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Topic
Worked solutions
Progress checks
1 (a) 3(2x + 5) = 6x + 15
(b) 2(x + 6) = 2x 12
(h) (6x + 8) = 6x 8
(i) (x2 4x + 8) = x2 + 4x 8
(j) 4(5 x) = 4x 20
3 (a) (x + 5)(x + 2) = x2 + 2x + 5x + 10 = x2 + 7x + 10
(b) (x 7)(x + 1) = x2 + x 7x 7 = x2 6x 7
(c) (x + 4)(x 4) = x2 4x + 4x 16 = x2 16
(h) (3a + b)(4a + 2b) = 12a2 + 6ab + 4ab + 2b2 = 12a2 + 10ab + 2b2
(j) (6x 5y)(x 3y) = 6x2 18xy 5xy + 15y2 = 6x2 23xy + 15y2
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 0
x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + 5 = 0
x2 + 10x + 25 + y2 + 6y + 9 = 0
x2 + y2 + 10x + 6y + 34 = 0
x2 14x + 49 + y2 + 4y + 4 = 0
x2 + y2 14x + 4y + 53 = 0
(d) (x 4)2 + (y + 6)2 = 0
x2 8x + 16 + y2 + 12y + 36 = 0
x2 + y2 8x + 12y + 52 = 0
x2 12x + 36 + y2 + 14y + 49 = 12
x2 + y2 12x + 14y + 73 = 0
x2 + 4x + 4 + y2 10y + 25 + 7 = 0
x2 + y2 + 4x 10y + 36 = 0
x2 2x + 1 + y2 18y + 81 10 = 0
x2 + y2 2x 18y + 72 = 0
x2 + 6x + 9 + y2 16y + 64 27 = 0
x2 + y2 + 6x 16y + 46 = 0
x2 + 2x + 1 + y2 2y + 1 18 = 0
x2 + y2 + 2x 2y 16 = 0
Worked solutions
4x2y
5 (a) xy
= 4x
12x2y3
= 3xy2
(b)
4xy
16a3b2c 2
(c) 2 = abc
24a b 3
24x2y4 3x
=
(d)
8xy5
y
15abc
= 3ab
5c
4x3 x2
(b) =
4xy y
6pq3r
(c) = 2q2
3pqr
10x4y3
(d) 2 = 5x2y2
2x y
45a3bc2 5a2c
(e) 2 =
9ab c
b
(x + 7)(x + 5) (x + 7)
=
(f)
(x + 5)(x + 3) (x + 3)
(x + 3)(x + 5)
(g)
=1
(x + 5)(x + 3)
6 (a)
8 (a) x(x 1) = x
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
xy3 2
=y
xy
15x3y3
= 3y
5x3y2
5(x 4)
x4
=
10(x 2) 2(x 2)
(x + 1)(x 2) x 2
=
(x 5)(x + 1) x 5
x3
1
=
(x 3)(x 1) (x 1)
x7=7
10
x + 7 = 3
x = 14
x = 10
4x
= 12
5
4x = 60
11
x = 15
x
1=7
5
x
= 8
5
x = 40
12
2x
1=5
3
2x
= 6
3
13
2x = 18
x = 9
14 2(2x + 1) = 18
4x + 2 = 18
6 + x = 2
x=4
16
(a) 2 x = 4 + x
2 = 2x
x = 1
x=4
6 + x
= 1
2
15
4x = 16
2 = 4 + 2x
1 = x
Worked solutions
4x 28 = 6x 30
28 = 2x 30
2 = 2x
x=1
30x 15 = 12x 6
18x 15 = 6
18x = 9
x=
1
2
1
(d) (x 1) = 2x + 4
3
17 (a)
TAKE NOTE
Be careful here.
Students often see the
numbers 18 and 9 and
automatically think that
x is 2 which is incorrect.
x 1 = 6x + 12
1 = 5x + 12
13 = 5x
x=
13
5
x = 2.6
x5
= 4x
4
x 5 = 16x
5 = 15x
x=
5
15
1
3
(b) 6x 1 = 3(x 4) + 7
x=
6x 1 = 3x 12 + 7
3x 1 = 5
3x = 4
x=
4
3
18
(a)
x x
+ = 15
4 2
2x + 4x = 120
6x = 120
x = 20
x x
(b) + = 49
3 4
4x + 3x = 588
(c)
19
7x = 588
x = 84
x 2x
+ = 42
9 3
x = 54
x3 x+1
+
=3
2
3
6(x 3) 6(x + 1)
+
= 18
2
3
3(x 3) + 2(x + 1) = 18
3x 9 + 2x + 2 = 18
5x 7 = 18
5x = 25
x=5
Worked solutions
x x
=3
2 5
10x 10x
= 30
2
5
20
5x 2x = 30
3x = 30
x = 10
(x 1) = (x 2)
21
4
3
3(x 1) = 4(x 2)
3x 3 = 4x 8
3 = x 8
x=5
2x x
=5
3 4
24x 12x
= 60
3
4
22
8x 3x = 60
5x = 60
x = 12
23 (a) A = r2
A 2
=r
r=
(b)
A = 4r2
A
= r2
4
r=
A
4
4
(c)
V = r3
3
3V = 4r3
3V
= r3
4
Subtract at from both sides.
Subtract u from both sides.
r = 3
3V
4
24 (a) v = u + at(u)
u = v at
(b) v = u + at(a)
v u = at
a=
vu
t
(c) v 2 = 2as (s)
s=
(d)
v 2 = u2 + 2as (a)
v 2 u2 = 2as
(e)
v2
2a
a=
v2 u2
2s
v 2 = u2 + 2as (u)
v 2 2as = u2
u = v2 2as
1
s = ut + at2 (a)
2
1
s ut = at2
2
(f)
2(s ut) = at2
(g)
a=
2(s ut)
t2
y = mx + c(c)
y mx = c
c = y mx
Worked solutions
(h) y = mx + c(m)
y c = mx
yc
x
m =
1
(i)
s = (u + v)t(t)
2
2s = (u + v)t
t=
2s
u+v
1
(j)
E = mv2(v)
2
2E
= v2
m
2E = mv2
v =
2E
m
(k) V = r2l(l)
(l) V = r2l(r)
V
r2
l=
V
= r2
l
r=
V
l
25 (a)
x + y = 5 .......................... (1)
5x + 2y = 11 ..................... (2)
At GCSE level the
simultaneous equations you
solved usually resulted in
whole number (i.e. integer)
answers. At this level you can
often get fractions so do not
automatically assume you
have done something wrong
if you get fractions.
>>>
TIP
>>>TIP
10
2x + 2y = 10
5x + 2y = 11
Subtracting 2x + 2y = 10
3x = 1
1
3
1
Substituting x = into equation (1) we have
3
1
+y=5
3
x=
Hence, y = 423
5(13) + 2(423) = 11
5
3
+ 913 = 11
11 = RHS
2x 3y = 5 (1)
5x + 2y = 16 (2)
4x 6y = 10
15x + 6y = 48
Adding 19x = 38
x=2
2(2) 3y = 5
4 3y = 5
Worked solutions
3y = 9
y=3
5(2) + 2(3) = 16
16 = RHS
26 (a) 3x 5 = x 1
2x 5 = 1
2x = 4
x=2
y = 3(2) 5
=1
1=21
1=1
Both sides of the equation are equal, showing that the values
of x and y satisfy the second equation.
The 3y is replaced by 2x + 8.
5x + 3y = 11
Hence, 5x + (2x + 8) = 11
3x + 8 = 11
3x = 3
x=1
2(1) + 3y = 8
y=2
3y = 6
11
Both sides of the equation
are equal so the values of
x and y satisfy the second
equation.
11 = 11
3 3 2 (3 3 2)( 3 + 2) 9 + 3 6 6 2 7 + 2 6
28 3 2 = ( 3 2)( 3 + 2) = 3 + 6 6 2 = 1 = 7 + 2 6
29
+ 75 + ( 2 6) =
33
+ 25 3 + ( 2 2 3)
= 3 + 5 3 + 2 3 = 8 3
Test yourself
Subtract 11 from both sides.
1 (a) 2x + 11 = 25
2x = 14
x=7
(b)
3x 5 = 10
3x = 15
x=5
(c)
15x = 60
x=4
x
Multiply both sides by 4.
(d) = 8
4
Multiply both sides by 5.
x = 32
4x
(e) = 20
5
4x = 100
x = 25
12
Worked solutions
2x
(f) = 6
3
2x = 18
x = 9
(g) 5 x = 7
5 = 7 + x
2 = x
x = 2
x
9=3
(h)
7
x
= 12
7
x = 84
35x3y2
(a)
= 5x2
2
2
7xy
15ab3c
= 5b2c
(b)
3ab
(d)
(x 4)(x 7)
(x 1)(x 4)
(x + 3)2
(x 6)(x + 3)
(x 7)
(x 1)
(x + 3)
(x 6)
(c)
(i) 3a(a + b) + 2b(a + b) = 3a2 + 3ab + 2ab + 2b2 = 3a2 + 5ab + 2b2
(j) 4a(2a b) 3b(2a b) = 8a2 4ab 6ab + 3b2 = 8a2 10ab + 3b2
13
(a) (x 5)(x + 3) = x2 + 3x 5x 15 = x2 2x 15
5 (a) V =
6
7
(b) n =
(c) T =
(d) p =
f=
nRT
p
pV
RT
pV
nR
nRT
V
E
h
m=
yc
x
c
8 (a) = f
14
(b) V =
(c) T =
(d) V =
(e) c =
(f) h =
(a)
n
c
Q
mc
1000n
c
1000n
V
E
f
48 +
12
27 = 4 3 +
12 3
3 3
3 3 = 4 3 + 4 3 3 3 = 5 3
2 + 5 (2 + 5 )(3 5) 6 + 5 5 1 + 5
(b)
=
=
=
3+ 5 (3+ 5)(3 5)
4
9 5
Worked solutions
10 (a)
2 = 5 2
2 2
3 5
(b)
(d) 2 5 = 4 5 = 20
3 + 5
3 + 5
3 5
3 5
95
3 5
4
(c) 32 + 3 2 = 16 2 + 3 2 = 4 2 + 3 2 = 7 2
11 7x + 4y = 2
...........................
