T2

=K
R3

fT 2 R
2 R
=
T =
mv
R
v

mv 2
f =

1
R R[8]
2

R
FF / mt
v

2
1 F R
1
= R
2 m v
2

mv 2
F=
R

BE BA
=
BA BD


DE DA
=
DA DB

ADEA 2
DB =
DE

2 2 R =

1 f 2
T
2m

4 2 mR
T2
2R
f 2
T
f =

2R

v
2R
v2
v2
f
= 2
2
2 R
R
2R

v
T =

R
R3
1
=
= 2
2
2 2
T
T R
R

1
R2

2 2 R 19.7393 60 3500 5000
h=
=
T2
( 27.3216) 2 (24 ) 2 (60) 2



13.6
1

2
16 ( 60)
4300

2 2 R 2 2 60 19615800
h=
=
T2
( 39343) 2

15.009
1
15
12

1
15
12

L
t=
g

v2
F
R

1
a 2
2

v2
=
R

1
1
AFAE = FCDC
2
2
AE FC
=
CD FA

EM ( AE) 2
=
DN ( CD) 2

EM ( FC) 2

=
DN ( FA) 2

FA ( FC) 2
=
FC ( FA) 2

FP ( pF) 2
=
f P ( PF) 2

PI
PSS
PQ
PS
pi
ps
(

(
PF
pq
pf

FP PFpfps pfPFPS ( ps) 2

=

=
fP
PS
ps
( PS) 2

m1 m 2
mm
F = G 1 2 2
2
R
R

m1g = G

m 1m
r2

G =

r2
g
m

1 / g G

1
FdS = mv 2
2

1
1 2.84 3
273

A
J=
= 3.65J /
Q

2
mv

1
mv 2 m
2

R
v Fdr
r
R
1
1
mv 2 - mv 2 = - Fdr
r
2
2

A
A'
' =
Q
Q'

A
A'
=
Q1
Q' 1

, ',

A
A'

,
Q1
Q '1

u cos
2h

2r sin rd
= sin d
2
2hr

Nu
cos sin d
2h

F=

/2

Nu

( 2 mu cos )
cos sind
2h

Nmu 2
3h

F Nmu 2
=
a
3V
1
2
p = nmu
3
p=

3p 1
= nmu 2
2
2

1
nmu 2 = T
2

3p 3pg
, = nmgu 2 =
=

nm

W = 1

2
(2 )
3

( 2 / 3 )
e
3 dx

2
3
1
3
L' =
Ne ( / ) x 3 xdx
N 0

=
2

NV 3 =
L' =
n =

V
n2

V
1
L' =
n 2


3
u
4

L=

3 1
4 n 2

1
A, - 2 , X X + dX
a

2 2
NCe -(x /a ) dX

NCe ( x 2 / a 2 ) dX = N

NC a = N
1
C =
a

1 ( x2 /a 2 )

e
a

1 ( x2 /a 2 )
N
dX
e
a

1 2 ( v2 /a 2 )
N 3
dv
u e
a

2a

3
v 2 = a 2
2

C e
1

( 2 + 2 + 2 )/ a 2

ddd

N ( 2 + 2 + 2 )/ a 2
dN 1 = 3 3/ 2 e
ddd

dQ
:

dQ
= 0
T
dQ
T < 0

dQ [3]
dS =
T

(2 )

(1 )

dS = S 2 S 1

dQ
mationconcent

( 2 ) dQ
(1) dQ
+
(1) T r (2 ) T < 0
r
(1 ) dQ

= S1 S2
r( 2 ) T
( 2 ) dQ

< S 2 S1
( 1) T

t2
F' =
F
t '2

F' d
=
F d'

I
B= K
r




Ids sin
dB = K
2
r
Ids r
dB = K
2
r

= a ds sin
a Id
B = 2 K
= 2 K
2
=0
0
r
r
a I sin
a
2KI
= 2 K
d =
( cos )
0 d sin
d sin
0
=

