Shiv Das

APPLICATIONS OF
PARTIAL
DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
27/04/16
Slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP

GCE,kannur
Main areas in this

Classification of chapter
partial differential equations
Solution of partial differential equations by
separation method
Solution of partial differential equations by DAlemberts method
Derivation of wave equation and problems
Derivation of heat equation and problems
27/04/16
slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

GCE,kannur
Classification of linear
partial differential equations
The general partial differential equation of second order
of second order
2u
2u
2u
u
u
A 2 +B
+C 2 + D
+E
+ Fu = 0 is called
xy
x
y
x
y
Parabolic if B 4 AC = 0
2
Elliptic if B 4 AC 0
2
Hyperbolic if B 4 AC 0
2
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
Q1.Classify the partial differential

2
equation 2 u
u
=0
Answer:
Here
A=1,
B=0,
C=1
B24AC = 04x1x1 = - 4 < 0

27/04/16
slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP, GCE,kannur
Q2Classify the partial differential

2
equation 2 u
u
=c
Answer:
Here
A=1,
B=0,
C= -c2
B24AC = 04x1x-c2 = 4c2

>0
slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP, GCE,kannur
27/04/16
Q3. 2012 Classify the partial

differential
2
2 equation2
u
y
u u
u
+4
+4
+2
=0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y
Answer:
Here
A=1,
B=4,
C=4
B24AC = 164x1x4 = 0
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
Q4 2013. Classify the partial

differential equation
u
2 u
x
+
(
1
y
)
=
0
,
2
2
x
y
2
and
1
1
Where
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
Solutions of partial
differential equations by
z
UQSolve
+ 18
xy + sin( 2 x y ) = 0
direct
integration
x y
3
Integrate with respect to x , we get

2 z
cos( 2 x y )
2
2
+9 x y
= f ( y)
xy
2
Integrate again w r to x, we get
z
sin( 2 x y )
+3 x 3 y 2
= xf ( y ) + g ( y )
y
4
Integrate w.r.to y, we get
cos(2 x y )
z+x y
= xu ( y ) + v( y ) + w( x)
4slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,
27/04/16
3
GCE,kannur
UQ.Q2.Solve u = e t cos x
xt
2
Ans: Integrate w.r.to x, we get

u
t
= e sin x + f (t )
t
t
Integrate
w.r.to
u = e sin xt,+wef (get
t )dt + v( x)
i.e u = e sin x + u (t ) + v( x)
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
UQ.
2z
z
y
+
z
=
0
,
given
tha
t
when
x
=
0,
z
=
e
and
=1
Solvex 2
x
Ans: Aux eqn is D2 +1=0 which gives

D= i,-i
therefore z= C1 cosx +C2 Sinx
z = f(y) cosx +g(y) sinx
= f ( y ) sin x + g ( y ) cos x
xwhen x=0, z=ey
Given that
z
Therefore,
ey= xf(y)
= 1, when
= 0 gives g(y) = 1
Also,
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
10
SOLUTION BY SEPARATION
METHOD
In this method we suppose that the

dependant variable is a product of
functions independent variables
Q1. Solve
27/04/16
Ux + Uy = 0

GCE,kannur
11
Let U = XY be the solution

Then, Ux = X Y
Uy = X Y
Now, given equation becomes
X Y + X Y = 0
i.e
X 1X Y =
Y 1 X Y
=
= k, aconstant
X
Y
X1
kx
=k X =C1 e
X
1
Y
- ky
=
Y
=
C
e
2 PV,AP,
27/04/16
slides prepared by Sivadas
Y
GCE,kannur
12
Solution is U = XY
i.e.U = C1C 2 e e
kx
27/04/16

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-ky
13
Q2.Solve by separation
method
-3y
U x = 4U y , given that U(0, y) = 8e
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GCE,kannur
14