(1)
3x y = 9 ........................... (2)
12x 4y = 36
7x + 4y = 2
19x = 38
x=2
14 + 4y = 2
4y = 12
y = 3
3(2) (3) = 9
6+3=9
9=9
15
1Algebra: Topic 2 M
anipulation of algebraic
expressions
Topic
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a) (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1
2 (a) (x + 3)2 = x2 + 6x + 9
(b) (x + 4)2 = x2 + 8x + 16
(c) (x + 1)2 = x2 + 2x + 1
16
Worked solutions
(f) x 3x + 2 = (x 1)(x 2)
2
(g) x 4x 5 = (x 5)(x + 1)
2
(h) x + 5x 14 = (x + 7)(x 2)
2
(i) x 5x + 4 = (x 1)(x 4)
2
(j) x2 + 3x 10 = (x + 5)(x 2)
(j) x2 3x 10 = (x 5)(x + 2)
6 (a) x2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2)
(b) x2 + 6x + 5 = (x + 5)(x + 1)
(e) x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 5)(x + 3)
(f) x2 2x + 1 = (x 1)(x 1)
(g) x2 + 5x 6 = (x + 6)(x 1)
(h) x2 + 4x 21 = (x + 7)(x 3)
(i) x2 5x + 6 = (x 3)(x 2)
(j) x2 + 7x 30 = (x + 10)(x 3)
(k) x2 + 2x 15 = (x 3)(x + 5)
8 (a) x2 1 = (x + 1)(x 1)
(e) p2 q2 = (p + q)(p q)
(g) x2 y2 = (x + y)(x y)
(k) c2 25 = (c + 5)(c 5)
9 (a) x = 1 or 2
(b) x = 4 or 2
(c) x = 3 or 7
(d) x = 4 or 1
(e) x = 3 or 1
(f) x = 1 or 2
(g) x = 5 or 1
(h) x = 7 or 2
(i) x = 1 or 4
(j) x = 5 or 2
17
(b) a2 a 42 = (a + 6)(a 7) = 0 so a = 6 or 7
1
(c) 3x2 + 11x 4 = (3x 1)(x + 4) = 0 so x = or 4
3
2
11 (a) x + 4x + 1 = 0
(x + 2)2 4 + 1 = 0
(x + 2)2 = 3
x + 2 = 3
x = 3 2 or 3 2
(b) 2x2 + 4x 5 = 0
2 x2 + 2x
5
=0
2
5
x2 + 2x = 0
2
5
(x + 1)2 1 = 0
2
12
(x + 1)2 = 3.5
x + 1 = 3.5
x = 3.5 1 or 3.5 1
x2 + 8x 12 = 0
(x + 4)2 16 12 = 0
(x + 4)2 = 28
x + 4 = 28
x = 28 4
18
(x + 4)2 28 = 0
x = 28 4 or 28 4
Worked solutions
13
>>>TIP
Be careful here. It is
easy to substitute the
values for part (a) into
this equation.
= 16 72
= 56
6 (6)2 4(3)(2)
x=
2(3)
=
6 36 24 6 12 6 + 12 6 12
=
=
or
6
6
6
6
19
Test yourself
One way to do this is to
consider the graph of the
function. The minimum point
would occur at (2, 8). The
least value is the y-value
(i.e. 8) and the value of x
for which this occurs is the
x-coordinate(i.e. 2). Another
way is to look at the function
and spot that the bracket
squared will only be zero or
positive no matter what the
value of x is. Whatever the
value of the bracket squared
is, it will be added to the 8.
The smallest value of the
whole function would be
if the bracket squared was
zero and this would occur if
x = 2. In this case nothing
would be added to the 8 so
the least value of x2 + 4x + 12
would be 8.
( )
( )
1
32 9 1
32
2
x
3x
+
x
2
=
+
=
1
4
2
4 4
2
(x 4)2 4 = 0
(x 4)2 = 4
(x 4) = 2
Hence,
x 4 = 2 or x 4 = 2
x = 2 + 4 or x = 2 + 4
x = 6 or
x=2
4 (i)
x2 + 8x 9 = (x + 4)2 16 9 = (x + 4)2 25
5 (a) x2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)(x + 1)
(b) x2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3)(x + 2)
(e) x2 x 2 = (x 2)(x + 1)
(f) x2 + 3x 4 = (x + 4)(x 1)
(g) x2 + x 12 = (x 3)(x + 4)
(h) x2 6x + 5 = (x 1)(x 5)
(i) x2 2x 35 = (x 7)(x + 5)
20
Worked solutions
= 5[(x 2)2 4 + 2]
= 5(x 2)2 10
x + 4 = x2 7x + 20
x2 8x + 16 = 0
(x 4)(x 4) = 0
There is only one solution to
the quadratic which means
the straight line and curve
touch at only one point.
(x 4)2 = 0
There is just one solution to this equation which proves that the straight
line and curve touch.
Solving gives x = 4
When x = 4, y = 4 + 4 = 8
21
Topic
Worked solutions
Progress checks
1 f(x) = x3 7x 6
g(1) = 2(1)3 7(1)2 + 3(1) + 1
=27+3+1
= 1
Hence, remainder = 1.
3 f(x) = x3 4x2 + x + 8
f(2) = (2)3 4(2)2 + (2) + 8
= 8 16 2 + 8
= 18
4 f(x) = x3 2x2 + 6
=88+6
=6
Hence, remainder = 6.
22
=1+4+16
=0
Worked solutions
= x3 + 9x2 + 20x + x2 + 9x + 20
= x3 + 10x2 + 29x + 20
= x3 + 3x2 + 2x x2 3x 2 = x3 + 2x2 x 2
= x3 + x2 6x + 3x2 + 3x 18
= x3 + 4x2 3x 18
= x3 4x2 + 3x x2 + 4x 3 = x3 5x2 + 7x 3
= 16 16 + 4 + 1
=5
Hence, remainder = 5.
f(1) = (1)3 2(1)2 + a(1) + 6
= 1 2 a + 6
=a+3
Solving, we have a = 3.
= 8 20 + 14 2
=0
23
1 Algebra: Topic 3 The remainder and factor theorems and solving cubic equations
Test yourself
1
2
Remainder = 3
f(2) = (2)3 + 6(2)2 + a(2) + 6 = 22 2a
As x + 2 is a factor, f(2) = 0
Hence, 22 2a = 0
So a = 11
So (x + 2)(x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
Solving gives x = 2, 1 or 3.
(b) x3 x2 4x + 4 = (x + 2)(ax2 + bx + c)
Hence b = 3.
x3 x2 4x + 4 = (x + 2)(x2 3x + 2)
24
= (x + 2)(x 2)(x 1)
Solving gives x = 2, 2 or 1
1Algebra: Topic 4 P
roblem solving and
inequalities
Topic
Worked solutions
Progress check
The difference of the two numbers is 1 (with x being the larger number) so
we can write this as x y = 1.
2x + 24 = 3x + 12
xy = 72
y(y + 1) = 72
From the first equation we can write x = (y + 1) and substituting this into
the second equation for x we obtain
y2 + y 72 = 0
Solving, we obtain y = 9 or 8.
25
4x + 4 = 64
x = 15
4x = 60
4 (a) x 5
(b)
x 10
(c)
x > 1
(d)
x>4
(e)
x 50
(a) 1 x 8
(b) 2 x 5
(c) 1 < x 8
(e) 4 x < 10
(a) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 10
(b) 4, 3, 2, 1, 0
(c) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
(e) 2, 1, 0, 1, 2
(g) 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
(h) 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
(i) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
7 (a) x 3 and x 8
26
(d) 4 x < 5
(e)
x < 5 and x 8
(f)
x 1 and x > 2
8
9
14 x 18
(a) 4x 2 > 3 x
5x 2 > 3
5x > 5
x > 1
2x + 2 > 8 x
3x > 6
x > 2
10x 6 4x 12
6x 6
x 1
(d) 4 x < 3x + 7
4 4x < 7
4x < 3
3
x >
4
(e) 9 5x 4 x
9 4x 4
4x 5
5
x
4
5 x < 3x 6
5 4x < 6
4x < 11
11
x >
4
Worked solutions
10
x2 6x + 8 > 0
y = x2 6x + 8
>>>
TIP
The range of values for which this occurs are x < 2 and x > 4.
11 1 3x < x + 7
3x < x + 6
4x < 6
6
x >
4
3
x
2
27
12 5x2 + 7x 6 0
y = 5x2 + 7x 6
x
2
28
3
5
Worked solutions
13
y = x + 4 and y = x2 7x + 20
x + 4 = x2 7x + 20
x2 8x + 16 = 0
(x 4)(x 4) = 0
(x 4)2 = 0
There is just one solution to this equation which proves that the straight
line and curve touch.
Solving gives x = 4
y=4+4=8
An alternative method for proving that the curve and straight line touch at
one point is to find the discriminant and show that it equals zero.
x2 + (5x + 13)2 = 13
x2 + 25x2 + 65x + 65x +169 = 13
2x2 + 10x + 12 = 0
Hence,
(2x + 4)(x + 3) = 0
x = 2 or 3
When x = 2, y = 5(2) + 13 = 3
When x = 3, y = 5(3) + 13 = 2
29
15
Note there is no point in
trying to factorise this as
the question asks that the
answer be given to two
decimal places. You have to
solve this quadratic equation
by either completing the
square or using the formula.