2 KI
2 KI
(1 cos ) =
tg
d sin
d
2

Ftg - a = 45
2
tg

= Ftg 22 30' = 0.414214 F

2

Ftg

K K
( t t ' )( t + t ')
2 =K
2
2 2
t'
t
t t'
K

O
,
V

t '2
O ( t t 0 ' )( t + t ' 0 )
=
V2
V ( t t V ' )( t + t ' V )
t' 0

1
2

9 2
9

d d + 9 2 d 1 + 2 2 ,

d
d

9
9

d 1 + 2 = d 1 + 2
d
2d

F0
9
O
1 +

Fv
d2
V
F0 O
1
=
9
Fv V

1 + 2

2d

0.827545 0.828427 Ftg

2


ii'dsds' sinsin 'cos
n
r

Kii' dsds'cos cos '
n
r

ii ' dsds'
(sin sin ' cos + K cos cos ')
n
r

1
n = 2K = - Tricker
2

F=

ii ' dsds'
1

sin sin 'cos cos cos '

2

r
2

ii ' ds'
cos 2
dF = 2 sin 2
ds
r
2

ii ' ds' 2
cos 2
dF = 2 sin
ds
r
2
d
d
r =
r
= -sin
sin
ds
ii ' ds'
3
2
F =
1 cos sin d

0
2

d
ii ' ds'
cos3
cos

d
2 0
iids'
=
d
=



Fll =

ii ' ds' 3 2
1
sin cos d

d 0 2
2

ii ' ds' sin3 sin

=

=0
d
2
0

ii ' ds'
1

sin cos + sin cos cos ds

2 0

r
2
ii ' ds' 0 3
=
cos 2 sin d

d
2
ii ' ds' cos 3 ii ' ds'
=

=
d 2 0
d

Fll =

= ' =

1
8
2

Ui =

BdS (7.4.1)
s

dL' r
B = i'
(7.4.2)
3
L'
r
r
1
3 = Stokes
r
r
dL' r
Ui = ii ' sL' 3 dS
r
dL'
= ii '
dS
S L'
r
dLdL'
= ii '
L L'
r

BdSL
S

dU i

dt

i BdS (7.4.4)
t s

dL'
= i'
(7.4.5)
L' r


a
i
dL (7.4.6)
L t

L t dL = t SBdS (7.4.7)
S BdS
S

L dL

= dl
t

= - BdS
t S
dN
= (7.4.8)
dt
N = BdSS
s

2
ee '
1 dr
r d 2r
Fee ' = 2 1
+

(7.4.9)
r 2C 2 dt
C 2 dt 2

ee'
dr
ee'
2
r
dt

d2 r
2
dt

d
dL' dL
= I'

L
L
'

dt
r

d
adl (7.4.10)
dt L

=-

1 1

3 4

dN
=
dt

1
, rv =
, Kv =
4 r 2
K
p = 0rP =
4r 2
K
K
N
4r
4 r
KN

4r

dP2
dX
dP
2 = Y2 - 2 (8.1.1)
dY
dP
2 = Z2 - 2
dZ
2 = X2 -

Ed

Ed = (Xdx + Ydy + Zdz) - P + C

Ed = (Xdx + Ydy + Zdz)

edSe = la + mb + nc

 edS = adydz + bdzdx + cdxdy

da db dc
edS = dx + dy + dz dxdydz

da db dc

+
+
= 4 (8.1.4)
dx dy dz
edS = 4 dxdydz

Hdl = I

d dz

d dy

+ 1 + 1 dy - 1 + 1 dz

dz 2

dy 2
d dz

d dy

- 1 1 dy + 1 1 dz

dz 2

dy 2
1 d 1
=

dydz
dy
dz

d d
a= 1- 1
dz dy
d d
b= 1 - 1
dx dz
d 1 d 1
c=
(8.1.5)
dy dx

da 2 db 2 dc 2
+
+
=0
dx
dy
dz

da 1 db 1 dc1
+
+
+ 4 1 = 0
dx
dy
dz

d 0 d 0 dV

+
dz
dy dx
d
d 0 dV
b1 = 0
+
(8.1.6)
dx
dz
dy
d 0 d 0 dV
c1 =

+
dy
dx dz
a1 =

d2 V d 2 V d2 V
+ 2 +
+ 4 1 = 0 (8.1.7)
dx 2
dy
Dz 2

= s = (8.1.10)

W = j adL
L

a
E = - (8.1.11)
t

1
p1 = p 0 + v 2 v
2

1
1
p 2 = p 0 + v 2 p 1 - p 2 = v 2
4
4

1
v 2 (8.2.1)
4

1
p1 p 1 - p 2
v 2
4

p1 - p 2 =

1
1
v 2 l 2 p 1p y2 =
v 2 mn
4
4
1
1
p yy =
v 2 m 2 p1 p z x =
v 2 nl
4
4
1
1
pzz =
v 2 n 2 p 1p xy =
v 2 lm
4
4
px =