Then, Ux = X Y
Uy = X Y
X Y =4 X Y
i.e
X1
Y1
=4
= k, aconstant
X
Y
X1
kx
=k X =C1 e
X
k
1
1
y
4Y
Y
k
4
=k
= Y =C 2 e 15
27/04/16
Y
Y GCE,kannur4
Solution is U = XY
i.e.U = C1C 2 e
therefore, 8e
U(0, y) = 8e
giventhat,
3y
kx
k
y
4
3y
k
y
0x 4
= C1C 2 e e
k
y
4
k
= C1C 2 e C1C 2 = 8, and = 3
4
i.e C1C 2 = 8 and k = -12
therefore, U = 8e
27/04/16
-12x 3 y

GCE,kannur
16
Q3.Solve by separation
method
3U x + 2 U y = 0,
given that U(x,0) = 4e
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-x
17

Then, Ux = X Y
Uy = X Y
3X Y +2 X Y =0 i.e. 3X Y = -2 X Y
1
1
X
2 Y
i.e
=
= k, aconstant
X
3 Y
X1
kx
=k X =C1 e
X
-2 1
Y
-3
1
ky
Y
3k
3
=k
=
Y =C 2 e 2
27/04/16
slides
18
Y
Yprepared by Sivadas
2PV,AP,
GCE,kannur
Solution is U = XY
i.e.U = C1C 2 e
giventhat,
kx
3
ky
2
U(x,0) = 4e
therefore, 4e - x = C1C 2 e kx e
-x
3
k0
2
= C1C 2 e kx C1C 2 = 4, and k = 1
U = 4e e
-x
27/04/16
3
y
2

GCE,kannur
19
Q4. Using the method of

separation of variables,
solve
u
u
-3x
= 2 + u, where U(x,0) = 6e
x
t
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GCE,kannur
20
Let U = XT be the solution

Then, Ux = X T
Ut = X T
X T =2 X T +XT i.e. X T =(2 T +T )X
1
1
i.e X = 2T + T = k, aconstant
X
T
X1
kx
=k X =C1 e
X
27/04/16
2T 1 +T
2T 1
=k
+1 =k
T
T
GCE,kannur
21
T
k 1
=
T = C2e
T
2
1
k 1
t
2
therefore, solution is U = XT
= C1C2e e
kx
given that U(x,0) = 6e

kx
therefore, C1C 2 e e
k 1
t
2
3x
k 1
0
2
= 6e
3x
therefore, C1C 2 = 6 and k = -3

27/04/16

GCE,kannur
22
therefore, solution is U = XT
= 6e e
-3x
= 6e e
-3x
= 6e
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31
t
2
2t
-3x - 2t
23
Q5.Solve
27/04/16
x Ux + y Uy = 0
2

GCE,kannur
24

Then, Ux = X Y
Uy = X Y
x2 X Y + y2 X Y = 0
1
1
X
Y
2i.e x2 X 2Y =- y2 X Y
x
= y
= k, aconstant
X
Y
k
k
1
X
k
x 2
= 2 X =C1 e
=C1 e x
X
x
k
2
y
Y
k
= 2
Y =C e
27/04/16
slides prepared by Sivadas1PV,AP,
Y
y
GCE,kannur
1
=C1 e
k
y
25
Solution is U = XY
-k
x
i.e.U = C1C 2 e e
i.e.U = C1C 2 e
27/04/16
k
y
-k k
+
x y

GCE,kannur
26
Additional questions
6.
Solve py2+qx2=0,
7.Solve
u
u
p=
and q =
where
x
y
u u
-y
5y
4 +
= 3u, given u = 3e e when x = 0
x y
z
z
z
2
+
=0
2
x y
x
2
8. Solve
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
27
Solve the wave equation by separation

method
2
2
y
2 y
=c
2
2
t
x
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GCE,kannur
28
Let Y = XT be the solution

Then, Yxx = X T
Ytt = X T
X T = c2 X T
i.E
11
11
T
X
here there are three
= cases = k, aconstant
2
X
c T
case1. when
k is positive
Case2. when k is negative

Case3. when k is zero
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29
Case 1. Let k = p2 , p is positive

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 p 2 X =0
X
2
2
auxiliary equation is m - p = 0
roots are m =p,-p
px
px
therefore , X = C1e +C 2 e
T 11
11
2
11
2
2
=
k
c
kT
=
0
c
p
T =0
2
c T
2
2 2
auxiliary equation is m - p c = 0
roots are m =cp,-cp

therefore , T = C 3 e
27/04/16
cpt

GCE,kannur
+C 4 e
cpt
30
Case 2. Let k = -p2 , p is positive

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 +p 2 X =0
X
2
2
auxiliary equation is m + p = 0
roots are m =ip,-ip
therefore , X = C 5 cos px +C 6 sin px