Here we will use the formula.
3x + 6 = x2 2x + 1
0 = x2 5x 5
x=
x=
x=
b b2 4ac
gives:
2a
5 (5)2 4(1)(5)
2(1)
5 25 + 20 5 45 5 + 45
5 45
=
=
or =
= 5.85 or 0.85 (2 d.p.)
2
2
2
2
Test yourself
1
(a) 3x 2 > 7
3x > 9
x>3
3x > 15
x > 5
x5
(c) 3
7
Subtract 4x from both sides.
30
x 5 21
x 16
(d) 3x 4 < 4x + 6
x 4 < 6
x < 10
x > 10
Worked solutions
(a) 2x 4 > x + 6
x4>6
x > 10
(b) 4 + x < 6 4x
4 + 5x < 6
5x < 2
x<
2
5
x < 0.4
(c) 2x + 9 5(x 3)
2x + 9 5x 15
3x + 9 15
3x 24
x8
As the curve y = x2 3x 18
has a positive coefficient of
the curve will be -shaped.
y = x2 3x 18
31
TAKE NOTE
Note with practice you
may find you do not
need to draw the curve,
which will save you a
bit of time.
4 Factorising x2 2x 15 = 0 gives
(x 5)(x + 3) = 0
Hence x = 5 or 3
Hence
Now x2 2x 15 0. This is the region below the x-axis (i.e. where y 0).
3x5
(a) 5 < 2x 1 13
6 < 2x 14
3 < x 7
2 < 3x < 9
2
< x < 3
3
x 12 6
4x 12 3x 6
32
x6
1Algebra: Topic 5 T
he binomial expansion and
probability
Topic
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a) (5) = r!(n r)! = 5!3! =
8
()
n!
8!
876
= 56
32
7
n!
7! 7 6 5
=
=
= 35
(b) =
3 r!(n r)! 3!4!
32
( )
12
n!
12! 12 11 10 9 8 7
=
=
= 924
(c) =
6
r!(n r)! 6!6!
654321
7
C2 =
(d)
(e)
(f)
C5 =
12
C2 =
n!
7! 7 6
=
=
= 21
r!(n r)! 2!5! 2 1
n!
12! 12 11 10 9 8
=
=
= 792
r!(n r)! 5!7!
54321
n!
4! 4 3
=
=
=6
r!(n r)! 2!2! 2 1
2 (a) (0) = 1
TAKE NOTE
You have to use the
binomial theorem
here as it is specified
in the question. If you
found the answer by
multiplying out the
brackets you would not
gain any marks.
()
()
( )
()
()
()
( )
2
(b) = 2
1
3
(c) = 3
2
10
(d) = 120
3
5
3 (a) 0 = 1
5
(b) = 5
1
8
(c) = 56
5
10
(d) = 252
5
(a + b)n = an + nan 1b +
33
(3)(2) 1
(3)(2)(1) 0
3 (2x)2 +
3 (2x)3
2!
3!
(1n)a
n1
b+
(2n)a
3
Here n = 6, a = x and b = .
x
b ++
n2 2
(nr)a
b + + bn
nr r
( )
x+
() () () () () ()
36 6 6 5 3
6 4 32 6 3 33
=x +
x
+
x
+
x
+
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
Term in x2 =
(62) x (3x)
1 1
1 2 1
The last line of Pascals triangle
shows the line we need as we need
the second number in the line to be
a 6 which is the power to which the
bracket is to be raised.
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
As
1 6 15 20 15 6 1
()
Obtaining the formula and following the pattern in the terms gives:
34
()
6
32
= 15, we have term in x2 = 15x4
= 135x2
2
x
n1
n2 2
3 2
()
()
2 3
n3 3
2
Putting a = x, b = , and n = 5 into the equation, gives:
x
( )
x+
()
() ()
25 5
2
22
23
24 25
= x + 5x4
+ 10x3
+ 10x2
+ 5x
+
x
x
x
x
x
x
= x5 + 10x3 + 40x +
80 80 32
+
+
x x3 x5
Worked solutions
(1 + 0.02)6
= 1.1262 (4 d.p.)
p = 0.4, n = 10 and r = 5.
(105)0.4 (1 0.4)
10
P(X = 5) = ( )0.4 (0.6)
5
P(X = 5) =
5
5
= 0.2007
We need to find the
probability of each of the
above and then add the two
probabilities together.
= 0.201 (3 s.f. )
(100)0.4 (1 0.4)
10
= ( )0.4 (0.6)
0
P(X = 0) =
10 0
10
= 0.006047
= 0.00605 (3 s.f.)
(101)0.4 (1 0.4)
10
= ( )0.4 (0.6)
1
P(X = 1) =
10 1
= 0.04031
= 0.0403 (3 s.f.)
= 0.006047 + 0.04031
= 0.046357
= 0.0464 (3 s.f.)
35
1
(16) = 216
3
(a) P(X = 3) =
(b) P (X = 0) =
= 0.004
630
= 0.5787
(56) = 125
216
3
We first find the probability of 2 sixes and then add this to the
probability of obtaining 3 sixes already found in part (a).
(32)(16) (1 16)
3 1 5
= ( )( ) ( )
2 6 6
2
P(X = 2) =
32
= 0.06944
= 0.06944 + 0.004630
= 0.0741 (3 s.f.)
= 0.07407
Test yourself
1 (a + b)n = an + (1)an 1b + (2)an 2b2 +
n
(2n)a
n2 2
Here a = 2, b = 3x and n = 5
36
So the term in x2 is
5!
(2)3(3x)2 = 10 8 9x2 = 720x2
2!(5 2)!
Worked solutions
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
P(X = 4) =
(6)(5)(3x)2 (6)(5)(4)(3x)3
+
21
321
(204)0.25 (1 0.25)
4
(204)0.25 (0.75)
4
= 0.1897 (4 s.f.)
= 0.1746 (4 s.f.)
20 4
16
20
(101)0.12 (1 0.12)
10
P(X = 1) = ( )0.12 (0.88)
1
P(X = 1) =
1
1
10 1
= 0.3798 (4 s.f.)
37
Topic
Worked solutions
Progress checks
1 (a) Negative
(b) Zero
(c) Positive
(d) Negative
(e) Positive
(f) Infinite
(g) Negative
(h) Zero
(a) Gradient =
y2 y1 9 3 6
=
= =3
x2 x 1 4 2 2
(c) Gradient =
y2 y1
03
3
=
=
=1
x2 x1 5 ( 2) 3
(b) Gradient =
(d) Gradient =
(e) Gradient =
(f) Gradient =
(g) Gradient =
(
(
(
(
3 (a)
(b)
(c)
38
(d)
y2 y1 12 0 12 3
=
=
=
x2 x 1 9 1
8 2
y2 y1
1 10
9 9
=
=
=
x2 x1 5 ( 1) 4 4
y2 y1 6 (3) 9
=
= =9
x2 x 1
10
1
y2 y1 2 (2) 4
=
=
x2 x 1
41
3
y2 y1 5 (4) 1
1
=
=
=
x2 x1 1 10 11 11
)
)
)
)
(
(
(
(
)
)( )
)
)
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
1+3 2+8
=
= (2, 5)
,
,
2
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
0+4 2+1
3
=
= 2,
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
2 + 0 5 + (5)
=
= (1, 0)
,
,
2
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
8 + (2) 4 + (6)
=
= (5, 1)
,
,
2
2
2
2
Worked solutions
(e)
(f)
(g)
(
(
(
)(
)(
)(
)( )
)( )
)( )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
10 + (3) 12 + 0
7
=
= , 6
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
3 + (4) 4 + 6
7
=
= , 1
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
8 + (5) 1 + 7
3
=
= , 3
,
,
2
2
2
2
2
(e)
(g)
C to D =
(f)
5 (a) A to B =
( )
( )
3
1
3
1
Hence AB = CD
(b) A to B =
C to D =
()
()
5
1
5
1
Hence AB = CD
(c) A to B =
C to D =
( )
( )
6
1
6
1
Hence AB = CD
(d) A to B =
C to D =
( )
()
6
1
6
1
Hence AB = CD
39
(e) A to B =
C to D =
( )
( )
2
4
4
2
Hence AB = CD
(f) A to B =
C to D =
()
()
6
1
1
6
Hence AB = CD
(g) A to B =
C to D =
()
()
1
2
2
1
Hence AB = CD
(b) (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2 = (5 0)2 + (17 5)2 = 169 = 13.0
(c)
7 (a) m = 3, c = 2
(b) m = 2, c = 3
2
(c)
m= ,c=1
3
4
(d)
m = , c = 3
3
1
3
(e)
m = , c =
2
2
1
4
(f)
m = , c =
2
3
8 The mid-point of a line joining the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by:
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
,
2
2
5 + 1 12 + 4
Mid-point of AB =
= (2, 8)
,
2
2
40
Worked solutions
(b) P to Q =
()
8
2
PQ2 = 82 + 22
PQ2 = 68
PQ2 = 64 + 4
4 + 4 3 + 5
= (0, 4)
,
2
2
PQ2 = 4 17
PQ2 = 2 17
= 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
= 16 +1 = 17 = 4.12
11
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
.
