..

F.W o hler

.
86400

,1 A
10 - 10m80
A

rl / .

11

1AU
1AU
1pc =
=

1
/ 180 60 60

s - s0 s
v=
=

t - t 0 t

s s 0 s
v=
=
,
t t 0 t

s ds
v = lim
= 1.1
t 0 t
dt


vAB t 0 v

i=1

i=1

s - s0 = si viti n

viti

s - s0 = lim

n i=1

s - s0 = t vdt.1.2
t

v - v 0 v
a=
=
=
t - t0
t

v v 0 v
a=
=

t t0
t

v dv
a = lim
=
1.3
t 0 t
dt

d 2s
1.4
dt 2





a=

v - v 0 = adt.1.5
t0

vt - v 0
a=a=
=
t - t0

t

v - v 0 = a dt = at1.6
t0

t
1
s = v 0 + atdt = v 0 t + at 2 . 1.7
t0
2

1
1
s = v 0 + v t t = v 0 + v 0 + att
2
2

1 2
= v 0 t + at .
2

O P OP.

SG OG- OS

r dr
v = lim
= , 1.10
t 0 t
dt

| r|
s ds
= lim =
= 1.11
t 0 t
t 0
t dt

v = lim


vB v A
v dv
a = lim
= lim
=
1.12
t 0
t
t 0 t
dt

dx

= vx = v 0 cos

dt
1.13
dy
= vy = v 0 sin - gt.
dt

xv 0 cost

1 2 1.14
yv 0 sint - gt
2

g
2
yx tan x 1.15
2
2v 0 cos 2



x = v 0cost

yv 0sint.

1
y - gt 2
2

v 0 2 sin2
ym =
. 1.16
2y

2v 0 2 sin cos v 0 2 sin 2
=
1.17
g
g

xm =

| v|
a = a = lim

t 0 t

| v| L
=

v
R

| v| v L

t R t

t 0BAL s

v s v 2
a = lim

=
. 1.18
R
t 0 R t

v 2 42 R
a=
=
.
R
T2

vvACvA123

v 1
v 2
v
a = lim
= lim
+ lim

t 0 t
t 0 t
t 0 t

| v1 | v 2
a n = lim
=

t 0 t
R

| v 2 |
v dv
= lim
=
.
t 0 t
t 0 t
dt

a t = lim

dv

a t = dt

2
a v
n

R

a a n 2 + a t 2 1.19

tan =

an
. 1.20
at

dv
a t =
1.21
dt

v2
a n =
1.22
p

dv
at =
= -gsin
dt

dy

dv - g sindt - g dt
ds

gdy
dv vdv = -gdy
v

v0vdv = -g y0 dy

v 2 - v 02 2gy 0 - y. 1.23

(v 0 cos ) 2 v 0 2 cos 2 xm 2
=
=
=

an
g
8y m

dR

dt
. )
(124
dV d 2 R
A=
= 2
dt
dt



V=

r2 = r1 = R ,

dr1 dR

v2 =
=
= v1 V,(125
. )
dt
dt

dv
dV

a2 = 1
= a 1 A.
dt
dt

v ( 215) 2 ( 65) 2 km / h = 225km / h

65
= arctan
16.8 .
215

65
= arcsin
= 17.6
215

v (215) 2 (65) 2 km / h = 205km / h.

SESP
aSE SP1 35a

CP = SE. EC = SP1 - 31b

bSESP1 - 31c

1
1m =
s
299792458

dv

r v = a =
dt

r = v dt v = a dt a


dv x
d 2x
a
=
=
x
dt
dt 2 x

2
a = dv y = d y
y
dt
dt 2

dv

a t = dt

2
a = v .
n


dv
1 - 5. a =

dt

v + v
1 - 7. v =

2

dv
| v|
| |= 0 = 0
dt
dt

r
r
| r |
1 lim
, 2 lim
, 3 lim
t 0 t
t 0 t
t 0 t

v
v
| v|
4 lim
, 5 lim
, 6 lim
t 0 t
t 0 t
t 0 t

x 3sin t
6

2 s t 1 t 2
.
t 1 t 2 t 1 + t 2


a=


1
mv 2
2

m2
v1 = v 2 m 1v 1 = -m 2 v 2 2.3
m1

dm
mdvC dm 0

dv = -C
. 2.9
m

m0
. 2.10
m

dm

0dv = -Cm 0 m

v = Cln

m0 m
= e n - 1.
m

p 1
p 2
=
,
t
t

dp1 dp 2
=
2.11
dt
dt

dp
d ( m 1v 1 )
f12 = 1 =
2.12
dt
dt

f 21 =

dp 2 d ( m 2 v 2 )
=
dt
dt

2.13

dp i
= f i = f ij ,2.15
dt
j( i )

f i =

j( i)

f ij

f i = fij 2.17
f

p = pi
i

dp
dpi
F=
=
= fi =
dt
dt
i
i

(f

+ f i ) = F + f ij'
i j i

2.18

F = f i f ij'
i

j'

dP
F =
.
2.19
dt

dP
= 0
dt

P = pi = 2.20
i

m1

v2 = v .
m2 1

v2 =

m1
v ' .
m1 + m 2 1

m
MV
v

V = - vcos.
M

m A v
mv
v A1 = v A0 v 1 = v A0 +

mA + m
mA + m
v 2 = v B 2 - v
m B v B0 mv 1m B mvB1 m B v B2 + mv 2
vB1 =

m B v B0 + mv 1
m B v
mv
v B2 = v B1 +
v 2 = v B1
mB + m
mB + m
mB + m
m A v A1 + mv 2 m A + mv A2 =
v A2 =

m A v A 1 + mv 2
mA + m

dP
F=
.
2.21
dt

dv
F = m = ma
2.22
dt

FdtP - P0 = mv - v 0 2.23
t0

I t F dt t 0

p - p0
f=
t - t0

2.24

v 0 - 2gh vz = 0. t

Nmgdt = mv z - mv 0 = m 2gh
t - mgtm 2gh

N
1 2j
0.55
1
= 1+
.
mg
t g
t

N10 -4

Nmg5500

nmv 2 1
P
F
F =
= nvpS
= nvp =

t
S
2nmv 2 2 .

1
svt + at
2

a 11

a 12

a 1m

a 21

a 22

a 2m

am 1

am 2

am m

0. 2.29

ln[n] = 0lnM - 3lnL 0 lnT

ln[m] = 1lnM 0lnL + 0lnT

2.33
ln[v] = 0lnM + 1lnL - 1lnT

ln[P] = 1lnM + - 1lnL + - 2lnT.

- 3x1 + 0 x 2 + 1x 3 = -1 2.35

0x 1 + 0x 2 + - 1x 3 = -2.

0 1 0
- 3 0 1 0
0 0 -1

0x 1 + 1x 2 + 0x 3 = 1

P
1 =
= 2 = e .
nmv 2

x m
m
x

n = 1 ,L N , 1 , L, N ,{e} ,
x

x m
m

vf
x N m1
mN
x1

= ,L
,
,L
,{e}
x

vi
x m
m

m A
m A

m0 g A
( 2.41)
m0 g 0

.. ..
E o tv o s5.3



m A m 0
=

m A m 0

..

von G u ricke

d
T + d - Tcos
= - dN
2

d
T + d + Tsin
= dN.
2
d d
d
dsin

cos
1T + d - T
2
2
2

dT = -dN

Td = dN.

dT
= - d
T

TB dT

TA

= -

d ln

TB
= - B - A
TA

TB
TA .

fv S

a=

m2 - m1
g
m1 + m2

2m 1m 2
T=
g.
m1 + m2

 Px = mgsin a

Py = -mgcos. b

N x = - Ny c

N y .

Px + N x = ma x d

Py + N y = ma y . e

1
a x = Px + N x = gsin - cos. h
m

2
2
a x = 9.8sin30 - 0.2cos30 m / s = 3.2m / s

a y = 0.


F-f
a 1 =
a
m1

f
a2 =
. b
m2

Ff
f

F 1 + 1 f ,
m1
m2
m2

m g
N2 = 2
cos

- N2sin
a 1x = a 2x =
= -gtan
m2

F = m1a 1 x - N 2 sin = -m 1gtan -

m2 g
sin.
cos

F 2P m 2 g 2P m1g
>

m2
m1
2P ( m1 + m 2 )

F
= 7.2kgf.
m1

Tsin = m

v =

2
.
R

gRsin
R = lsinT = 2R / v
cos

T = 2

l cos
17
. m cos 37
= 2
= 2.3s.
g
9.8 / s 2

f = CSv 2


CSv 2 mg.

v =

4gr
r
3C

f = CSv 2 .
2.50


mg
v
.
CS

l 3Sl 2 v c l . 20km / h
l25 25 = 5

100km / h.


l 2 v 2 l

10

r = r - Vt

v = v - V
2.52

aa.

x = x - Vt

y = y

2.53

z = z

t = t.

1
y = y = - gt 2 .
2

f = f + f = ma

2.54

V2
a=
= R 2
R

mV 2
f = -ma = -mR 2 .
2.56
R

v2
f =m
= mR 2
R


f
mR 0 2 cos R 0 2
=
=
cos
W0
mg
g

6400 ( 2 / 24 60 60) 2 10 3
1
=
cos =
cos
9.81
289

W W0 - f cos = W0 1-

f
W0

cos

1
cos 2 .
2.57
191

W W0 1-

1
cos 2 . 2.56
191

1
= 0cos = 1W = W1
191

W WO 1 -

f = m R 0 2 cos.

dz
m 2 r 2 r
= tan =
=
,
dr
mg
g
2
dz =
r dr
g
z
2 r
=
rdr
zdz
0
g 0
2r2

z = z0 +

2g

sin = 0 cos =
2 .
R

g
AB O = arccos

R 2

g
CD =

B AB = vt 2 - 47
v r = vv = rw. t

vv r v

= r 2 f = mr 2 fc = ( mr 2 + f ) = 0a = 0 a = 2 v r
f = 0

fc = f = 2mv r .
2.58

v / r v / r 2 49
a = rv / r 2 a = r v / r 2 f = m[r

v / r 2 r ( + v / r ) 2 ] = -2mv - mr 2 f = mr 2

fc = -2mv

2.59

fc = 2mv
2.60

ONO

= cossin
2.61
t

a t f sin = r 2 sin
= 2R 2 cossinR 2 sin.

mv 2
- N + fc - f cos = ma n =

mv 2
mv 2
2
N - f cos + fc = -mr cos + 2mv R
R
2
mv
- 2mR 2 cos 2 2mv
= -mR 2 1 + cos
R
mv 2
+ 2mv .
R

G m
= k 2

2.62
c R




4 / 3
k=

- 2 / 3

mi
G
=k 2

c i Ri

m
G
G m
k 2
2
,
c R
c R

1 7.310-5 rad / s
2 2.010 7 rad / s
3 8 10 -16 rad / s

0 Pi =
i

5. f

dPi
= fi =
dt

f
j i

ij

dP
.
dt

F f i P p i
i

F=

dP
.
dt

6. I = Fdt.
FdtPt - Pt 0 .
t

t0

d(mv)
F =
= ma.
dt

f = -ma

frm 2

fc = 2mv .

m 2
Tr =
12 - r 2 ,
2l




E p = hmgh 3.2

dv
= mg - kx - x 0
dt


m

m 0 vdvmg

x0 + h
x0

dx - k

x0 + h
x0

x - x 0dx

1
0 = mgh - kh 2

mgh kh 23
3

1
mgh 3 3 kh 2 E P
2

dv
- mgsin
dt
dy
dt

dv = -gsindt g dt g dy
ds
ds

vds / dt
g
dv dyvdv = -gdy
v

ma t m

m vdv = -mg dv
v
0

1
2

mv mgh
2

1
35
E k mv 2
2

dE k
d 1
dv
ds

= mv 2 = mv
= fv = f
3 6

dt
dt 2
dt
dt

dE k = d mv 2 = fds
3 7
2

s
1
1
E k - E k0 = mv 2 - mv 02 fds
3 8
s0
2
2

d
da
db
ab ba

dt
dt
dt
abv
d
d
dv
dv
dv
v 2 = vv =
v + v
= 2 v
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

3 6 3 7
dE k
d
1
dv
ds
= mv 2 = mv
= fv = f 3 9
dt
dt
2
dt
dt
1

dE k d mv 2 fdsfcos ds 310
2

E k2
=

1
1
2
2
- E k1 mv 2 - mv1
2
2

fds = fcosds 311

A 1 fds 1 fcosds
2

312

dA
P=

313
dt
dAfdsds / dt v

Pfv

314

[E][A]ML2 T 2
315

OPf OP

rOP

APQ P fr cosds
Q

( l)

KfOKNKMcosds = KMcos
KN KMdrdsr

A PQ fr dr
rQ

rP

319

fcos ds

(L )

= fcos ds + fcos ds
=

( L1 )

(L2 )

Q
P

fcos ds - fcos ds
P

( L1 )

( L2 )

fcosds0

3 20

UP UQ P fcosds P fcosds 3 22
Q


- 16
= 28
3

- 16
+
+
= 28
3
1 / 4

25 +

1
dE k d mv 2 fdr dA
2

1
dE k = dE ki = d m i v i2
2 i
i

fdr dA dA
i

E k E ki =
i

m v
i

3
25

2
i

f i f ij
ji

dA f ij dri + f ij dri
i j( i )

j i( j)

1
1
f ijdr i - r j f ij drij

2 i, j
2 i ,j
( i j)

( i j)

rijr i r j i j ( 3 13).

f ij f f ijD
C
ij

1
1
DA C = f ijC drij = - = -d Ep
326
2 i, j
2 i,j
( ij)

(ij)

1
U(rij ),
2 i, j

E P =

( I J)

, dAD :

D
dA
= dAD + dAD+ .
(3.27)

D
, dA CdA
.

f iC dri = dU ( ri ),

dA C = f iC dri = dU (ri ) = dE p
i

(3.28)

E P = U (ri ), .
i

C
dA D , dA dA
, ,

dA = dAC + dA C + dAD + dA D = dE P dE P + dAD + dA D

= dE p + dAD + dA D ,
E P = E P + E P.