T 11
11
2
11
2
2
=
k
c
kT
=
0
T
+
c
p
T =0
2
c T
2
2 2
auxiliary equation is m + p c = 0
roots are m =cpi,-cpi
therefore , T = C 7 coscpt + C 8 sincpt
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
31
Case 3. Let k =0
X 11
= k X 11 =0
X
auxiliary equation is m = 0
roots are m =0,0
therefore , X = (C 9 + C10 x)e
0x
T 11
11
=
k
T
=0
2
c T
= (C 9 + C10 x)
roots are m =0,0
therefore , T = C11 + C12 t
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GCE,kannur
32
Since wave equation is periodic in

nature , the correct solution is
Y= (C5 cospx+C6 sinpx)(C7
coscpt+C8sincpt)
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33
Solve the heat equation by separation

method
2
y
2 y
=c
2
t
x
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GCE,kannur
34

Then, Yxx = X T
Yt = X T
X T =c2 X T
i.E
1
11
T
X
2
X
c T
case1. when
k is positive

27/04/16

GCE,kannur
35

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 p 2 X =0
X
2
2
roots are m =p,-p
px
px
T1
1
2
1
2
2
=
k
c
kT
=
0
c
p
T =0
2
c T
2 2
auxiliary equation is m - p c = 0
roots is m =c p
2
27/04/16
c2p2t
Y = C1e + C 2 e
px

GCE,kannur
px
)C e
3
c 2 p 2t
36

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 +p 2 X =0
X
2
2
roots are m =ip,-ip

T1
1
2
1
2
2
=
k
c
kT
=
0
T
+
c
p
T =0
2
c T
2 2
auxiliary equation is m + c p = 0
2
2
roots is m =c p
c 2 p 2 t
Y = ( C 4 cos px + C 5 sin px ) C 6 e
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GCE,kannur
c 2 p 2t
37
Case 3. Let k =0
X 11
= k X 11 =0
X
roots are m =0,0
therefore , X = (C 7 + C 8 x)e
0x
= (C 7 + C 8 x)
T1
1
=
k
T
=0
2
c T
roots is m =0
0t
therefore , T = C 9 e = C 9
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GCE,kannur
38
The correct solution of heat equation

is
Y = ( C 4 cos px + C 5 sin px ) C 6 e
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GCE,kannur
c 2 p 2t
39
Q. Solve the Laplaces equation by

separation method
2
2
u u
+ 2 =0
2
x
y
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
40

Then, Uxx = X Y
Uyy = X Y
X Y+XY11 =0
i.E
11
11
X
Y
X k is positive
Y
case1. when

27/04/16

GCE,kannur
41

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 p 2 X =0
X
2
2
roots are m =p,-p
px
px
Y 11
= k Y 11 +kY =0
Y
2
2
roots are m =pi,-pi
therefore , Y = C 3 cospx +C 4 sinpx

27/04/16

GCE,kannur
42

X 11
= k X 11 kX = 0 X 11 +p 2 X =0
X
2
2
roots are m =ip,-ip

Y 11
= k Y 11 +kY =0 Y 11 p 2 Y =0
Y
2
2
auxiliary equation is m p = 0
roots are m =p,-p
py
py
therefore , Y = C 7 e + C 8 e
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
43
Case 3. Let k =0
X 11
= k X 11 =0
X
roots are m =0,0
therefore , X = (C 9 + C10 x)e
0x
Y 11
= k Y 11 =0
Y
= (C 9 + C10 x)
roots are m =0,0
therefore , Y = C11 + C12 y
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
44
Solve wave equation