,
2
2
x+2
2
x+2
The x-coordinate is 4, so 4 =
2
Solving gives x = 6
y+3
2
y+3
The y-coordinate is 4, so 4 =
2
Solving gives y = 5
The y-coordinate of the mid-point =
12
Gradient of line
y2 y1 k 2 k 2
=
=
x2 x 1 5 0
5
4
Gradient of AB = , so
5
k2 4
=
5
5
41
13
Solving, gives k = 6
(a) Gradient = 4
3
(b) Gradient =
2
(c) Gradient =
14
(d) Gradient =
1
4
2
3
(a) As point B lies on the line, its coordinates will satisfy the equation of the line.
(b) Mid-point =
15 4x 3y = c
)(
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
4+2 9+4
=
= (3, 6.5)
,
,
2
2
2
2
4(3) 3(2) = c
31
=1
31
03
= 1
Gradient of BC =
63
(b) Product of the gradients = (1)(1) = 1.
16
17
(a) Gradient of AB =
(a) Gradient of PQ =
06
3
=
40
2
3
y y1 = m(x x1) where m = and (x1, y1) = (0, 6)
2
3
y 6 = (x 0)
2
2y 12 = 3x
2y = 3x + 12
42
y2 y1
x2 x 1
Worked solutions
)(
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
0+4 6+0
=
= (2, 3)
,
,
2
2
2
2
Gradient of line perpendicular to PQ is given by
(b) Mid-point of PQ =
( )
3
m = 1
2
2
m =
3
2
y y1 = m(x x1) where m = and (x1, y1) = (2, 3)
3
2
y 3 = (x 2)
3
3y 9 = 2x 4
3y = 2x + 5
18 (a) y = 6x 5
y = 6(1) 5
y = 1 which is the y-value of the point so the point lies on the line.
(b) y = 6x 5
y = 6(0) 5
y = 5 which is the y-value of the point so the point lies on the line.
(c) y = 6x 5
y = 6(2) 5
y = 7 as this is not the y-coordinate of the point, the point does not lie on the line.
y = 12 5
(d) y = 6x 5
y = 6(12) 5
y=35
y = 2
This is the y-value of the point, so the point lies on the line.
(e) y = 6x 5
y = 6(1) 5
This is not the y-value of the point, so the point does not lie on the line.
y = 11
43
19 (a) y = 4x 1
y = 4(0) 1
y = 1
(b) y = 3x + 5
y = 3(0) + 5
y=5
(c) 4x 2y = 0
4(0) 2y = 0
2y = 0
y=0
(d) 5y x = 2
5y 0 = 2
(e) 2x + y 1 = 0
2(0) + y 1 = 0
0+y1=0
y=1
(f)
yx3=0
y 0 3 = 0
0 = 4x + 2
2 = 4x
x =
1
2
(b) y = 3x + 15
0 = 3x + 15
15 = 3x
x = 5
(c) 3x + 2y = 12
3x +2(0) = 12
x=4
(d) 5y x = 9
2
y =
5
20 (a) y = 4x + 2
y=3
5(0) x = 9
x = 9
(e) 5x 7y = 25
5x 7(0) = 25
5x = 25
x=5
(f)
xy+7=0
x0+7=0
x = 7
(g) 5x 3y 10 = 0
5x 3(0) 10 = 0
44
x=2
Worked solutions
21
7x + 2y = 19 .................................... (1)
x y = 4 .......................................... (2)
2x 2y = 8
7x + 2y = 19
9x = 27
x=3
7(3) + 2y = 19
21 + 2y = 19
2y = 2
y = 1
So LHS = RHS
22
LHS = 3 (1) = 4
RHS = 4
7y = 5x 27 .......................................... (1)
4y = 3x 16 ........................................... (2)
20y = 15x 80
21y = 15x 81
Note that 81 (80) = 1.
Be very careful when
subtracting negative
numbers.
y = 1
7 = 5x 27
20 = 5x
x=4
45
So LHS = RHS
23
LHS = 4(1) = 4
RHS = 3(4) 16 = 4
24
4x + y = 1
3x + 2y = 7
8x + 2y = 2 .................................................... (1)
3x + 2y = 7 .................................................... (2)
8 + 2y = 2
46
2y = 10
y=5
x = 1
5x = 5
RHS = 7
So LHS = RHS
Worked solutions
Test yourself
1
(a) Gradient of AB =
Gradient of CD =
y2 y1 1 0 1
=
=
x2 x 1 4 1 3
y2 y1
43
1
=
=
x2 x1 2 (1) 3
As the gradients of AB and CD are the same the two lines are parallel.
y y1 = m(x x1)
y 0 = 13 (x 1)
3y = x 1
x 3y 1 = 0
y2 y1 1 4
5
=
=
x2 x1 k (7) k + 7
1
But gradient of AB = so
2
5
1
=
k+7
2
(a) Gradient of AB =
5 2 = 1(k + 7)
10 = k 7
Giving k = 3.
( )
1
m = 1
2
Hence gradient of BC = 2
Equation of BC is:
y (1) = 2(x 3)
y + 1 = 2x 6
2x y 7 = 0
47
(a)
y
B (1, 6)
5
4
3
(3, 2) A
C (6, 1)
1
3
TAKE NOTE
This formula needs
to be remembered. If
you forget it you can
plot the two points
on a sketch graph and
form a triangle and use
Pythagoras' theorem
to find the length of the
hypotenuse.
Gradient of AB =
Gradient of BC =
y2 y1 1 6 5
=
= = 1
x2 x 1 6 1 5
Putting the coordinates A (3, 2) and B (1, 6) into the formula gives
(c) Tan AB =
AB 32
=
=
BC 50
3(3) + 2(4) = c
3x + 2y = c.
Giving c = 17.
16 2 = 4 2 = 4
25 2 5 2 5
y2 y1
62
4
=
= =1
x2 x1 1 (3) 4
48
3x + 2y = 17
Worked solutions
y2 y1
20
2 1
=
= =
x2 x1 0 (4) 4 2
1
Equation of line PQ with gradient and passing through the point
2
Q (0, 2) is
(a) Gradient of PQ =
y y1 = m(x x1)
1
y 2 = (x 0)
2
2y 4 = x
(b) Mid-point of PQ =
)(
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
4 + 0 0 + 2
=
= (2, 1)
,
,
2
2
2
2
1
Gradient of PQ =
2
Gradient of line perpendicular to PQ, m is given by
1
= 1 (i.e. the products of the gradients of two
(m)
2
lines are 1 if they are perpendicular).
Hence,
()
m = 2
y y1 = m(x x1)
>>>TIP
y 1 = 2(x [2])
y 1 = 2x 4
y = 2x 3
(a)
R (2, 6)
y
6
Q (3, 5)
5
4
3
2
4 3
1 0
-1
-2
Gradient of PQ =
P (1, 0)
2
y2 y1 5 0 5
=
=
x2 x 1 3 1 2
49
(b) Equation of straight line PQ which passes through (1, 0) and has
5
gradient is given by:
2
5
y y1 = m(x x1) where m = and (x1, y1) = (1, 0)
2
5
y 0 = (x 1)
2
5
y = (x 1)
2
2y = 5(x 1)
2y = 5x 5
2y 5x = 5
You can now form the
parallelogram and it is
possible to see from the
sketch the rough position of
point S. If you give it some
thought you can get the
coordinates of point S using
the diagram.
(c)
y
6
R (2, 6)
Q (3, 5)
4
3
2
S
4 3
1 0
1
2
P (1, 0)
2
2y 5x = 22
Worked solutions
(d) To find the coordinates of the point S, the equations for lines RS and
SP are solved simultaneously.
2y 5x = 22 ...................................................... (1)
5y + x = 1 ............................................................ (2)
25y + 5x = 5
2y 5x = 22
27y = 27
So, y = 1
5+x=1
So, x = 4
(a) Because there are lots of points in this question, it is worth spending
a little time doing a sketch showing their positions.
y
3
2
1
0
3
4
6
7
D (5, 2)
C (9, 4)
(2, 5) A
B (6, 7)
51
y2 y1 7 (5) 2
1
=
= =
x2 x 1
62
4
2
y y 4 (2) 2
1
= =
(b) Gradient of DC = 2 1 =
x2 x 1
95
4
2
Gradient of AB =
8 (a)
( )
( )
()
()
Hence, this and the answer to parts (b) and (c) prove that
ABCD is a parallelogram.
