Part 1: GERUND (V+ing)

1. After the following verbs: avoid, detest , dislike , like , enjoy , keep, mind ,
miss , finish , suggest , quit, practise, hate, give up, begin , start, love, stop, postpone,
risk, consider, delay, deny, fancy . . . .
2. After prepositions + Ving: before, after, without , on , in . . .
3. After possessive adjectives + Ving: (my , your, his , her, its , our , their)
4. S + spend / waste + time / money + Ving / on + Noun
5. go + Ving: go shopping, go swimming, go dancing, go fishing, go sightseeing, go
boating, go hunting, go running, go sailing, go jogging, go camping
6. Expressions: be interested in, be bored with, be afraid of , be tired of , be fond of, be fed
up with, be excited about, be surprised at, be amused at / by, be good / bad at,
cant help, cant stand , cant bear, its no use, its no good, be busy, be worth, look
forward to, be (get) used to, be (get) accustomed to, have difficulty, object to . . .

7. THE + V-ing + OF + Noun

Part 2: TO INFINITIVE: (TO + Vo)

1. Verbs that can be followed by to + infinitive: expect , try, plan, decide,

hope, threaten, agree, forget, want, refuse, manage, fail, seem, tend, prove,
pretend. . .
2. Verbs that can be followed by Object + to + infinitive : ask, tell, allow,
advise, order, persuade . . .
3. ask / decide / know / remember/ forget / explain / learn / understand /
wonder + HOW, WHAT, WHERE . . . + To Vo
4. THE ONLY, THE LAST, THE VERY, THE FIRST . . . .
5. After ADJECTIVES

Part 3: BARE INFINITIVE: (Vo)

1. After modal verbs: MAY, CAN, WILL . . .

2. HAD BETTER + Vo
3. WOULD RATHER / SOONER + Vo + THAN + Vo
4. MAKE / LET + O + Vo
* TO BE MADE + TO + Vo
5. USED TO + Vo

Part 4: VERBS FOLLOWED BY EITHER A GERUND

OR AN IN FINITIVE
1. allow / permit / advise / recommend /
consider + Ving
allow / permit / advise / recommend /
consider + O + To Vo
* to be allowed /
permitted /
advised / recommended / considered
+ to Vo
2. remember / forget / regret + to Vo :
cha xay ra
remember / forget / regret + Ving: xay ra
roi
3. stop + to Vo: ngng lai e lam 1
viec khac
stop + Ving: ngng han 1 hanh ong
ang lam
4. try + to Vo: co gang
1

6. start / begin / continue / cant

bear / cease / intend + To Vo /
Ving

7. S(person) + need + to Vo:

active
S(thing) + need + Ving = to be
V3 / ed : passive
8. help + To Vo / Vo

9. prefer + to Vo + rather than +

try + Ving: th

Vo
prefer + Ving + to + Ving

5. like / love + to Vo: y muon

like / love + Ving: s thch, thoi quen

Notes:
+ see / feel / watch / notice / hear / smell + O + Vo: thay het toan bo
hanh ong t luc bat au cho en ket thuc
+ see / feel / watch / notice / hear / smell + O + Ving: khong thay het
toan bo hanh ong

Part 5: CLAUSES AND PHRASES

I. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF CONCESSION:

+ Although / Even though / Though + Clause (S + V + O)
+ Whatever / No matter what + Noun + Clause
+ However / No matter how + adj / adv + Clause
+ Despite / In spite of + the fact that + Clause
+ Adj / adv + AS + S + V
+ Despite / In spite of + Noun / Ving

II. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF REASON:

Clauses
Because
As
Since

Phrases
Because of
On account of
Owing to
Due to
As a result of

III. CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE:

+
+
+
+

So that / in order that + S + modals + Vo

To + Vo
in order (not) to / so as (not) to + Vo
for / in order for + O + to Vo

Part 6: WISH
Types
Future wish
Present wish
Past wish

WISH / IF ONLY
S + would / could + Vo
S + V2 / ed / were
S + had + V3 / ed / could have V3 / ed

Part 7: REPORTED SPEECH

Speaker + said / wondered / wanted to know
Speaker + told / asked + listener
Direct speech
Indirect speech
S + V + O
THAT + S + V + O
Vo + O
TO + Vo + O
Dont + Vo + O
NOT TO +Vo + O
WH + aux + S + V . . . ?
WH + S + V . . . .
Yes / no . . . .?
IF / WHETHER + S + V . . .
1. oi ngoi:
+ The first person (I, we) speaker
+ The second person (you) listener
+ The third person (he , she , it, they) unchanged
2. oi th:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
V1 / s / es
V2 / ed
V2 / ed / have + V3 / ed
had + V3 / ed
must + Vo
had to + Vo
can / will + Vo
could / would + Vo
could / would + Vo
could / would + have + V3 / ed
3. oi trang ng:
Direct speech
Indirect speech
this / these
that / those
today / tonight
that day / that night
ago
before
yesterday
the day before
last week (year . . .)
the previous week (year . . .)
the week (year . . . ) before
tomorrow
the following day
next week (year . . .)
the following week (year . . .)
the week (year . . .) after
now
then
here
there
Notes:
1. Nhng trng hp
3. Could I have . . . .? ask for + Noun
khong oi th:
Ex: Could I have a cup of coffee?, she said
+ ong t m au th
She asked (me) for a cup of coffee.
hien tai
4. e ngh:
+ Mot chan ly, mot s that
Could you + Vo . . . ?
hien nhien
Would you please + Vo . . . ?
2. Nhng trng hp
ask + O + TO + Vo
khong oi trong cau gian
5. Would you like + Noun? offer + O +
tiep:
Noun
+ ieu c (wish)
Shall I + Vo . . . ? offer + TO + Vo
+ mustnt + Vo (khong c
6. Would you mind + Ving . . . ?
phep)
imperative / Yes no
+ had better / used to + Vo
+ would rather / sooner
+ conditional sentences (types 2,
3)

Part 8: USUAL SENTENCE PATTERNS

IT BE + Adj + (FOR + s.o) + TO + V0
= That la . . . . e . . . . .
Ex: It is difficult to speak English fluently = Speaking English fluently is difficult.
It is not easy for you to look for a good job.
It was hard for me to find a banana when I was living in France.
S + V + TOO + Adj / Adv + (FOR + s.o) + TO + V0
= Qua . . . . khong the . . . . .
Ex: He is too young to go to school.
He spoke too fast to understand.
The questions are too difficult for us to answer.
The box was too heavy for the child to carry.
* Ghi chu : Neu bo ng cua ong t theo sau thuoc cung mot ngi
hoac vat vi chu ng cua ong t i trc, th ta khong nhac lai no.
Ex: The book is too expensive for me to buy. (khong dung IT sau BUY)
S + V + SUCH +

a / an + Adj + N countable singular + THAT + S + V

Adj + N countable plural / uncountable
= Qua . . . . . . en noi . . . . .

Ex: It was such hot tea that I couldnt drink it.

She is such a kind girl that everybody loves her.
He asked me such difficult questions that I couldnt answer them
S + V + SO + Adj / Adv + THAT + S + V
= Qua . . . . . en noi . . . . . .
Ex: I am so busy that I have no time to visit you.
My father was so sick that he couldnt go to work.
He spoke so fast that I couldnt understand him.
NOTES:
* S + V + so much + N(singular, uncountable) + that + S + V
* S + V + so many + N(plural , countable ) + that + S + V
* SUCH + a lot of + Noun (countable / uncountable) + THAT
* SO FEW + countable noun + THAT
* SO LITTLE + uncountable noun + THAT
S + V + Adj / Adv + ENOUGH + (FOR + s.o) +
TO + V0
=
Kha
/
u
.
.
. .need
. nen
/ e . . . . . .
Ex: She is sick enough to
a doctor.
The questions were easy enough for them to answer.
He will speak English slowly enough for us to understand.
IT TAKES / TOOK + somebody + time + TO +
V0
= Can / mat (thi gian) e . . . . . . .
4

Ex: It takes us two hours to do the tests.

Part 9: PREPOSITIONS FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES

TO
OF
FOR
AT
WITH

acceptable, accustomed, agreable, contrary, harmful , important,

kind , likely, lucky, open, pleasant, similar . . . .
afraid, ahead, aware, capable, confident, full, tired, fond,
tolerant . . . .
available, difficult, late, perfect, useful, famous, sorry (lay lam
thng hai), useful . . . .
clever, present, quick, skilful, amused, surprised, slow . . . .
acquainted, crowded, friendly, popular, concerned, disappointed,
occupied, satisfied, bored, fed up, . . . .
interested, successful, rich, honest . . . .
absent, different, safe . . . .
confused, sad, serious, excited, . . . .