(3.25) , ,

D
d (E k + E p ) = dA
+ dA D .

(3.29)

D
dA
= 0,
(3.30)

d (E k + E p ) = dA D ,

(3.31)

dA D = 0,

d (E k + E p ) = 0, E k + E p = E.

( 3.32)
(3.33)

., , dri = dri Vdt , f i = f i ,

dA i = f i dri = f i (dri - Vdt)
i
i

= dA - f Vdt,

f = f i . , dA 0
i

d
f i = Pi ,
dt

dU( x )
,
f =
,
(3.34)
dx

U ( x) = U ( x 0 ) + U( x 0 )x +
= U( x 0 ) +

1
U ( x 0 )(x ) 2 + L
2

1
U ( x 0 )(x) 2 + L,
2

1 2
U0x ,
2

U( x ) =

1
1
mv 2 = E U ( x ) = E U 0 x 2 ,
2
2

dx
=v=
dt

2E U 0 2
1
x ,
m 2E

dx
1

U 2
x
2E

2E
dt
m

., , U 0 / 2 E x = sin ,`
dx = 2 E / U 0 cosd, 1 ( U 0 / 2E ) x 2 = 1 sin 2 = cos,

d =

U 0
dt ,
m

d =

U 0
m

dt , =

U 0
t +0 ,
m

U 0

2E

sin
t
+

,
(3.35)
0
m

U 0

m
T = 2
(3.36).
U0
x=

2E
sin =
U 0

E
; ( 2)H
= 0.1,1,2,3.5,
mgl

(" " ,

.
.
1
( 2)v = l, E k = ml 22 ,
2
1 2 .2
E = E k + E P = ml + mgl (1 cos) =
2
.

E
l2
H
=
+ 1 cos,
mgl 2g

2g
( H 1 + cos) ,
l



d 2 E p
ld 2 E p
mg
mg

U0 =
=|= 0 =
|=0 =
cos=|=0 =
,
2
2
dx
d
l
l

m
l
T = 2 = 2 .
(3.37)
U0
g


1
E p = k ( x x 0 ) 2 ,
2

1
1
( 2)E = E k + E p = mv 2 + kx 2 = , ,
2
2

d 2 E p
U 0 =
| x = 0 = k,

dx 2

m
m
T = 2 = 2 .
(3.38)
U0
k

1
E p = k d= k2 ,
( 3.39)
0
2

1
k2 + mgl (cos 1)
2

E P = E P + E P =

dU
= k mgl sin= 0.
d

d2 U
= k mgl cos,
d2

1 0 0 x 11 0 1 0 0 x 12 1

0 1 1 x 21 0 0 1 1 x 22 = 2 ,
0 2 0 x 1 0 2 0 x 2

31
32

x 11 0
x 12 1



x 21 = 1 / 2 x 22 = 1.
x 1 / 2 x 1
32
31

1 = T

g
,
l

2 =

E
.
mgl


T=

l E

,
g mgl

(3.40)

E
= C0 + C1
mgl

E
+ C 2
+ L ,

mgl

l
E
T = C0 +
1 + C1
g
mgl

E
+ C2
+ L ,

mgl

( 3.41)

T0 = 2 l / g.E / mgl = 1
( =/ 2)T18%, E / mgl = 2
( =)

1 1 1 x 1 0 x1 1 / 2

0 1 0 x 2 = 0 , x 2 = 0 ;
2 2 0 x 1 x 3 1/ 2

1 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 3

0 1 0 x 2 = 2 , x 2 = 2 .
2 2 0 x 2 x 0

3 3

1 = T

k
,
m

2 =

Ea 2
.
k3

m Ea 2
m
Ea 2
3 + L ,
T=C
3 = C
1
+
C

( 3.42)

k k
k
k


1
dU = f
( ) cosRd = mR sincosd= mR 22 sin 2d,
2

1
U () = mR 22 (1 cos 2)
4


2

U
( ) = U + U = mgR (1 cos)
Ek =

1
mR 22 (1 cos 2).
4

(3.44)

1
mR 22 ,
2

.
1
1
mR 22 + mgR (1 cos) mR 22 (1 cos 2),
2
4

E = Ek + U =

E
1
1

(1 cos 2), ( 3.45)

H
=
+
1

cos

mgR 2
4

g / R 17 .<

.

(3.45),

2
= 2 ( H 1 + cos)
(1 cos 2) ,
(3.46)
2

P = pi.

(3.47)

P = m i v i = m i ( v i V) = m i v i mV ,
i

mv
P
V = vc i i = ,
( 3.48)
m
m
i


dr
mi i
dt ,
vc =
m
i

vc =
i

d m i ri

,
dt i m

m i ri
+ r0 ,
m
i

rC = v C dt =

m i ri
,
(3.49)
m
i

rC =

mix i
,
m
i
my
yC = i i ,
( 3.50)
m
i
mz
zC = i i .
m
i

xC =

m 1x 1 + m 2 x 2
= 0,
m

x1
m2

=
,
x2
m1

m

l,
l 1 =
m1 + m 2
(3.51)

m1
l,
l 2 =
m1 + m 1

dv
dP
F =
= m c = ma c ,
(3.53)
dt
dt

1 zm
z2
zc =
zdz = ,
m 0 l
2l
dz
z dz
vc = c =
,
dt
l dt

, v = 2g( l z) .
dv c d z
= v

dt
dt l
v 2 z dv
=
+
,
l
l dt

z z
a c = 2g1 g
l l

z
= 2g 3 g,
l

z
f = 3mg 1 .
l

v i = v i V, v i = v i + V,

ac =

Ek =

1
2

m i v 2i =
i

1
= E k + mV 2 +
2

1
1
( v i + V) 2 =
2
2
miv i V,

m i ( v i2 + V 2 + 2 v i V)
i

(3.54)


KK CM, m i v CM
= 0, V = v c (K),
i

1
mv 2C
( 3.55)
2
: ,
E k = E CM
K +

E CM
K , E C =

1
mvc 2 .
2

(K&o&nig ).

u v 12 = v1 v 2 = v 1 v 2
( 3.56)

m 1 v1CM + m 2 v CM
= 0,
(3.57 )
2

m2u
v1CM =
,
m 1 + m 2
(3.58)

m1 u
CM
v2 =
,
m 1 + m 2

1
2
E CM
= m 1 ( v1CM ) 2 + m 2 ( v CM
k
2 )
2
1 m 1m 22
m 2 m 12 2 1 m 1m 2 2
=
+
u
u =
2 (m1 m 2 )2 (m1 m 2 )2
2 m1 + m 2

1
2
= u = E ,
(3.59)
2
m1 m2

=
(3.60)
m1 + m 2

1
E C = mvc 2.
2

v1 = v1 + Vv 2 = v 2 + VABCDABEF

1
, E = u 2,
2

| v1 v2 |
u
e |
|=
,
(3.61)
u 0 | v 10 v 20 |

m2u
em 2 u 0

v1CM =
=
,
m1 + m 2 m1 + m2

m1 u
em 1u 0
CM
v2 =
=
.
m 1 + m 2 m 1 + m 2

m u + m 2 u 20 m1v 1 + m 2 v 2
v C = 1 10
=
.
m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2

em 2 u 0
( m 1 em 2 ) v 10 + (1 + e) m 2 v 20
v1 = v C
=

m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2

(3.62)
em 1u 0
(1 + e) m 1v10 + ( m 2 em 1 ) v 20
v2 = vC +
=
,

m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2

m 2 u0
( m 1 m 2 ) v10 + 2m 2 v 20
=

m1 + m 2
m1 + m2

m 1u 0
2 m1 v10 + ( m 2 m 1 ) v 20
v2 = vC +
=
.

m1 + m 2
m1 + m 2
v1 = v C

(3.63)

m v + m 2 v 20
v1 = v 2 = v C = 1 10
.
( 3.64)
m1 + m 2

v1 ev10 , v 2 0. | v 10 |= 2gH , | v 1 |= 2gh ,

e=

v1
=
v10

h
,
H

( 3.65)



mv 0 + M?
mv 0
v = vc =
=
.
m+M
m+M

m 2 v 20
1
1
2
( m + M )gh = (m + M )v = ( m + M)
,
2
2
( m + M) 2

m+M
m+ M
v0 =
2gh =
2gl (1 cos) .
M
m

= + =

+

2
2

ba sina cos
2

a = O 1O 2 = a 1 + a 2

db = - a sin d 3 67
2
2

db
1

=
= a sin
368
d
2
2

AB = AB

E p mgn

2
E p = kx - x0
2

1
mv 2
2
4 dAfcosdsfds

A 21 fcosds 12 fds

dE k + E p dA D dA D
E k =

ki

E p = E p + E p =

m v

1
2

i j
i, j

rij +

U ri

dA D dA D

drD = 0

dE k E p dA D
dA D = 0

dU( x)
f =
.
dx

m
T = 2

U ( x 0 )

P = m i v i 0
i

r C =

m r

i i

dr C

v C = dt

a = dv C
C

dt
F = ma C m

 E CM
k

E = 1 mv 2
CM
C
C
2

E k E k E C

1
E CM
= E = u 2
k
2
m 1m 2

=
m1 + m2

1
m u 2 4 m 1
2 1 1

1
sOHr v OHr sin ,
2
1
rvsint
2

1
rvsinvr v
2
OHr vr

1
1
rvsin r 2
2
2

1
1 2
rvsin = r = 4.1
2
2


BCOABOBC

1
1
| rv| r v
2
2

1
r v
2

dJ 1
dJ
= 2 4.7
dt
dt

dJ 1 d
= [m1 r1v 1 ] 4.8
dt
dt

M 12

M 21 =

dJ 2 d
= [m 2 r2 v 2 ] 4.9
dt
dt

dJ i
= M i = M ij 4.11
dt
j i

M i M ij M i Mi j 4.13
j i

J J i
i

M=

dJ i
dJ
=
= M i = M i + M i
dt
dt
i
i
i

= M + M ij 4.14
i

j i

M M i M ij
i

dJ
4.15
dt

dJ
= 0
dt

M =

J J i = 4.16
i

+ 2
2 - 1 << 1
1 2
2

d
M = [mrv ]
dt

dr
d ( mv)
= m v + r
= mvv + rF
dt
dt

M ri f i 4.19
i

ri = ri + R
4.21
v i = v i + V

M = ri f i = ri f i + Rf i
i
i
i

= M + RF 4.22
F f i
i

J m i ri v i m i ri r i Rv i V
i

= m r v i + R m i v
i + m i ri V

i i

m i RV

J RPmrC VmRV 4.24

m m i P m i v
i
i

Kr

= m r K

i i

PP CM 0rC rCCM 0RrC

drC
dv C
dJ dJ C
=
+m
v C + mr C
dt
dt
dt
dt

dJ C
dJ C

mv C v C mrC a C
mrC a C
dt
dt

dJ
M C + rC F = C + mrC a C
dt

dJ
M C = C 4.26
dt

M CM
= 0

s A4 10

U - f BA s

OA OB OA OB

1 2 OC

2 r1r2 C OA OB

P OC

vP OC 4.29

vP OA v1 OB v 2

v1 = 1 P OA POA2

v 2 2 P OB POB 2

2 POC OCP OC 4.30

OC 4.31

J m i ri v i = m i ri r i
i
i

= m i [ ri ri - ri ri ] 4.32
i

J m i x i 2 + y i 2 + z i 2 - z i 2
i

m i x i 2 + y i 2
i

mi ri 2
i

ri x i + y i mi
2

mi ri 2 .

4.33

I = r 2 dm r 2 dV.

4.33

I = x 2 dm =
= 2

l/2

-l/2 x 2 dx

l/2 2
x dx
0

l/2

x3
= 2
3 0

1
1
l 3 =
ml 2 .
12
12

I r dmR

dmmR .
2

I=

0 2 r 3dr =

R
1
= mR 2
2
2

1
I l R 2 4 - R14
2
m( R 2 4 R14 )

2( R 2 2 R 1 2 )
1
2
2
mR 2 + R 1 .
2

r R 2 z 2

-R 2 Rr dz
R
= 2 RR 2 - z 2 dz
-R

I=

8
R 4
3
2
= mR 2 .
3
=

r 2dzr R 2 z 2

1 R
I=
r 4 dz
2 R
1 R
=
R 2 - z 2 2 dz
2 R
8
2
=
R 5 = mR 2 .
15
5

8
5
5
5
2
15 [ m R - R c c R c ] 0.33M R

4
[ m R 3 - R c 3 + c R c 3 ] = M .
3

ri 2 ri ri r i - R d ri - R d

2
= r d 2 - 2r R .
i

 mi ri 2
i
2
m i ri m i d 2 - 2 m i ri R d

ID =

= I C + md 2 - 0

1
l
1
I D I C md 2 ml 2 m 2 ml 2 .
12
2
3

2
2
I z =
m i x i + y i

I x m i y i

i
I y m i x i 2 .