y
6
5
B (1, 5)
C (4, 5)
M
3
2
A (4, 2)
1
0
)(
) ( )
x1 + x2 y1 + y2
4+1 2+5
5 7
=
= ,
,
,
2
2
2
2
2 2
y y 52
3
(b) Gradient of AB = 2 1 =
=
= 1
x2 x1 1 4 (3)
Mid-point, M =
y2 y1 5 72 (32)
=
=
=1
(c) Gradient of MC =
x2 x1 4 52 (32)
52
Worked solutions
y 5 = 1(x 4)
y 5 = x 4
Hence, equation of MC is y = x + 1
2
Gradient of line =
3
(a) 2x + 3y = 5
3y = 2x + 5
2
5
y = x +
3
3
2
(b) Equation of line with gradient and passing through the
3
point R (3, 3) is
y y1 = m(x x1)
2
y 3 = (x 3)
3
3y 9 = 2x + 6
10
(a) 4x + 5y = 10
5y = 4x + 10
4
y = x + 2
5
4
Hence, gradient of AB =
5
53
RHS = 10
4
5
(c) As lines are perpendicular, m = 1, so m =
5
4
5
Gradient of line at right-angles to AB =
4
5
Equation of line with gradient and passing through the
4
point C (5, 6) is
y y1 = m(x x1)
5
y 6 = (x [5])
4
4y 24 = 5(x + 5)
4y 24 = 5x + 25
54
Topic
1
7
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a) x2 + y2 = 1
Hence r = 1 = 1
(b)
x 2 + y2 = 9
Hence r = 9 = 3
(c)
x2 + y2 = 25
Hence r = 25 = 5
(d)
x 2 + y2 4 = 0
x2 + y2 = 4
(e)
x2 + y2 49 = 0
x2 + y2 = 49
Hence r = 49 = 7
x2 + y2 = 4
Hence r = 4 = 2
55
3 (a)
(x 3)2 + (y + 1)2 = 9
x2 6x + 9 + y2 + 2y + 1 = 9
x2 + y2 = 9
Hence r = 9 = 3
x2 + y2 9 = 0
x2 + y2 = 9
(i)
y2 = 16 x2
x2 + y2 = 16
Hence r = 16 = 4
(j)
x 2 + y2 5 = 0
x2 + y2 = 5
Hence r = 5
(k)
x2 + y 50 = 0
x2 + y2 = 50
Hence r = 50 = 25 2 = 5 2
2 (a) x2 + y2 = 9
(b)
x2 + y2 = 16
(c)
x2 + y2 = 81
(d)
x 2 + y2 = 6
(e)
x2 + y2 = 12
(f)
x2 + y2 = 45
(g)
x2 + y2 = 18
56
x2 + y2 6x + 2y + 1 = 0
(b)
(x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 16
x2 4x + 4 + y2 + 8y + 16 = 16
x2 + y2 4x + 8y + 4 = 0
(c)
(x 1)2 + (y 3)2 = 1
x2 2x + 1 + y2 6y + 9 = 1
x2 + y2 2x 6y + 9 = 0
(d)
(x + 4)2 + (y 5)2 = 25
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 10y + 25 = 25
x2 + y2 + 8x 10y + 16 = 0
x2 + 10x + 25 + y2 2y + 1 = 9
x2 + y2 + 10x 2y + 17 = 0
(f)
(x 6)2 + (y + 7)2 = 49
x2 12x + 36 + y2 + 14y + 49 = 49
x2 + y2 12x + 14y + 36 = 0
(g)
(x 5)2 + (y 4)2 = 16
x2 10x + 25 + y2 8y + 16 = 16
x2 + y2 10x 8y + 25 = 0
(h) x2 + (y 1)2 = 4
x2 + y2 2y + 1 = 4
x2 + y2 2y 3 = 0
Worked solutions
Test yourself
1
(b) If point P (2, 1) lies on the circle its coordinates will satisfy the
equation of the circle.
x2 + y2 4x + 6x 3 = 0
Both sides of the equation equal zero so P (2, 1) lies on the circle.
(x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
(x 2)2 + (y 3)2 = 25
x2 4x + 4 + y2 6y + 9 = 25
x2 + y2 4x 6y 12 = 0
73 4
=
52 3
3
Gradient of tangent =
4
Equation of tangent is
3
y 7 = (x 5)
4
4y 28 = 3x + 15
4y + 3x 43 = 0
57
4 (a) x2 + y2 4x + 8y + 4 = 0
(x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 4 16 + 4 + 0
(x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 16 = 0
(x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = 16
(b) If the point P (6, 4) lies on the circle, the coordinates will satisfy the
equation of the circle.
Hence,
(x 2)2 + (y + 4)2 = (6 2)2 + (4 + 4)2
= 16
This is the same as the RHS of the equation so the point lies
on the circle.
(1 +2 9, 4 +2 10) = (5, 3)
58
= 42 + 0
r = (5 1)2 + (3 [4])2
r = 42 + 72
r = 65
(c) The equation of a circle having centre (a, b) and radius r is given by
(x a)2 + (y b)2 = r2
(x 5)2 + (y 3)2 = 65
x2 10x + 25 + y2 6y + 9 = 65
x2 + y2 10x 6y 31 = 0
Worked solutions
The length of a straight line joining the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is
given by:
Distance of the point (4, 3) from the centre of the circle (0, 0)
= (x2 x1)2 + (y2 y1)2
This distance is less than the radius of the circle, so the point lies inside
the circle.
= (4 0)2 + (3 0)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 = 5
(a) The mid-point of the diameter of the circle is the centre of the circle.
Mid-point of AB =
(0 +2 4, 32+ 1) = (2, 1)
r2 = (x a)2 + (y b)2
= (4 2)2 + (1 [1])2
= 22 + 22
= 8
r = 8 = 4 2 = 2 2
59
Topic
6
8
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a) x 3
(a) Region 2
(c) Region 1
(b) y 2
(d)
y 2x + 8
(c)
yx
(e)
y 12x + 3
(b) Region 5
(d) Region 3
(e) Region 4
You first have to obtain some points to be able to draw each line. Note that
as the inequalities all have an equals component in the question, all the
lines will be solid lines.
x=2
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
y = 13 x
3
2
1
0
60
2y = 12 x
1
2 3
4 5
7 8
9 10 11 12
Worked solutions
We now add the shadings to each line to show the sides of the line that do
not satisfy the inequality.
x=2
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
2 3
4 5
x=2
11
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
2 3
7 8
9 10 11 12
10
2y = 12 x
y
12
FEASIBLE
REGION
y = 13 x
4 5
FEASIBLE
REGION
6
7 8
y = 13 x
2y = 12 x
9 10 11 12
61
4
y
15
14
y=x
y = 1.5x + 15
13
12
9
x + y 800
1
x y
3
2y = 10 x
3
2
1
2 3
4 5
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14
(b) Amount of
money per
week = 0.8x + 0.9y
Note that you could simplify this by dividing both sides of the inequality
by 5000 to give 4y + 3x 100.
y 3x
62
y 500
8
5
Up to 100 means
less than or equal
to 100.
6 (a) x 500
10
(a) 3x + 4y 100
(c)
y < 3x
11
4x + 5y 120
Worked solutions
Test yourself
1 (a) x 150
y 120
x + y 200
Adding these lines to the graph and shading the regions that are
excluded we obtain.
x = 150
200
175
150
x + y = 200
y = 120
125
100
75
50
25
0
50
(c) Profit = 2x + 5y
25
Now, one of the vertices in the feasible (i.e. unshaded) region will
maximise the profit.
There are four vertices; (150, 0), (0, 120), (150, 50) and (80, 120).
When x = 80 and y = 120 the profit is 2(80) + 5(120) = 760 and this
is the highest value.
63
Adding this line and the other lines to the graph we obtain:
y
x=2
24
22
20
18
16
14
4x + y = 24
12
y = 10
10
8
6
4
2
10
x=2
24
22
20
18
16
14
2x + y = 20
12
10
y = 10
8
6
4
2
64
4x + y = 24
1
10
Worked solutions
(a) The total number of tents cannot be more than 18, so x + y 18.
24
22
20
18
8x + 3y = 72
16
14
12
10
x + y = 18
8
6
4
2
10
12
14
16
18
65
(e) Plotting the line 80x + 20y = 400, when x = 0, y = 20 and when
y = 0, x = 5.
y
24
22
20
8x + 3y = 72
16
P Q
18
14
12
10
x + y = 18
8
6
4
2
66
10
12
14
16
18
The minimum cost is given by the line that is parallel to the objective
function drawn in the feasible region that is furthest to the left. The
point P does not have integer coordinates so we need to look for a
point near P with integer coordinates.
The point Q is near to P and has coordinates (4, 14). If these
coordinates are substituted into the expression for the cost
(i.e. 80x + 20y), the cost is 80(4) + 20(14) = 600.
Note that we require a minimum cost and both these points give a
higher cost.
Hence the point Q(4, 14) gives the values of x and y that give the
smallest cost. Hence 4 large tents and 14 small tents need to be used.
Topic
1
9
Worked solutions
Progress checks
15
x
15
x =
= 17.32 cm (2 d.p.)
cos 30
x
(b) cos 40 =
12
Hence, x = 12 cos 40
(a) cos 30 =
2 (a) tan =
= 9.19 cm (2 d.p.)
10
3
(103)
= tan1
(b) sin =
10
13
(10
13)
= sin1
sin | c |
Hence
=
cos ac
opposite
adjacent
b c
=
c a
b
a
b opposite
Now, =
= tan
a adjacent
sin
= tan
Hence,
cos
67
3 Trigonometry: Topic 9 Trigonometric ratios and the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent
90
S
180
T
pV
270
3
2
90
180
270
360
26.6
0
x = tan1(12) = 26.6
y = tan x
Drawing the graph of y = tan x you can see where this angle
is on the graph.
x
90
180
270
360
By the symmetry of the graph you can see that the line
y = 12 cuts the tan graph in two places in the required
range and that these values of x are at 180 26.6 = 153.4
and 360 26.6 = 333.4.
Hence x = 153.4 or 333.4.
68
Worked solutions
7 2sin = 1
sin =
y
0.5
0
30
= sin1
= 180 30 = 150
= 30
150 180
360
(12)
1
2
Hence = 30 or 150
y
1
13.3
180 + 13.3
0.23
180
y = sin
270
360 13.3
360
Notice the 13.3 solution. The line y = 0.23 cuts in two places in the
required range. By symmetry these two solutions will be
= 180 + 13.3 = 193.3 or = 360 13.3 = 346.7
69
3 Trigonometry: Topic 9 Trigonometric ratios and the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent
= cos1(0.72)
= 136.1
1
0
90
0.72
136.1
180
360 136.1
270
= tan1 (2.45)
= 67.8
2.45
0
70
67.8
90
x
180
180 + 67.8
270
360
360
Worked solutions
The smallest angle of any triangle is always opposite the smallest side.
Drawing a sketch of the triangle and calling the smallest angle we have
7 cm
5 cm
10 cm
52 = 72 + 102 2 7 10 cos
25 = 49 + 100 140 cos
cos = 0.8857
= cos1 (0.8857)
10
The formula
Area = 12 bc sin A
is used here.
