE
1
2
0.300000E+03
0.380000E+04
10-71
Example Problems
SECTION PROPERTIES
(AR)
0.155766E+03
(IY)
0.231116E+04
(IZ)
0.161304E+04
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y-Z

AXES
(IYZ)
0.000000E+00
(BETA)
0.000000E+00
(IP1)
0.231116E+04
(IP2)
0.161304E+04
(YSMOD)
0.300000E+03
(ZSMOD)
0.250628E+03
(YBAR)
0.000000E+00
(ZBAR)
0.000000E+00
(GAMMA)
0.000000E+00
(TC)
0.380000E+04
(YSC)
0.000000E+00
(ZSC)
0.000000E+00
(YD)
0.128720E+02
(ZD)
0.154077E+02
(SMOD1)
0.300000E+03
(SMOD2)
0.250628E+03
(ZZ)
0.425479E+03
(ZY)
0.509296E+03
WARPING CONSTANT
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
10-72
SECOPT Application
TOTAL FUNCTION EVALUATIONS
= 160
TOTAL CONSTRAINT EVALUATIONS
= 694
CPU TIME IN SECONDS
= 2.109091
TOTAL CLOCK TLME IN SECONDS
= 210.000000
10-73
Example Problems
(D) Output Summary (OUT.S)

GLANCE
INITIAL VALUE
OPTlMUM VALUE
0.141354E+03
0.155747E+03
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
0.150000E+03
0.120000E+03
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
0.150000E+02
0.120000E+02
LOWER
BOUND
0.128720E+02
0.154077E+02
0.300000E+01
0.300000E+01
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
1
2
UPPER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.100000E+21
INITIAL
VALUE
0.212057E+03
0.300328E+04
10-74
0.300000E+03
0.380000E+04
0.300000E+03
0.380000E+04
SECOPT Application
(E) Section Plot
10-75
Example Problems
(F) Cost Function History
Note from the problem output of section C, that the initial design is infeasible
(constraint no. 1 is violated). SECOPT scales the design vector and obtains a
feasible design for iteration no. 1.
10-76
SECOPT Application
10.3.6 Problem 6 : Regular Hexagonal Section
PAGE
.....................................
10 - 78
(B) Interactive Session
.....................................
10 - 80
.....................................
10 - 85
(D) Section Plot
.....................................
10 - 86
.....................................
10 - 87
10-77
Example Problems

The design objective is to find the side length of a regular hexagonal section that
minimizes its cross-sectional area while providing moments of inertia 2000 and
2000 about centroidal Y and Z axes respectively.
(1) SECTION TYPE
Solid Section With Specified Geometry (NTYPE

=2
Numbering
Dimension
X(1)
L1 = L2 =
L3 =..L6
Side Lengths With Linking
LINKING
Set Number
NLL
MNLL
1, 2, 3,
4, 5, 6
10-78
Starting
Value
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
10.0
1.0
1.0E20
SECOPT Application
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
CON (2)
Moment of inertia about centroidal Yaxis (2)
2000
CON (2)
Moment of inertia about centroidal Zaxis (3)
2000
10-79
Upper
Bound
Example Problems

** Version: 15.0 **
hex-os
hexagonal section
no
DO YOU HAVE AN INPUT DATA FILE
FOR YOUR PROBLEM ?
no
n
y
ENTER VALIES OF OUTPUT-CONTROLLING- PARAMETERS
KDAT
KOPT
0,
FOR NO OUTPUT ON INlTIAL DATA AND FINAL

RESULTS
1,
FOR OUTPUT ON INITIAL DATA AND FINAL RESULTS
-1,
FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
10-80
SECOPT Application
0,
FOR NO OUTPUT ON OPTIMIZATION
1,
FOR SUMMARY OF EVERY OPTIMIZATION STAGE
1, I