1
I x = I y = I z . 3.2 bc
2
1
I z mR 2 mR 2
2

 4-1

1
ml 2
12
1
= ml 2
3

Ic =

ID

IC = mR 2

I D = 2 mR 2

Ix = Iy =

1
mR 2
2
3
I D = mR 2
2
1
I x = I y = mR 2
4
IC =

IC =

2
mR 2
3
5
I D = mR 2
3
2
I C = mR 2
5
7
I D = mR 2
5
1
I C = ml 2
6
2
I D = ml 2
3

1
m( R 2 2 + R 12 )
2

IC =

1
mR 2
2

1
2
2 mR
Ix = Iy =
1 mR 2
4

( )

( )

d = l / 2

l 2
1
) = (k + ) ml 2 .
2
2


I D = kml 2 + m(

1
m
l
1
1
I D = (k + ) ( ) 2 =
k + ml 2 .
2 8 2
32
2


8
1
( k + ) = k
32
2

1
1 2
k=
I C = ml .
6
6

R = I / m R = I / m
R = 2 / 5R

R = 1 / 6R.

dJ
M =

dt

dJ d( I )
M =
=

4.37

dt
dt

d
M = I
= I
4.38
dt
d

=
4.39
dt

m1g - T1 = m1 1
T - m g = m .
2
2
2
2
T1 - T2 RI =

1
mR 2
2

T1 - T2 R = I =

1
mR 2 .
2

2(m1 - m 2 )
g
m + 2 ( m1 + m 2 )
(m + 4m 2 )m1
T1 =
g

m + 2(m1 + m 2 )
(m + 4m1 )m 2
T2 =
g.
m + 2(m1 + m 2 )

1 = 2 =

1
= Rh = t 2 .
2

gt 2
I = mR 2
- 1 - I 0 .
2h

I = mR m R

frO = I = mR

Ft =

rO rC
2

- 1f.

R

2

R
rO =
.
rC

4.40

rC = l / 2 R = l 2 / 3rO = 2l / 3.

0 M dt = I - 0 .

4.41

3
fdt = mv - v 0 = - mv 0 .
4

fldt = l fdt = I .

3mv 0 l 9 mv 0
=
.
4I
4Ml
1
I = Ml 2 .
3

R fdt = R fdt = I -
1
1
1
1
1

R 2 fdt = R 2 fdt = I 2 2 - 2 .

fdt

R1
I ( 1 )
= 1 1
.
b
R 2 I 2( 2 2 )

R 2 (I1 1 R 2 - I 2 2 R1 ) M 1 R1 1 M 2 R 2 2

1 =
R 1 (M1 + M 2 )
I 1 R 2 2 + I 2 R12

R (I R - I R ) M R M 1 R1 1
2 = 1 2 22 1 1 12 2 = 2 2 2
.
R 1 (M1 + M 2 )

I 1 R 2 + I 2 R1
1
1
M1R12 I 2 = M 2 R2 2 .
2
2

I 1 =

E p =

mi gh i = g mi h i = mgh C .
i

4.42

m =

mi C
i

h C

1
1
Ek =
m i v i 2 =
m i ( ri )( ri )
2 i
2 i
1
1
=
m i [ri ( ri ) ] = [ m i ri ( ri ) ]

2 i
2
i
1
1
1
2
= J = J = I .
4.43
2
2
2

dA =
v i f i dt =

ri f idt
i
i

= ri f i dt = M dt = M d.
i

d = dt

1
1
1
1 1
mgh = mv 2 + I 2 = mv 2 + MR 2 2
2
2
2
2 2

mgh
v=2
.
M + 2m

v 0 = 2gh 0


1
I = ml 2 .
3

1
1
mv 0 2 - v 2 = I 2 .
b
2
2

v
3v
v = 0 = 0 .
2
2l

h =

h0

1
I 2 = mgh C
2

3h
h = 2h C = 0 .
2

1
U = mgrC 1- cos mgrC 2
2

T = 2

I
U0

4.45

U0 = [d 2 U / d 2 ] =0 . U0 = mgrC

T = 2

I
.
mgrC

4.46

I
l0 =
4.47
mrC

l 0 I = I C +
mrC 2

l 0 = rC +

IC
mr C

4.48

IC
= 1.
mrC (l 0 - rC )

r C rC = l 0 - rC
OCO l 0 O

OO l 0

l
T = 2 0
g

l 0 = 2RR 4 - 36

COC = rC m.

I 0 = I C + mR - rC 2 .

RI 0 = mR 2 .

I 0 = I C + mR - rC 2 = mR 2

I C = mrC 2R - rC .

IC
mrC (2R - rC )
l 0 = rC +
= rC +
= 2R.
mrC
mrC

2R
T = 2

dP
dv
F =
=m C
3.53
dt
dt

dJ
M C = C .
4.26
dt

J C = I C dJ C / dt = I C

d / dt = I C 4. 26

d
M C = I C
= I C
dt

dv

F = m C
4.49a

dt

M C = I C
= I C .
4.49b

dt



mgsin - f = m C
a

1
Rf = I C = mR 2 .
b
2
Pv C


v C = R .

C = R.
(c)

f
=
mgsin

3
.

= 2 gsin
C 3

1
fN
mg sinmg cos
3

tan.
3

mg - T = m C
a

Tl = I C
b
1
I C = ml 2 .
3

C = l.
c

1
mg.
4

. v C0 x

2
0 v C0 R 0
3

Pv P0 = v C0 + R 0 0
T=

dv C
- mg = m C = m

dt

v C = v C0 - gt.
a

d 2
d
- mgR = I C
= mR 2

dt
3
dt

3 g
= 0 t.
b
2 R

v
3 v C0
1t = t 1 = C0 v C = 0 = 0
g
2 R

2
v C0 R 0 v C = 0 0
3

tt 1 v C 0 0 Pv P =
R + v C 0 x
Pv P = R + v C 0
2 v P 0t 2
R 0 - t 2 + v C0 - gt 2 = 0

t 2
2 R 0 + v C 0
.
5
g
t = t 2

t2 =

2
3

v C = v C0 - gt 2 = - 5 R 0 - 2 v C0
.

= - v C = 2 - 3 v C0
0

R 5
2 R
mr 0

v C
v C = r
a

mgt = mv C - 0
b

- mgrt = I C - 0
c
I C` abc
r 0
v C = r =

mr 2
1+
IC

r 0
t=
.
mr 2
g(1 +
)
IC

v O = 0.


v C O
v C O C = v C / 4 - 40
ABv A v B

J = J + RP + mr C V + mRV

dJ dJ dR
dP
dr
=
+
P + R
+ m C V
dt
dt
dt
dt
dt

dV
dR
dV
+ mrC
+m
V + mR

dt
dt
dt
dR
KO
= V = 0
dt
R = 0

dJ dJ
=
+ mrC 0
dt
dt

dV
OO
dt
Kf =
0 =

- m 0
dJ dJ
=
- r f .
4.50
dt
dt C

M = M
4.51
4.50 4.51
M = dJ / dt

dJ
.
4.52

dt

C
M + rC f =

0 fK

rC OC

vv r

rddf = gdS = m / r 2
- dfsin =
2mg 2
2 vmg 2
sin d = sin d
r
r

2vmg 2
vmg v
sin d =

0
r 0
r

4.3

f = sin df =

E k E CM
k
1
mv C 2
2

1
E k = E CM
+ mv C 2
3.55
k
2

E CM
k
1
E CM
= I C 2 . 4.52
k
2

1
1
E k = mv C 2 + I C 2 . 4.53
2
2

1
1
mgh = mv C 2 + I C 2 .
2
2

I C = mR . abc
2

R 1 / 2 R 2 / 3R 2 / 5R.
v C = R
2

1
R
m1 + 2 v C 2
2
R
2gh
v C =
.
R2
1+ 2
R


4
gh
a v C =
3

6
gh
b v C =
5

10
gh.
c v C =
7

l
1
1
mg (1- cos ) = mv C 2 + I C 2
2
2
2

1
ml 2 .
12

v C

l

2
l
sin
2

A

I C =

l
sin
b
2

l
1
1
2
mg 1 - cos = m1 +
2 v C .
2
2
3sin
vC =

vC

3gl(1- cos) sin2

=

1 + 3sin2

dv C 3gl sin (sin 2 + 3 sin4 + 2 cos 2 cos2 )
2v C
=
.
2
2
dt
(1 + 3 sin )

C =

dv C 3gl sin (sin 2 + 3 sin4 + 2 cos 2 cos 2 )

=
,
dt
2v C
(1 + 3 sin 2 ) 2

3g(sin2 + 3 sin4 + 2 cos 2 cos 2

=

(1 + 3 sin2 ) 2

3(sin2 + 3 sin4 + 2 cos 2 cos 2 )
N = mg - C = mg[1]
(1 + 3sin 2 ) 2

4 - 6cos + 3 cos 2
= mg
.
(1 + 3 sin2 ) 2

mv 0 = mv 1 + Mv 2

ml v 0 - v 1 = I C

b
1
1
1
1
mv 0 2 = mv1 2 + Mv 2 2 + I C 2
2
2
2
2

1 2
I C = Ml ( a) ( b) ( c)
3
4m - M

v
=
v
1

6mv 0
4m + M 0
=

l(4m + M)
v = 2m v .
2 4m + M 0





I + mv 0 (R - h) I C + mR(R - h)
= C 0
=
0 .
IA
I C + mR 2
1
I C = mR 2
2
(3R - 2h) 0
=
.
a
3R

1
I 2 mgh
b
2 A

2 mgh( I C + mR 2 )
0 2
.
[ I C + mR ( R h)] 2

12 hg
0 2
c
2 .
( 3R 2 h)

mR 2 = mgsin - N

2

I + mR( R h)
h
h
N = mg(1- ) - mR 2 = mg(1- ) - mR C
0 2 0
2
R
R
I
+
mR

g
h I C + mR 2
2
0 (1 )

R
R I C + mR( R h)

9 ( R h) g
0 2
d
2 .
( 3R 2 h)

9 ( R h) g
12 hg
2
2 0
2 .
(3R 2 h)
( 3R 2 h)

3R
.
7

f i = 0
4.54
i

4.55
M i = ri f i = 0.
i
i

f ix = 0 f iy = 0
4.54
i
i

M
=

x
f
y
f

=
0.

4.55

iz
i i y
i i x
i
i

N 2 - f = 0

N 1 - W - W1 = 0.
b


2fl sin - Wl cos - W1l 1 cos = 0.

N 1 = W + W1

Wl + W1l1
N
=
f
=
cot

2l


Wl + W1l1
cotW + W1
2l

2l ( W + W1 )
Wl
l 1
tan
W1
W1

Wl + W1l 1
arctan

2l ( W + W1 )

C OC = hWW + W

Wl
tan =

W0 h


lL
= Ltan =
W
W0 H

lL
S=
=
4 56
W W0 h

M
=
=
4 57
t I

2J m i ri v i
i

dJ
M=

dt

2M = M = ri f i
i

dJ

dt
dJC
2M =

C
dt

dJ
M rC f =

dt

J J i = M 0
1M

dJ
d
M =
=I

dt
dt

0M dt = I - 0
t

1
E p mgh C E k I 2
2

I m i ri 2 = r 2dm = r 2 dV
i

dvc

F = m dt

M = I d
C
C

dt
E p = mgh C

1
1
2
2

E
=
I

+
mv

k
C

2 C
2

f i 0
i

M
=
r

i i
i
i

fi x = 0 fiy = 0
i

M
i

i z

x f

i i y

- y i f ix = 0

f df
=
51
S dS

= lim

S 0

V
=
5 2
V

V
5 3
V

= K = K

BB AB5 2a

BB
=
= 5 4
AB

BB
= G 5 5
AB

= G = G

l
= Y = Y
5 6
l0

b
=
5 7
b0

58

10

10

10

9GK

Y
=
59

2K + G

3K - 2G
=
510

2(3K + G)

Y

K = 3(1- 2) 511

Y
G =
512

2(1 + )

Yb h/ 2 2
Yb h /2 2
Ybh 3
M = dM = z
dz
=
-2
z
dz
=

R -h /2
R 0
12R
( )

1 12 M
k= =
514
R
Ybh 3

Yd 4
M

Yd 4
M =
5 15
64 R

Yd 4 Yd 4
M ==
=

64 R
64l

Yd 4 2
Ep = M d =
516
0
128l

1
1 R
1
l
- Rsin
= [1- ( ) 2 ] =

2
2
2
2
3! 2
48

d 2 l 2 g 2
Ep = -W h = 517
192


2

h =

Yd 4 2 d 2 l c 2 g 2
=

128l c
192

3Yd 2 1/ 3
lc =
d 2/3
2 g

M=

dM =

( )

2 G R 3
GR 4
r
dr
=
= D (519
. )
l 0
2l

GR 4
D=
5.20
2l

1
U( ) = Md = D d = D 2 . 5.21
0
0
2

U0 = d 2 U / d 2 =0 D4.45

L
5.22
D

T = 2

 1 =

P
Y
2 =

Lg
L g
3

1
V = xyl
2

p x yl - p n slcos = ma x

p y xl - p n slsin - mg = ma y .

ma x
1
p x - p n = lim yl = lim 2 a x x = 0

m
(
g
+
a
)
1
y

p y - p n = lim xl = lim 2 g + a y y = 0

101325
1Torr =
Pa.
760

1
L
[ p 0 + g( H z) Ldz / sin ] = ( p 0 H + gH 2 )

0
2
sin

f=

f = dfcos = g h cos = g hdS* = g dV

S

p = p - p =
. 5.26
r

2 / r 2 cos
h=
=
. 5.27
g
gr

Q V = dQv = vds 5.30

(S)
(S )

Q m = dQm = vdS. 5.31

(S)
( S)

dP dP1
F= 2
= Q m v 2 - v 1 .
dt

F = vS| v1 - v 2 |= 2 v 2S

C =

vcosdl = vdl5.35

(C)

(C)

C
.
S C O S
C

= lim

5.36

J = v( r ) rdV = rv( r )V

V = R 2 l rvrrvr

S2 a 2 b 2 . a 1b 1 = l 1 a 2 b 2 = l 2

1
1
E k = v 2 2 V - v1 2 V.
2
2

1
p1 - p 2 V = v 2 2 - v1 2 V + gh 2 - h1 V
2

1
1
p1 + v 12 + gh 1 = p 2 + v 2 2 + gh 2 5.37
2
2

1
p + v 2 + gh = . 5.38
2

p v2
+
+ h =
5.39
g 2g

1
p 0 + gh = p 0 + v 2
2

v = 2gh .

v = 2gh .