The formula
Area = 12 bc sin A is used here.
Sin = 35 is substituted into
this equation.
1
(b)
Area = 9 11 sin 80.4
2
11 (a)
= 48.81 cm2
1
3
Area = 25 30
2
5
= 225 cm2
71
3 Trigonometry: Topic 9 Trigonometric ratios and the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent
(b)
A right-angled triangle is
drawn with the opposite of
length 3 and the hypotenuse
of length 5.
Adjacent = 4
cos =
adjacent
4
=
hypotenuse 5
AC2 = 325
AC = 325
4
5
AC = 18.0 cm (3 s.f.)
Test yourself
1 (a)
y
y = tan
0
The first value of is found
using a calculator (or the
knowledge that tan 45 = 1)
and the second value is found
using the symmetry of the
graph. The same section of
the graph from 0 to 45 is
repeated starting at 180 so
we need to add 45 to 180 to
determine the second angle
(i.e. 225).
72
90
180
270
360
Worked solutions
(a) As the multiple of the angle is 2 we need to look at the range from
0 to 720.
It is best to do a quick sketch of the sine graph like this. You can see
there are two places where sin x = 1.
y
1
0
180
360
540
720
2x = sin1(1)
2x = 90 or 450
Hence, x = 45 or 225
(b) tan x = 2
x = tan1(2)
= 63.4
y = tan x
2
0
90
x
180
270
360
73
3 Trigonometry: Topic 9 Trigonometric ratios and the graphs of sine, cosine and tangent
1
1
(a) Area = bc sin A = 12 8 sin 150 = 24 cm2
2
2
(b) Using the cosine rule
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
= 374.2769
a = 19.3462
a = 19.3 cm (1 d.p.)
(a) (0, 0), (180, 0), (360, 0), (540, 0), (720, 0)
x =
12 sin 84
sin 40
x = 18.5664
= 18.6 cm (3 s.f.)
1
1
Area = bc sin A = 18.6 12 sin 56
2
2
74
= 92.521
Topic
10
1
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 cos x = 2 sin x
sin x
= tan x so 1 = 2 tan x
cos x
1
giving tan x =
2
1
x = tan1 = 26.6
2
We can see the other solutions in the required range by sketching a graph
of y = tan x.
Now
cos x 2 sin x
=
cos x
cos x
( )
26.6
90
1
y = tan x
90
180
270
360
You can see from the graph that there are two angles in the range where
1
tan x = .
2
Using the symmetry of the graph you can see that the two values of x are
180 26.6 = 153.4 and 360 26.6 = 333.4.
75
= 2cos2 1
3 (a)
By Pythagoras we have
( )
5 = x2 + 22
5 = x2 + 4
Hence x = 1.
sin =
76
1
opposite
=
hypotenuse 5
1
sin |5| 1 5 1
(b) tan =
=
=
=
cos 2 5 2 2
5
6cos2 + 5cos 6 = 0
2
3
Hence, cos = or cos = (which is ignored as smallest value is 1)
3
2
2
2
giving = 48.2 or 311.8 (nearest 0.1).
cos = so = cos1
3
3
()
Worked solutions
sin
Note that cos
= tan .
sin
=3
5
cos
5tan = 3
tan =
3
5
(35 )
(b)
= tan1
= 31 (nearest degree)
12cos2 x 5sin x 10 = 0
(4sin x 1) (3sin x + 2) = 0
1
2
or sin x =
4
3
1
When sin x = , x = 14.5 or 165.5
4
2
When sin x = , x = 221.8 or 318.2
3
sin x =
x
18 km
A
50
15 km
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
x = 14.2 km (1 d.p.)
x = 14.2090 km
77
PR2 = 92 + 92
= 162
= 81 2
TAKE NOTE
It is always a good idea
to simplify things by
drawing the triangle
you are working on
separately.
PR = 81 2
= 9 2
(b)
8 cm
P
9 2 cm
2
4.5 2
Tan =
AC2 = 92 + 62
Giving AC = 10.8167 cm
= 10.8 cm (3 s.f.)
AF2 = 42 + 10.81672
Giving AF = 11.5326 cm
78
= 11.5 cm (3 s.f.)
Worked solutions
(c)
F
11.5326 cm
10.8167 cm
Cos =
10.8167
11.5326
(d) In order to obtain the greatest angle down the slope, think of the path
a ball would take if it was released at the top of the slope.
40
10 km
10
8 km
(b) Notice that in the above diagram we have two sides of a triangle and
we need to find the other side, representing the path back to the
harbour. If we find the included angle between the two original paths
we can use the cosine rule to find the length of the other side of the
triangle.
79
We can draw some additional angles on the original diagram like this.
N
Always extend the north line
down past the point and look
for any alternate angles. In
this case you can spot an
alternate angle of 40.
40
140
8 km
10 km
10
40
You can now see that the included angle is 140 + 10 = 150.
(c)
80
40
140
8 km
40
10 km
10
17.4
8
=
sin 150 sin
Worked solutions
Test yourself
1
3 3cos2 + 5cos 5 = 0
Factorising gives
3cos2 5cos + 2 = 0
(3cos 2)(cos 1) = 0
2
So cos = or cos = 1
3
2
or = cos1(1)
= cos1
3
()
sin 2x = 3 cos 2x
tan 2x = 3
( 3)
2x = tan1
90
A
0
pV
270
81
( 3) = 60
2 = 180 + 60 = 240
3 = 360 + 60 = 420
(a) First we copy the diagram, marking the lighthouse on it and some of
the angles we know.
N
30
Lighthouse
L
30
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
AL2 = 482 + 52 2 48 5cos 120
= 2569
AL = 2569 = 50.6853
AL = 50.7 nautical miles (to one decimal place)
82
Worked solutions
(c)
It is easy to make a
mistake when working
out angles so always
check your answers by
finding the sin, cos or tan
of the angles to check
that you get back to the
original value, i.e. 3 for
tan in this case.
30
50.6853
Lighthouse
Bearing
48 50.6853
=
sin sin 120
4 sin = 3cos
Here we will use the CAST method but the trigonometric graphs could also
have been used to find the angles.
>>>TIP
48
30
Hence, tan = 3
S
180
T
90
71.6
pV
A
0
71.6
270
83
5 (a)
20 cm
16 cm
202 = VR2 + 162
400 = VR2 + 256
VR2 = 144
VR = 12 cm
202 = VS2 + 122
400 = VS2 + 144
20 cm
12 cm
20 cm
VS2 = 256
VS = 16 cm
P
162 = RS2 + 122
RS = 10.6 cm (3 s.f.)
84
16 cm
16 cm
256 = RS2 + 144
RS2 = 112
12 cm
Worked solutions
(c) V
16 cm
10.6 cm
Cos =
10.6
16
(10.6
16 )
= cos1
= 48.5 (3 s.f.)
85
Topic
11
6
Worked solutions
Progress check
dy
= 12x2 + 12x 3
dx
dy
= 30x4 + 32x3 9x2
(b) y = 6x5 + 8x4 3x3 + 1
dx
dy
(c) y = 7x4 + 8x3 9x2 + 1
= 28x3 + 24x2 18x
dx
dy
= 30x2 14x 9
(d) y = 10x3 7x2 9x + 11
dx
dy
= 40x 7
(e) y = 20x2 7x 21
dx
dy
= 10x 7
(f) y = 5x2 7x 5
dx
dy
2 (a) y = (x + 2)(x + 1) = x2 + 3x + 2 dx = 2x + 3
dy
= 2x + 6
(b) y = (x + 4)(x + 2) = x2 + 6x + 8
dx
dy
= 2x 1
(c) y = (x 3)(x + 2) = x2 x 6
dx
dy
= 2x 6
(d) y = (x 4)(x 2) = x2 6x + 8
dx
dy
= 2x 8
(e) y = (x 4)2 = x2 8x + 16
dx
dy
= 2x
(f) y = (x + 2)(x 2) = x2 4
dx
dy
= 2x + 10
(g) y = (x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 4x + 1
(h) y = x(x2 + 2x + 1) = x3 + 2x2 + x
dx
dy
= 9x2 + 12x + 9
(i) y = x(3x2 + 6x + 9) = 3x3 + 6x2 + 9x
dx
dy
= 4x3 + 18x2 + 18x
(j) y = x2(x2 + 6x + 9) = x4 + 6x3 + 9x2
dx
dy
= 12x 11
(k) y = (3x + 2)(2x 5) = 6x2 11x 10
dx
86
Worked solutions
dy
= 40x 39
dx
dy
= 8x + 12
dx
dy
= 18x 12
(n) y = (3x 2)2 = 9x2 12x + 4
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 8x + 4
dx
dy
= 3x2 + 8x 6
y = (x 1)(x2 + 5x 1) = x3 + 5x2 x x2 5x + 1 = x3 + 4x2 6x + 1
dx
dy
= 3x2 14x + 14
y = (x 5)(x2 2x + 4) = x3 2x2 + 4x 5x2 + 10x 20 = x3 7x2 + 14x 20
dx
dy
= 6x2 6x + 6
y = (2x + 1)(x2 2x + 4) = 2x3 4x2 + 8x + x2 2x + 4 = 2x3 3x2 + 6x + 4
dx
dy
= 12x2 + 34x 27
y = (4x 3)(x2 + 5x 3) = 4x3 + 20x2 12x 3x2 15x + 9 = 4x3 + 17x2 27x + 9
dx
dy
= 15x2 + 48x 20
y = (5x 1)(x2 + 5x 3) = 5x3 + 25x2 15x x2 5x + 3 = 5x3 + 24x2 20x + 3
dx
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
dy
= 3x2 +20x + 31
dx
(h) y = (x + 6)(x + 5)(x + 7) = (x + 6)(x2 +12x + 35) = x3 + 12x2 + 35x + 6x2 + 72x + 210
= x3 + 18x2 + 107x + 210
dy
= 3x2 + 36x + 107
dx
dy
= 3x2 8x + 1
dx
= x3 + 4x2 + 5x + 2
dy
= 3x2 + 8x + 5
dx
87
dy
= 12x2 32x + 13
dx
= 9x3 + 15x2 8x 16
dy
= 27x2 + 30x 8
dx
y = 3x2 2x + 5
dy
= 6x 2
dx
When x = 2
dy
= 6(2) 2
dx
= 10
y 13 = 10x 20
y y1 = m(x x1)
88
y 13 = 10(x 2)
Worked solutions
y = x3 + 4x2 8x + 2
dy
= 3x2 + 8x 8
dx
When x = 2
dy
= 3(2)2 + 8(2) 8
dx
x = 2 is substituted into
the equation of the curve
to find the corresponding
y-coordinate.