NTYPE = 1 => THIN WALLED SECTION
= 2 => SOLID SECTION WITH SPECIFIED GEOMETRY
2
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
6 6
DO YOU WANT TO INPUT NODAL COORDINATES
OF INTIAL SECTION ?
no
I
MEMBER NUMBER
ALPHA (I)
ANGLE OF ORIENTATION OF THE MEMBER IN
DEGREES WlTH Z-AXIS PLACED AT THE
IF COUNTER-CLOCK WISE
1
2
3
4
5
6
150
90
30
-30
-90
210
10-81
Example Problems

y
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR LINKING LENGTHS.
1
ENTER VALUES FOR :
MNLL : MEMBER-NUM~RS OF LINKED LENGTHS
: (FOR SET-NUMBER : 1)
6
1 2 3 4 5 6
STARTING-VALUE, LOWER-BOUND, AND UPPER-BOUND FOR EACH
OF THEM.
10.0 1.0 1.0E20
2 0
1
AREA OF CROSS-SECTION
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y, Z-AXES
PRINCIPAL AXES ORIENTATION (+ CCW)
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL

AXIS-1
10-82
SECOPT Application

AXIS-2
10
11
12
WARPING CONSTANT
13
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
14
Y-ECCENTRICITY OF SHEAR CENTER FROM CENTROID
15
Z-ECCENTRICITY OF SHEAR CENTER FROM CENTROID
16
DEPTH IN Y-DIRECTION OF SECTION
17
WIDTH IN Z-DIRECTION OF SECTION
18
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCPAL AXIS1
19
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCPAL AXIS2
20
21
2 3

n
YOU HAVE
0 ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS, AND
10-83
Example Problems

2*2000.0
**** STOP
10-84
SECOPT Application

I N I T I A L AND O P T I M U M D E S I G N S
AT A G L A N C E
INITIAL VALUE
OPTIMUM VALUE
0.259808E+03
0.157929E+03
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
UPPER BOUND
0.100000E+21
OPTIMUM
VALUE
INITIAL
VALUE
0.100000E+02
0.779659E+01
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+01
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+21
0.541266E+04
0.200000E+04
0.200000E+04
0.100000E+21
0.541266E+04
0.200000E+04
0.200000E+04
10-85
Example Problems
(D) Section Plot
10-86
SECOPT Application
10-87
Example Problems
10.3.7 Problem 7 : Three-Cell-Section
PAGE
.....................................
10 - 89
.....................................
10 - 92
.....................................
10 - 100
(D) Section Plot
.....................................
10 - 101
.....................................
10 - 102
10-88
SECOPT Application

The design objective is to find uniform thickness and member lengths of a ThreeCell-Section that minimize its cross-sectional area. Following equalities should be
satisfied by the optimum design.
1. Width of cell no. I = Depth of each of the cell numbers I,II, and III (Linking of
member lengths)
2. Proportion of the widths of cell numbers I, II, III = 2 : 3 : 4 (Additional constraints)
Further, the torsional constant for the optimum section be at least 750.
(1) SECTION TYPE
(2) DESIGN
VARIABLES
Thin Walled Section (NTYPE = 1) with three

cells
Uniform thickness and member lengths with

linking
10-89
Example Problems
Numbering
Dimension
LINKING
Set Number
NTL
or
NLL
MNLT
or
MNLL
Starting
Value
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
X(1)
t1 = t2 =...=
t10
10
1, 2,
3,...10
1.0
0.1
2.0
X(2)
L1 = L2 =
L3= L4=
L6 = L9
1, 2, 3, 4,
6, 9
20.0
2.0
200.0
X(3)
L5 = L7
5, 7
30.0
3.0
300.0
X(4)
L8 = L10
8, 10
40.0
4.0
400.0
10-90
SECOPT Application
(3) CONSTRAINTS :
Numbering
Additional Constraints = 2
Section-Property-Constraints = 1
Lower
Bound
Upper Bound
CON (1)
6 * X(2) - 4 * X(3)
-0.01
0.01
CON (2)
4 * X(3) - 3 * X(4)
-0.01
0.01
CON (3)
750
1.0E20
10-91
Example Problems

** Version: 15.0 **
three.os
three cell section
no
no
no
y
KDAT
KOPT
0,
FOR NO OUTPUT ON INITIAL DATA AND FINAL

RESULTS
1,
-1,
FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPITMIZATION
10-92
SECOPT Application
0,
1,
1, I

1
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
11 10
DO YOU WANT TO INPUT NODAL COORDINATES
OF INTIAL SECTION ?
yes
DURING OPTIMZATION-PROCESS ?
no
ENTER VALUES OF :
NICL = NUMBER OF INTERIOR CELLS
3, 0, 3
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENIROIDAL Z-AXIS ?
yes
no
10-93
Example Problems
MEMBER NUMBER
INE(I)
NEAR-END-NODE-NUMBER
IFE(I)
FAR -END-NODE-NUMBER
TH(I)
MEMBER-THICKNESS
1 1 2 1
2 2 3 1
3 3 4 1
4 4 5 1
5 3 6 1
6 6 7 1
7 7 8 1
8 7 9 1
9 9 10 1
10 10 11 1