1
1
2 p 1p yz =

4
4
1
1
p yy =
2 p1 p zx =

4
4
1
1
p zz =
2 p 1p yz =

4
4
p xx =

d
d
d
X=
p xx +
p xy + p xz
dx
dy
dz

1 d d d 1
d
X=
+
+

2 + 2 + 2

+
4 dx
dy
dz 8 dx

1 d d
1 d d dp 1

(8.2.2 )

4 dx dy
4 dz dx dx

d
d
d

+ dxdydz = 4 mdxdydz (8.2.3)

+
dy
dz
dx

1 d
d
d

+ +
4 dx
dy
dx

1
d

2 + 2 + 2
8 dx

1 d d

4 dx dy

1 d d
Y (5)

4 dy dz

1 d d
=p
4 dy dz
1 d d
=q

4 dz dx
1 d d

= r (8.2.5)
4 dx dy

1 d d
+
+ q

4 dz dx


dp
X - 1
dx

dp
1
d
X = m +
v 2 r + rq 1
8 dx
dx
dp 1
1
d 2
Y = m +
v p + r
(8.2.6)
8 dy
dy
1
d
dp
Z = m v 2 q + p 1
8 dz
dz

d d
d d
d d

= 0

= 0

=0
dy dz
dz dx
dx dy
dx + dy + dz = ddx + dy + dz
d
d
d
=
=
=
(8.2.7)
dx
dy
dz

1 d
d
d
m=
+
+
4 dx
dy
dz
=

2
2
2
1 d d d
2 + 2 + 2 (8.2.8)
4 dx
dy
dz

d2 d 2 d2
+
+
= 0 (8.2.9)
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2



m1
=
r

d m 1
=
(8.2.10)
dr
r2

E = C ( 2 + 2 + 2 ) (8.2.11)

d
d
d
=
=
=
dx
dy
dz

d 2 1 d 2 1 d 2 1
+
+

= m1
4 dx 2
dy 2
dz 2
d 2 2 d 2 d2 2
+ 2 +

= m2
4 dx 2
dy
dz 2


d
1 + 1 x, 2 1m 2 . ,
dx

E = -4C 2 1 m 2 dVx
dx

d
1 m 2
dx
d

W = 1 m 2 dVx
dx

4C 2 1 m 2dV x + 1 m 2 dV x = 0
dx

dx

1
C =
(8.2.13)
8

1
( 2 + 2 + 2 ) (8.2.14)
8
H 2

1
1
1
- P - Q - R
2
2
2
1

1
1
1
P
Q R (8.2.15)
4
4
4



dE
1
= - (Pu + Qv + Rw)dS (8.2.16)
dt
4

dP
dP
dP
P0 +
x+
y+
z
dx
dy
dz

dP
dP
pudS = dz dy V

dE
1
=
( Pu + Qv + Rw)dS
dt
4
dP dQ
1 dQ dR
dR dP
=

+
V
4 dz dy
dx dz
dy dx

1
E =
( 2 + 2 + 2 )V
8
dE
1
d
d
d

=
V
+
+
dt
dt 4
dt
dt

dQ dR
d
d
dP dQ
d
dR dP

= 0
dx dz
dt
dt
dt
dz dy
dy dx

dQ dR
d

=
dz dy
dt

dR dP
d

=
(8.2.17)
dx dz
dt
dP dQ
d

=
dy dx
dt
d

dt

H
CurlE = -
(8.2.18)
t

Curla = H , E =
t

dh dR

dt dt

i
t

m , v =

, = . m. m

D
j'= j +
t
D
j , j'

= Edt

D
ACurlH = 4 (j +
)
t
4
D
CurlH =
j+

c
t

CurlH =

4
j
c

d
divj = dt

d
dD
4
= div
dt
dt
1 dD
div(j +
)=0
4 dt
1 dD

j
4 dt
4
1 D
CurlH =
j+
c
c t

E = vH - grad
t

B
BCurlE =
t
1 B
CurlE =
c t

e
e
2 2 ,
r
r

e
+ divj = 0
t

1 D 4
CirlH =
+
j0
c t
c
1 B
curlE =
c t

D
.
t

sin i 1 v 2

=
sin i 2 v 1

0 0

1
mv 2 + w 0
2

hv =

e( , T)
= ( , T)
a( , T)