= 20
1
Giving gradient of the normal, m2 =
20
1
In this case m = and (x1, y1) = (2, 10), so
20
1
y 10 = (x 2)
20
20y 200 = x + 2
89
y = 2x3 3x2 4x + 2
dy
= 6x2 6x 4
dx
When x = 2
dy
= 6(2)2 6(2) 4
dx
=8
y (2) = 8(x 2)
y + 2 = 8x 16
y = 8x 18
7 (a) y = x2 3x + 2
dy
= 2x 3
dx
dy
= 2(1) 3
dx
When x = 1
= 1
When x = 2
90
dy
= 2(2) 3
dx
=1
Worked solutions
y 0 = 1(x 1)
y = x + 1
When x = 2, y = 22 3(2) + 2 = 0.
y 0 = 1(x 2)
y = x 2
2y = 1
1
y =
2
1
= x + 1
2
3
x =
2
Hence the coordinates of the point where the two tangents intersect
are
(32, 12).
91
Test yourself
1 (a) y = 4x2 30x 3
dy
= 8x 30
dx
When x = 4,
dy
= 8(4) 30 = 2
dx
1
So m =
2
2 (a) y = x3 + 3x2 9x 8
dy
= 3x2 + 6x 9
dx
3x2 + 6x 9 = 0
x2 + 2x 3 = 0
(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
92
dy
= 0, so we have
dx
(b)
x = 3 or 1
d2y
When x = 1, 2 = 6(1) + 6 = 12 > 0 showing there is a minimum point
dx
at x = 1.
Worked solutions
3 (a) y = x3 6x2 + 9x + 1
dy
= 3x2 12x + 9
dx
dy
(b) When x = 3, = 3(3)2 12(3) + 9 = 0
dx
dy
(c) Now at the stationary points = 0, so we have
dx
2
3x 12x + 9 = 0
x2 4x + 3 = 0
(x 3)(x 1) = 0
x = 3 or 1
TAKE NOTE
Hence the two stationary points are (3, 1) and (1, 5).
d2y
= 6x 12
dx2
d2y
When x = 3, 2 = 18 12 = 6.
dx
The positive value shows that (3, 1) is a minimum point.
d2y
When x = 1, 2 = 6 12 = 6.
dx
The negative value shows that (1, 5) is a maximum point.
2
1
y = x3 + x2 6x
3
2
dy
= 2x2 + x 6 = (2x 3)(x + 2)
dx
dy
At the stationary points = 0
dx
(2x 3)(x + 2) = 0
3
Solving gives x = or 2
2
3
Substituting x = into the equation of the curve to find the y-coordinate
2
gives
() () ()
2 33 1 32
3
9 9
+
6
= + 9 = 558
y=
3 2
2 2
2
4 8
93
Putting x = 2 into the equation of the curve to find the y-coordinate gives
2
1
16
y = ( 2)3 + ( 2)2 6( 2) = + 2 + 12 = 823
3
2
3
d2y
= 4x + 1
dx2
3 d2y
When x = , 2 = 7.
2 dx
When x = 2,
y = x3 6x2 + 12x + 1
dy
= 3x2 12x + 12 = 3(x2 4x + 4) = 3(x 2) (x 2) = 3(x 2)2
dx
dy
At the stationary points = 0
dx
d2y
= 7.
dx2
3(x 2)2 = 0
94
Topic
12
1
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
4x4
+ c = x4 + c
4
5x2
5x dx =
+ c
2
4x3 dx =
3 dx = 3x + c
6x3
+ c = 2x3 + c
3
16x4
16x3 dx =
+ c = 4x4 + c
4
6x2 dx =
1 dx = x + c
5x3 3x2
+
5x + c
3
2
7x4 4x3 8x2
7x4 4x3
3
2
+
x+c=
+ 4x2 x+ c
(b) (7x 4x + 8x 1) dx =
4
3
2
4
3
x3 5x2
3x + c
(c) (12x2 + 5x 3) dx = +
6 2
x3 x2
2
2
(x x 6) dx = 6x + c
(d) (x 3)(x + 2) = x x 6
3 2
x3 6x2
x3
(x2 6x + 9) dx =
+ 9x + c = 3x2 + 9x + c
(e) (x 3)2 = x2 6x + 9
3 2
3
4
3
2
x 6x 5x
x4
5x2
2
3
2
3
2
3
(x + 6x 5x) dx =
+ c = 2x
+c
(f) x(x + 6x 5) = x + 6x 5x
4
3
2
4
2
2 (a) (5x2 + 3x 5) dx =
3 (a)
4x3 dx = x4 + c
6x2 dx = 2x3 + c
(b)
(2x + 1) dx = x2 + x + c
(c)
95
(d)
(e)
(f)
(8x2 + 4x 1) dx =
8x3
+ 2x2 x + c
3
x3
+ 2x2 5x + c
3
x3
(g) (x + 5)(x + 1) dx = (x + 6x + 5) dx = + 3x2 + 5x + c
3
x3
(h) (x 1)(x + 1) dx = (x2 1) dx = x + c
3
2x3 3x2
2
5x + c
(i) (2x 5)(x + 1) dx = (2x 3x 5) dx =
3
2
x3
(j) (x + 5)2 dx = (x2 + 10x + 25) dx = + 5x2 + 25x + c
3
3
2
x x
(k) x(x + 1) dx = (x2 + x) dx = + + c
3 2
x4 x3
(l) x2(2x + 1) dx = (2x3 + x2) dx = + + c
2 3
x2
5
4
2
6
5
3
(m) (6x + 20x 6x x + 9) dx = x + 4x 2x + 9x + c
2
x3 x2
x4
x3
x4 x3
dx
=
+
c
=
+c
4 4 2
44 23
16 6
5x5 6x3
4
2
5 (a) (5x 6x + 9) dx = 5 3 + 9x + c = x5 2x3 + 9x + c
8x4 6x3 10x2
+
+ 5x + c = 2x4 2x3 + 5x2 + 5x + c
(b) (8x3 6x2 + 10x + 5) dx =
4
3
2
8x2 x3
x3
2
2
2
+ + c = 16x 4x + + c
(c) (4 x) dx = (16 8x + x ) dx = 16x
2 3
3
x4
x5
x5
dx =
+c=
+c
(d)
3
35
15
x2 x
x3
x2
x3 x2
+ dx =
+
+c= + +c
(e)
2 3
23 32
6 6
3x3
2
(a)
3x
dx
=
+ c = x3 + c
6
3
16x4
3
+ c = 4x4 + c
(b) 16x dx =
4
1 2
x3
x dx = + c
(c)
3
9
(d)
96
5 dx = 5x + c
Worked solutions
dy
4x2
= 4x + 5 so y = (4x + 5) dx =
+ 5x + c = 2x2 + 5x + c
dx
2
Now as point (2, 9) lies on the curve, these coordinates will satisfy the
equation of the curve. Hence,
9 = 2(2)2 + 5(2) + c
9 = 8 + 10 + c
c = 9
6x3 10x2
=
+
+ 2x + c
3
2
= 2x3 + 5x2 + 2x + c
Now when x = 1, y = 1.
1=2+5+2+c
c = 8
(a)
dy
= 2x 2
dx
y = (2x 2) dx
= x2 2x + c
The point (3, 5) lies on the curve, so these coordinates satisfy the
equation of curve.
Hence
y = x2 2x + c
5 = 32 2(3) + c
c = 8
(b) When y = 0, x2 2x 8 = 0
Solving gives x = 4 or 2.
97
(c)
dy
= 2x 2
dx
dy
= 0, so 2x 2 = 0. Solving gives x = 1.
dx
When x = 1, y = 12 2(1) 8 = 9
Test yourself
1
y = (4 2x 3x2) dx
= 4x
2x2 3x3
+c
2
3
= 4x x2 x3 + c
When x = 0, y = 1 so we have
1 = 4(0) (0)2 (0)3 + c
c = 1.
y = 4x x2 x3 + 1
2 (a)
4x2 3x4
+c
2
4
3x4
+c
= 2x2
4
(b) 2x(3x2 5x + 1)
=
Always cancel fractions if
possible.
(4x 3x3) dx
6x3 10x2 + 2x
+
+c
4
3
2
3x4 10x3 2
+x +c
=
2
3
98
Worked solutions
1
1
(c) x2 x + dx
2
2
3
2
x
x x
+ +c
=
23 2 2
x3 x2 x
= + + c
6 2 2
+ 2t + c
=
5
4
3
2
9t2
5
4
3
+ 2t + c
= 5t 3t + 5t
2
2
4 15(x2 30)
y = (15x2 + 8x + 1) dx
= 5x3 + 4x2 + x + c
= 3x x2 + c
Hence c = 0.