I
NTC(I,
1)
MEMBER NUMBER
EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE LEFT OF THE MEMBER
EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE RIGHT OF THE

MEMBER
1 0 1
2 2 1
3 0 1
4 0 1
5 2 0
10-94
SECOPT Application
6 2 3
7 2 0
8 0 3
9 0 3
10 0 3

FOR CELL NUMBER : 1
1 5
FOR CELL NUMBER : 2
2 8
FOR CELL NUMBER : 3
6 11
y
ARE MEMBER-THICKNESSES LINKED ?
y
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR LINKING THICKNESSES.
1
ENTER VALUES FOR :
NTL
NUMBER OF THICKNESSES LINKED AND
MTNL
MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED THICKNESSES

(FOR SET-NUMBER : 1)
10-95
Example Problems
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

y
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SEE USED FOR LINKING LENGTHS.
3
NLL
NUMBER OF LENGTHS LINKED AND
MNLL
MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED LENGTHS

6
1 2 3 4 6 9
ENTER VALUES OF :
ZSCAL
E
SCALE ALONG Z-AXIS.
YSCAL
E
SCALE ALONG Y-AXIS.
ENTER VALUES FOR :

11
ENTER FOR ALL NODES :
I
NODE NUMBER
Z(I)
Z-COORDINATE
Y(I)
Y-COORDINATE
1 0 20
10-96
SECOPT Application
2 20 20
3 20 0
4 0 0
5 0 20
6 50 0
7 50 20
8 20 20
9 90 20
10 90 0
11 50 0

LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER-BOUND FOR EACH OF THEM.
0.1 2.0 2.0 200.0 3.0 300.0 4.0 400.0
y
NCA = NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS.
1 2
1
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENROIDAL Z-AXIS
10-97
Example Problems
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y, ZAXES
PRINCIPAL AXES ORENTATION (+ CCW)

AXIS-1

AXIS-2
SECTION MODULUS m-OUT CENTRODAL Z-AXIS
10
11
12
WARPING CONSTANT
I3
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
14
I5
16
17
18
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS1
19
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRLNWAL AXIS-2
20
21
13
10-98
SECOPT Application
HOW MANY TERMS DO YOU HAVE FOR CONSTRAINT NO.1 ?

2
ENTER NUMBER OF X-COMPONENTS FOR EACH OF
THE 2 TERMS OF CONSTRAINT NO. 1
1 1
YOU HAVE : 6 CONSTRAINTS FOR CONSRAINT NO. 1
ENTER VALUES OF ALL CONSTRAINTS IN PROPER ORDER.
(COEFF., X-COMP, ITS EXP., X-COMP, ITS EXP., --,COEFF,--)
4 3 1 -3 4 1
ARE THERE UPPER-BOUNDS ON ANY OF THE CONSTRAINTS?
y
YOU HAVE
ENTER UPPER-BOUNDS ON ALL ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS

0.01 0.01 1.0E20
0.01 0.01 1.0E20
YOU HAVE

-0.01 -0.01 750
****STOP
10-99
Example Problems

AT A G L A N C E
INITIAL VALUE
OPTIMUM VALUE
0.260000E+03
0.130256E+02
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
0.200000E+01
0.100000E+01
0.100000E+00
0.100000E+00
0.200000E+03
0.200000E+02
0.100211E+02
0.200000E+01
0.300000E+03
0.300000E+02
0.150291E+02
0.300000E+01
0.400000E+03
0.400000E+02
0.200355E+02
0.400000E+01
NO.
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E-01
-0.181899E-11
0.100000E-01
-0.100000E-01
0.100000E-21
-0.181899E-11
0.100000E-01
-0.100000E-01
0.100000E+21
0.596364E+05
0.750000E+03
0.750000E+03
10-100
SECOPT Application
(D) Section Plot
10-101
Example Problems
10-102
SECOPT Application
10.3.8 Problem 8 : I-Section
Page
10 - 104
10 - 107
(C) Problem-Output (i.os) . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .
10 - 113
10-103
Example Problems