c
a
(, T ) = c1 exp 2
T

( , T) = A5 f ( , T)

 v
( v, T) = Bv 3
t

c
5
( , T) = c 1 exp 2
T

bv
3
( vT) = av exp (10.1)
T

8v 2
( v, T) =
kT
c3
8v 2
3 kT
c

8v 2
( v, T) = 3 (10.2)
c

dU
T

1

T
dS
1
U

= ln
dU
av a ' v
2
d S

=
(10.3)
dU 2
U
d S
2 2 R
dU

U
U
S = ln
(10.4)
av ea ' v

dS =

dS
=
dU
U
2
d S
=
(10 5)
dU2
U2

d2 S
a
=
(10.6)
2
dU
U( + U)
dS

dU
dS
U
1

= ln
=
dU + U T

U = /aT
(10.7)
e
1

v
U = v
T

cv
U = c 'v/1T
(10.8)
e2 1

c' v 3
( v, T) = c 'v2/T
(10.9)
e2 1

c 5
( , T) = c2 1/T
(10.10)
e
1

( N + P 1)!
W=
( N 1)! P!

p
NU =
N

U U U U
S = k 1 + ln1 + ln

1 dS k
U
U
=
= ln 1 + ln
T dU

U = 8/kT
e
-1

8v 2

( v, T) = 3 8/kT (10.13)
c e
-1







8hv 3
1
( v, T) =
(10.15)
3
hv/ kT
c
e
-1
8ch
1
( , T) = 5 c h/kT (10.16)[4]
e
-1

v
sin = sin (11.1.2)
c

1 2

n

1

1 2 v(11.1.3)

c
c' = + Kv (11.1.4)
n
1
K = 1 2 n
n

1
K = 0 (3) K = 1 2
n

1
1

= 2 Lc

(11.1.5)
c / n Kv c / n + Kv


4n 2 Lv
K(11.1.6)
c

1
K = 1 2 , = 0.2022.
n

v
- v / n 2 sin ' =

cn

v
sin =
c

t1 =

l
l
+
(11.1.7)
c + v c / n + Kv - v

L
L
t2 =
+
(11.1.8)
c - v c / n - Kv + v

K = 1
t1 = t 2 =

1
v
(11.1.7) (11.1.8)
2
c
n

l nl
+ t = 0
c c

i i Ui = / n 2i

si
s
s v
s
v
i 2i 2 cos i = i 2 si cos i
w i ci ci n i
ci c
s
s
v
wi = ci c 2 si cos i (11.1.10)
i
i

L
L
2L
+
=
(11.1.11)
c + v c v c(1 v 2 / c 2 )

t1 =

ct
vt
l = 2 2
2
2

t 2 =

2L
c 1 v2 / c2

(11.1.12 )

4L
1
1
t = 2( t 1 t 2 ) =

2
2
2
2
c 1 v / c
1 v / c
2 Lv 2
(11.113)
.
c3

ct 2 Lv 2
=
=
(11.1.14)

c 2

1
1

20
40

v2 2
1 2 -

Lv2
. 3
c
. L

v2
v
1 2 , , , t = 0,
c
2c
2

E-

1 B
(11.2.1)
c t

1 E 4
+
W
c t
c

(11.2.2)

E = 4(11.2.3)
B = 0 (11.2.4)

W
f = E + B(11.2.5)
c

2 1 2
4
( W ) (11.2.6)
2 2 E = 4 + 2

c t
c t

2 1 2
4
(W) (11.2.7)
2 2 B =
c t
c

2 1 2
2
= 2 (11.2.8)
c t 1

Sr = S + v r (11.2.10)
t
t

2
2 1

r 2
v
K = j(11.2.11)
c tr
x r

Kjx r y r z r t r = t = r




= (1 / 1 v 2 / c 2 ) S r Q'

2
1
2

'

K' = j' (11.2.13)

( c 2 v 2 ) t 2

c 1 v 2 / c 2 SS r

= v r (11.2.15
t s

2 v r 2
4
r
E = 4 r 2 vr ( v ) (11.2.16)
c
c

2
2 v
B = 4 ( v) (11.2.17)

r
r
r

c
c


2
2 v

r
= 4 (11.2.18)
r
c

E = r +

vv

r (11.2.19 )

c c

v
E (11.2.20)
c

v2 2
2
2
+
1 2 2 +
= 4(11.2.21)
c x r y r 2 z r 2

B=

x r = x' ' 1 v 2 / c 2 , y r = y'' , z r = z' ', t r = t ' ' (11.2.22 )