IN
FROM
ABOU
T
Notes:
- S(vat) + be good / bad for
- S(ngi) + be good / bad at
angry at / with s.o
angry about s.t

Part 10: RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. Relative pronouns:
N(ngi) + WHO + V
N(ngi) + WHOM + S + V
N(vat) + WHICH + V / S + V
N + WHOSE + N
= of WHICH
Ex: That is the table of which the leg is broken.
Preposition + WHOM / WHICH
ai t quan he la tan ng (which , whom, that) co the c bo
trong menh e quan he co gii han (khong co dau phay)
2. THAT
a. Bat buoc phai dung sau:
- tap hp ngi va vat
- The only, the last, the very, the first (second ....)
- so sanh nhat
- cac ai t bat nh: all, much, any, none, nothing, anything, nobody,
everybody . . .
- cau truc nhan manh:
* It + be + noun / time / place + THAT + clause
* It was not until + year + THAT + clause : mai cho en khi
b. Khong c dung sau dau phay va gii t
c. THAT = WHO, WHOM, WHICH(menh e quan he co gii han)
3. Relative adverbs:
+ N(place) + WHERE + S + V
WHERE = in / at / on + WHICH
+ N(time) + WHEN + S + V
WHEN = in / at / on + WHICH
+ N(reason) + WHY + S + V
5

WHY = for + WHICH

4. Reduced forms of Relative clauses:
V

V-ing
WHO / WHICH / THAT +
Be + V3/ed V3/ed

Part 11: CACH NHAN DANG T LOAI:

1. Nouns: (things) ment, -tion, -sion , -ence (science, influence . . . ), -ty,
-ness, -ity, -ance (importance), -ism, -ship, -hood, - Verb + ment
Ex: development, treatment, government, ..
- Verb + ion
Ex: region, invention, attraction, extinction, communication, prevention,
assimilation, creation, gravitation, passion, population, pollution,
production, evolution, preservation
- Adj in ent ence
Ex: difference, intelligence
- Adj + ty / ity
Ex: difficulty, society, poverty, electricity, variety, activity, flexibility,
gravity, simplicity
- Adj + ness
Ex: business, illness, sickness
2. Nouns: (people)
- Verb + er / or
Ex: inventor, visitor, professor, lecturer, writer, baker, builder, gardener,
driver, emperor, philosopher, worker, farmer
- Noun / Verb / Adj + ist
Ex: scientist, biologist, physicist, linguist, chemist, physiologist,
psychiatrist
- Verb + ant / ent
Ex: applicant, student, president
- Noun + an / ian
Ex: mathematician, Italian, politician

3. Adjectives:
- Noun + al
Ex: natural, social, industrial, official, regional, chemical, physical,
traditional,
- Noun + ic
Ex: electric, scientific, electric, basic
- Verb / Noun + ive
Ex: inventive, attractive, effective, creative,
- Noun + ful
Ex: successful, thankful, meaningful, harmful, helpful, useful, beautiful,
careful, healthful
- Noun + less
Ex: careless, harmless, helpless, useless
- Noun + ous
Ex: famous, dangerous, serious, various, precious, spontaneous
- Noun + y
6

Ex: healthy, wealthy, hilly, noisy

- Noun + ly
Ex: daily, monthly, weekly, yearly
- Verb + able / ible
Ex: enjoyable, recognizable

Part 12: Pronunciation of the final S : In a plural noun

and in the 3rd person singular of a verb, S is
pronounced:

1. / z / after b , d , g, l , m , n, r, v, , 7 & all vowels:

EX: dogs, walls , pens, draws, rubs, birds, cars . . .
2. / s / after f, k , p, t:
Ex: clocks, maps, elephants, chiefs, months, . . . .
Notes: does / dz / ; says / sez /
3. / iz / in : ces, ses, xes, zes, ges, jes, ches, shes
Ex: pieces, roses, boxes, watches, wishes, bridges, . .

Part 13: Pronunciation of the final ed

1. / id / after the letters / t / & / d /
Example: wanted, decided . . .
2. / t / after the letters p, f, k, ch, s, sh, c(e), gh, x (phung fu
khong chu sang shong ch ghe xuong) / f, k , p, s , , t /
Ex: laughed, stopped, walked, missed, watched, washed ,. . . .
3. / d / in the words which arent in two cases. / b, g, v, z, , d, m , n , l,
r, , 7 /
Ex: prepared, opened . . . .

Part 14: CACH AT DAU TRONG AM CUA MOT SO

TRNG HP:

1. ong t co 2 am am th 2 la am nhan
2. danh t va tnh t co 2 am am th nhat la am nhan
3. ate / -ary :am nhan cach nhng tiep v ng nay 2 am
EX: communicate
4. ee / -eer / -ese: nhan ngay nhng tiep v ng nay
Ex: degree, engineer, Vietnamese
5. tion / -sion / -ic / -ical / - ity / -ial / -ially / -itive / -logy: nhan trc
nhng tiep v ng nay
Ex: protection, decision, scientific, activity, social, competitive, biology

Part 15: CONDITIONALS

TYPES
1. Future possible
(co the xay ra
tng lai)
2. Present unreal
(khong that
hien tai)
3. Present unreal
(khong that
qua kh)
Notes:

IF CLAUSE

MAIN CLAUSE

If + S + V1 / s / es

S + will / can + V0

If + S + V2 / ed
(be were)

S + would / should / could

+ V0

If + S + had + V3 / ed

S + would / should / could

+ have + V3/ed

1. Unless = If .. .. . not
Ex: -These plants will die if you do not water them regularly.
= Unless you water these plants regularly, they will die.
- Work hard or you will not pass the exams.
= Unless you work hard, you will not pass the exams.
2. Emphasis: (INVERSION)
If + S + V1
Should + S + V0
If + S + were ..
Were + S + ..
If + S + had +V3/ed
Had + S + V3/ed

3. Nhng cum t c dung nh IF

Provided (that)
On condition (that)
mien la, vi ieu kien la
As long as
So long as
Suppose, supposing: gia s nh
In case: nh ma, phong khi
Even if: du la
b) As long as, provided ( that ), providing( that) ( min l). Cc nhm t ny c ngha l
but only if (min l):
- You can use my car as long as / so long as you drive carefully. (= but only if you drive
carefully). (Bn c th s dng xe hi ca ti min l bn li cn thn)
- Traveling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park? (= but only if
you have somewhere to park). (i bng xe hi th tin li y min l bn tm c ch u xe)
- Providing (that) she studies hard, she should pass the examination. (= but only if she
studies hard) (Min l c y hc hnh chm ch, c y s thi u)

Part 16 :
TENSES
1. Simple
present

2. Present
continuou
s

3. Present
perfect

TENSES

FORMATION
ADVERBS / USES
(+) I / We / You / They / S (plural) + V0
- often, always, sometimes,
He / She / It / S (sing) + Vs / Ves (z, o, x, s, ch, sh)
seldom
(-) He / She / It / S (sing) + does not + V0
- usually, generally,
I / We / You / They / S(plural) + do not +
occasionally, frequently,
V0
- every week (month, year,
(?) Do + I / We / You / They / S(plural) +
day)
V0 ?
- once / twice / three times a
Does + He / She / It / S (sing) + V0 ?
week
o, y , s, ch, x, sh, z: ong y s chay xe
- today, never
shn z
S + am / is / are + V ing
- now, today
* S + V1 / s / es + while + S + is / am / are
- this (week , year, month
+ V ing
)
* Note: Nhng ong t sau ay
- at once, at the moment, at
khong dung th tiep dien: be , smell ,
present
taste , look, sound, seem, know,
- Listen! , Look! ,Be careful !
need, want, understand, belong to,
believe, like , prefer, hate , love ,
feel , appear, see , hear , wish ..
S + have / has + V3 / ed
just , yet, recently , lately,
Note:
already, up to now, up to present,
S + have / has + V3 / ed + SINCE + S + V2 / so far, never, ever, several
times, many times, since, for
ed
SINCE + S + V2 / ed + S + have / has +
this is the first; second; third . . . .

4.
Simple
past

5. Past
continuou
s

6. Simple
future

7. Past
perfect

V3 / ed
(+) S + V2 / ed
ago, yesterday, in 1997, in the old
(-) S + did not + V0
days / times
(?) Did + S + V0 .. . .?
last week (month, night, year,
* Note:
Saturday)
S + V2 / ed + WHEN + S + was young / a once upon a time,
child
S + V2 / ed + WHEN + S + used to + V0
S + was / were + V ing

at 4 yesterday, at this time last

week, the whole day
* S + was /were + Ving + WHEN + S +
* note: Mot so ong t
V2 / ed
thng dung th QUA KH
* S + was /were + Ving + WHILE + S + N khi phoi hp vi th qua
was /were + Ving
kh tiep dien : see, meet,
* S + V 2 / ed + AS / WHEN / WHILE + S + ring, stop, leave, come, move,
was /were + Ving
feel,
arrive,
appear,
disappear,enter, hear, call,
phone, happen
S + will + V0
soon, tomorrow, next week
* S + will + V0 + WHEN + S + V1 / es / s
(month, year, Sunday), in 15
minutes, tonight, in the future, in
* I think .. . . . .
+ (year); a few days from now
I hope . .. . . .
* Cac th tng lai ko c
I am sure .. . . . .
dung trong cac menh e
Perhaps / Probably / Maybe / Promise trang ng ch thi gian bat
au bang when , before , as ,
until
S + had + V3/ed
By / before + iem time + qua
S + had + V3/ed + by the time / before
kh
+ S + V2/ed
Up to then, until then
S + V2/ed + after + S + had + V3/ed
- Xay ra trc 1 hanh ong
khac trong qua kh
S + will / shall + have + V3/ed
By / before + iem time +
tomorrow, next, .