The design objective is to find thicknesses and lengths of the web and flanges for
an I section that minimize its cross sectional area. The ratio of web length to web
thickness is not be exceed 295. Also the ratio of overhangging flange length to
flange thidckness should not exceed 12. These constraints are due to AISC. The
section should have section moduli of 5,000 and 50,000 about centroidal Y and Z
axes respective1y. The torsional constant should be at least 90,000.
(1) SECTION TYPE
Thin Walled Section (NTYPE = 1). No

cells.
10-104
SECOPT Application
Numbering
Dimension
Web and flange thichesses and lengths with

linking.
Starting
Value
LINKING
Set
Number
NTL
or
NLL
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
MNLT
or
MNLL
X(1)
t1 = t2 = t3 =
t4
1, 2, 4, 5
8.9
5.0
10.0
X(2)
t3
---
6.0
5.0
10.0
X(3)
L1 = L2 =
L3 = L4
1, 2, 4, 5
56.0
10.0
200.0
X(4)
L3
---
309.0
20.0
500.0
10-105
Example Problems
(3) CONSTRAINTS
Numbering
Lower
Bound
Upeer
Bound
CON (1)
X(4) / X(2)
10.0
295.0
CON (2)
X(3) / X(1)
4.0
12.0
CON (3)
Section modulus about centroidal

Y -axis (8)
5,000
1.0E10
CON (4)
Section modulus about centroidal

Z -axis (9)
50,000
1.0E10
CON (5)
Torsional Constant (13)
90,000
10-106
SECOPT Application
** Version: 15.0 **
i.os
i section
no
no
no
y
11
10-107
Example Problems

1
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUPVIBER OF MEMBERS
6 5
DO YOU WANT TO INPUT NODAL COORDINATES OF INITIAL
SECTION ?
no
DO YOU WANT ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESSES CHANGED DURING
OPTIMIZATION-PROCESS ?
no
I
= MEMBER NUMBER
ALPHA(I) = ANGLE OF ORENTATION OF THE MEMBER IN
1 00
2 00
3 90
4 180
5 00
10-108
SECOPT Application
ENTER VALUES OF :
003
yes
yes
I
: MEMBER NUMBER
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 2 4
4 4 5
5 4 6
y
ARE MEMBER-THICKNESS LINKED ?
y
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR
LINKING THICKNESSES
1
ENTER VALUES FOR :
NTL : NUMBER OF THICKNESSES LINKED AND
MNLT : MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED THICKNESSES
4 1 2 4 5
10-109
Example Problems
ARE MEMBERS-LENGTHS LINKED ?

y
ENTER A VALUE FOR :
NSETS : NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR
LINKING LENGTHS
1
ENTER VALUES FOR :
MNLL : MEMBER-NUMBERS OF LINKED LENGTHS
5 12 oops
4
1 2 4 5
STARTING-VALUES, LOWER-BOUND AND UPPER BOUND
FOR EACH OF THEM
8.9 5.0 10.0 6.0 5.0 10.0 56.0 10.0 200.0 309.0 20.0 500.0
3 2
10-110
SECOPT Application
8 9 13

1
THE 1 TERMS CONSTRAINT NO. 1
2
YOU HAVE : 5 CONSTANTS FOR CONWINT NO. I
ENTER VALUES OF ALL CONSTANTS IN PROPER ORDER.
(COEFF.,X-COMP,ITS EXP.,X-COMP,ITS EXP.,--,COEFF,--)
1 4 1 2 -1
10-111
Example Problems

1
THE 1 TERMS CONSTRAINT NO. 2
2
YOU HAVE : 5 CONSTANTS FOR CONWINT NO. I
ENTER VALUES OF ALL CONSTANTS IN PROPER ORDER.
(COEFF.,X-COMP,ITS EXP.,X-COMP,ITS EXP.,--,COEFF,--)
1 3 1 1 -1
y
10 4 5000 50000 90000
**** STOP
10-112
SECOPT Application
(C) Problem-Output (i.os)