by DAlemberts
method
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GCE,kannur
45
2
2 y
y
2
Wave equation is t 2 =c x 2
Put u = x + ct , v = x ct
Then y is a function of u,v and u, v are
functions of x and t
i.e. y u, v x, t
Then
u
v
u
=1,
=1,
= c,
x
x
t
v
= c
t
y
y u
y v
y
y
y
=
+
=
1+
1
x
u x
v x
x
u
v
y
y u
y v
y
y
y
=
+
=
c+
c
t
u t
v t
t
u
v
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GCE,kannur
46
y
y
y
2
y
x
x u
x v
=
=
+
2
x
u
x
v
x
x
=
1
+
1
2
y
y
1
+
1
2
y
v
u
=
u
x 2
1
+
1
v
1 + u
v
2 y y y y y
= 1 + 1 1 + 1 + 1 1
2
u u v v u v
x
2y 2 y 2 y
2 y 2 y 2 y
2 y 2 y
= 2 +
+
+ 2 = 2 +2
+ 2
2
uv slides
vprepared
u by Sivadas
uv v 47
27/04/16
x
u
v PV,AP,u
GCE,kannur

2
y
t
=
=
2
t
t
y
y

t u + t v
u t
v t
=
c
+
c
2
y
y
y
c
+
c
c
+
c
2 y
c +
c
=
u
v
t 2
2 y y
y
y
y
= c + - c c + c + - c c
2
u u
v v u
v
t
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2y
y
2
2
=c 2
+ 2 =c 2 2
+ 2
2
uv slides
vprepared
u bySivadas
uv 48v
t 27/04/16 u
v PV,AP, u
GCE,kannur
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
2
2
c 2 2
+ 2 =c 2 +2
+ 2
uv v
uv v
u
u
2 y
2 y
i.e. 2
2
=0
uv
uv
2y
2y
i.e. - 4
= 0 i.e.
=0
u v
u v
therefore,
therefore , y =
h(u )du + (v) =
therefore , y =
27/04/16
y
=
h (u )
(u) + (v)
(x + ct) + (x - ct)

GCE,kannur
49
y
Suppose initially y = f(x) at t = 0 and
= 0 at t = 0
t
therefore , f (x) = (x + c0) + (x - c0)

ie f(x) = (x) + (x) 1
y
1
1
= (x +ct) c + (x - ct) - c
t
y
1
1
= 0 at t = 0 (x + c0) c + (x - c0) - c = 0
t
(x) (x) = 0
1
(x) = (x) i.e (x) = (x). + k

1
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
50
now, f(x) = (x). + k + (x). = 2 (x) + k

f(x) - k
therefore , (x). =
2
f(x - ct) - k
(x - ct). =
2
f(x) - k
(x) = (x). + k =
+k
2
f(x +ct) +k
(x +ct) =
2
f(x + ct) + k f(x - ct) - k
therefore , y =
+
2
2
1
therefore , y = [ f(x + ct) + f(x - ct) ]
2
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GCE,kannur
51
University questions based

on
2012D
Q. alemberts
Find the deflection
of a
method
vibrating string of unit length having

fixed end points with initial velocity
zero and initial deflection f(x)=k(sinx
sin2x)
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GCE,kannur
52
By D Alemberts method , solution is

1
y(x, t) = [ f ( x + ct ) + f ( x ct )]
2
1
y(x, t) = [ k { sin( x + ct ) sin 2( x + ct )} + k { sin( x ct ) sin 2( x ct )} ]
2
1
y(x, t) = [ k 2 sin x cos ct k 2 sin 2 x cos 2ct ]
2
y(x, t) = k [ sin x cos ct sin 2 x cos 2ct ]
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53
2013 Q.2. Find the deflection of a

zero and initial deflection f(x)=a(x
x3)
1
by y(x,
d alemberts
t) = [ f ( xmethod,
+ ct ) + f ( x ct )]
[{
} {
1
y(x, t) = a ( x + ct ) ( x + ct ) 3 + a ( x ct ) ( x ct ) 3
2
}]
y(x, t) = ax[1 x 3c t ]
2
2 2
also y(x,0) = a(x - x ) = f ( x)