8. Future
perfect
Notes:
will + V0 / will have + V3/ed + AS / UNTIL / AS SOON AS / AFTER / BEFORE + S + V1 / have + V3/ed

PART 17: STRUCTURES

V2/ed
Khoang thi gian + ago

Have + V3/ed
For + khoang thi
gian
Since + iem thi
gian

In + thang, nam
On + ngay
At + gi
Started / began + to V / Ving
Have + V3/ed
S + last + V2/ed + O + time
Have not + V3/ed
The last time + S + V2/ed + O + was + time
It is / has been + khoang thi gian + since + S
+ V2/ed
Notes:
1. S + have + not / never + V3/ed + O + before
This / it is the fist time + S + have + V3/ed + O
2. NGAN KHONG
Prevent + O + (from) + Ving

Stop + O + Ving
Make + O + impossible + to V
3. phai mat time e .
S + spend + khoang time + Ving
It takes / took + O + khoang time + to V
4. Mong, hy vong
Expect / hope + to V look forward to + Ving
5. Causative form:
HAVE +
O(person) + V0
O (things) + V3/ed
GET +
O(person) + TO V
O (things) + V3/ed
6. formal subject / object
- It + be + Adj +
(for + O) + to V
THAT + clause
- S + V + it + adj/ noun +
to V
THAT + Clause
(make, find, believe, consider, feel, think)
7. WHEN + S + V ON + V-ing
8. S + V + O + otherwise / or (keo ma) + S + will + V0 / would + V0 / would have + V3/ed
9. S + V1 + as if / as though + S + V2/ed / were
S + V2/ed + as if / as though + S + had + V3/ed
10. Its (high) time: a en luc
Its (high) time + S + V2/ed / were
Its (high) time + for O + to V

Part 18 :

ACTIVE PASSIVE

Active:

Passive:
S
+
BE
+ V 3 / ED + . . . + by + O (thi gian e
cuoi cau)
Be (passive) chia giong V (active)
Special cases:
1. S + V + (that) + S + V + C
It + be + V3/ed + that + S + V + C
S + be + V3/ed +
to V
(V1)
to have + V3/ed (V2/ed)
2. V0 + O, please Let + O + be + V3/ed
3. S + let + O + V0 S + be allowed + to V

PART 19: EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY

Countable noun
A large number of
A great many of
Several
Many
A few
Few

Uncountable noun
A great deal of
A large amount of

Usage
khang nh

Much
phu nh & nghi van
A lot of = lots of = plenty of
A little
Co mot t (positive
meaning)
Little
Negative meaning

10

PART 20: INVERSION

1. So + Adj + Vauxiliary + S + V + (that) + clause
No longer
No sooner
Not only
Never
Hardly
+ Vauxiliary + S + V
Seldom
Rarely
Scarely
Little

PART 21: FORMS OF USE

1. thi quen trong qu kh: USED TO + V0 = WOULD + V0
S + used to + V0
S +didnt + use to + V0
Did + S + use to + V0?
2. quen vi: BE / GET USED TO + Ving / Noun
3. c dng : BE USED FOR + Ving ; BE USED TO + V0
PART 22: THE MODAL PERFECT CONSTRUCTION
WOULD + HAVE + V3/ED
Rt c th
COULD + HAVE + V3/ED
C th
MIGHT + HAVE + V3/ED
C l
MUST + HAVE + V3/ED
Chc hn
Chc hn khng
CANT + HAVE + V3/ED
SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE +
L ra phi, ng l nn
V3/ED
Cch thnh lp tnh t kp!

1. N/Adj/Adv+V-ing:
a/ N+V-ing+N (danh t c gip ngha l ch ng ca danh t trong tnh t kp)
Eg:A country which grows rice
--> A rice-growing country
b/ Adj+V-ng+N (danh t c gip ngha l ch ng, ng t l liking verb v tnh t l
b sung t ch ng)
Eg: A boy who looks intelligent
--> An intelligent-looking boy
c/ Adv+V-ing+N (danh t c gip ngha l ch ng, ng t l ni ng t ch hnh
ng, trng t gip ngha cho ng t)
Eg: Vehicles that move fast
--> fast-moving vehicles
2. N/Adj/Adv+V-ed/V3
a/ N+V-ed/V3+N (danh t c gip ngha l ch ng ca ng t b ng, danh t trong
tnh t kp l tc nhn)
Eg: A mountain that is covered with snow
--> A snow-covered mountain
b/ Adj+V-ed/V3+N (dt c gip ngha l ch ng cho t b ng, tnh t l b sung t
ch ng trong cu b ng ny)
Eg: Houses that are painted blue
--> Blue-painted houses
c/ Adv+V-ed/V3+N (dt c gip ngha l ch ng ca ng t b ng, trng t gip
ngha cho t b ng ny)
Eg: A writer who is known well
--> A well-known writer
3. N/Adj+imitation V-ed (N+ed)
N+ed cn c gi l imitation past participle (qu kh phn t gi hiu). N khng mang nim b
ng m ch ni ln s s hu vt th biu th bi danh t .
Eg: nosed: c mi; faced:c mt,...

11

A person who has a nose that looks like a hook.

--> a hook-nosed person
4. Adj+adj+N
Eg: a red-hot piece of iron
5. N+Adj+N
Eg: a snow-white dress
6. Adj+N+N
Nu danh t l s m nhiu hn mt, danh t theo sau vn lun lun s t.
Eg: A house that has four storeys.
--> a four-storey house

12

TWO-WORD VERBS WITH GO

go after: chase or pursue somebody: uoi theo, theo sau
go ahead: be carried out, take place(c tien hanh, xay ra), begin to do
something without hesitation (lam ieu g khong do d):
go along: progress, develop: phat trien
go away: leave a place: ra i, i khoi mot ni
go back : return: quay tr lai, tr ve
go by: (of time) pass: troi qua (thi gian)
go down: (of prices) become lower: giam xuong (gia ca)
go up: (of prices) become higher: tang gia
go off: be fired, explode: no, chay
go on: take place, happen (xay ra), continue without changing (tiep tuc),
continue speaking after a short pause (tiep tuc noi sau mot luc ngng)
go out: stop burning, be extinguished: dap tat
go over: look at something carefully, inspect something: xem ky, kiem tra
cai g

VERB + NOUN PHRASE + PREPOSITION

catch sight of: thoang thay, gap

give place to: danh cho cho
give way to: nhng bo
keep pace with: theo kp
lose sight of: mat hut
lose touch with: mat lien lac vi
make allowance for: chieu co en
make fun of: ua ct, che nhao
make a fuss over / about: lam lon xon, la o len
make room for : danh phong cho
make use of: em dung
put a stop to: cham dt
take care of: cham soc
take notice of : lu y, e y
pay attention to: chu y en
put an end to: cham dt, ket thuc
set fire to: lam chay , ot
take advantage of: li dung
take note of : ghi nhan
take account of: tnh en
to
to
to
to
to
to

sleep on ones back/ side / front: ngu nam nga / nghieng/ sap
change position in sleeping : oi the nam trong khi ngu
snore in ones sleep: ngay trong khi ngu
have a night-mare: gap ac mong
walk in ones sleep: mong du
talk in ones sleep: m

Get about : lan truyn

Get ahead : tin b
Get at sth :tm ra, khm ph ra
Get at sb : ch trch, cng kch

13

Get away from :trn thot

Get away with :thot khi ( s trng pht)
Get back :tr v
Get sth back :ly li
Get behind :chm tr
Get down :lm nn lng
Get down to sth :bt tay vo vic g
Get in/into sth :c nhn vo
Get off :ri khi, xung (xe, mt bay)
Get on :ln ( tu xe..)
Get on with :ha thun
Get out :l ra ngoi ( tin tc

)Get out of :ln trnh

Get over: phc hi, vt qua

Get through :vt qua
Get through to sb : lm ai hiu c iu g
Get together :t hp
Get up to :gy ra

burst out ( laughing/crying ) : bt (ci/khc )

die out = extinct : tuyt chng
dress up : n mc p
eat out : n tim
eat up : n ht ( mai s n thiu mt )
fix up = arrange : thu xp
give out = distribute : phn pht
go over = examine : xem xt, kim tra
go in for = enter = compete = take part in : tham gia
get over = recover from = make a recovery from :binh phuc
go off: chung reo,sng n ,sa b chua
bear out st =confirm st : xac nhan
14

break down:hu hong(xe),sp(nh )

brush up on st =riview:n tp
call off =cancel: tr hon,ph hy
come down with(a flu):b,nhim(cm)
catch sight of =come across=come upon =meet by chance:tnh c gp
fill in for sb: thay th ai
look down on:khinh b >< look up to:knh trng
pay sb back for st : tr th ai ci g
see sb off:tin ai(lc i xa)
take off:ct cnh
cope with st=deal with st: x l,gii quyt vn
account for:l gii cho
break into:t nhp
call in(on):gh thm=drop in(on)
come off= succeed
come up to=meet:p ng c
get on(well) with: sng,lm vic...hp vi ai
make up:ba t
make up for=compensate for:n b
take after=resemble:ging nh

Catch sight of :bt gp

Lose sight of :mt ht
Make fun of :ch diu
Lose track of :mt du
Take account of :lu tm
Take note of :
Take care of :chm sc
Take advantage of :li dng
15