P
F=
= Sv 2 = 2 ghS.
t

1
p + v 2 = 5.40
2

2 p
Q V = v1S1 = S 1S 2
. 5.41
(S12 - S2 2 )

vv B =

2 p

5.42

1
gh + v 2 =
2

1
h - h0 2 .
r

F = -Ucy$

c = vdl

5.43
5.44

(c)

Czz$ dl z$ = dSz

F = - { pdS + ( U + v) ( U + v) dS) }

5.45

(SC )

1
1
p + U + vU + v = p 0 + U 2
2
2
1

P = P0 - Uv - v 2
2

F = (Uv)dS - v(UdS)
( SC )

= - U (vdS) = - Uv(dlz$ )
(S C )

(C)

= Uz$ (vdl) - dl(vz$ )

( C)

= U(x$ $z)(vdl) = - Uy$ vdl

( C)

(5.46)

(C)

vz$ = 0( ) x$ z$ = -y$ (5.46)

C = C 1 + vdl - C 2 +

vdl = 0

v dv
lim
=
(5.47)
l 0 l
dl

dv
f =
S.
(5.48)
dl

dv

f r = - ( dr ) r 2 rl

dv
f
r+dr = ( dr ) r+dr 2 (r + dr)l

dv
dv
f = f r+dr + f r = 2 l (r + dr)
- r
dr r+dr dr r

dv dv
= 2 l r dr.
dr dr

(p b - p a )2 rdr = 2l

d dv
(r )dr
dr dr

dv Pb - Pa
d r =
rdr
dr
l

dv Pb Pa 2
P Pa
r
=
r dv = b
rdr
dr
2 l
2 l

R

P - P
P -P
v(R) - v(r) = b a = b a (R 2 - r 2 )
4 l
4 l r

P -P
v(r) = a b (R 2 - r 2 )
(5.49)
4 l

Q v = 2 v(r)rdr
R

(Pa - Pb ) R 2 2
=
0 (R - r )rdr
2l
Pa Pb 4

Qv =
R
(5.50)
8 l

v
QvS = R 2 v =

Q v / R 2 . p a

8Q V
F Pa Pb
=
R 2 =
= 8v
l
l
R2

(5.51)

mg
=
.
(5.53)
6 rv

mg
10 2 kg 9.8m / s 2
v=
=

6 r 6 18
. 10 5 Ns / m 2 015
. m

v = Q V / Sp / l.

dv

II 1 =
,
dv

II 2 =

( p / l ) d

v 2

1 (Reynolds number)

F p
v 2S
v 2d
=
S=
( ) =
( ),
(5.54)
l l
d
4
( )

d
F
d 3
p
d 4
p
Q V = vS =
=
=
,
v ( ) l 4v( ) l 4 ( ) l
d 4 p

Q V = ( )

(5.55)
l


.
4( )

( ) ( ).

( )

(5.50) ( )

128

32
1
( ) =
. 5 - 55

= 2000 2600

( ) =

1
v 2 S
2
v 2 S
fCd

(5.56)
2

S = r 2 = d 2 / 4 (5.52)
C d 24 / dv / . 5 - 56

Cd
10 = 1
C d 103 10 5
C d 0.4

(5.52) >>
(5.56)
f6 rv rv( << )
(5.57a)

2 2
2
2
f0.2 r v r v ( >> ) (5.57b)

105

= vl /

0

( ) Cd ( ) 0.

C . 5 - 55

C 2000 2600

5 - 59a1

10 30

1

40

5 - 59d

105 10 6

60b) x / v
x / v xl l / v
/ l1 /

df
=
dS
dS

V
(1) = K =

V


G =

= Y =

f
Y
S

=
=

l

l 0

b
.
b 0

9GK

Y
=
,

3K + G

3K 2 G
=
.

2( 3K + G )

K = 3(1 2) ,

Y
G =
.

2(1 + )

12M
1
4. k =
=
b -1 h -3
R
Ybh 3

M = D
GR 4
D =
R 4 l -1.
2l

T 2

I
.
D

f E
=
=
.
l
S

2 cos
h =

gr

/ 2 h 0 ( )

/ 2 h 0( )

Q vdS
V

( S)

Q m vdS.

(S)

C =

vdl.

(C)

1
p + v 2 + gh =
2
_ U Ux$

F = -U C y$

f

dv
f S
dl

dv
=

d( )


d 4 p

( )

V
128 l

d 4
p

Q V =

4 ( ) l

( ) 5 - 55

f 6rv

rv( )

2 2

0.2

r
v

r 2 v 2

11.






AC CB

V V0
= 1 - 2
V0

1
Us = U 0 s 2
2

A 2 E / U 0

= U0 / m

6 2

6 3

= g / l 0

6 4

k / m 0

65

xOy OP

E E
A 2 E
6 6

2
6 7

T=

0 U0 / m
6 9

vC = s Rr

v c r

Rr r

E p mgRr1coso

1
mgR - r 2
2

1
1 2
E k = mv c 2 + I c
2
2
2
1
2
R r
= m[ Rr 2 + r 2
2 ]
2
5
r

7
= mR - r 2 2
10

7
1
2
EE k + E P mR - r 2 + mgR - r 2
10
2

7
T2 m / U 0 m m
5
2
d Ep
1
mg
U0

2
2 =
( R r ) d
R r

7( R r )
T = 2

5g


T = 2

S g

k
0 =

M+m

mv 1
v0 =

M +m
1
v1 v 0 M + mv 20
2
1
kA 2

2
M+m
m2
A=
v0 =
v
k
k(M + m) 1

x = Acos 0 t + 0

dx
v=
= - 0Asin 0 t + 0
dt

xAcos 0 0

v = 0Asin 0 = v 0 0b

0 = k / M = k / (M - m)

x = - Asin 0 = - 0 A 0

mg
mg
Mm 2
A ( ) 2 + ( 0 A 0 ) 2 = ( ) 2 +
A0
k

k
M

kA 0 M m

tan 0 = - mg
M

~
A = xjyj 1

stAcos + 0

~stAe jt 0

~
Ae j 0 Ae j t

~
AAe j 0

~ jt
~s tAe
610
~
s t
d ~s
~
v=
= j ~s ,
dt

d 2 ~s
2~
2~
~
a = 2 = j s = - s
dt

d 2 x1
m
A
2 = -kx1 - x 2
dt

d2 x2
= -kx 2 - x1 - kx 2 - x 3
mB
dt 2

d2 x3
m
= -kx 3 - x 2
A
dt 2


~
~
x i = A i e jt i = 1 2 3


~
A i

k
k ~
~
2
- m A 1 + m A 2 = 0
A
A

k ~
2k
2k ~
~
A 1 + 2 + A2 +
A = 0

mB
mB 3
mB
k ~
k
~
A 2 + 2 A 3 = 0

mA
mA

k
k
2
0
mA
mA
k
2k
k
2
= 0
mB
mB m B
k
k
0
2
mA
mA

k
2k
k
k2
2
2
2
2
0
mA
mB
mA
mA mB

k
k(2m A + m B )
2
2
2
= 0
mA
mA mB
2

k
k(2m A + m B )
2
2
2
1 =
2 =
3 = 0
mA
mAmB

~
~
~
1A 1 = -A 3 A 2 = 0

~
~
~
2 A 1 = A 3 = - m B 2m A A 2

~
~
~
3A 1A 2 A 3




k 1 = m O 12 m O 2 v 1 2
16 1.660 10 -27 kg 2 3.9981013 HZ 2 = 1676Nm
k2 =

mO mC
m O mC
22 =
2 v 2 2
2m O + m C
2m O + m C

1612
1.66010 -27 kg 2 7.042 1013 HZ 2 = 1418Nm
32 + 12

d 2s
m 2 = f
dt

2
d s f

= 0
dt 2 m

d2 s 1
- f + f = 0
611
dt 2 m

f
U
= - 0 s = - 0 2 s
m
m

ds
= - v = -2
m
m
dt

d2 s
ds
+ 0 2 s = 0 6.12
2 + 2
dt
dt

~ j t
~s tAe

- 2 j2 - 0 2 ~s t 0
~st

2 j2 - 0 2 = 0
613

= 0 2 - 2 + j

= 2 2 ~s t
r

~ jrt ~ -j r t
~s t e - t A
+ Ae

1e
A
~
~
st A 2 = A 1 * e - j 0
2
A
st = e t e j( r t+ 0) + e j( rt + 0)
2

t
Ae cos( r t + 0)
614

Ae t
= ln
= T
615
Ae ( t +T)

1
Ae t
1
= ln
= nT = T
( t + nT )
n
n
Ae


jr r = 2 0 2
~stA e - + r t + A e - - r t
616
1
2

d 2s 1
1
f + f f
617
2 dt m
m

d 2s
ds
F
2

+ 2 + 0 s = cos t
6.18
dt 2
dt
m

d 2 ~s
d~s
F
+ 0 2 ~s = e jt
6.18
2 + 2
dt
m
dt

~ j t
~s = Ae

F
~
2 j2 0 2 Ae jt = e jt
m

F
~
A

2
m( 0 2 + j2 )

02 - 2 + j2 = ( 0 2 - 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

2
2
2

arg 0 - + j2 = arctan
02 - 2

19

m ( 0 2 - 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

- 2

argA
=
arctan

6 20

0 2 - 2


~s
d
~
v=
= j ~s
dt

v
+
2

F
~
6 21
VA =
2
2 2
2
2
m
(

)
+
4

~
v 2 + argA = 2 - arctan 2 - 2 6 22

1 T
2 /
P = f vdt =
FVcostcost + v dt
T 0
2 0
FV 2 /
=
[ cos v + cos2 t + v ]dt

4 0
1
= FVcos v
6 23
2

= 0 2 2 2
6 24

A =

F
2m 02 2

6 25

0 =

6 26

627
2m

V =

s1 tA 1cost 1
6 28
s 2 t A 2 cos t + 2

OP 1 OP 2 - s1 ts 2 t

OP = OP 1 + OP 2 OP

A ( A 1 cos 1 + A 2 cos 2 ) 2 + ( A 1 sin 1 + A 2 sin 2 ) 2

2
2
A 1 + A 2 + 2A 1A 2 cos( 2 1 )
6 30

A 1 sin 1 + A 2 sin 2

= arctan

A1 cos 1 + A 2 cos 2

~s tA e j t 1 A [cost jsint ]

1
1
1
1
1
~s t A e jt 2 A [cost jsint ]
2
2
2
2
2

6 31

~s tA[cost + jsint + ]

= ~s t + ~s t
1

~
s t = 0

xt A x cost + x
6 33
yt = A y cost + y





x2
y2
2xy
+
cos = sin 2 6 34
2
2 Ax
A y A xAy

s1 tAcos 1t +
6.35
s 2 t Acos 2 t +

sts1 ts 2 t

A[cos 1t + cos 2 t + ]

2 1
+ 1
tcos 2
t +
2
2

+ 2
2 - 1 << 1
1 2
2
- 1
cos 2
t
2

2Acos

= 2 - 1 6 36

T =

| 2 - 1 |

6 37

AC AB
AC AB

..

ms+ s+ ks = f s- v 0 6 38

.
.
d 2s
ds

s
=

s
- v 0
dt
dt 2

..

s =

s 0

..

..

x = s x = s
..

mx+ x + kx = f x- v 0 - f - v 0
.

x = 0fv 0 x

..

mx+ [ - fv 0 ] x+ kx 0 6 39

x v 0 x x 0
.

x 0 x v 0

x m x m = v0 x m v 0

x m = v 0

32 x v 0

.
..

f ( )

+ 02 = 0 6 40
m
0 = g / l t

f mBsgn

..

Bsgn 0 2 0

..

..

0 0 2 x = 0 2 B
..

x+ sgn x + x = 0
..

x 1x 0 6 41
.

x 0 + x 0 -
x1 .. x1 = 0 6 42

x1 .
x1 . x1 .. + x1x1 .

1
= {[x1 . ] 2 + [ x1 2 }. = 0
2

[ x1 . ] 2 x1 2 =

x - 1 x 0x = 1
+

x 0





c + (A 1) 2 cdB

AOe = Ce - 1Cd - 1Od - 2 Bd - 3 Bc - 3

+ ( A 1) 2 - 3e



A n+1 =

+ (A n - 1) 2 3

6 43

- 1
8



A0 =

= cTcv c =
= v 6 44
T

x
uxt = Acos[ t - + 0 ]Acos[ t - + 0 ]
c
2
x
t x
Acos[
t - + 0 ] = Acos[2 - + 0 ]

T
c
T
Acos[ t kx + 0 ]

t x
uxtAcos[2 - + 0 ] 6 45
T+

Acos[ t - kx 0 ] 6 46
+

c . 6.47
T
k

u xt Ae j[ t + kx0]

~
= A ej t + kx

6.48

A Ae j 0

d 2u n
m 2 = ku n+1 - u n - ku n - u n-1
dt

d2 un
2
6.49
2 = 0 u n +1 - 2u n + u n-1 .
dt

n = u xnt A e jtkx A e jt nka 6.50

2 A e jtnka

= 0 2 A e jt [e jn1ka - 2e jnka e jn1ka ]

= 0 A ej
2

t-nka

-jka

- 2 e
jka

= 2 0 A e jtnka 1coska
2

- 4 02 A e j t-nka sin2

ka
.
2

ka
. 6.51
2

2 0sin

a ka
1 6.51

0a. 6.52
k

a 1a 2 =

1
Re A 1 A 2 * 6.53
2

A 1 A 2 a 1t a 2 t

u
n

A e jt-nka

d
u
n

j t -nka
.
dt j u nj A e

1m
m

E k = u& n 2 + u& n+12

2 2
2

*
{Re[ j u n ( j u n ) ] + Re[ j u n+1 ( j u n +1 ) ]}
8
2
2
m A
=
6.54
4

ka
ka
E k m 0 2 A 2 sin2
kA 2 sin 2
. 6.55
2
2

k
k
2
2
2
E p = ( u n+1 u n ) = ( u n +1 + u n 2 u n+1 u n )
2
2
k

*
*
= [Re( u n +1 u n +1 ) + Re( u n u n ) 2 Re( u n +1 u n )]
4
2
kA
ka
=
1- coska = kA 2 sin 2
. 6.56
2
2

1
2kA 2
2 ka
= E k + Ep =
sin
a
a
2

m 2 2
2
2
A A . 6.57
2a

u& n

w = k u n 1u n u& nk u n+1 u& nu n u& n

k
= - {Re[
u n+1 j
u n * ] - Re[
u nj
u n * ]}
2
kA 2
=[Re - je - jka - Re - j ]
2

kA 2
kA 2
= - sinka - 0 =
sinka
2
2
ka
0 A 2sin sinka
2
ka
ka
2 0 kA 2 sin2
cos .
2
2

k(u n +1 - u n )u& n+1

ka
ka
km 2 2
ka
0 kA 2sin 2
cos
=
A cos . 6.58
2
2
2
2

ka
=
= 0 acos . 6.59

2 0
ka
c=
=
sin
6.60
k
k
2

| |
| k|
k.

d
vg =
. 6.62
dk

d
ka
vg =
= 0 acos
dk
2

ka
1v g 0a

u1 xt = Acost - kx

u 2 xt = Acost + kx

n
k x = nx =
n = 01 2 6.64
2

1
kx = n +
n = 01 2 6.65
2
2

Z = F / v .