3
27/04/16
y
= 0 at t = 0 hence the theory is satisfied
t
GCE,kannur
54
Q. Find the deflection of a vibrating

string of unit length having fixed end
points with initial velocity zero and
initial deflection f(x)=asin2x
solution. 1
y(x, t) =
[ f ( x + ct ) + f ( x ct )]
1
y(x, t) = [ a sin 2 ( x + ct ) + a sin 2 ( x ct )]
2
y ( x, t ) = a sin 2x cos2ct
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GCE,kannur
55
2011 Q. Find the deflection of a

zero and initial deflection f(x)=k sin2x
zero and initial deflection f(x)=sinx
zero
and initialslidesdeflection
f(x)=kx(x)56
27/04/16
prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,
GCE,kannur
Q. Find the deflection of a vibrating

string of unit length having fixed end
points with initial velocity zero and
initial deflection f(x)=asin2x
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57
Other problems which can

be solved by D -Alemberts
method
Q.1 solve U xy U yy = 0 using
the transformation v = x , z = x - y
Q2. solve U xy U yy = 0 using
the transformation v = x , z = x + y
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58
Q3.solve U xx + 2U xy + U yy = 0 using
the transformation v = x , z = x - y
Q4.solve U xx + U xy 2U yy = 0 using
the transformation v = x - y , z = 2 x - y
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59
DERIVATION OF WAVE
Consider an elastic string of length l
EQUATION
tightly stretched between two points O
and A. Let the string be released from rest
and allowed to vibrate. Taking the end O
as the origin, OA as x axis and OB, a line
perpendicular to OA, as y axis, we shall
find the displacement function Y as a
function of x and the time t. we obtain the
equation of motion under the following
assumptions.
1. The motion takes place entirely

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60
Click to edit Master text styles

Second level
Third level
Fourth level
Fifth level
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61
Let m be the mass per unit length of the string.

Consider the motion of an element PQ of the
string , where P is (x,y) and Q is (x + x, y + y).
Let , be the angles made by the tangents at P
and Q respectively with OA.
2 y
Acceleeration of the element PQ in the y direction is 2
t
mass of the element PQ = mx

vertical
component
the force
acting on
= T2 sin T1Sin
By
newtons
law,offorce
= mass
X PQ
acceleration
2 y
m x
= T2 sin T1sin
2
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t
GCE,kannur
62
Since there is no motion in the

horizontal line
2
y
T1Cos=T2cos=T
(constant)
m x
2
T2 sin
T1sin
T
T2 cos T1cos
2 y
T
[Tan Tan ]
2 =
m x
t
y
y
2
y
T x x +x x xx
2 =
m
x
t
2 y
T 2 y
2 =
m x 2
t
as x 0
y
2 y
=
c
,
which
is
wave
equation
2
2
27/04/16
by Sivadas PV,AP,
63
t
slides
x prepared
GCE,kannur
2
Solve completely the wave equation

2
2y
y
2
=c
representing the vibrations of
2
2
t
x
a string of length' l' fixed at both ends and y = 0
y
at x = 0 and x = l and y = f(x) and
= 0 at t = 0
t
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64
Using separation method, solution of wave equation is

y=(C1cospx+C2SinPx)(C3coscpt+C4sincpt)
boundary condition Y=0 when x=0 gives,
0= C1(C3coscpt+C4sincpt) this gives C1=0
Therefore, Y=C2SinPx (C3coscpt+C4sincpt)
Boundary condition Y=0 when x=l gives,
0= C2SinPl (C3coscpt+C4sincpt) ,this gives Sinpl=0
then , Pl=n
n
i.e.p =
, n = 1,2,3,.........
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
65

nct
nct
nx
Thus y =C 2
C
cos
+
C
sin
sin
4
3
n ct
n ct n x
y =
sin
+ b n sin
,
a n cos
l
l
where C 2 C 3 = a n , where C 2 C 4 = bn , n = 1,2,3..
n ct
n ct n x
Thus y =
sin
+ b n sin
,
a n cos l
l
l
n =1
is also a solution
now the initial condition y = f(x) at t = 0 gives,
n
f(x) = a n sin
, which is half range fourier series for f(x)
l
n =1
2
nx
hence a n = f ( x ) sin
dx
l 0prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,
27/04/16
slides
l
l
GCE,kannur
66
y
Second initial condition
= 0 at t = 0 gives,
t
nc
nx
0 =
bn sin
,
l
l
n =1
therefore, b n = 0
Hence solution to the wave eqn is
n c t n x
y = a n cos
sin
,
l l
n =1
2
nx
where a n = f ( x) sin
dx
l 0
l
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
67
Solve completely the wave equation