Take leave of :t bit

Give birth to : sanh con
Give place to :nhng ch
Give way to :nhng b, chu thua
Pay attention to :ch
Put an end to :kt thc
Put a stop to :chm dt
Set fire to :t chy
Make a contribution to : gp phn
Lose touch with :mt lin lc
Keep pace with :theo kp
Keep correspondence with :lin lc th t
Make room for : dn ch
Make allowance for :chiu c
Show affection for :c cm tnh
Feel pity for :thng xt
Feel regret for :n hn
Feel sympathy for :thng cm
Take/have pity on :thng xt
Make a decision on :quyt nh
Make complaint about :ku ca, phn nn
Make a fuss about :lm om xm
Play an influence over :c nh hng
Get victory over :chin thng
Take interest in :quan tm
16

Have faith in :tin tng

Feel shame at : xu h
Have a look at : nhn
Fill in : in vo
Give up :t b
Take off :ci ra
Wash up :ra chn
Go on :tip tc
Look up :tra (t in)
Put on :mc, i vo
Turn on :m, bt (qut, n...)
Turn off :tt (qut, n...)
Turn up : n, c mt
Turn around : quay li
Lie down :nm xung
Look after : chm sc
Take after :ging
Go off :n
Try out :th
Hold up :hon li

Hurry up :nhanh ln
1. Mun cn hn khng: Better late than never.
2. Cm nh hn: As dump as oyster.
3. Tt n nh ngi cng nh nh tranh: When candles are out, all cats are grey.
4. Tha sng thiu cht: More dead than alive.
5. Ng say nh cht: Sleep like alog/ top.
6. Nhm mt lm ng: To close one's eyes to smt.
7. Tro cao ng au: Pride comes/ goes before a fall.
Pride will have a fall.
8. Nhp gia ty tc: When is Rome, do as the Romans do.
9.Hay thay i nh thi tit: As changeable as the weather.
10. Ai giu ba h, ai kh ba i: Every dog has its/ his day.
Come about: xay ra, oi chieu
Come aboard: len tau
Come across: tnh c gap
Come after: theo sau, noi nghiep, ke nghiep
Come again: tr lai
17

Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come
Come

against: ung phai, va phai

along: i cung, xuc tien, cut i
apart: tach khoi, ri ra
around: i quanh, lam ti lai, at ti, en tham, xong vao
away: i xa, ri ra
back: tr lai, c nh lai
before: en trc
between: can thiep vao, ng gia
by: en bang cach, i qua, co c
clean: thu nhan
down: xuong, sup o, c truyen lai
down on: mang nhiec, trng phat
down with: gop tien, b om
easy to: khong kho khan oi vi ai
forward: ng ra, xung phong
from: en t , sinh ra
full ahead: tien het toc o
full astern: lui het toc o
in : i vao, ve ch, dang len, bat au, to ra
in for: co phan, nhan c
into: ra i, tha hng
into account: c tnh en
into bearing: bc vao giai oan sinh san
into effect / force: co hieu lc
into existence: ra i, hnh thanh

18

SOME IRREGULAR VERBS

V1
1. be (is / am
/ are)
2. become
come
3. begin
sing
swim
run
drink
4. blow
throw
grow
know
fly
5. break
speak
6. choose
steal
7. forget
drive
ride
take

V2
was / were

write

wrote

8. eat
fall
give
9. bring
buy
think
10. catch
teach
11. build
spend
send
lend
12. keep

V3
been

became
came
began
sang
swam
ran
drank
blew
threw
grew
knew
flew
broke
spoke
chose
stole
forgot
drove
rode
took
ate
fell
gave
brought
bought
thought
caught
taught
built
spent
sent
lent
kept
19

become
come
begun
sung
swum
run
drunk
blown
thrown
grown
known
flown
broken
spoken
chosen
stolen
forgotten
driven
ridden
taken
written
eaten
fallen
given
brought
bought
thought
caught
taught
built
spent
sent
lent
kept

Meaning
th, la
tr thanh
en
bat au
hat
bi
chay
uong
thoi
nem
trong
biet
bay
be, v
noi
chon
anh cap
quen
lai xe
ci
cam, mang,
lay
viet
an
te
cho
mang
mua
suy ngh
bat kp
day
xay dng
tieu xai
gi
cho mn
gi

sleep
sweep
13. feel
leave
lose
14. cost
put
cut
read
15. do
feed
meet
16. wear
bear
17. have /
has
hear
hold
18. tell
sell
19. shine
find
20. stand
understand
21. get
sit
win
22. make

slept
swept
felt
left
lost

felt
left
lost
cost
put
cut
read

did
fed
met

cost
put
cut
read
done
fed
met

wore
bore

worn
born

had

had

heard
held

heard
held
told
sold

shone
found

told
sold
shone
found

stood
stood
understood understood
got
got
sat
sat
won
won
made
made

see
go
23. pay
say

slept
swept

saw
went
paid
said

seen
gone
paid
said

WORD ORDER

ngu
quet
cam thay
ri khoi
mat
tr gia
at , e
cat
oc
lam
cho an
gap
mac
sinh ra
co, an
nghe
gi, nam ,
to chc
ke, bao
ban
chieu sang
tm thay
ng
hieu
lay
ngoi
thang
lam che
tao
thay
i
tra
noi

I. NOUN:
- Noun (S) + V + Noun (O)
- The / A / An + Noun
- Adj + Noun
- The / a / an / this / that / these / those + Adj + Noun
20

- Preposition + Noun (the + N + prep + N)

- Possessive of Adjective (my, their , our , your , its , her , his)
+ Noun
-Expression of quantity (many, some, any + Noun)
II. ADJECTIVE:
- The / a / an / this / my / many + Adj + N
- Adj + N
- be / look / appear / seem / smell / taste / sound + Adj
- very / so / quite / too + Adj
- Adv + Adj
III. ADVERB:
- S + V + (O) + Adv
- Adv + S + V + (O)
- S + Adv + V + (O)
- Adv + ADJ
Position of adverbs:
S be / aux adv of frequency V O manner place time

COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES AND

ADVERBS
1. EQUALITY: (bang)

S1 + V + . . . + AS + adj / adv +
AS + S2

* UNEQUALITY: (khong bang)

S1 + V not + SO / AS + adj / adv + AS
+ S2
2. COMPARATIVE: (hn)

S1 + V + . . . . + short adj / adv + ER +

THAN + S2
S1 + V + . . .+ MORE + long adj / adv +
THAN + S2

3. SUPERLATIVE: (nhat)
4. INFERIORITY : (Kem)

THE + short adj / adv + EST + (Noun)

THE + MOST + long adj / adv +
(Noun)
S1 + V + LESS + adj / adv + THAN +
S2

* Special cases:
1. Good / well better the best

2.

easiest
Bad / badly worse the worst
narrowest

Easy easier the

narrow narrower the

21

Much / many more the most

happy happier the
happiest
Little less the least
quiet quieter the
quietest
Far farther / further the farthest / the furthest
simple simpler
the simplest
clever cleverer the
cleverest
far: farther the farthest: ch ve khoang cach
far: further the furthest: ve noi dung no sau xa hn
old: older the oldest
old : elder the eldest: ch moi quan he trong gia nh
3. hard (adj , adv)
fast (adj , adv)

PREPOSITIONS
1. Prepositions of time:

- In + thang / nam / mua / 1 khoang thi gian

Ex: in the morning / afternoon / evening, in the end, in 1990, in April, in
summer, in 3 months
- On + ngay / ngay thang
Ex: on Sunday , on 12 April, on Friday
morning, on Christmas Day
- From . . . . . to . . . . :
Ex: from 1980 to 1985
- At + gi
Ex: at 7 oclock, at noon, at midnight, at Christmas, at Easter, at weekend, at
night, at present, at the moment, at the same time, at the age of, at the end
of, at home
* Note: Khong dung gii t trc Last va Next.
Ex: Ill go to church next Sunday.

2. Prepositions of place:

- In + thanh pho, at nc,. . . . , , trong

Ex: in the street, in the sky, in a room, in the water, in a queue, in front of
- On : tren (co be mat tiep xuc)
Ex: on the table, on the first floor, on the ground, on page 12, on the left, on
the right, on fire, on time, on T.V, on a bus
- Go / come / move + to
- Arrive in + city / country
Ex: arrive in London
- Arrive at + other place
Ex: arrive at school
- At: tai
Ex: at the bus stop, at the top, at the bottom, at the door, at
the window, at the back, at 30 Nguyen Hue street
- By + phng tien Ex: by car, by bus, by train, by plane, by bicycle, by tram
(but on foot)
* Prepositions following Adjectives :
TO: harmful , important
OF : afraid , full, tired
FOR: useful. famous
WITH: crowded, bored
22

IN: interested , successful.

FROM: different
Mot so ong t co gii t theo sau: apply for, look for,
look at , look after = take care of, listen to, depend on, suffer from,
divide into, throw into, die out / of
TAG QUESTIONS
this, that it

these, those they

there there
everything, something, nothing it
everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody they
I am arent I
Imperative:
Ex: Help me please, will you?
Dont come here, will you?
Lets shall we?

never, no longer, hardly, rarely uoi khang nh

Ex: Youve never been to Paris, have you?