~u
~
F = -k~un + 1 - ~un - ka
= jkkau
x
~
u
~
~
v
j ~
uZkka / ka / c.
t
c 0 aa k / m
~
Z km . 6.66

~
~
~~
R. ARA.

~
~~
~
~
~
u ( x, t ) = Ae j( t kx) + RAe j( t + kx ) = Ae jt [ e jkx + Re jkx ]. 6.67

~
F - ~u / t.
~ ~
F = -F~
u / t
~
F
~
~
Z L Z L = ~

u / t

~
~
RZ L 6.67

~u
~
~ jt jkx ~ jkx
F = -ka = jkkaAe [ e
Re ] x =0

x
x= 0

~ jt
~
= jkkaAe [1 R]

u
~
~
~
~
~
~
v = x = 0 = jAe jt [e jkx + Re jkx ] x= 0 = j Ae jt [1 + R]
x
~
~
~
F k k a 1- R
1- R
~

ZL = ~ =

~ = zC
~ 6.68
v
1+ R
1+ R
~
~ Zc - Z L

R=
6.69
~
ZC + Z L
~
~
|R|= 1| R|= 0


~
0 |R| 1

~
~
~
x 0F 0 Z L 0 R1.

~
~
x 0~v = u / t 0 ZLR

= -1. 180

~
ZL = Z C

u n1 - u n ux n at - ux n t
u
=
x x =

+
xn a

1 2u

2 x 2 x =

xn

a 2 +L

2u

x 2

u n +1 - 2u n + u n-1 = a 2

2
2u
2 u
=
(

a
)
= 0
0
t 2
x 2

2u 2 2u
-c
= 0. 6.70
at 2
x 2

..

Schr o dinger equationsine - Gorden

~
~
p ~
ve jt-kx 6.72

~
vx~
vx + xt

m = [ ( x ) ~
v )( x) ( x + x ) ~
v ( x + x)]St

[ (~v ) / x ]xSt = [ ( ~v) / x] V t

m
(~
v)
=
=

t Vt
x

~
0 + . | |
0
~
~
v v
0

~ / t

0 0 / t 0 /
~

~
v
= 0
6.73
t
x

px - p(x + x)]S - ( p / x) xS = -( p / x) V

~v / t 0
~v
p
0
= . 6.74
t
x
~
pp 0 p. p
p ~
~
p=
6.75
p

~
p ~
p p
=
=
,
x x 0 x

 p
0 6.74
0
~
p
~
v
0
=
6.76
t
0 x

~
v
2 ~v
~
=

t x xt

2~
p 2 ~

= 0. 6.77
t 2 0 x 2
2

p
c S = 6.78
0

4 ~uxt
~
6.77 xt
~
p xt ~
vxt

~
6.75 6.78~p

~
~
p = c 2S . 6.79
~
~ / t j
~ , ~
~
v 6.72
v / x

~
~ 6.73~
= jkv
v
~ k 0 ~ 0 ~
=
v=
v 6.80

cs
6.79 6.80~
p ~
v

~
p = 0 cs ~
v. 6.81

Zc =

~pS
= 0 c sS. 6.82
v

~p~v. 4.4


1
1 Re( ~~
pp*)
~~
I = Re( pv*) =
6.83
2
2 0 c S

1
1
I = 0 cS Re( ~~
vv*) = 0 c S 2 A 2 6.84
2
2

I
Llg 6.85
I0

20c S I 0 2.9310 -5 N / m2 .


I
L = 10lg 6.86
I0

h



~
hxte jt-kx .

~
vxte jt-kx
~
h
~v
x = h 0 [ ~v( x, t ) ~
v ( x + x, t )] h 0
x,
t
x
~
h
~v

= -h 0
. 6.87
t
x

t - ( p / x) x
f ( x + x ) ( x )
CC
yfx lim
= lim
0
x 0
x 0 x
x
~
pp 0 g hxt - z


~
~p
h
= g

x
x
~
~v
h
= g 6.88
t
x

~
2 h
2 ~v
~

=
h
t x xt

~
~
2 h
2 h
gh 0 2 = 0 6.89
t 2
x

c = gh 0 . 6.90

h
6 -58

gk 6.91

c=

=
k

g
6.92
k

d 1 g c
vg =
=
= . 6.93
dk
2 k 2

gktanh hk 6.94

x, x0;
e e

x
x
e +e
1, x.
6.94 hk
1hk
1

tanh x

k 3
= gk +
6.95

c=

g k
+ 6.96
k

kg
k 2 /

g
k 2 / k 3 / c k /

c min = 2 g / 1/4 kmin = g /

min 2 / g . lg / cm3

73dyn / cmc min = 23cm / smin = 1.7cm.

1
4
2
c = K + 3G 6.97

c 2 = G . 6.98

c
=
6.44

c cv D
=
=

cvD
=
. 6.99

= + vsTc + vsT


c
c
c
' = =
=
,
' ( c + s) T c + s

c
=
. 6.100

c + vs

c D
( cv D )
c'
' = =
=

' ( c + s) T
c + s

cv D
=
. 6.101

c + vs

+ dd = 2 dt.

SD + d


d

d = 2 dt = 2dt

dt
=
.

dt

S Dt = t 0 + SD / c
+ dSD

tt 0 dt + S' D' / c. dt
S' D' - SD
6.102
c

dt'= dt +

D 0 .S0 D 0 S' D'

SD - SD
= SD - S0 D 0

= SS0 + DD 0
= SScos + DDcos

6.103

SS'SD DD' DS
SS'v Sdt DD = v Ddt , (6102
. ) (6103
. )

DD'v D dt 6.102 6.103

dt = dt -

vscos
v D cos
dt dt
c
c

v dt c + v D cos
=
=
.
v
dt c - v S cos

6.104

c
sin =

6.105
vS

c
T OS = v S TST = v 2S c 2 T
2
OSW = WST = arctan(cT / ST) arctan( cT / 2ST)

OT = cTOW =

= arctan(c / v 2S c 2 ) arctan(c / s vS2 c 2 )

d
2
2
2
2
[arctan(c / v S c ) arctan(c / 2 v S c )]
dc

1
1
1
d
c
= 0
=[

]
2
2
2
dc v 2 c 2
c
c
S
1+ 2 2
1+
vS c
4 ( vS2 c 2 )

1
1
1

2
2
c
c2
1+ 2
1+
vS c2
4( v 2S c 2 )
c2

2
v s2 / c 2 3 / 2 = arctan 2 - arctan( 2 / 2) =
v s2 - c 2 c 2 2v s2 - c 2 +

1 2

2
Us = 2 U 0 s s

f - U - s.
0

~
~
~s t Aejt AAe j 0 .

U 0 g / l
0
=
m
k / m .

1 2
v =
T= =
.
2
v

d2 s
ds
+
2

+ 20 s 0.
2
dt
dt
=

.
0

stAe t cos( r t + 0 ) r 20 2 .

1
Ae -t
= 1n[ ( t +nT ) ] = T.
n
Ae

stA 1e ( +r ) t + A 2 e ( r ) t r 2 20 .

d2s
ds
2 + 2 + 20 s = Fcost
dt
dt

A =
2
m ( 0 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

= arctan 2

20 2

V =
m ( 20 - 2 ) 2 + 4 2 2

= arctan
v

2
20 2

1
P = FVcos v .
2
0 v = 0P
F
F
A =

V
=
.

2m
2m 2 2
0

A = A 2 + A 2 + 2 A A cos( )
1
2
1 2
2
1

A1 sin + A 2 sin 2
= arctan
A1 cos 1 + A 2 cos 2

xt A x cost + x
.
yt A y cost y

x2
y2
2 xy
2
+

cos( y x ) = sin ( y x )
A 2x A 2y A x A y

1 + 2
t + ),
2
2

= 2Acos

tcos

= +

n>1

t x
u( x , t ) = A cos[ 2 ( m ) + 0 ]
T

= A cos( t m kx + 0 )
j
~
~
~
u ( x, t ) = Ae j(t m kx) , A = Ae 0

2
T = T

c=
=

T
k

kcck .
d

vg =

dk

0 k / m
k
= 2 0 sin
= 0 k
2
k <<1

2 0
k

c= =
sin

k << 1 0
k
k
2
d
k
kk 2 2
v g =
= 0 cos
k

A
<<1
dk
2
2

m 2 2
kk 2 2
=
A k

<<
1
2
2

k 0 2 k 2 2
km 2 2
k
w =
A cos
k
A
<<1
2
2
2

w
k
= = 0 cos

k
<<1 0 v g

2
(n = 0,1,2, ).
1

0 xn +

2
2

~
Z = / Z c km
x

0
~
Z L =
.

~
Z

Z
~
C
L
R =
~
ZC + Z L
~
1R = +1

~
2 R = -1180
~
~
3Z C Z L R 0

2
2 u
2 u
c
=0
c
t 2
x 2
uxt = fx m ct

= 0 + ~

~
p = p 0 + p.
~p
2
c s =
~ 300 + m / s

~
p = c2~
Z c 2 ( )
s

1
I 0 c 2S 2 A 2
2
12
2
I 0 = 10 W / m .

I
L10lg
I0

= gh tanh kh
1h < <
k gh c = gh
2 h >>

gk c g / k 2v g
+ c

g k
+
k

1
c min = 2 / g - 23cm / S
4

min = 2 / g 1.7cm.

1
4
c =
( K + G ) c =

v c + v D cos

=
v
c vS cos


c

= arcsin
vS

2 = k gh
3 = gk

M +m/ 3

T = 2

x = Asint
x = Acost,
1
2
.
y = Bcost
y = Bsint

x
t
uxt = 2.0cos2

0.010 30

1 ( k ) =

2k
ka
sin
m
2

2k

m
~
~
A = Amm
m ~
~
A = Amm
m




2 (k ) =

t x
uxt = Acos2 + +
T 4

t x
6 - 35. u = Acos2 + x = 0
T

a3
a
1/3
7.1
2 = K
2 / 3 = K
T
T

mv 2
f=

7.2
r

4 2 mr
f=
.
7.3
T2


4 2 mK
f=
.
7.4
r2

S2 4 2 r 2 t 2 2 2 r 2 t 2
y = r (1 cos )
=
=
( 7.5)
2r
2rT2
T2

1
y = gt 2
( 7.6)
2

y 42 r
=
7.7
y gT 2

mC
f= n
7.8
r



3 2

C n+1

2 ( n 2 )
n+1

a3
2
T

2 ( n 2 )

3
a3
E n +1
n +1
=
C

( )
7.9
2
L
T

GmM
f= 2
7.10
r


GM
K=

7.11
42

f=

Gm1 m 2

2
r12

7.12

[f][r 2 ]
[G] =
= M -1 L3 T -2
7.13
2
[m ]

GM
g=
7.14
R 2

-11 2 -2

f
g=
.
7.15
m0

m
a=
g
m

 OP = r. m 0

GMm 0
f=

2
r

7.17

r OP

f
GM
g=
= 2 r.
7.18
m0
r

r 2 + z 2 P

G dz
dg = 2
2
r +z

r
cos =

r 2 + z2

+
+
rdz
2G
z
g = 2 dg cos = 2G
[ 2
] +
2
2 3/2 =
0
2
0
0
r
(r + z )
r +z

2G
=







dS
d = 2 7.21
r

r 7.22

r dS
= -Gmd
7.24
r2

d = -Gm

= -4 G m i . 7.26
i
(S )

2 GR 2
g=
.
( c )
r

g = 2Gr ( r R)
(7.27)

2 GR
( r R)
( 7.27 )
g =

Gma 2
F =
.
r0

F Ga 2
tan =
=
.
F
r0g

Gma 2
Gma 2
F =
[ + ( )] =
(2 )
r0
r0

F G a 2
tan =
=
(2 )
F
r0 g

4 G
g=
r. c
3

4 GR 3
g=
.
c
3r 2

4 G

g
=
r ( rR )
( 7.28)

3
g = 4 GR = GM ( r R) ( 7.28 )

3r 2
r2

v2
4G
=g=
r
r
3
4 G
4 G
v =
r =
= .
3
3

T = 2 / = 2 3 / 4 G =

3 / G.

v2
4GR 3
=g=

r
3r 2


4 GR 3
GM
v=
=

3r
r
GM

=
. 7.29
r3

T = 2 / = 4 2 / Gmr 3/ 2




y = R 2 x 2 Rdx



R 4 Gx
Fx g x dV =
( R 2 x 2 ) dx
0
3
( )

4 2 G 2 R 2
2 G 2 R 4
2
=
(7.30)
0 (R x )xdx = 3
3

Fx
G 2 R 2
=
=
. 7.31
3
R 2


= 8.581010 N / m 2

9
2
= 2.30 10 N / m .