2
2y
y
2
=c
representing the vibrations of
2
2
t
x
a string of length' l' fixed at both ends and y = 0
y
at x = 0 and x = l and y = 0 and
= f(x) at t = 0
t
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
68
Using separation method, solution of wave equation is

y=(C1cospx+C2SinPx)(C3coscpt+C4sincpt)
boundary condition Y=0 when x=0 gives,
0= C1(C3coscpt+C4sincpt) this gives C1=0
Therefore, Y=C2SinPx (C3coscpt+C4sincpt)
Boundary condition Y=0 when x=l gives,
0= C2SinPl (C3coscpt+C4sincpt) ,this gives Sinpl=0
then , Pl=n
n
i.e.p =
, n = 1,2,3,.........
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
69

nct
nct
nx
Thus y =C 2
C
cos
+
C
sin
sin
4
3
n ct
n ct n x
y =
a n cos l + b n sin l
sin l ,
where C 2 C 3 = a n , where C 2 C 4 = bn , n = 1,2,3..
n ct
n ct n x
Thus y =
a n cos l + b n sin l
sin l ,
n =1
is also a solution
now the initial condition y = 0 at t = 0 gives,
n x
0 = a n sin
l
n =1
therefore, a n = 0
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
70
y
Second initial condition
= f ( x) at t = 0 gives,
t
nc
nx
f ( x) =
bn sin
l
l
n =1
where
2
l
bn =
l n c
n x
0 f(x) sin ll dx
Hence soultuion to the wave eqn is
n c t n x
y = bn sin
sin
,
l
l
n =1
2 l
nx
where b n =
f ( x) sin
dx
l nc 0
l
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
71
PROBLEMS ON STRING
USING WAVE EQUATION
Q1. A tightly stretched string of length

l is fastened at both ends. Motion is
started by displacing the string into
the form f(x)= x, from which it is
released at time t = 0. Find the
displacement of any point on the string
at a distance x from one end of the
string at time t.
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
72
2
2y
y
2
Here equation of motion is
=c
2
2
t
x
and boundary and initial conditions are
y
y = 0 at x = 0 and x = l and y = x and
= 0 at t = 0
t
Hence soultuion is
n c t n x
y = a n cos
sin
,
l l
n =1
2
nx
where a n = f ( x) sin
dx
l 0
l
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
73
an
2
=
l
nx
x sin
dx
l
0
l
2
nx l
nx l 2
a n = x. Cos
- 1. - sin

l
l n
l n 0
2 l
an =
l n
an
nx
x. Cos l
2 l
[l. cos n)]
=
l n
2
[l cos n]
a n =
n
2
n c t n x
Hence y =
l cosn cos
sin
,
n
l l
n =1
27/04/16
74
GCE,kannur

the form kx(lx), from which it is
released at time t = 0. Find the
at a distance x from one end of the
string at time t.
2
2
y
2 y
=c
2
Solution.
t
x 2
y
y = 0 at x = 0 and x = l and y = kx(l x) and
= 0 at t = 0
t
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
75
Hence soultuion is
n c t n x
y = a n cos
sin
,
l l
n =1
where a n
2
=
l
nx
f ( x ) sin
dx
l
0
l
2
nx
a n = kx(l x ) sin
dx
l 0
l
l
2
nx
2
a n = k (lx x ) sin
dx
l
l
0
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
76
2k
n
x
l
n
x
l
n
x
l
2
2
an =
- (l - 2x) - sin
2Cos

lx x Cos
l
l
n
l
n
l
n
2k
an =
l
nx l
nx l
2
lx
Cos
2
Cos
l n
l n
an
3
2k
x l
n
=