23

24

Most / Most of
Ex: Most people are afraid of snakes.
Most of my holidays are at home.
Most beer is quite cheap.
Most of my friends are over thirteen.
A great deal of + N(sing) : used in affirmative sentences
A large number of + N(plural): used in affirmative sentences
Childlike (resembling)
Childish (in the manner of)
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
TENSE OF VERB IN MAIN CLAUSE
TENSE OF VERB IN SUBORDINATE
CLAUSE
Present
Future
He thinks that Ill do the work
Past
Conditional
He thought that I would do the work
Present
Present Perfect
I see that I havent regretted it.
Past
Past Perfect
I saw that I hadnt regretted it
Present Perfect
Present
He was done all that is necessary
Past Perfect
Past
He had done all that was necessary

Modal perfect constructions:

could (70%) + have + past participle
may (50%)
might (40%)
should (obligation that was supposed to occur in the past)
must (90%)
Participle
1. Present participle: which has the V-ing form. The present participle
may be used:
a. As an adjective to modify a noun:
Ex: an interesting story
b. After BE to form continuous tenses:
Ex: She is speaking English
c. To describe an action happening at the same time with the main verb
Ex: He went away laughing
d. To replace an adj clause
Ex: The girl standing near the door is his sister.
e. To replace an adv clause
Ex: Standing near the door, the girl felt relaxed
2. Past Participle: which has the V-ed form. The past participle may be
used:
a. After the auxiliary HAVE to form perfect tenses
Ex: We had broken the window
b. After BE to form the passive voice
Ex: John was punished yesterday
25

c. As an adj to modify a noun

Ex: a broken glass, a wounded soldier
d. To replace an adj clause
Ex: The girl punished by her mother is his sister
e. To replace an adv clause
Ex: Punished by her mother, the girl wept
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION
I. BE NECESSARY AND HAVE TO
S + be + not necessary / pointless S + dont need to / have to
There is no need to
S + neednt
Ex: It isnt necessary to shout.
You dont need to shout
II. AS FAR AS IM CONCERNED showing advice and opinion
Ex: As far as Im concerned , a tobaco factory will be established here.
III. THE VERB MAY
S + may S + will or S + will probably + V
Look as if
It is possible that
Seem
Theres a good chance + S + will + V
In all probability / likelihood + S + will + V
Its quite likely that + S + will + V
Ex: I think it may rain. It looks as if it will rain.
IV. BE LIKELY & BE UNLIKELY
It is + fairly unlikely that + S + will + V
There is little likelihood of + gerund (or that + S + will + V)
There is not much chance of + gerund (or that + S + will + V)
Ex: It is fairly unlike ly that he will be convicted of the offence
There is little chance of his being convicted of the offence
There is little chance that he will be convicted of the offence
V. THE ONLY THING BUT FOR
The only thing
be ... But for something
way
solution
Ex: The only thing that kept us out of prison was the way he spoke the
loal dialect.
But for his command of the local dialect, we could have been put into
jail.
VI. HARDLY . . . WHEN
Ex: Hardly had it stopped raining when the farmers resumed their work.
VII. NOT SUCCEED THERES NO POINT
1. S + be + not worth It + be + pointless to do s.t
2. S + try + but not succeed Theres no point in doing s.t
3. It + be + pointless + to do s.t Theres no point in doing s.t
Ex: Its quite pointless to complain
26

Theres no point in complaining

VIII. ITS HIGH TIME + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
Ex: Its high time people consolidated the dike system
IX. PROUD PRIDE
S + be proud of S + pride + oneself + on
Ex: Mrs Scott is proud of her cooking.
Mrs Scott prides herself on cooking
X. NO MATTER WHO / WHAT / WHERE / WHEN / WHICH
Ex: No matter which motorbike you buy, you should have a mechanic
see to it for you.
XI. WRONG CONTRARY TO
S + think + but + S + be + wrong Contrary to . . . + S + V
Ex: He is wrong to believe that the earth is square.
Contrary to what he believes, the earth is round
XII. AS LONG AS = SO LONG AS
Ex: Keeping calm is the secret of passing your driving test.
As long as you keep calm, youll pass your driving test
XIII. PREFER S.T TO S.T
S + would rather + V + than + V S + prefer + s.t + to + s.t
S + like . . . better than . . .
Ex: She would rather stay at home than go to the play
She preferred staying at home to going to the play.
STRCTURE WITH CONJUNCTION ONCE
S + will + V + and then + S will + V Once + S + have + Ved / 3, S +
will + V
Ex: Hell settle down and then his performance will improve.
Once he has settled down, his performance will improve
AS + clause DUE TO + phrase
S + V + as / because + S + V S + V + due to + noun phrase
Ex: The office was closed as the doctor was ill.
The office was closed due to the doctors illness
STRUCTURE WITH PREVENT
S + be + so + adj + that + S + V (negative)
S + V + because of + noun / because + S + V
S + V + so that + S + V
S + prevent + s.o / s.t + from + doing s.t
Ex: The sea so rough that the ferry couldnt sail.
The rough sea prevented the ferry from sailing.
THE FIRST & LAST TIME
1. S + have + never + V3 / ed Its the first time + S + have + V3 / ed
2. S + havent + V3 / ed + since / for + time
The last time + S + past verb + was + time
3. S + havent + V3 / ed + since + time or time clause
S + last + past verb + since + time or time clause
Ex: Ive never tasted pheasant before.
27

This is the first time I have tasted pheasant.

EMPHATIC FORM WITH IT + BE + ADVERB PHRASE + THAT
Ex: It is in this room that we usually hold our meetings
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION: IT + BE + THE MOST
S + have + never + V3 / ed + such + adj + Noun
This + be + superlative adj + noun + S + have + ever + + V3 /ed
S + have + never + V3/ed + comparative adj + noun
S + be superlative adj + S + have + ever + V3/ed
Ex: I have never read such a romantic story.
This is the most romantic story I have ever read.
IT + BE + TIME + SINCE . . . .
1. S + present perfect + for + time
2. S + past verb + for + time
3. S + past verb + ago
Its + time + since + S + past verb
Ex: I havent enjoyed myself so much for years.
Its years since I enjoyed myself so much.
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS SIMPLE PAST
S + have been + Ving + for + time S + began + to + V+ time + ago
How long is it since + S + past verb? When + did + S + V?
S + havent been + to + a place It + be + ones first visit to + a place
Ex: We have been collecting stamps for five years.
He started collecting stamps five years ago
S + BE + SUPERLATIVE NO OTHER + NOUN
S + be + superlative adj + noun No other + noun + be + as + adj +
as + S
Ex: New York is the largest city of the United States.
No other city of the U.S. is as large as New York.
NO SOONER . . . THAN HARDLY . . . WHEN
No sooner + had + S + V3 + than + S + past verb
Hardly + had + S + V3 + when + S + past verb
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
S + urge + that + S + present subjunctive
Id rather + S + past subjunctive
Its high time + S + past subjunctive
Ex: She urged her husband to write the letter.
She urged that her husband write the letter.
BUT MUCH AS + S + V (= THOUGH)
S1 + V1 + but + S2 + V2 Much as + S2 + V2 + S1 +V1
Though + S2 + V2 + S1 + V1 However + adj / adv + S2 +V2 + S1 +
V1
Ex: Even though I admire his courage, I think he is foolish
Much as I admire his courage, I think he is foolish.
For and Since for Time
We often use for and since when talking about time.

28

for + period
A period is a duration of time, for example: 5 minutes, 2 weeks, 6 years. For means "from the beginning
of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.
since + point
A point is a precise moment in time, for example: 9 o'clock, 1st January, Monday. Since means "from a
point in the past until now." Since is normally used with perfect tenses.

for

a period
(from start to
end)

>==
=<

since

a point
(up to now)

x===>|

for 20 minutes
for three days
for 6 months
for 4 years
for 2 centuries
for a long time
for ever
etc

since 9am
since Monday
since January
since 1997
since 1500
since I left school
since the beginning of
time
etc

all tenses

perfect tenses only

For can be used with all tenses. Here are a few examples:

They study for two hours every day.

They are studying for three hours today.

He has lived in Bangkok for a long time.

He has been living in Paris for three months.

I worked at that bank for five years.

Will the universe continue for ever?

For is NOT used with "all day", "all the time" etc.

I was there all day. (not *for all day)

Since is normally used with perfect tenses:

He has been here since 9am.

He has been working since he arrived.

I had lived in New York since my childhood.

29

Since can also be used in the structure "It is [period] since...":

It is a year since I saw her.

How long is it since you got married?

Now check your understanding

Both for and since also have other meanings, with no reference to time.
Here are some examples:

This is for you.

Is this the train for London?

Since you ask, I'll say yes.

Since he didn't study he didn't pass the exam.