'' 2 '' = 4 ' ' (11.2.23)

' ' = 1 v 2 / c 2 (11.2.24)

' ' = 1 v 2 / c 2 (11.2.25)

E'' = (11.2.26)

Fxr = Fx '' , Fyr = Fy '' 1 v 2 / c 2 ,

F2 r = F2 ' ' 1 v 2 / c 2 (11.2.27 )

v
t L = t 2 x(11.2.28)
c

2 1 2
r 2 2 K' ' = j' ' (11.2.29)
c t L

1 B r
r Er = , r E r = 0
c t
1 E r
r Br =
r B r = 0 (11.2.30)
c t

v
S r S
c

v

c

v

c

x' = Lx r , y ' = Ly r , z' = Lz r (11.2.33)

t' =

L
v
t L 2 xr

= 1 / 1 v 2 / c 2 , v .
v
, L = 1. t'
x

x' = L( x vt ), y' = Ly, z' = Lz

v

t ' = L t 2 x (11.2.34)
c


1

v
D'x = 2 Dx, D 'y = 2 D y H z
L
L
c

v
D2 + H y
2

c
L
1

v
H 'x = 2 H x , H 'y = 2 H y + D2
c
L
L

v
H 'z = 2 H z D y (11.2.35)
L
c

D'z =

Fx' = L2 Fx , Fy' =

L2
L2
Fy , Fx' =
Fz (11.2.36)

L L
F(S' ) = L2 , 2 , 2 F(S)

(11.2.37)

1 v 2 / c 2

v = 1 /
cc =

0 0

2AB

=c
t' A t A

H
Ev
c

W = m 0 c 2 (1 / 1 v 2 / c 2 1)

1
L
L 2 v 2
2
c

L
2 [9]Em
c

e2
2
v =
E = hv
4 2 ma 3


h2
a = 2 2 ,
4 e m

sin
2

e2
m( 4 2 v 2 r ) = X 2
r

1
1
v nm = R 2 2
n
m

h
M=
= 1 2 3
2

1
v =
2

W = h = 12 3
2

2 2 me 2 E 2
W=
2 h2
4 2 me 2 E 2
=
3 h3
2 h2
2a =
2 2 meE

e
e = 4.7 10-10 = 5.3110 11 h = 6.510-27 2 = 1.110 -8 cm,
m
W
= 6.2 1015 S-1 , = 13V.
e

2 2 me 4
W =
h 2 2

W2 W1 =

2 2 me 4 1
1
2 2
2
h
2 1

2 me 1
1

h 3 22 21



v =

e
= 4.7 10 10 = 5.311011 = 6.5 10 27
m

2 2 me 4
= 3.11015
h3

1
1
~
v = R H 2 2 n = 2.5,3,3.5,4,
2
n

1
1
~
v = 4R H 2 2
n1 n2

1
1
~
v = 4 R H 2 2 n = 5,6,7,
4
n

1
1

~
v = RH 2
2
2
n

mM

, M
m+ M

W = hv =

m 0c 2
1 v 2 / c2

n
kT
dn W =
e
W 2 dW
3 3
2k T

( E E) = nhvE n
2

n =1

8hv
e
3
c
3

E n =

hv
kT

n = 1 2 3

EVE =

n=1

m0 c 2
W =
= hv
1 2
p =

m0

1 2

W =
p =

0c 2
1 2
0
1 2

= hv
=

h
[4]

Ldt = 0

2Tdt = 0
[ 2m ( E U)]1/2 ds = 0

n
ds = 0
c

[2m(E - U)]2 u = c / n

c
[ 2 m( E U )] 2
n

u=

t0

Ldt configura - tion space

actionsurfacep = S

S
= -E(E
t

= 2 v = -t + krk =
= -
t

. ,
2

m 0c 2
v0
v=
=
2
h 1
1 2

v1 = v 0 1 2 , sin2v 1

x
sin2v 1

x
1
sin 2 v t
= sin 2 vx
v c
c /

x
1
= sin 2 vx
c

sin 2 v 2

nds = 0

ds
vds
m 0c
= 2
=
ds = 0

c /
h 1 2 / c2

mds = 0

m 0 ( c) 2
1 2

dt =

m 0 c

1 2

ds = 0

d
vv = v + dv = +
dv
dv

vx
v' x

sin 2 vt
+ + sin 2 v' t
+ '