GM
4R 3
3 2
2
R ( M =
)
7.32
3
4 G
R2



3 2
0
1.31011 g / cm 3 .
4 G

UP - UQ = P fcosds 7.33
Q

4 Gm

rr R
f = mg =
3

f = mg = GMm rR

r2


GMmdr
UP = UP - U =
rP
r2

1
GMm
= -GMm[- ] =

7.34
r rP
rP

UP = UP - U
GMmdr
R 4 G mrdr
=

2
R
rP
r
3
1 4 Gm r 2 R
= -GMg[- ]
[ ]

r R
3
2 rp

GMm 2Gm 2

(R rP2 )
R
3
2 Gm 2
= +
rP 7.35
3
=

T = 2

3
=
4 G

3
7.36
G

2Gm 2
2 Gm
Ux = +
r = +
x 2 + r0 2
3
3

2 Gm 2
= +
x
3

GM
v1 =
. 7.37
R

GM m
1
mv 2 2 =

2
R

v2 =

2GM
. 7.38
R

v 2 v 1 2 1.4

2GM
. 7.39
R


v =

2GM
Rg = 2
7.40
c

P OPR

d R
GMm
7.42
2 =
dt
R2

1
GMm
mv 2 = E. 7.43
2
R



m

1
GMm
mH 2 R 2 = E. 7.44
2
R


2E
8 G 0
2
K
7.45
2 = H0 3
mR 0



3H 0 2
C =
7.46
8G

0
0 =
7.47
C

dL
Lmrv =
= 0. 7.48
dt

Ur r frdr.
GMm
GMm
r - 3 r
2
r
r
GMm
GMm
Ur
dr =

2
r
r
r

1
GMm
E = E k + Ur = mv 2 =
2
r
dE

= 0. 7.49
dt

d
dv
dv
( vL) =
L = m ( r v)
dt
dt
dt
GMm
GMm
= 3 r ( r v) = 3 [ r ( vr ) v( rr )]
r
r

GMm
r dr 1 dr
2
= 3 [ rrv r vr ] = GMm[ 2

]
r
r dt r dt
d 1 1 dr
d r
= GMm[ r ( ) +
] = GMm ( ).
dt r
r dt
dt r
d
r

vL - GMm = 0
dt
r
r

BvL - GMm = 7.50

r

rB = rvL - GMmr

L2
= Lr v - GMmr =
- GMmr.
m
fr



p
r=
7.51
1 + cos

L2
p = GMm (7.52)

= B .
( 7.53)

GMm

m
m 2
L2
2
2
E = v r + v + Ur = v r +
+ Ur
2
2
2mr 2

mv r 2
=
+ Ur =
2

L2

U r = Ur +
7.54
2 mr 2

U rUr

GMm
L2
E = U r = +

r
2 mr 2

GMm
L2
2
r +
r= 0
E
2 mE

1 GMm
G 2 M 2 m 2 2L2
r = [
+
]. 7.55
2
E
E2
mE

GMm

(7.56)
a = 2 E

2
2
2
2
c = 1 G M m 2 L
( 7.57)

2
E2
m| E|

c
2| E|L2
= = 1- 2 2 3 .
7.58
a
G M m


m
L = GMm
7.59
2|E|

mv 2
GMm | U(r)|
Ek =
= E - Ur =
=
. 7.60
2
2r
2

OAr = OA - B OA BOA

3 / 2

3
v=
v .
2 0

T
2 2 R 0
t = = 21/2 T0 =.
.
2
v0

4
a = R0.
3

2| E|L2
3| E 0 | L0 2
= 1- 2 2 3 = 1

G M m
2G 2 M 2 m 3

= 1

3 1
=
4 2



E k

1
1 T
r f =
rfdt
7.62
2
2T 0

T
T
1
m
dv
rfdt =
r

2T 0
2T 0
dt
T
m
d
m T dr
=
(
r

v
)
dt

vdt
2T 0 dt
2T 0 dt

T
m
1 1
[ rv]|T0 mv 2dt = 0 E k
=
2T
T 02
= -E k

dU(r)
dU( r )
$r Urr - k
fr = =
dr
dr
U(r)
U(r)
-k
r f = k
rr$ = kUr
r
r
1 T
k T
k
rf dt =
U(r)dt = U( r )

2T 0
2T 0
2

k
2
U ( r ) U ( r ) = E k
2
k

( 7 .63 )

k2
k
Ek Ek =
E
( 7.64)
k
k2

U( r ) = 2 E k E k = E
7.65
E = E k + U( r ) =

2|E| L2
2
= 1- 2 2 3
G M m

d
2L2
d|E|
4| E|L dL
=- 2 2 3
- 2 2 3
dt
G M m dt G M m dt
2|E| L2
1 d| E| 2 dL
= 2 2 3(
+
)
L dt
G M m | E| dt

d
|E| L2
1 d| E| 2 dL

=+
)
( 7.66)
2
2
3 (
dt
G M m | E| dt
L dt

L = m| rv|= mrvsin

dL
=| rf|= rvsin
dt
1 dL

=
L dt
m

m
| E|= -E = E k = v2
2
d| E|
dE
== -fv = vv = v 2
dt
dt
1 d| E| 2 v 2
=

| E| dt
m v2

d
2| E| L2
=
( v 2 v 2 )
( 7.67 )
2
2
4
2
dt
G M m v

d
2| E| L2
=
( v 2 v 2 )
2
2
4 2
dt
G M m v

2
2| E| L
1 T
2
2
=
(v v )dt
G 2 M 2 m 4 v 2 T 0
v 2 v 2
v

v 2 - v 2 0vv 2 - v 2 0 7 53


1 T
( v 2 v 2 )dt 0

0
T

0
7.68
dt

r = CCr = PCR = CP. m

f=

G mM
r 2

$r =

GmM
r 3

G mM
G mM
$
f = r

r
r2
r3

r
r
f = f + f = G mM
3 3 .
r
r

r = r - R r =| r - R|= r 2 + R 2 2rR cos

rR
r
f GmM
7.69
3 3 .
| r R|
r


r =|r - R|= r 2 + R 2 2 rR cos

R
1 cos

GmM
r

f x =

1
r2
2R
R 2 3/2

(1
cos + 2 )

r
r
GmM R
3R

1 cos +
cos 1
2

r
r
r

2GmM

R cos
r3
GmM R
GmM R
f y = sin = sin
2
r
r
r3
r

=


R
cos

r 3

7.70
GmM

f y =
R sin
3
r

f x =

2GmM

(f ) M r 3
=
( )
(f ) M r

7.35 10 22 kg 150
. 108 km 3
=
(
) = 2.20.
( 7.71)
199
. 1030 kg 3.84 10 5 km

1
365
4

2GMx
f =
V

r3

f = xV

f - 4 Gx V.

3

2GM
4 G
3 + 2
xV0. 7.72
3
r

GM

r3

3GM 4 G

0
7.73
3
r3

4GR 3 4G

0
3
r3

3 1/3
1/3
rC = R(
) = 1.44R(
) 7.74

rC = R (

3 1/ 3
) = 1.7 R

1/ 3
rC 2.45539R(
)
7.75

Gm 1m 2
2. f =

2
r12

GM
1g = - 2 $r.
r
2 Gr

2 g = 2 GR 2

4 G
r

3
3g =

3
4

R
GM

= 2

3r 2
r
r
vr -1/2
r

GMm

- r
P
U (P) = U(P) - U( ) =
+ 2 Gm r 2
P

GM

=
7.9km
/
s

1
R

2GM

11.2km / s
v 2 =
R

3H 0 2
C
10 -29 g / cm 3 H 0
8G
0 C

0 C

0 C


1
GMm
2
EE k Ur 2 mv r

Lmrv

r
BvL - GMm .

GMm
L2
~
UrUr + = +
.
r
2mr 2

GMm
1
a

L
2E
| E|

2| E| L2
= 1 - 2 2 3 .

G M m
| U( r )|
E k = E
2

2GmM
R cos
f x
r 3

GmM

R sin .
3
f y =
r

1/ 3
rC 2.45539 R
.

c 2 v 2 8 4b

ABK AB.

L0 = AB

AD

ADAD AD




D AD = AD

2b
t =

2l 2 2
Vt 2
=
b +(
)
c c
2


t
t
t =
=
= rt . 8.1
2
V
1- 2
1- 2
c

1
= V / c =

8.2
1- 2
t =

1 2 1r 1tt .

2 10 6 S
=
=
= 316
. 10 5 S
2
2
V
1 ( 0.998)
1- 2
c

tt / 1 - V 2 / c 2

d 1 LVt 1t 1d 1 / c

t 1 =

c-V

d 2 L - Vt 2 t 2 d 2 / c

L
t 2 =
.
c +V

1
1
2L
t = t 1 + t 2 = L(
+
)=
. 8.4
c-V c +V
c(1- V 2 / c 2 )

t
L
=

t L 0 (1 V 2 / c 2 )

8.1

LL 0 1 - V 2 / c 2 = L 0 / . 8.5

LL 0 1- V 2 / c 2 = 9500 1- (0.998) 2 m = 600m

812 OOVt.

x OA OO OA

OOVt

OAx 1 V 2 / c 2

xVtx 1 V 2 / c 2

x - Vt

.
8.6
1 - V 2 / c2


x - Vt
x=
.
8.6
1- V 2 / c 2

x =

x=

1
1- V 2 / c 2

x - Vt
1- V 2 / c 2

+ Vt )

1 - V 2 / c2
x Vt
t =
(x
)
V
1- V 2 / c 2

t - Vx / c 2

t =
8.7
1 - V 2 / c2


x - Vt

x =
= ( x ct )
2
2
1- V / c

yy
8.8

zz

t - Vx / c 2
t
= ( t x / c).

1- V2 / c 2

x - Vt

x=
=

(
x

ct

1- V 2 / c 2

yy
8.9

zz

t - Vx / c 2

t
=

(
t

/
c
)
.

1- V2 / c 2

10.8 -1 = 1- 2 = 0.6. K






1 2 = 6 0.6 3.6K

dx
dy
dz

vy =

vz =

dt
dt
dt

dx
dy
dz
vx =
v y =
v z =

dt
dt
dt

dx Vdt
( dx / dt V) dt

dx
=

2
2
2
2
1 V / c
1 V / c

dydy

dzdz

2
2
dt Vdx / c
dt[1 ( V / c )( dx / dt )]
dt
=

1 V 2 / c2
1 V 2 / c2
vx =

vx V
dx
vx =
=
dt 1 Vv x / c 2

2
2
v
1

V
/
c
dy

y
vy =
=
8.10

2
dt
1 Vv x / c
2
2
dz v z 1 V / c
vz =
=
2
dt
1 Vv x / c

v-V
8.11
2
1 - vV / c

v + V
v=
8.12
1 + vV / c 2

v =

v + V
0.9c + 0.9c
= 0.994c.
2 =
1 + v V / c
1 + 0.9 0.9

c-V
v =
2 = c
1 - Vc / c

v=

x 1 2 xy = y . 8.13

R x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2
x

R
y
sin =
R

x
x y 1
cos =
=
= ( 1 2 x y )
R
R
R

1 2

2
2 1/ 2
sin = 1 - cos = [ R ( 1 x y) ]
R
cos =

1
[x 2 + y 2 - (1- 2 ) x 2 - 2 y 2 + 2 1 2 xy]1/2
R
1
= [ 2 x 2 + (1- 2 ) y 2 + 2 1 2 xy]1/ 2

R
1
= ( x + 1 2 y).
R
sin = sin cos - sincos
1
= 2 [( x + 1 2 y) x - y( 1 2 x - y)]
R

= 2 x 2 + y 2
R
=

M(u) m(v) + m 0 v

=
=
8 20
m(v)
m(v)
u

u-v
u = -u =
2
1 - uv / c
v
u v2
v 2
v u2

-1 =1
(
)

2
+
= 0
u
v c2
u
u c2

v
= 1 1 v 2 / c2
u

m0
mv =
= m0
8 21
1 v2 / c2

m0v
Pm vv
8 22
2
2 m 0 v
1 v / c

m0v

1 v 2 / c2

v
Ft / m 0 c
0.5t
= =
=

2
c
1 + ( Ft / m 0c )
1 + ( 0.5t )2
pFt

E k = - 1m 0c 2 = (

- 1)m 0c 2

1-

v
c

Ek

m 0c 2

dp
m0 v
f=
p = mvv =
m 0v823
dt
1- v 2 / c2

l
l d( mv )
l
ds
E K = fds =
ds = d ( mv )
0
d
0
dt
dt
v
v
m0v
= 0 d ( mv ) v = 0 vd (
)
1 v 2 / c2
v
m 0 v2
vdv
v
=
+
m
( )
0
0

0
1 v2 / c2
1 v 2 / v2
m 0 v2
=
+ m 0c 2 1 v 2 / c 2 v0

2
2
1 v / c
m 0 v2
=
+ m 0c 2 1 v 2 / c 2 m 0c 2
2
2
1 v / c
m 0 c2
=
m 0c 2
2
2
1 v / c
m 0 c2
=
m 0c 2
2
2
1 v / c

E k m 0c 2 [ 1v 2 / c 2 1/2 1]
v2
v4
m 0c [(1 + 2 ) + O( 4 ) 1]
2c
c
2
1
v
= m 0v 2 [1 + O( 2 )]
2
c