Cc cu ni thng dng khc

y l mt s cu ting Anh thng dng khc c s dng trong nhiu tnh hung khc nhau.
OK

c ri

of course

tt nhin ri

of course not

tt nhin l khng ri

that's fine

c ri

that's right

ng ri

sure

chc chn ri

certainly

chc chn ri

definitely

nht nh ri

absolutely

nht nh ri

as soon as possible

cng nhanh cng tt

that's enough

th l ri

it doesn't matter

khng sao

it's not important

khng quan trng u

it's not serious

khng nghim trng u

it's not worth it

khng ng u

I'm in a hurry

mnh ang vi

I've got to go

mnh phi i y

I'm going out

mnh i ra ngoi by gi

sleep well

ng ngon nh

same to you!

cu cng th nh!

me too

mnh cng vy

30

not bad

khng t

I like ...

mnh thch

him

anh y

her

c y

it

I don't like ...

mnh khng thch

him

anh y

her

c y

it

Thanks and apologies - Li cm n v xin li

thanks for your ...

cm n cu

help

gip

hospitality

n tip nhit tnh

email

gi email

I'm sorry

mnh xin li

I'm really sorry

mnh thc s xin li

sorry I'm late

xin li mnh n mun

sorry to keep you waiting

xin li v bt cu phi ch i

sorry for the delay

xin li v tr hon

Exclamations - Li cm thn
look!

nhn ka!

great!

tuyt qu!

come on!

thi no!

only joking! or just kidding!

mnh ch a thi!

bless you! (after a sneeze)

cha ph h cho cu! (sau khi ai ht x hi)

that's funny!

hay qu!

that's funny, ...

l tht,

that's life!

i l th y!

damn it!

m kip!

Common questions - Cc cu hi thng dng

where are you?

cu u?

what's this?

y l ci g?

what's that?

kia l ci g?

what's this called?

ci ny gi l g?

is anything wrong?

c vn g khng?

what's the matter?

c vic g vy?

is everything OK?

mi vic c n khng?

31

have you got a minute?

cu c rnh 1 lt khng?

have you got a pen I could borrow?

cu c ci bt no khng cho mnh mn?

really?

tht ?

are you sure?

bn c chc khng?

why?

ti sao?

why not?

ti sao khng?

what's going on?

chuyn g ang xy ra th?

what's happening?

chuyn g ang xy ra th?

what happened?

c chuyn g vy?

what?

ci g?

where?

u?

when?

khi no?

who?

ai?

how?

lm th no?

Instructions - Ch dn
come in!

mi vo!

please sit down

xin mi ngi!

could I have your attention, please?

xin qu v vui lng ch lng nghe!

let's go!

i no!

hurry up!

nhanh ln no!

get a move on!

nhanh ln no!

calm down

bnh tnh no

steady on!

chm li no!

hang on a second

ch mt lt

hang on a minute

ch mt lt

one moment, please

xin ch mt lt

just a minute

ch mt lt thi

take your time

c t t thi

please be quiet

xin hy trt t

shut up!

im i!

stop it!

dng li i!

don't worry

ng lo

don't forget

ng qun nh

help yourself

c t nhin

32

go ahead

c t nhin

let me know!

hy cho mnh bit!

Nu bn mun mi ai i qua ca trc bn, bn c th ni mt cch lch s nh sau:

after you!

cu
i
trc
i!

Trang trc

Trang
sau

Nhng cu c bn

Cc
trng
hp
khn
cp

Trong trang ny, tt c cc cu u km theo cch c ch cn nhn chut vo bt k cm t no

nghe.

Congratulations and commiserations - Chc mng v khen ngi

congratulations!

xin chc mng!

well done!

lm tt lm!

good luck!

tht l may mn!

bad luck!

tht l xui xo!

never mind!

khng sao!

what a pity! or what a shame!

tic qu!

happy birthday!

chc mng sinh nht!

happy New Year!

chc mng Nm mi!

happy Easter!

chc Phc sinh vui v!

happy Christmas! or merry Christmas!

chc Ging sinh vui v!

happy Valentine's Day!

chc Valentine vui v!

glad to hear it

rt vui khi nghe iu

sorry to hear that

rt tic khi nghe iu

Languages and communication - Ngn ng v giao tip

what languages can you speak?

cu c th ni nhng ngn ng no?

I speak ...

mnh ni ting

French, Spanish, and a little Russian

Php, Ty Ban Nha v mt cht ting

Nga

33

fluent German

c tri chy

I can get by in ...

mnh c th c gng ni c mt cht...

Italian

ting Ty Ban Nha

I'm learning ...

mnh ang hc ting

Chinese

Trung Quc

where did you learn your English?

cu hc ting Anh u?

at school

trng ph thng

at university

trng i hc

I took a course

mnh theo hc mt kha

I taught myself

mnh t hc

do you understand?

cu c hiu khng?

did you understand?

cu c hiu mnh ni g khng?

yes, I understood

c, mnh hiu m

sorry, I didn't understand

xin li, mnh khng hiu

how do you say ... in English?

cu ni ... th no trong ting Anh?

how do you spell that?

cu nh vn t th no?

how do you pronounce this word?

cu pht m t ny th no?

you speak very good English

cu ni ting Anh rt tt

your English is very good

ting Anh ca cu rt tt

I'm a little out of practice

mnh t luyn tp

I'd like to practise my ...

mnh mun luyn ting

Portuguese

B o Nha

let's speak in ...

hy ni bng ting

English

Anh

Italian

Nu bn khng nghe thy ai ni g, cch ni lch s nht l:

sorry? or excuse me?

xin li, cu ni g?

Expressing needs and feelings - Th hin nhu cu v tnh cm

I'm tired

mnh mt

I'm exhausted

mnh kit sc ri

I'm hungry

mnh i

I'm thirsty

mnh kht

I'm bored

mnh chn

34

I'm worried

mnh lo lng

I'm looking forward to it

mnh rt mong ch iu

I'm in a good mood

mnh ang rt vui

I'm in a bad mood

tm trng mnh khng c tt

I can't be bothered

mnh chng mun lm g c

More ways to greet or say goodbye to someone - Cc cch ni khc khi cho gp mt v tm
bit
welcome!

nhit lit cho mng!

welcome to ...

cho mng cu n vi

England

nc Anh

long time no see!

lu lm ri khng gp!

all the best!

chc mi iu tt p!

see you tomorrow!

hn gp li ngy mai!

Asking and expressing opinions - Hi v th hin quan im

what do you think?

cu ngh th no?

I think that ...

mnh ngh l

I hope that ...

mnh hi vng l

I'm afraid that ...

mnh s l

in my opinion, ...

theo quan im ca mnh,

I agree

mnh ng

I disagree or I don't agree

mnh khng ng

that's true

ng ri

that's not true

khng ng

I think so

mnh ngh vy

I hope so

mnh hi vng vy

you're right

cu ni ng

you're wrong

cu sai ri

I don't mind

mnh khng phn i u

it's up to you

ty cu thi

that depends

cng cn ty

that's interesting

hay y

35

Cc bn c bit trong qu trnh hc ting Anh , chng ta hu nh khng n phn trng

m ca t_ m phn ny thi i hc y! Do vy Mnh s gii thiu mt s qui tc cho cc
bn cng tham kho:
a s nhng t 2 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng bng : er, or, y,
ow, ance, ent , en, on.
Ex: ciment/ si'ment/: ximng event /i'vent/: s kin.
a s nhng t c 3 m tit c trng m m tit u , nht l khi tn cng l :ary, erty,
ity, oyr
a s nhng ng t c 2 m tit , trng m nm m tit th 2
Ex: repeat / ri'pi:t/ :nhc li
Trng m trc nhng vn sau y: -cial, -tial, -cion, -sion, -tion,-ience,-ient,-cian
,-tious,-cious, -xious
Ex: 'special, 'dicussion, 'nation, poli'tician( chnh tr gia)
Trng m trc nhng vn sau: -ic, -ical, -ian,-ior, -iour,-ity,-ory, -uty, -eous,-ious,-ular,ive
Ex: 'regular, expensive/ isk'pensive/, 'injury.
Danh t ch ccc mn hc c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit
Ex: ge'ology, bi'ology
T c tn cng bng -ate, -ite, -ude,-ute c trng m cch m tit cui 1 m tit
Ex: institute / 'institju / (vin)
a s danh t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit u
raincoat /'reinkuot/ :o ma
Back to top

Tnh t ghp trng m ri vo m tit u

Ex: homesick/'houmsik/( nh nh
Trng t ghp c trng m ri vo m tit th 2
Ex: downstream/ daun'sri:m/( h lu)
Tnh t ghp c t u tin l tnh t hoc trng t th trng m ri vo t th 2, tn
cng bng -ed
Ex: well-dressed/ wel'drest/( n mc sang trng)
Cc hu t khng c Trng m ( khi thm hu t th khng thay i trng m)
V+ment: ag'ree( tho thun) => ag'reement( s tho thun )
V+ance: re'sist( chng c ) =>re'sistance ( s chng c )
36

V+er : em'ploy(thu lm) => em'ployer( ch lao ng)