SECTION O P T I M I Z E R
( S E C O P T)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------INITIAL DESIGN INPUT DATA
DESIGN VARIABLES
I
1
2
3
4
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
0.100000E+02
0.100000E+02
0.200000E+03
0.500000E+03
0.890000E+02
0.600000E+01
0.560000E+02
0.309000E+03
UPPER BOUND
INITIAL VALUE
0.295000E+03
0.120000E+02
0.100000E+11
0.100000E+11
0.100000E+11
0.515000E+02
0.629213E+01
0.373132E+05
0.403577E+06
0.748857E+05
LOWER
BOUND
0.500000E+01
0.500000E+01
0.100000E+02
0.200000E+02
CONSTRAINTS
I
1
2
3
4
5
LOWER
BOUND
0.100000E+02
0.400000E+01
0.500000E+04
0.500000E+05
0.900000E+05
ACS
0.100000E-05
DIFFERENCING PARAMETER IN DERIVATIVES
ACD
0.100000E-03
ACL
0.100000E-03
ACV
0.100000E-05
MAXG
50
10-113
Example Problems
KDAT
KOPT
YES

TYPE OF SECTION
NTYPE
NUMBER OF NODES
NODES
NUMBER
OF
CONSTRAINTS
SECTION-PROPERTY-
NCI
NCA
NM
NTCL
NICL
MNDE
NUMBER OF MEMBERS
MAX. NO. OF MEMBERS AT A NODE

ARE ONLY MEMBER-THICKNESSES CHANGED
IN SECTION OPTIMIZATION ?
NO
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTRODAL

Z-AXIS ?
YES
IS SECTION SYMMETRIC ABOUT CENTROIDAL

Y-AXIS ?
YES
10-114
SECOPT Application
MEMBER NO.
1
2
3
4
5
NEAR END NODE

1
2
2
4
4
NEAR END NODE

2
3
4
5
6
THICKNESS
0.8900E+01
0.8900E+01
0.6000E+01
0.8900E+01
0.8900E+01
DESIGN VARIABLES ARE LINKED AS FOLLOWS:

1 1 2 1 1 3 3 4 3 3
I
ALPHA(I)
1
2
3
4
5
0.0000E+00
0.0000E+00
0.9000E+02
0.1800E+03
0.0000E+00
I
Z(I)
Y(I)
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.5000E+03
0.5560E+03
0.6120E+03
0.5560E+03
0.5000E+03
0.6120E+03
0.5000E+03
0.5000E+03
0.5000E+03
0.8090E+03
0.8090E+03
0.8090E+03
SECTION PROPERTIES

MOMENT
OF
INERTIA
CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
(AR)
ABOUT
10-115
(IY)
=
=
0.384760E+04
0.208954E+07
Example Problems
MOMENT
OF
INERTIA
CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
ABOUT
(IZ)
PRODUCT
OF
INERTIA
CENTROIDAL Y-Z AXES
ABOUT
(IYZ)
(BETA)
M. OF I. ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL

AXIS-1
(IP1)
M. OF I. ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL

AXIS-2
(IP2)
SECTION
MODULUS
CENTROIDAL Y-AXIS
ABOUT
(YSMOD)
SECTION
MODULUS
CENTROIDAL Z-AXIS
ABOUT
(ZSMOD)
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.623527E+08
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
0.623527E+08
0.208954E+07
0.373132E+05
0.403577E+06
(YBAR)
0.654500E+03
(ZBAR)
0.556000E+03
(GAMMA)
0.497450E+11
(TC)
0.748857E+05
WARPING CONSTANT
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
CENTROIDAL
Y-ECCENTRIClTY
SHEAR CENTER
OF
(YSC)
CENTROIDAL
Z-ECCENTRIClTY
SHEAR CENTER
OF
(ZSC)
=
=
0.000000E+00
0.000000E+00
(YD)
0.309000E+03
(ZD)
0.112000E+03
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CEN. PRIN.

AXIS-1
(SMOD1)
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CEN. PRIN.

AXIS-2
(SMOD2)
10-116
=
=
0.403577E+06
0.373132E+05
SECOPT Application
(ZZ)
0.451233E+06
(ZY)
0.966124E+07
INFEASIBLE INITIAL DESIGN :