E k Ek i =
i

m v c - m
2

i0

c2

M 0 m i v i
i

E k M 0 m i0 c 2
i

i0

Emc 2

m 0c 2

= m 0 c2 8 25

1 v / c

m02
m2 =

1- v 2 / c 2

E2 p 2 c2 m 02 c 4 E = p 2 c2 + m 0 2c 4 8 26

E
P
8 27
c

xct 0 s ( ct ) 2 x 2

s ( ct ) 2 ( l ) 2

8 28

tt 2 - t 1l = ( x ) 2 ( y) 2 + ( z ) 2

wjct j 1

 xxjw

yy

zz
w = wj x

8 30

A x A x j A t

A y A y
8 31

A z A z
A A - jA
t
t
x

ds = c 2 ( dt ) 2 ( dl ) 2

dx
dy
dz
d
u y =
uz =
u t =
8 33
d
d
d
d

ux =

dx dt
vx
ux =
= v x =

dt d
1- v 2 / c 2

 u yv y =

vy

u z v z =

vz

1- v 2 / c 2
1 - v2 / c2

dw dt
jc
ut =
= jc =

dt d
1- v 2 / c 2

u x = V u x j v u t

u yu y
8 36

uz = u z
u = u - j u
t
V
t
v x

v x v v x c v

v yv y
8 37

v z v z
cVc v

v x

1
1
1
v =

2
2
1 v
1
1 2


vy
1
=

8 38

1 Vv x / c2

vx y

1 Vv x / c2

vy

v y =
(1- Vv x / c 2 )

vz

vz =
v (1- Vv x / c 2 )

v (1 cos )
vv1- cos =

1 2

v
1 2
=

8 43
v
1 cos

v
1
v v - v

1 m
=
8 44
v
1m
v
v

v
1
v v v
1
= 1 2 1 2
=
2845
v
2
v
v
2

E1 E L

[ 2m 10 m 20 + 2( m10 + m 20 ) m 0 + m 02 ]c 2
E L = E1 =
8 49
2m 20

ECM
= 2E 8 48

P1P2 2 - 2E 2 c2 - (E CM
) 2 / c2

ECM
= 2m 0 M 0 c 2

8 50

M 0 2c 2
L
E
E CM
M 0c 2

2 m0

EL
M0
1
8 51
CM =
E
2m 0

L
M z2 c2
902
3
E 2m = 2 1 GeV 4 10 GeV
p

ECM M c 2 90 GeV
Z

p + p = p + p + p + p

E L 7m pc 2

m e 2 c 4 (0.510 6 ) 2
=
eV = 2.51014 eV
-3
EB
10

m 0 2 + m 102 m 20 2 2
c
8 52
2m 0

m 2 + m 202 m 10 2 2
E2 = 0
c
8 53
2m 0

E1 =

m p 2 + m 2 m e 2 2 9382 + 1352 0.52
E =
c =
MeV = 479MeV
2m p
2938
= 1 / 1- 2 = E / m c 2 = 479 / 135 = 3.548
= 1- (1 - )2 = 0.9595

E = E p c
= E 1
=

c2 1

2
469.3MeV
=
9.7MeV

p Lx = p CM
+ jE CM / c
x
L
CM
py = p y
8 54
L
CM
p
=
p

z
z
E L = ECM - j p CM c2

x
= V / c = 1- 2

p Lx = E CM / c = mVp = mv CM

P
1
1
0
=

= 1 2 0
E / c

ds = 1- 2 ds = r / c

s = ds = ds = 1 - 2 s

s = s / 1- 2 s

dt
dt =
dr = 1- v 2 / c 2 dr8 55
2
2
1- v / c

1
GmM
mv 2 =

2
r


dt
dt =

2GM
1- 2
cr

dr = 1

2GM
dr
c2 r

856

EQ = a QP = b

T0
2GM
= 1- 2 0
8 57
2GM
cR
1- 2
cR

e ve + v a
z= a
=

e
va


v v 0 v
1
2GM
GM
z=
=
=
1 = (1 2 ) 1/2 1 2
v
v
c R
c R
2GM
1 2
cR
T=

v
= 2.1210-6
v

v
1 dv
z=
[ ] R =R R
v
v dR
z =

2GM
= 1- 2

c R

1/ 2

d 2GM

1 2
dR
c R

1/2
R=R

( h )

2GM
GM
gh
= 1 2 2 ( j)1 2
c R
c

c R

2GM
r = rs = 2
( 8 59)
c

2GM
2GM
v =

= crrs
8 60
R
rs

OA = l 8 - 31

t 1 = OA / v 1 = l / v 1

AB = v 2 t1 = v 2 / v 1l

t 2 = AB / v1 = v 2 / v 1l / v1

BC = v 2 t 2 = v 2 / v 1 2 l

1
v
v
t = t 1 + t 2 + = [1 + 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + ]
v1
v1
v1

1
l
=

v
v1 v2
i =1
1
1 2
v1

l
v1

v2

( v

)i =

l
v1

n
l n v2 i
l 1 ( v 2 / v1 ) n
t = t i =
(
)
=
8 61

v1 i =1 v 1
v 1 1 v 2 / v1
i=1

v1 v 2
t)]
l
t = n =

v2
ln( )
v1

l
t=
t
v1 v 2

ln[1 - (

sv(t1 ) tv(t 2 ) t v(t 3 ) t v(t n ) t

n

v(t i ) t.

(A.46)

i=1

1 - v2 / c2

dt =

dl = dl 0 1 v 2 / c 2

A x = A x + j A t

A y = A y

A z = A z
A = A - jA
t
t
x
= V / c = 1 - 2

x
y
z
t

2 2

x x
x 0x
y y
y 0y
z z
z 0z
t
t
2

024

vx v

v x = 1 Vv / c 2
x

v y 1 V 2 / c2

v y =
1 Vv x / c 2

2
2
v z = v z 1 V / c2

1 Vv x / c
vcvc

= cv = c

6 mv

m0

m 0

1 v2 / c2
P = mv = m 0 v

1+
1 + ( )

v
1
1
=
=

v
1 cos
1 2
2
1 1 2 ( )

1 2

2



2

2GM
rs =

2
c

l = l 0 ( 1 V2 / c 2 cos ) 2 + sin 2 tan =

tan

1- V 2 / c2



v 1- V 2 / c 2 sin
tan =

V + v cos

1
c
y = fx = 3 + 2xax + bx 2 cos2xlnx
2
x

1
3 2 eabc
2
1
3 2 e
2

c
2y = fx = x = x 0
x
c
y = fx 0 =

x0

c
y = fx = P1 P2 P3P4 P5
x
1
1
c
c
4c 2c1c2 4
4
2
2
4

s = s0 + v0 t +

1 2
at
2

A 4

1
s = st = s 0 + v 0 t + at 2
A 6
2

1
ss t gt 2
A 8
2

C
PPV
A 11
V

C
V V P
A 12
P

U
II U
A14
R

A 16
R

I = IR

lim fxa

A17

xx 0

3x 2 x 2
y = fx

A18
x 1

-2
8
x = 0 f 0 =
= 2x2 f2 = = 8
-1
1

0
0 f1 0 0
0

fx

3x

x2
x -1



(3x + x )( x 1)
y = fx
3x + 2 x1
x 1

3x 2 x 2
lim fx lim
5
x 1
x1
x 1

s
st

t
v

s s( t 0 + t ) s ( t 0 )
v=
=

A 19
t
t

1 2
st 0 = s 0 + v 0 t 0 + at 0
2
1
st 0 + t = s 0 + v 0 t 0 + t + at 0 + t 2
2

v=

s( t 0 + t ) s( t 0 )
t
[s 0 + v 0 ( t 0 + t ) +

1
1 2
2
a( t 0 + t ) ] ( s 0 + v 0 t 0 + at 0 )
2
2
t

1
( v 0 + at 0 )t + a ( t ) 2
2
=
t
1
= v 0 + at 0 + a t
2
s
v =

t
s

t
t
s
t
tt 0
t
s
t 0

t

s
s( t 0 + t ) s( t 0 )
= lim
A 20
t 0 t
t 0
t

s
1
v = lim
= lim ( v 0 + at 0 + at ) = v 0 + at 0
t 0 t
t 0
2

aa vv

v = lim

v
a
t
v v( t 0 + t ) v( t 0 )
a=
=

A 21
t
t

vt 0 v 0at 0
vt 0 t = v 0 at 0 t

v v( t 0 + t ) v( t 0 )
a=
=
t
t

[ v 0 + ( t 0 + t )] ( v 0 + at 0 )
=
= a
t
at
v

t 0
t

v
v( t 0 + t ) v( t 0 )
= lim

A 22
t 0 t
t 0
t

a lim

0.2 m
2
=

100m 100

h h ( x 0 + x ) h( x 0 )
k=
=

A 23
x
x

h
x x

x

x 0 k

h
h( x 0 + x) h ( x 0 )
= lim

x 0 x
x 0
x

k lim

A 24

y f(x 0 + x) - f(x 0 )
=
A 27
x
x


y
( x + x ) f ( x 0 )
yfx lim
= lim 0
A28
x 0 x
x 0
x
dy
df
d
yfx

dx
dx
dx

d 2y
yfx 2
dx
2
d y
d dy
d
y = fx = 2
( )=
fxA 29
dx
dx dx
dx

dx
v

A30
dt
dv d 2s
a =
=

A 31
dt dt 2
dh
k =

A32
dx

MP1 y
tan =
=

P0 M x

y
P0Ttan 0P1P0
x

xx 0

y
= fx
P1P2
P1 P2 x

tan 0 lim tan lim

f ( x + x ) ( x )
CC
yfx lim
= lim
0
x 0
x 0 x
x

f ( x + x ) ( x)
yfx lim
x 0
x

( x + x ) ( x)
x
= lim
= lim
1
x 0
x 0 x
x

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
yfx = lim
x 0
x

2
2
(x + x) x
= lim
= lim (2x + x) = 2x
x 0
x 0
x

f ( x + x ) f ( x )
yfx lim
x 0
x
3
3
(x + x ) x
= lim
= lim [3x 2 + 3xx + x 2 ]
x 0
x 0
x
3x 2
1
5y = fx =
x
f ( x + x ) f ( x )
yfx = lim
x 0
x
1
1

x ( x + x )
x + x x
= lim
= lim
x 0
x 0 ( x + x ) xx
x
1
1
= lim
= 2
x 0 ( x + x ) x
x

 6y = fx = x
yfx = lim

x 0

= lim [
x 0

= lim

x + x x
x

x + x x
x + x + x

]
x
x + x + x

( x + x ) 2 ( x ) 2

x( x + x + x )
1
1
= lim
=

x 0
x + x + x 2 x

dx n
y
= nx n-1 n
A33
dx
dx
n1y = fxxy
= 1
dx
dx 2
n = 2y = fx = x 2 y =
= 2x
dx
dx 3
3
n3y = fxx y =
= 3x 2
dx
1
d 1
-1
n = -1y = fx = x1 = y = ( ) = 1x2 = 2
x
dx x
x
1
d x 1 -1 2
1
n y = fx = x1 2 = xy =
= x
=

2
dx 2
2 x

d
du
dv
[uxvx ]

A 34
dx
dx
dx

d
u v
u v du dv
[uxvx] = lim
= lim [

] =
x0
x0 x
dx
x
x dx dx

d
dv
dv
[uxvx] = vx + ux
A35
dx
dx
dx

x 0

d
[u( x) + v][v( x) + v] u( x)v( x)
[uxvx] lim
x 0
dx
x
v( x )u + u( x)v + uv
u
v
= lim
= lim [v
+u
]

x0

0
x
x
x
du
dv
= v( x) + u( x)
dx
dx
A-2
y=f(x)

y =f (x)

c()

xn (n )

nxn-1

n=1,x

n=2,x2

2x

n=3,x3

3x2

n = -1, x

-1

1
=

(-1)x

-2

-1
=

x
n = -2, x

-2 1
2

( 2 )x

1
n=

,x

1/ 2

n =

1
,x

1/ 2

3/ 2

,x

1 1/ 2
1
x
=
2
2 x

2
x

n =

1
x
1

( x)

1 3 /2
1
x
=
3
2
2( x )

sinx
cosx
lnx

3 5/2
3
x
=
5
2
2(x)

cosx
-sinx
1
x

ex

ex

du
dv
v (x )
u( x)
d u( x)
dx
dx
[
]=
dx v( x)
[ v( x ) 2 ]

u ( x) + u
d

u( x )
[

dx v( x )
= lim

]=

lim

v(x)

[ v( x ) + v]v ( x) x
u
v( x )

x0

u(x)

[u ( x ) + u ]v( x ) u ( x )[ v( x ) + v ]

x0

= lim

v ( x) + v

x 0

A 36

+ u ( x)

v
x

[ v( x ) + v ]v( x)

du
v( x )
=

dx

v( x )u u ( x) v

x 0 [ v( x ) + v ]v( x ) x

u( x )