'
v

d
v

dv
vx

= 2 cos 2 t x
+ ' sin 2 vt
+

dv 2

v
d

1
=
g
dv

c
1 m 0c 2
= v =

h 1 2

v
d

dv
g =
d
d
2
dv m 0c

=
d
h (1 2 ) 3/2

d
d

2
m0 c 1

=
d
h
d

m0 c
1
h (1 2 ) 3/2

c2 /
h
=
=
2
m 0c / h m 0
h
=
.
m

c2
t
= ( t + T)

t =
T
1 2

m c 2 T 2
2 v1 t = 2 0
h
1 2

m c 2 T
2 0
= 2 n (n )
h
1 - 2

m 0 2 c 2
1 2

T = nh

( p x dx + p y dy + p z dz) = nh
0

( p x dx + p y dy + p z dz)
0

m0
1

( + + ) dt =
2
x

2
y

2
z

m 0 2c 2
1

= nh

h
mR 2 = n
2

v
dl = n

1 m0 c 2
= c / ,
u = c
h 1 2

4 2
4
n v dv =
v dv = 3 v 2 dv
2
u
c

m0 c 2
hv =
= W m 0 c 2 = m 0c 2 (1 + a )
1

4
n v dv = 3 m 20 c (1 + a ) a( a + 2) dW
h

ne

nhv
kT

nhv
kT

4
dnw = c 3 m 20 c(1 + a ) a ( a + 2) dWdxdydz
h

ne

nhv
kT

nhv
e kT

4
dnw = c 3 m 0 3/2 2W kT Wdxdydz
h

V 3

( I ) H( q ,

S
) = E.
q

K
( I ') H q ,
=E
q

S
H q = E(14.2.1)
q

S
q
pSq
q


k
H q
= E
q

(14.2.1)

1
T =
p 2x + p 2v + p 2z
2m
2
2
2

1 k 2

=
+ +
z
2 m 2 x
y

2
e
V = - (r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
r

H = T+V

2
2
2
2

1 k 2
e
=

+
+

z r
2m 2 x
y

=E

2m
e2 2


+
+

E
+

= 0 (14.2.1 )

x
z
y
k2
r
2

2 2 2 2 m
e2
J = dxdydz + + 2 E + 2
z
y
k
r
x
= 0(14.2.3)

2m
e2
J = df
dxdydz 2 + 2 E + = 0
2
n
k
r

(14.2.4)

2
2m
e2
+ 2 E + = 0(14.2.5)
k
r

df n = 0(14.2.6)


= x(r)u( ) uPlm (cos )cosm ml (cos)sinm


d 2 x 2 dx 2mE 2me 2 n( n + 1)
+
+
+ 2
x = 0 (14.2.7)
dr 2 r dr k 2
k r
r2

1
EE
r
me 2
=n
k 2 mE

me 4
E=
n = 1,2 (14.2.8)
2k 2 n2
kk =

-2 2 me 4
(14.2.8' ')
h2 n2

E E
Ev = 1 - 2
h h

E=

W
(14.3.1)
t

WW =

tc (T -

W
2T q k
= 2E - V (14.3.1 )
q k

(ds) 2 = 2T(qk,qk)(dt) 2 (14.3.3)

W
(14.3.1') gradW
q k

gradw = 2(E - V) (14.3.1'' ')

dW0
(14.3.4)
2(E - V)

ds =

ds =

Edt
(14.3.5)
2(E - V)

ds
E
u= =
(14.3.6)
dt
2(E - V)

p 2 ds
p 2 ds 2( E V )
t 2 2T
1 ti
O =
=
=
dt = 2Tdt
p1 u
p1
t1 E
E
E t1
(14.3.7)

W
pk =
(14.3.8)
q k

1
E 14.3.3
u

ds
= 2T = 2(E - V) (14.3.9)
dt

2 2 S( q k )

2 W

sin
+ =
+
+ (14.3.10)
h

E
v = (14.3.11)
h

= =
(14.3.12)
v
2( )

dv
=
(14.3.13)
v
d( )
u

1
2 - 2 "= 0 (14.5.1)
u

8 2
2 + 2 (hv - V) (14.5.1')
h
8 2
2 + 2 ( ) = 0 (14.5.1)
h
2

2 2 + = E(14.5.1' '' )
8

2 iE
=
=
t
h
h
E =
2i t

2

2 2 + =
(14.5.2)
2 t
8 m