CONSTRAINT VALUE LESS THAN LOWER BOUND
DESIGN VARIABLE VECTOR X MULTIPLIED BY 0.1124E+01
OPTIMIZATION WlTH
GENERALIZED REDUCED GRADIENT METHOD
*************
ITERATION NO = 1
*************
0.100000E+02
0.674157E+01
0.629213E+02
0.347191E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 2
*************
0.930892E+01
0.578825E+01
10-117
0.628115E+02
0.347173E+03
Example Problems
*************
ITERATION NO = 3
*************
0.964703E+01
0.582560E+01
0.560709E+02
0.347170E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 4
*************
0.100000E+02
0.589537E+01
0.497168E+02
0.347164E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 5
*************
0.100000E+02
0.681897E+01
0.400000E+02
0.346925E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 6
*************
0.100000E+02
0.753660E+01
0.400000E+02
0.256960E+03
*************
ITERATION NO = 7
*************
0.100000E+02
0.808727E+01
0.400000E+02
10-118
0.207964E+03
SECOPT Application
*************
ITERATION NO = 8
*************
0.100000E+02
0.889646E+01
10-119
0.400000E+02
0.156221E+03
Example Problems
10.3.9 Problem 9 : Rear Seat Reinforcement
PAGE
.....................................
10 - 121
.....................................
10 - 124
.....................................
10 - 132
(D) Section-Plot
.....................................
10 - 134
.....................................
10 - 135
10-120
SECOPT Application

The thin walled section is to be used as reinforcement for rear seat structure of an
automobile. The top and the bottom components are of uniform thickness. The
section is formed by stamping the two components. In order to have enough
clearance between other parts and the bottom of the section, the vertical depth
between nodes 3 and 6 is not allowed to exceed 24mm. Packaging constraints
restrict total depth to a maximum of 40mm and total width to 220mm. The section
is required to have moment of inertia of at least 74000mm4 about the centroidal Zaxis and a torsional constant of f 108,000mm4. Further to allow for adequate bond
between the two components the minimum length of members 1 and 4 should be at
least 20mm. The design objective is to minimize cross sectional area by optimizing
thicknesses of the two components and the member lengths
:
(1) SECTION TYPE
(2) DESIGN
VARIABLES
Thin Walled Section (Ntype = 1) With One

Cell
member lengths and thicknesses with linking
10-121
Example Problems
Numbering
Dimension
LINKING
Set
Number
NTL
or
NLL
MNLT
or
MNLL
Starting
Value
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
X(1)
t1 = t4
1, 4
6.0
4.0
20.0
X(2)
t2 = t3
2, 3
3.0
2.0
10.0
X(3)
t5 = t6 = t7
5, 6, 7
3.0
2.0
10.0
X(4)
L1
30.0
20.0
100.0
X(5)
L2
131.24
50.0
1000.0
X(6)
L3
16.27
5.0
30.0
X(7)
L4
30.0
20.0
100.0
X(8)
L5
10.0
5.0
30.0
X(9)
L6
140.02
50.0
1000.0
X(10)
L7
33.92
20.0
200.0
(3) CONSTRAINTS :
Numbering
Additional Constraints = 2
Section-Property-Constraints = 4
CON (1)
0.7660444 * X(6) + X(8)
CON (2)
X(2) + X(3) - X(1)
CON (3)
Moment of inertia about centroidal Z-axis (3)
10-122
Lower Bound
Upper Bound
5 .0
24.0
-0.01
0.01
74,000
1.0E20
SECOPT Application
CON (4)
108,000
1.0E20
CON (5)
Torsional depth constant (16)
10.0
40.0
CON (6)
Torsional width constant (17)
10.0
220.0
10-123
Example Problems

** Version: 15.0 **
reinfm.os
rear seat reinforcement
no
no
no
y
y
ENTER VALUES FOR OUTPUT-CONTROLLING-PARAMETERS
KDA
T
0,
FOR NO OUTPUT ON INITIAL DATA AND FINAL

RESULTS
10-124
SECOPT Application
KOPT
1,
-1,
FOR DIAGNOSTIC OUTPUT ON OPITMIZATION
0,
1,
1, I

1
ENTER VALUES OF
NM
= NUMBER OF MEMBERS
8 7
DO YOU WANT TO INPUT NODAL COORDINATES OF INTIAL SECTION
?
yes
DURING OPTIMZATION-PROCESS ?
no
I
MEMBER NUMBER
ALPHA (I)
ANGLE OF ORIENTATION OF THE MEMBER IN
DEGREES WlTH Z-AXIS PLACED AT THE
10-125
Example Problems
=
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
IF COUNTER-CLOCK WISE
-5
-5
-50
00
-90
180
92
ENTER VALUES OF :
NICL = NUMBER OF INTERIOR CELLS
1, 0, 3
no
no
I
MEMBER NUMBER
INE(I)
NEAR-END-NODE-NUMBER
IFE(I)
FAR -END-NODE-NUMBER
1 1 2
2 2 3
3 3 4
4 4 5
5 4 6
10-126
SECOPT Application
6 6 7
7 7 8