V+or : in'vent ( pht minh) => in'ventor (ngi pht minh)
V+ar : beg (van xin) => 'beggar( ngi n xin)
V+al : ap'prove( chp thun) => ap'proval(s chp thun)
V+y : de'liver( giao hng)=> de'livery( s giao hng)
V+age: pack( ng gi ) => package( bu kin)
V+ing : under'stand( thiu) => under'standing( thng cm)
adj+ness : 'bitter ( ng)=> 'bitterness( ni cay ng)
Cc t c trng m nm m tit cui l cc t c tn cng l : -ee, -eer,- ese,- ain,
-aire,-ique,-esque
Ex: de'gree, engi'neer, chi'nese, re'main, questio'naire( bn cu hi), tech'nique(k thut),
pictu'resque
Thm mt s quy tc na!!
Trc ht, chng ta chia cc t trong ting anh thnh hai loi : simple
word v complex word. Simple word l nhng t khng c preffix v
suffix. Tc l t gc ca mt nhm t y. Cn Complex word th ngc
li , l t nhnh.
I. Simple Word:
1. Two-syllable words: T c hai m tit:
y s la chn rt n gin hoc trng m s nm m tit u, hoc
m tit cui.
Trc ht l qui tc cho NG T v TNH T :
+) Nu m tit th 2 c nguyn m di hay nguyn m i hoc n tn
cng bng hn mt ph m th nhn vo m tit th 2:
V d: apPLY - c nguyn m i
arRIVE- nguyn m i
atTRACT- kt thc nhiu hn mt ph m
asSIST- kt thc nhiu hn mt ph m
+ Nu m tit cui c nguyn m ngn v c mt hoc khng c ph m
cui th chng ta nhn vo m tit th 1.
V d:
ENter - khng c ph m cui v nguyn m cui l nguyn m ngn (cc
bn xem phn phin m nh
ENvy-khng c ph m cui v nguyn m cui l nguyn m ngn
Open
Equal
Lu : rt nhiu ng t v tnh t c hai m tit khng theo qui tc
(ting anh m, c rt nhiu qui tc nhng phn bt qui tc li lun nhi
37

hn). v d nh HOnest, PERfect (Cc bn tra trong t in, ly phn

phin m bit thm chi tit)
Qui tc cho DANH T:
+ Nu m tit th 2 c nguyn m ngn th nhn vo m tit u:
MOney
PROduct
LARlynx
+ Nu khng th nhn vo m tit th 2:
balLOON
deSIGN
esTATE
2. Three-syllable words:
Nhng t c 3 m tit:
Qui tc i vi NG T/ TNH T:
+ Nu m tit cui l nguyn m di, nguyn m i hoc tn cng bng
hn mt ph m th chng ta nhn vo m tit cui:
ex: enterTAIN
resuRECT
+ Nu m tit cui l nguyn m ngn th nhn vo m tit gia, nu m
tit gia cng l nguyn m ngn th chng ta nhn vo m tit th 1.
Nh vy i vi t c 3 m tit, chng ta s ch nhn vo m tit no l
nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i, xt t m tit cui ln u.
Qui tc i vi DANH T:
Chng ta phi xt t m tit cui tr v trc
+ Nu m th 3 l nguyn m ngn th m KHNG c nhn
+ Nu m th 3 l nguyn m ngn v m th 2 l nguyn m di hay
nguyn m i th nhn vo m tit th 2:
Ex: poTAto
diSASter
+ Nu m tit th 3 l nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i, hoc kt thc
bng nhiu hn mt ph m th chng ta nhn vo m tit th 1:
Ex:QUANtity
i vi danh t c 3 m tit th m th 1 thng c nhn:
l i vi simple words, cn i vi complex words th kh khn hn v
hu ht chng ta u phi nh my mc
Complex words c chia thnh hai loi : T tip ng(l nhng t
c to thnh t t gc thm tip u ng hay tip v ng) v T
ghp(l nhng t do hai hay nhiu t ghp li thnh, v d nh
armchair...)
38

I. Tip v ng(Suffixes)
1. Trng m nm phn tip v ng: i vi cc t gc(sterm) mang
cc v ng sau y, th trng m nm chnh phn v ng :
_ain (ch dnh cho ng t) nh entertain, ascertain
_ee nh employee, refugee
_eer nh volunteer, mountaineer
_ese nh journalese, Portugese
_ette nh cigarette, launderette
_esque nh picturesque, unique
2. Tip v ng khng nh hng v tr trng m: Nhng tip v ng
sau y, khi nm trong t gc th khng nh hng v tr trng m ca t
gc , c ngha l trc khi c tip v ng, trng m nm u, th by
gi n vn y :
_able : comfortable, reliable....
_age : anchorage...
_ al: refusal, natural
_ en : widen
_ ful : beautiful ...
_ ing :amazing ...
_ like : birdlike ...
_ less : powerless ...
_ ly: lovely, huriedly....
_ ment: punishment...
_ ness: happpiness
_ ous: dangerous
_ fy: glorify
_ wise : otherwise
_ y(tnh t hay danh t) : funny
_ ish (tnh t) : childish, foolish ...(Ring i vi ng t c t gc hn
mt m tit th chng ta nhn vo m tit ngay trc tip v ng:
demolish, replenish)
-Cn mt s tip v ng l _ance; _ant; _ary th cch xc nh:Trng m ca t lun t
gc, nhng khg c cch xc nh r l m tit no, n tu thuc vo cc nguyn m ca t
gc , cn c vo qui tc dnh cho simple words ri xc nh l c thi.
- vi tip u ng(Prefixes) th chng ta khg c qui tc c th, do tc dng ca n i
vi m gc khg ng u, c lp v khg tin on c. Do vy, cc bn phi hc my
mc thi, khg c cch no khac!
T ghp:
_ i vi t ghp gm hai loi danh t th nhn vo m tit u : typewriter; suitcase; teacup;
sunrise
_ i vi t ghp c tnh t u, cn cui l t kt thc bng _ed, nhn vo m tit u ca
t cui: bad-tempered
_ i vi t ghp c ting u l con s th nhn vo ting sau:three-wheeler
_T ghp ng vai tr l trng ng th nhn vn sau: down-steam(h lu)
39

_t ghp ng vai tr l ng t nhng ting u l trng ng th ta nhn m sau: downgrade(h b ) ; ill-treat(ngc i, hnh h)
**Danh t kp: nhn yu t th nht ca danh t
- `Noun-Noun: cl`assroom, t`eapot
- `Noun + Noun: `apple tree, `fountain pen
- `Gerund (V-ing) + Noun: wr`iting paper, sw`imming pool
B sung vo mt s quy tc nh trng m:
Quy tc c bn :
+ Nhng t thuc v ni dung c nh trng m
+ Nhng t thuc v cu trc ko nh trng m
+ Khong thi gian cho nhng t c nh trng m l bng nhau
Trng m c coi nh nhc iu ca ting Anh. Ging nh trng m trong
t, trng m trong cu c th gip bn hiu c ngi khc ni g d hn
rt nhiu, c bit l nhng ngi ni nhanh.
Hu ht cc t trong cu c chia lm 2 loi :
+ T thuc v ni dung : l nhng t cha kho ca mt cu. Chng l
nhng t quan trng, cha ng ngha ca cu.
+ T thuc v mt cu trc : nhng t khng quan trng lm, ch
cho cc cu ng v mt ng php. Ngha l nu bn b qua cc t ny
khi ni, mi ngi vn hiu c ca bn.
- T thuc v mt ni dung : c nh trng m, gm c :
+
+
+
+
+

ng t chnh: SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY

Danh t: CAR, MUSIC, MARY
Tnh t: RED, BIG, INTERESTING
Trng t: QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
Tr ng t (t/c ph nh ): CAN''T ,DON''T

- T thuc v mt cu trc : ko nh trng m, gm c:

+
+
+
+
+

i t: he, we, they

Gii t: on, at, into
Mo t: a, an, the
Lin t: and, but, because
Tr ng t: do, be, have, can, must

Ch :
- i khi chng ta nh trng m vo nhng t m ch c ngha v mt
cu trc, v d nh khi chng ta mun nhn mnh thng tin
V d :
"They've been to Mongolia, haven't they?"
"No, THEY haven't, but WE have."
40

- Khi "TO BE" l ng t chnh, n ko c nh trng m

c nhanh v vn ng v trng
Ti c rt chm.
Ti c nhiu ln cng mt dng.
Ti c qu nhiu ti liu phi c v ti khng ngh l mnh s c c ht.
Bn c phi l mt trong ba trng hp trn? Nu cu tr li l c th bn
cng ng phin mun bi v bn ang c ti liu vit bng ngoi ng. Ai
cng vy, khi c mt ti liu ting nc ngoi, chng ta thng c thin
hng c chm hiu ng v khng b st thng tin. Tuy nhin bt c ai
cng vn mun ci thin tc c ca mnh. Trc khi c tip, bn phi
ch ti nhng iu sau:
Tc c ca bn nh th no?
Tm hiu c tc c ca bn thn trc khi bc vo bi tp tng tc
c l rt quan trng bi v bn s nhn bit chnh xc c nhng tin b
ca mnh sau thi gian rn luyn. Bn hy lm theo nhng bc di y:
Chn ra hai on vn c cng di v kh.
Ly mt bi ra thc hnh trc
Dnh mt pht xem qua c vn bn
c on vn
o thi gian c on vn.
Nu gp phi mt on vn gm cc cu hi tng hp, th bn cng c th
kim tra xem mnh c th hiu c bao nhiu phn trm. Sau khi bn ghi
chp li tc c trc khi luyn th bn c th bt tay ngay vo qu trnh
tp c. HY NH RNG: bn c th c bt k vn bn no v bt k u
bn mun. Gi th bn sn sng bit c vi b quyt cha?
B quyt ci thin tc c
- Xc nh mc ch c v c gng t c mc tiu throng bi c ca
mnh (B quyt ny c th hu dng i vi vi loi bi c)
-B qua nhng t hoc phn m bn khng hiu
-KHNG c li! Vic ny s lm gim tc ca bn. Hy tip tc c v ghi
nh tiu ca bi c.
-KHNG dng mt li mt dng qu 5 giy.
-C gng xc nh t nht mt chnh trong tng on (Tt nhin trong vi
trng hp th mt on c nhiu hn mt chnh v trong vi trng hp
khc th mt chnh li c din gii ra thnh nhiu on).
-Chuyn ng mt: C my li khuyn v cch chuyn ng mt gip bn
c nhanh hn. V cch tt nht l bn nn th vi cch v sau xc nh
cch no ph hp vi mnh nht. Di y l ba cch c bn nht:
1.Chuyn ng mt theo ng cho.
2.c nhng t u v cui mi dng.
3.c nhng t gia dng.
-Ch quan tm n danh t v ng t
Ban hy luyn tp thng xuyn v nhiu nht c th v nh ghi chp li tc
c sau mi ln luyn tp theo di s tin b ca bn thn.
Ngoi ra bn cng c th tham d mt kho hc ting Anh thng qua hnh
thc Elearning trn trang o to trc tuyn:
http://english.vietnamlearning.vn bi dng thm kh nng ngoi ng ca
bn thn.
41