[v ( x)]

lim

dv
dx


d
du
dv
u[vx ] =

A 37
dx
dv
dx

d
u[ v ( x + x )] u[v ( x )]
u[ v( x )] = lim

0
dx
x
u ( v + v ) v( v ) v
= lim [

]
x 0
v
x

u ( v + v ) u ( v )
v
= lim [
] lim [
]
x 0
x 0 x
v
du
dv
=

dv
dx

dy dx 2
da 2

= 2x 0 = 2x
dx dx
dx
x
y = ln a
a
d ln x d ln a 1
1

= 0=

dx
dx
x
x

da 2
dx 2

=
x +a
0 x 2 a 2x = 2ax
dx
dx

dx 2 x
de x

=
e + x2
= 2xe x x2 ex 2xx2 ex
dx
dx
3x 2 1
y

5x + 1
d( 3x 2 2)
d( 5x + 1)
( 5x + 1) ( 3x 2 2)

dx
dx

(5x + 1) 2
6x (5x + 1) ( 3x 2 2) 5 15x 2 + 6 x + 10
=

( 5x + 1) 2
( 5x + 1) 2

d sin x d cos x
cos
x

sin x

d sin x
dx
dx

=
(
)=
dx cos x
cos 2 x

cosxcosx - sinx(-sinx)
1
=
=
= sec2 x
2
cos x
cos 2 x

dy
du
dv

= sinva a sinaxb
dx
dv
dx
=

 x 2 1
vx 2 - 1yuv = v

dy du
dv
1
x
=

=
2x =

dx dv
dx 2 v
x2 1


dy dx2
du dv
=
u + x2
2xux2ev - 2ax2x1- ax2eax2
dx dx
dv dx

dy
fx =

A 40
dx
dy

dx

d
du

u[vx ]

dx
dx
du du
dv
=

dx dv
dx

P0M = x MP1 = yA - 8 P0 TMP1

MN MN
tanNP0M =

P0 M x

dy = fx 0 x = tanNP0 M x MN

y = MP1 NP1
dyyx NP1



NP1dydyy

fxx n x 0 + x n

= x 0 n [1 + (

x n
x n
)] = f ( x 0 )[1 + (
)]
x0
x0

= f ( x 0 )[1 + n(

x
n( n 1) x 2
)+
(
)] +
x0
2!
x0

n( n 1)( n 3) x 3
(
) + ]
3!
x0
n( n 1) ( n m + 1) x m
(
)
m!
x0
m =0

f ( x 0 )

A 41

l = l + a l

a
a
l = l[ 1 + ( ) 2 1] = l{[1 + ( ) 2 ] 2 - 1}
l
l

1 a 2
l a 2 a2
= l {1 + ( ) +LL-1} ( )
2 l
2 l 2l

fx - fx 0 a m x - x 0 m

A.42

m=1

f( x) ma m ( x - x 0 ) m-1
m=1

f(x) m(m1)a m (xx 0 ) m-2

m=2

f(x) - f(x0 ) =

(m)

(x 0 )
(x - x 0 ) m
m!

m=1

f(x) =

m= 0

(A.43)

(m)

(x 0 )
(x - x 0 ) m
m!

(A.44)

1
11 2
x
x
2
2 4
3
31 2
(1 x) 3/2
1 x +
x
2
2 4
5
5 3 2
(1 x) 5/2
1 x +
x
2
2 4
1
1 3 2
(1 x ) 1/2
1m x +
x
2
2 4
(1 x ) 1/2

(1 x ) 3/ 2

(1 x ) 5/2
(1 x) 1
(1 x) 2

1 1 3 3 1 1 3 5 4
x
x L
2 46
2 4 6 8
3 11 3 3 1 1 3 4
m
x +
x mL
2 46
2 468
5 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 4

x
x mL
2 46
2 468
1 3 5 3 1 3 5 7 4
m
x +
x mL
2 46
2 4 6 8

|x|<1

3
3 5 2 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 9 4
|x|<1
1m x +
x m
x +
x mL
2
2 4
2 46
2 468
5
5 7 2 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 11 4
|x|<1
1m x +
x m
x +
x mL
2
2 4
24 6
24 68
|x|<1
1 m x + x 2 m x 3 + x 4 mL
1 m 2 x + 3x 2 m 4 x 3 + 5x 4 mL
x 3 x5
x
+
L
3! 5!

|x|<1
|x|<

x
x
x
+

+L
2! 4! 6!
1
2
17 7
62 9

x + x3 + x5 +
x +
x +L
3
15
315
2835
x
x x2 x3 x4
1+ +
+
+
+L
1! 2! 3! 4!

x2 x3 x4
x
+

+L
2
3
4

x2 x3 x4
(x +
+
+
+L )
2
3
4
1

|x|<
|x|<
|x|<

sv(t1 ) tv(t 2 ) t v(t 3 ) t v(t n ) t

n

v(t i ) t.

(A.46)

i=1

v(t i ) t
i=

s lim

v(ti)t.

t 0 i=1
n

(A.47)

F(si ) s. F
i=1

A lim F(Si ) S.
t 0 i =1
n

(A.49)

n
b
f (x i )x a f(x)dx
i= 1

n
b
f(x)dx

lim
f (x i ) x
a
x 0 i=1

(A.50)

b
a f(x)dxxaxbf(x)xf(x)

tb
s v(t)dt
(A.51)
ta
A =

sb

sa

F(s)ds

(A.52)

b
(A.53)
a f(x)dx = (b) - (a)

( x i )
x
x
d

x0(x) (x) =

dx
x

(x i )

b
[f(x1 ) x + f(x2 ) x + + f(xn-1 ) x]
a f(x)dx lim
x 0
n

lim [ (x1 ) + (x 2 ) + + (x n-1 )]

x 0
n

lim [ (x 2 ) - (x1 )] + [ (x 3 ) - (x 2 )]
x 0
n

+ + [ (x n ) - (x n-1 )]
= (x n ) - (x1 )



f(x i ) = x i Pi ( A - 13x i x i +1 NPi )

b
f(x)dx
a

b
a f(x)dxf(x)

f (x)dx (x) C

(A.54)

 f(x

f ( x) dx

xn (n -1)

x n+1
+C
n+1
x2
+C
2
x3
+C
3
x4
+C
4
x 1
1
+C = +C
( 1)
x

n=1 x1 =x
n=2 x2
n=3 x3

n = -2x -2 =
n=

1
x2

1
, x 1/ 2 = x
2

1
1
1/2
n = - , x
=
2
( x)3
3
1
3/2
n = , x
=
2
( x) 3

sinx
cosx
1
x
ex

x 1/2
3 + C = 2 ( x) 3 + C
2
3
1/2
x
1 +C = 2 x +C
2
x 1/ 2
2
+C =
+C
1
x
( )
2

-cosx+C
sinx+C
ln|x|+C
ex +C

f (x)dxa u(x)dx

(A.55)

f (x)dx u(x)dx v(x)dx

(A.56)

10

11

5x 2 dx.
5

5x 2 dx = 5 x 2dx = 3 x 3 + C.|
(3x 3 x 4)dx.

(3x 3 - x 4)dx3 x 3 dx - x dx4 dx

3
1
x 4 - x 2 4xC. |
4
2

f(x)dx u(v)v (x)dx = u(v)dv

.(A.57)

sin(axb)dx.

1
1
1
sin(ax + b)dx = a sinv dv = - a cosv + C = - a cos(ax + b) + C.|

sinx cosx dx.

1 2
sinx cosx dx = v dv = 2 sin x + C.|
xdx

.
x2 + a2
1
u(v)
v(x) = x2 + a 2 dv = v(x)dx = 2x dx
v

xdx
dv
x 2 + a 2 = 2 v = v + C = x 2 + a 2 + C .|

dx
.
xa

1
v(x) = x - adv = v (x)dx = dx
v

dx
dv
x - a = v = lnv + C = lnx - a + C.|

u(v) =

f(x)dx = (x) + C

a f(x)dx = (b) (a).

(A.58)

1/ 2
1
sin2 x dx sin2 x dx.
0
0
1
sin2x dx cox2x + C
2
1/2
1
1
1
sin2

x
dx
=
cos2

x
= - (cos - cos0)
0
2
2
0

1
1
=(-1) - 1 =
2

1
1
1
1
sin2

x
dx
cos2

x
= - (cos2 - cos0)
0
0
2
2

1
=
1- 1 = 0.
2

1
1

s v(t)dt = (v 0 + at)dt = v 0 t + at 2 = v 0 t + at 2 .
0
0
2
2

0

t

sb
s b ads
a sb
1 1
A F(s)ds =
== a( - ).
2
sa
sa s
s sa
sa s b

1
1 1
1
(2) f(x) cos2 xf(0) f( ) f( )f( ) f( )
12
8 6
4

1
f( ) f(1)
2

1
(3)y = ax 2
2
a-x
(5)y =

a +x
(7)y = x 2 - a 2

a + bx + cx 2
(4)y =

x
1
(6)y = 2

x + a2
1
(8)y =

x2 + a 2
a -x
(10)y =

a+x

x2 - a 2

1
1
1- ax
(1)f(x)

(2)f(x) =
- 1
x a x + a
(1 - ax + x 2 ) 3/2

1 2
1 2
(3)f(x) = x + cosx -1
(4)f(x) = 1 - cosx - sin x.
2
2

(9)y =

(1) (x x1)dx

(2)(3 4x9x )dx

x2 + x + 1
dx
3
2 - 3x + 6x 2
(5)
dx
x2

(4)

(3

(7) x x a dx
2

1 + x2 + x4
dx
x

(6) x + a dx
(8)

dx

ax + b

(9)

xdx

x2 a 2

dx
1
1
1
1
(10) 2
2
=
(

)
x a2
x a 2 2a x a x + a
xdx
(11) 2
(12) sin2 x cosx dx
2
x a

(13) cos 2 x sinx dx

(14) tanx dx

1
(15) sin 2 x dxsin 2 x (1- cos2x)
2
(16) cos x dx
2

(18)

lnx
dx
x

(20) xe

ax 2

(17) sin x sinx dx

(19) e

dx

1
(1) (3x 2 4x1)dx
0
6 dx
(3)

3 x2
3 dx
(5)

1 x
1
(7) sin2 2 x dx
0
1
(9) e -a x dx
0

ax

dx
(21) x .
e

dx

1
(8x 3 x)dx
-1
8 dx
(4) 2
1x

2 dx
(6)
-2 x+3

(2)

(8) cos 2 2x dx
2
2
(10) xe -ax dx.
1

r
( A)

x y z
x y z

x y z
x y z

x y z

~
A(x, y)

~
(C.1)
Axjy

~
AAe j
(C.2)
j - 1e j cosjsin ( 3 )

~
~
x = ReAyy = Im A(C.2)

~
~
AA = arg A.

A = x 2 + y 2
(C.3)

y
(C.4)
= tan -1
x

x = A cos
(C.5)

(C.6)
yA sin.
j 1

1
1
j 2 = -1
= -j
j = e j /2
= e - j/2 .
j
j
~
~
j
Ax + jy = e A
~
Ax - jye -j
(C.7)
~~
AA
= A 2 x 2 y 2 .
(C.8)

~
~
A 1 x1 jy1 A 1 e j 1 A 2 = x 2 + jy 2 = A 2 e j 2

x1 x 2

y1 y 2 .

 A1A 2

1 2 .

~
~
A 1 A 2 = (x 1 + jy 1 ) (x 2 + jy 2 ) = (x1 x 2 ) + j(y1 y 2 )

~
~
A 1 A 2 (A 1 e j1 ) (A 2 e j 2 ) A 1A 2 e j(1+ 2) (C.10)

~ ~
A1 A2 (x1 jy1 ) (x2 jy2 ) (x1x2 y1y 2 ) j(x1 y2 x2 y1 ).

~
A 1 A 1ej 2 A 1
=
ej( 1 - 2 )
(C.12)
~ =
A2
A 2 A 2 e j 2

x1 + jy1
( x + jy 1 )( x 2 jy 2 )
= 1
x 2 + jy 2 ( x 2 + jy 2 )( x 2 jy 2 )
( x x + y 1 y 2 ) + j( y1 x 2 x1 y 2 )
= 1 2
x 22 + y 22
x x + y1 y 2
y1 x 2 x1 y 2
= 1 22
+
j
x 2 + y 22
x 22 + y 22

( C.13)

1
1
1 - j
e
(C.14)
~ =
j =
A Ae
A
1
1
x - jy

~ = x + jy = (x + jy)(x - jy)
A

x
y
= 2
-j
(C.15)
x + y2 x2 + y2

 x
x
e = 1 + +
1!

x2
cosx = 12!

x3
sinx = x 3!

x 2 x3 x 4
+
+
+
2 ! 3! 4 !
x4 x 6
+
+
4 ! 6!
x5
- - .
5!

ex xjx( j) 2 -1( j) 3 = m j
( j) 4 1

x2
x3 x4
mj +

1!
3! 4!
x2
x3
= (1 + ) j(x - )
2!
3!

e jx = 1j

1
cos = (e j + e - j )
(C.17)
2

1 j - j
sin = (e - e )
(C. 18)
2j

e j e j
tan = -j
(C.19)
eh + e j

~
S (t) A e j( t + 0 )

~
(A e j 0 ) e j t Ae j t

~
A e j 0

~
~
S(t) Ae jt.
~
S(t)

(C.20)

d~s
~
~
v=
= j S
dt

~
d 2S
2~
2~
~
a = 2 = (j ) S = - S
dt

a 1 (t) = A 1cos( t + 1 )

a 2 (t) = A 2 cos( t + 2 )

1 T
a 1 a 2 = a 1 (t)a2 (t)dt
T 0

A1 A 2 2 /
=
cos( t + 1 )cos( t + 2 )dt
4 0
A 1A 2
=
2

2 /

[ cos( 1 - 2 ) + cos(2t + 1 + 2 ) dt

A 1A 2
=
cos( 1 - 2 ).
2

~a 1 (t) = Ale j( t+ 1 )

~a 2 (t) = A 2 ej ( t + 2 )

A 1A 2
1
Re( ~a 1 ~a 2 *) =
Re e j( t+ 1 ) e - j( t+ 2 )
2
2

A 1A 2
A 1A 2
j( 1 - 2 )
=
Re e
=
cos( 1 - 2 ).
2
2

1
a 1 a 2 = Re( ~a1 ~
a 2 *).
(C.21)
2

(2)(3j) 1 (1 + 3)j

(1)(-1- 3j) (1 + rj)

(2)(-1 3j) 2
(3)

- 2j
;
1- j

1- 3 j
3+ j

(4)

( t + b ) a ( t ) b ( t ) =

1 T
a( t ) b( t ) dt ( T = 2 / )
T0