I
MEMBER NUMBER
NTC(I,
1)
EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE LEFT OF THE MEMBER
NTC(I,
2)
EXTERIOR-CELL-NUMBER TO THE RIGHT OF THE

MEMBER
1 0 0
2 0 1
3 0 1
4 0 0
5 0 1
6 0 1
7 0 1
FOR CELL NUMBER : 1
2 8
y
y
ENTER A VALUES FOR :
NSETS
NUMBER OF SETS USED FOR

LINKING TKICKNESSES.
10-127
Example Problems
ENTER VALUES FOR :

NTL
MTNL

2
1 4
ENTER VALUES FOR :

NTL
MTNL

2
2 3
ENTER VALUES FOR :

NTL
MTNL

3
5 6 7
ARE MEMBER-LENGTHS LINKED ?

no
10-128
SECOPT Application
YOU HAVE : 10 DESIGN VARIAIBLES. ENTER

STARTING-VALUE, LOWER-BOUND, AND UPPER-BOUND
FOR EACH OF TEEM.
6 4 20
3 2 10
3 2 10
30 20 100
131.24 50 1000
16.27 5 30
30 20 100
10 5 30
140.02 50 1000
33.92 20 200
NCA = NUMBER OF ADDITIONAL-CONSTRAINTS.
4 2
1
MOMENT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENROIDAL Z-AXIS
PRODUCT OF INERTIA ABOUT CENTROIDAL Y, Z-AXES
PRINCIPAL AXES ORENTATION (+ CCW)

AXIS-1

AXIS-2
10-129
Example Problems
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTRODAL Z-AXIS
10
11
12
WARPING CONSTANT
I3
TORSIONAL CONSTANT
14
I5
16
17
18
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRINCIPAL AXIS1
19
SECTION MODULUS ABOUT CENTROIDAL PRLNCIPAL AXIS2
20
21
3 13 16 17
HOW MANY TERMS DO YOU HAVE FOR CONSTRAINT NO. 1 ?

2
1 1
0.7660444 6 1 1 8 1
10-130
SECOPT Application
HOW MANY TERMS DO YOU HAVE FOR CONSTRAINT N0.2 ?

3
1 1 1
1 2 1 1 3 1 -1 1 1
ARE THERE UPPER-BOUNDS ON ANY OF THE CONSTRANS ?
y
YOU HAVE

24 0.01 2*1.OE20 40 220
YOU HAVE

5 -0.01 74000 108000 10 10
**** STOP
10-131
Example Problems

AT A G L A N C E
INITIAL VALUE
OPTIMUM VALUE
0.135435E+04
0.549035E+03
(DESIGN VARIABLES)
NO.
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
0.200000E+02
0.600000E+01
0.400000E+01
0.400000E+01
0.100000E+02
0.300000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.100000E+02
0.300000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.200000E+01
0.100000E+03
0.300000E+02
0.250193E+02
0.200000E+02
0.100000E+04
0.131240E+03
0.554629E+02
0.500000E+02
0.300000E+02
0.162700E+02
0.161154E+02
0.500000E+01
0.100000E+03
0.300000E+02
0.239051E+02
0.200000E+02
0.300000E+02
0.100000E+02
0.116547E+02
0.500000E+01
0.100000E+04
0.140020E+03
0.645941E+02
0.500000E+02
10
0.200000E+03
0.339200E+02
n0.288413E+02
0.200000E+02
10-132
SECOPT Application
(CONSTRAINTS)
NO.
UPPER
BOUND
INITIAL
VALUE
OPTIMUM
VALUE
LOWER
BOUND
0.240000E+02
0.224635E+02
0.239999E+02
0.500000E+01
0.100000E-01
0.000000E+00
-0.568434E-13
-0.100000E-01
0.100000E+21
0.258431E+06
0.740000E+05
0.740000E+03
0.100000E+21
0.536602E+02
0.121258E+02
0.108000E+06
0.400000E+02
0.365165E+02
0.1310143E+03
0.100000E+02
0.220000E+03
0.201085E+03
0.114440E+03
0.100000E+02
10-133
Example Problems
(D) Section-Plot
10-134
SECOPT Application
10-135
Example Problems
10.3.10 Problem 10 : Multiple Cellular Section
PAGE
(A) Problem Formulation .....................................
10-136
10 - 137
SECOPT Application