= 2t3 t2 + t + c
Equation of curve is y = 3x x2
6t3 2t2
(6t 2t + 1) dt =
+t+c
3
2
dy
y = (3 2x) dx
2 2
x 4
15
2 2
x 4 dx
15
2x3
4x + c
=
45
2
7 (a) dx = 3 2x
dy
= 15x2 + 8x +1
dx
3x x2 = 0
x(3 x) = 0
Solving gives x = 3.
99
Topic
13
6
Worked solutions
Progress check
1
(6x2 2x + 5) dx =
[
[
= 2x3 x2 + 5x
[
[
= 2x3 2x2 5x
]
]
3
2
3
2
= [21 (2)]
[ ]
[ ]
1 2x2 3x3
=
3 2
3
0.5
0.5
1 2 3
x x
3
0
1
= [((0.5)2 (0.5)3) (0)]
3
= 0.0417 (3 s.f.)
= 23
0.5
0.5
1
3 0 y dx = 3 0 (2x 3x2) dx
100
6x3 4x2
(6x
4x
5)
dx =
5x
2 2
3
2
3
6x3 2x2
+ 5x
3
2
Worked solutions
[
[
[(
x3 4x2
(x
+
4x
3)
dx
=
+
3x
4 0
3 2
2
x3
=
+ 2x2 3x
3
>>>
TIP
It is important to note
that you can only
combine the integrals if
the limits are the same.
(x + 6x + 4) dx
0
(x2 4x) dx
(x2 + 6x + 4 x2 + 4x) dx
[
[
(10x + 4) dx
= 57
(x + 5)(x + 6) dx =
=
7 Shaded area =
[
[(
= 35.8 (3 s.f.)
(9 x2) dx
[ ]
[( ) (
= 9(3)
= 36
) ]
1 11
+
+ 30 (0)
3 2
x3
= 9x
3
x3 11x2
+
+ 30x
=
3
2
10x2
=
+ 4x
2
= 5x2 + 4x
) ]
8
+ 8 6 (0)
3
= 423
]
]
)]
33
(3)3
9(3)
3
3
101
(a) To find where the curve cuts the x-axis we substitute y = 0 into the
equation of the curve.
Hence x2 4 = 0
(x 2)(x + 2) = 0
Solving, gives x = 2 or 2.
Note as the curve has a positive coefficient of x2, the curve will be
-shaped.
When x = 0, y = 4
y
y = x2 4
0
4
[ ]
[( ) (
( )
x3
(b) (x 4) dx =
4x
3
2
2
= (9 12)
(x2 4) dx =
)]
33
23
4(3)
4(2)
3
3
7
3
8
8
3
[ ]
[( ) ]
x3
4x
3
23
4(2) (0)
3
16
=
3
(c) The positive value represents the area above the x-axis and the
negative value represents the area below the x-axis.
102
Worked solutions
9 (a)
Form a quadratic equation,
then factorise and finally
solve it.
x2 + x 6 = 0
(x + 3)(x 2) = 0
Solving gives x = 3 or 2
Looking at the diagram this
is point A.
Put both values of x into the equation of the straight line to find the
corresponding y-coordinates.
When x = 3, y = ( 3) + 3 = 0
When x = 2, y = 2 + 3 = 5
[(
[(
[(
)]
x3
(9 x ) dx = 9x
3
3
2
= 9(2)
= 18
)(
)]
(2)3
(3)3
9(3)
3
3
8
(27 + 9)
3
1
= 15 + 18
3
1
= 33
3
Area of right-angled triangle with side AB as the hypotenuse
1
= 55
2
= 12.5
= 20.8 (3 s.f.)
1
Required area = 33 12.5
3
103
Test yourself
4
(6x 2) dx = 2x 2x
2
4
1
= 120
2 Area =
[(
[(
y dx
(9 x2) dx
)]
x3
= 9x
3
= 9(3)
)(
)]
(3)3
(3)3
9(3)
3
3
[
[
[(
]
]
x3 4x2
(a)
(x
4x
+
2)
dx =
+ 2x
3
3 2
0
2
x3
2x2 + 2x
=
3
) ]
(b) The negative sign means that the area is below the x-axis.
2
(x 3)(x + 4) dx =
[
[(
[(
(x2 + x 12) dx
x3 x2
=
+ 12x
3 2
= 31.5
)(
)]
2 2
(1)3 (1)2
+ 12(2)
+
12(1)
3 2
3
2
3
104
23
2(2)2 + 2(2) (0)
3
8
= 8+4
3
= 113
)(
)]
8
1 1
+ 2 24 + + 12
3
3 2
Worked solutions
Area =
(x2 + 1) dx
[ ]
[( ) ]
x3
=
+x
3
1
=
+ 1 (0)
3
4
= or 113
3
2
6 (a) 0 x(x
6x + 3) dx =
(x 3)
dx
(b)
3
0
(c)
2
0
[
[(
x4
3x2
=
2x3 +
4
2
= 6
1
= (x 3) dx
3 0
1 x2
= 3x
3 2
1
= [(2 6) (0)]
3
4
=
3
(12x 4x + 1) dx = 4x 2x + x
2
) ]
2
3(2)2
(0)
2(2)3 +
4
2
4
= 4 16 + 6
2
2
2
= 68
= 32 8 + 2 + 32 + 8 + 2
105
Topic
14
6
Worked solutions
Progress check
1 (a) u = 0 ms1, v = ?, a = 0.9 ms2 , t = 10 s
Using v = u + at
v = 0 + 0.9 10
= 9 ms1
1
(b) Using s = (u + v)t
2
1
s = (0 + 9)10 = 45 m
2
2 (a) Taking the upward velocity as positive, we have
t = 0 is ignored as a possible
time.
1
s = ut + at2
2
1
0 = 20t + (9.8) t2
2
(b) Using
0 = 20t 4.9t2
0 = t(20 4.9t)
t = 0 or 4.1 s
106
1
(b) Using s = ut + at2
2
1
s = 0.8 3.5 + 9.8 3.52 = 62.8 m
2
Worked solutions
0 = 10 9.8t
Hence,
t = 1.02 s
0 = 102 + 2 (9.8)s
Hence
s = 5.1 m
5 (a) s = 12t3 + 9
v =
ds
dt
(b)
a=
dv
dt
= 36t2
= 72t
dv
= 1.92t2 0.72t
dt
(b)
s = v dt
= (0.64t3 0.36t2) dt
0.64t4 0.36t3
=
+c
4
3
When t = 0, s = 0
0 =
0.64(0)4 0.36(0)3
+c
4
3
Solving gives c = 0
Hence s =
0.64t4 0.36t3
= 0.16t4 0.12t3
4
3
107
7 (a) v =
a dt
= (3 0.1t) dt
= 3t
0.1t2
+c
2
When t = 0, v = 0 so 0 = 3(0)
Solving gives c = 0.
v = 30 5
0.1(0)2
+c
2
= 25 ms1
0.1(10)2
2
0.1t2
.
2
3t
0.1t2
dt
2
3t2 0.1t3
+c
2
6
When t = 0, s = 0 so substituting these values into the above
expression gives
3(0)2 0.1(0)3
+c
0
=
2
6
Solving gives c = 0
3t2 0.1t3
s=
2
6
When t = 30, s =
108
3(30)2 0.1(30)3
2
6
= 1350 450
= 900 m
Worked solutions
v = 6t + 4
s = v dt
= (6t + 4) dt
=
6t2
+ 4t + c
2
= 3t2 + 4t + c
Hence s = 3t2 + 4t
a =
dv
dt
= 12t 2
(ii)
When t = 1, a = 12(1) 2 = 10 ms2
(b) s = v dt
= (6t2 2t + 8)dt
=
6t3 2t2
+ 8t + c
3
2
= 2t3 t2 + 8t + c
Solving gives c = 0.
s = 2t3 t2 + 8t
109
Test yourself
1 (a) u = 5 ms1, a = 10 ms2, t = 6 s and we need to find v.
Using
v = u + at
v = 5 + 10 6
= 65 ms1
1
(b) Using s = ut + at2
2
1
s = 5 6 + 10 62
2
= 30 + 180
= 210 m
2 (a)
v (ms1)
25
33
t (s)
Using v = u + at
0 4.5
33 25
= 0.56 ms2
110
1
= (20 + 33) 4.5
2
= 119.25 m
Worked solutions
3 (a)
v = 64
1 3
t
27
0 = 64
1 3
t
27
Hence
1 3
t = 64
27
t3 = 64 27
s = v dt
= 64t
(b)
1 4
t + c
108
When t = 0, s = 0 so c = 0.
When t = 12, s = 64 12
4 (a) a = 2t + 3
1
124 = 768 192 = 576 m
108
s = v dt
= (2t + 3)dt
= t2 + 3t + c
v = t2 + 3t + c
10 = 02 + 0 + c
c = 10
Hence v = t2 + 3t + 10
When t = 3, v = 32 + 3(3) + 10
= 28 ms1
111
(b) s = v dt
= (t2 + 3t + 10) dt
t3 3t2
+
+ 10t + c
3 2
c=0
Hence s =
t3 3t2
+
+ 10t
3 2
When t = 3, s =
33 3(3)2
+
+ 10(3)
3
2
= 9 + 13.5 + 30
= 52.5 m
Using
v2 = u2 + 2as, we obtain
322 = 202 + 2a 120
32 = 20 + 2.6t
v = 20 + 2.6 20
112
Worked solutions
(e)
Velocity
(ms1)
32
20
4.62
Time (s)
113