42

PHRASAL VERBS
*Phrasal verbs with COME:
Come about: xy ra, din ra
Come across: tnh c gp; gy n tng.
Come at: Xng vo tn cng, nhy x vo.
Come by: c c, v c
Come down with: ng bnh
Come in for: nhn c; hng chu
Come into: Tha hng, tha k dc
Come out: C triu chng, l ra
Come round: hi tnh
Come round to: bt u tha nhn.
Come up with: a ra, cung cp
*Phrasal verbs with GO:
Go by(of time): tri qua
Go in for: ham thch
Go for: cng kch, ph bnh
Go off: i thiu, n, chn, hng
Go out: tt
Go out with: cp b
Go over: quan st, d xt
Go through: chu ng
Go under: ph sn
Go with: hi ha
Go without: chu thiu thn
*Phrasal verbs with LOOK
look at :nhn
look after : chm sc
look for : tm kim
look down on : khinh b
look to : ch n
look at :nhn
look after : chm sc
look for : tm kim
look down : khinh b
Look back to/on: hi tng
Look in on: gh tt qua
Look into: iu tra
Look on: xem
Look out: coi chng
Look over: xem xt
Look round: quay li xem
Look through: c lt qua
Look up: tra cu
look up to: knh trng:
Phrasal verbs with PUT:
Put about: tung tin
Put across: truyn t, lm cho ai hiu dc nh kh nng giao tip
Put down to: quy cho, cho l
Put forward: ngh
Put off: Lm ai xao nhng; lm ai nht ch; tr hon li.
Put on: gi v
Put out: khin ai cm thy bt tin
Put up: cung cp ch
Put up with: chiu ng

43

*Phrasal verbs with GIVE

give away: cho, pht, l
give back: hon li, tr li
give in: nhng b, chu thua
give off: ta ra, bc ra, pht ra
give out: chia, phn phi, cn, kit
give over: thi, chm dt
give up: b, t b
*Phrasal verbs with BREAK
break down: b hng; tht vng chn nn
break into: t nhp
break up: chia tay;
break out: trn thot
Phrasal verbs with Get :
1.Get in touch with :Giao tip vi ,tip xc vi .
2.Get used to :tr ln quen vi.
3.Get rid of : loi b.
4.Get through : hon thnh ,trao i vi ai ,lm cho ngi ta hiu( = break through to )
5.Get St for Sb :ly ci g cho ai
6.Get along : tin b ; sng n nh ,vui v
7.Get lost : lc ng ,bin mt
8.Get on one's never : quy ry ai ,lm cho ai bc mnh(=bug)
9.Get away : ln trnh ,ln trn.
10.Get away with : trn trnh hnh pht, thoi thc cng vic
11. Get even with : tr a
12.Get the better of : thng th
13.Get in : ln tu xe(xe hi )
14.Get on :ln tu xe(cc Pt vn chuyn#)
15 Get up :tnh zy
16.Get back : way li
17.Get over : vt wa
18.Get to :bt u ,t n, i n (B "to "vi home , there )
19.Get better/ worse :tr ln tt hn/xu hn
20.Get sick/tired/busy : b bnh/mt/bn
21.Get rise out of : khiu khch
22.Get off one's chest :din t cm xc ca mnh
23.Get down/ off :xung(tu ,xe...)
Phrasal verbs with MAKE :
1.Make sure : chc chn(=make certain )
2,Make a good time :i du lch 1 wng ng vi tc va fi
3.Make out :tin b ,thnh t
4.Make good :thnh cng
5.Make clear : lm sng t ,gii thix
6.Make St/Sb+ Adj : lm cho ci g/ai ntn
7.Make Sb do St : bt ai lm g
8.Make progress in St/doing St :tin b
9.Make a decision/phone call/mistake :Quyt inh/gi in/mc li
10.Make up one's mind : quyt nh cui cng
11.Make fun of : nho bng
12.Make do : gii quyt ,xoay s
13.Make sense : hiu ,bit iu
14.Make out : c hay thy r
15.Make friends : kt bn
16.Make waves : no ng ,wy ry
17.Make the best of : c gng ht sc(trong 1 K kh khn)

44

18.Make up : trang im ,ba ra ,ngh ra

19.Make up with :gii quyt vn
20.Make a difference : fn bit
phrasal verbs with Break:
break down: b hng; tht vng chn nn
break into: t nhp
break up: chia tay;
break out: trn thot
break off : ct t ,gin on
break loose : thot khi s kim ch ca ai ,s lng
break in : tp dn cho (ci g con mi cha quen)
bring St to Sb :mang n ci g cho ai
bring black :gi li
bring to :lm hi tnh
bring up : nui dng , mang ln.pht biu
bring about :gy ra
bring out : a ra ,ji thiu zi cng chng
black out: lm m nht
break off : chm dt, ct t, on tuyt
break away : trn, thot khi
break down : v, tht bi
bring up : nu ra, a ln mt vn
call on : yu cu/ n thm
care for : thch/ trng nom, sn sc
check out : iu tra, xem xt
close in : tin li gn , chy li gn
come along with : i cng vi
come away : ra i, ri i
come by: ginh c, t c
come down: i xung , h cnh
come into : tha k, k tc, k nhim
come off : bin khi, bin mt, mt dng
come up : xy ra
count on = depend on : l thuc vo
come down with : mc phi mt cn bnh
crack down on : chng li, chng i
cut down : gim bt, lm cho
cut off: lm gin on, t qung
cut up: ct nh ra, xt ra
away with = get rid of: tng kh, loi b, tr kh
depend on : l thuc vo
derive from : rt ra, c t
daw up: son tho
dish up: dn thc n
do for: kt thc,chm dt
drop by: gh qua, tt qua
drop out of : b ( c bit l b hc gia chng)
figure out: hnh dung ra c, hiu c
find out: khm ph ra, pht hin ra
get by: ln hi qua ngy, sng st qua c
get off : xung xe
get on : ln xe
get over: khc phc, vt qua
get through with: kt thc
get through to: thng tin c cho ai, gi c cho ( in thoi), tm cch lm cho hiu

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get up: dy/ t chc

give away: phn pht, ban cho, phn bi
give back: khi phc, phc hi
give up:b, t b
go along with : ng vi
hold on to: vn gi vng, duy tr
hold up: cp/ vn gi vng. vn duy tr, vn sng bnh thng, vn dng c
keep on doing st: vn tip tc khng ngng lm g
lay out: sa son, chun b
look at: xem xt, thanh tra, nghin cu
look in: gh qua, gh thm, tt qua
look on: canh chng, gim st, xem xt
look after: trng nom, sn sc
look down on: coi khing
look into: iu tra, xem xt
look over: xem qua, nhn qua loa
make sb out: hiu c
pass out: ngt
pick out: chn ra, la ra, nht ra
point out: ch ra, vch ra
put down:trn p, n p
put off: tr hon, nh hon
put up with: chu ng, nhn nhc, cam chu
run across: khm ph, pht hin ra
run into sb: gp ai bt ng
see about to: lo lng, sn sc, chy vy
see off: a tin
see through : h tr
take after: ging nh, tng t nh
take off: ct cnh
take over for: thay th cho
talk over: bn son, tho lun v
try out: th nghim, dng th
try out for: th vai, th ging
turn in: giao np, d trnh/ di ng
turn on: m
turn off: tt
take up : rt ngn li, lm ngn li, xm chim, chim lnh
wash ip: b nh bi
watch out for: cnh gic, mt, trng chng
wipe out: ph hu, xo sch
Phrasal verbs with SET
set about: khi u
set against: so snh, i chiu
set back: vn chm li(ng h....)
set down: ghi chp li, t n xung
set in: bt u vo v
set off: khi hnh
set on:t kch
set to: bt u mt cch quyt nh, quyt lit.
set up: thit lp, xy dng, trong tin hc(ci t)

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