Cross-sectiona1 area of a thin walled section with an interior cell is to be
minimized by optimizing member thicknesses and lengths. The vertical depth of
the exterior cell has to be twice that of the interior cell. The section should have
moment of inertia about centroidal Z-axis of 100,000 and a torsional constant of
200,000
(1) SECTION TYPE
Thin Walled Section (Ntype = 1) with an interior

cell
10-137
Example Problems
(2) DESIGN
VARIABLES
Numbering
Dimension
Member lengths and thicknesses with linking
LINKING
Starting
Value
Set
Number
NTL
or
NLL
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
MNLT
or
MNLL
X(1)
t1 = t2 = t3 =
t4 = t6 = t11
1, 2, 3, 4,
6, 11
1.0
0.1
3.0
X(2)
t5 = t7
5, 7
0.75
0.1
3.0
X(3)
t8 = t9 = t10
8, 9, 10
0.5
0.1
3.0
X(4)
L1 = L2 =
L3= L4= L6
= L9 = L11
1, 2, 3, 4,
9, 11
36
10
40.0
X(5)
L5 = L7
60
20.0
90.0
X(6)
L6
108
30.0
120.0
X(7)
L8 = L10
30
10.0
45.0
10-138

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NISA, DISPLAY III/IV, ENDURE, NISAOPT, FEAP, NISA/3D-FLUID, NISA/

8.2 NISA *RCTABLE Input File - - - - - - - - - - - - 8.4

Problem 1 : Angle Section - - - - - - - - - - - - -10.4

10.3.7 Problem 7 : Three-Cell-Section - - - - - - - - 10.88

Version 15.0 New Features

SECOPT is a program developed especially to help designers of automobile, bus

Input may be through an interactive user friendly terminal session or

Extensive checking of the input with unambiguous messages.

Any shape of section including multi-cellular can be optimized.

Wide range of section properties computed by the program is available for

Starting design of a beam section need not be necessarily feasible.

Design variables are explicit dimensions (side lengths War thicknesses) of

Design variables can be easily linked.

Section properties or real constants of optimum section are generated to

For complicated sections involving a large number of nodes, the section

A quick verification of the section properties of an initial section can be

Program is highly efficient. Almost any section can be optimized in less

Find a design variable vector X, X R that minimizes the cost function

User specified constraints

User specified upper and lower bounds on constraints

User specified upper and lower bounds on design variables

Thin walled section,

Solid section with straight boundaries,

Solid elliptical section, and

Solid rectangular section

These section-types are believed to encompass a large variety of sections.

Solid section with straight

Section Types and Design Variables

Solid elliptic section

Solid rectangular section

In an optimization algorithm design variables are changed continually to attain

X(1) = t1, X(2) = t2, X(3) = t3, X(4) = t4

Moment of inertia about centroidal Y-axis

Moment of inertia about centroidal Z-axis

Product of inertia about centroidal Y, Z-axes

Principal axes orientation with respect to Y, Z axes. Counter-clockwise

Moment of inertia about centroidal principal axis-1

Moment of inertia about centroidal principal axis-2

Section modulus about centroidal Y-axis

Section modulus about centroidal Z-axis

Y-eccentricity of shear center from centroid

Z-eccentricity of shear center from centroid

Depth in Y-direction of the section

Width in Z-direction of the section

Section modulus about centroidal principal axis-1

Section modulus about centroidal principal axis-2

Plastic section modulus about Z-axis

Plastic section modulus about Y-axis

Number of terms for a constraint expression

Number of X-components for the ith term

jth X-component of the ith term

jth X-exponent of the ith term

The expanded Standard-Form is as follows

6.2 * X(2) - 4 * X(3)

3.2 + X2(9) + X(9) * X(1)

(6.2) * X1(2) + (-4) *

(1.) * X1(4) * X-1(2) +

(3.2) + (1.) * X2(9) +

3.2, 1., 9, 2, 1., 9, 1, 1, 1

Rules for Numbering Nodes and/or Members

Rules for Numbering Nodes and/or Members

Node and Member Numbering

Rules for Numbering Nodes and/or Members