2Cos
l
l n
an
2k - 2 l
nx
=
Cos
l
n
l 0
3
l2
a n = 4k
( n ) 3 [ 1 - Cos ( n ) ]
l2
n c t n x
[ 1 - Cos ( n ) ]cos
y = 4 k
sin
,
3
n =1
( n ) slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP, l l 77
27/04/16
GCE,kannur
Q.3A Uniform elastic string of length 60 cm is

subjected to a constant tension of 2 Kg. If the ends
are fixed and initial displacement
Y(x,0) = 60 x x2 for 0 <x < 60, while the initial
velocity is 0, find the displacement function y
Hint: Here T= 2kg, l = 60 cm
2
There fore , p =
3600
T
2
c =
=
= 3600,
c =60
All boundary and
initial
conditions
are
same as
2
p
previous problem Q2
3600
2
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
78
Q4. A tightly stretched string with fixed

end points x=0 and x=l is initially in a
position given
by
x
y = y 0 sin 3
l
. If it is released from rest from this

position, find the displacement function y.
Hint: same
initial
and
3
1 boundary conditions
3
as Q2. sin = 4 sin 4 sin3
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
79

x
y
=
a
sin
l
the form
,
from which it
is released at time t = 0. Show that the
x
ct
y ( x, t ) = aone
sin end
at a distance x from
cos of the
l
l
string at time t is
2
2
y
2 y
=c
2
Hint:
t
x 2
y
x
y = 0 at x = 0 and x = l and y = a sin and
= 0 at t = 0
t
l
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
80
Q6 2012 The points of trisection of a

string are pulled aside through the
same distance on opposite sides of the
position of equilibrium and the string
is released from rest. Derive an
expression for the displacement of the
string at subsequent of the string at
subsequent time and show that the
mid point of the string always remains
at rest
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
81
Q.7.2013 . A string of length l has its

ends fixed. The mid point is taken to a
small height h and released from rest
at time t =0 . Find the displacement
function y(x,t)
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
82
DERIVATION OF HEAT
EQUATION
The fundamental principles involved in
derivation of heat equation.
1.
2.
Heat flows from higher temperature

to lower temperature
The quantity of heat in a body is
proportional to its mass and
temperature
The rate of heat flow across an area

is proportional to the area and to
27/04/16
prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,
83
the rate ofslideschange
of
temperature
GCE,kannur
3.
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
84
Consider the flow of heat by conduction

in a bar OA. Let OA be taken as x axis.
Let u be the temperature at a distance x
from O. Consider a slab of thickness x
ms u = spA x u
of the bar.
u
spA
x
The quantity of heat in this slab =
Rate of heat in this slab=

here s is specific heat,
p
is
density,
A
u
kA
per sec
area of cross section
Q1, the quantity of heat

flowing into the
u
kA
per sec
section at a distance x=
x
27/04/16
x +x

GCE,kannur
85
Hence the amount of heat retained by

the slab with thickness x = Q1Q2
u
u
= KA
2
x x + x x x
u
u
u
spA x
= KA

From 1 and 2,
t
x x + x x x
u
sp
=K
t
27/04/16
u
u

x x + x x x
x

GCE,kannur
86
Taking the limit as x 0, we get
u
2u
sp
=K 2
t
x
2
u K u
i.e.
=
t
sp x 2
2
u
k
2 u
2
i.e.
=c
, c =
2
t
sp
x
This is one dimensional heat equation
27/04/16

GCE,kannur
87

Shiv Das

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APPLICATIONS OF

Slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP

Main areas in this

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Q1.Classify the partial differential

B24AC = 04x1x1 = - 4 < 0

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP, GCE,kannur

Q2Classify the partial differential

B24AC = 04x1x-c2 = 4c2

Q3. 2012 Classify the partial

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Q4 2013. Classify the partial

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Integrate with respect to x , we get

Integrate again w r to x, we get

Integrate w.r.to y, we get

Ans: Integrate w.r.to x, we get

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Ans: Aux eqn is D2 +1=0 which gives

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

In this method we suppose that the

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let U = XY be the solution

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let U = XY be the solution

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let U = XY be the solution

= C1C 2 e kx C1C 2 = 4, and k = 1

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Q4. Using the method of

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let U = XT be the solution

given that U(x,0) = 6e

therefore, C1C 2 = 6 and k = -3

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let U = XY be the solution

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Solve the wave equation by separation

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let Y = XT be the solution

Case2. when k is negative

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Case 1. Let k = p2 , p is positive

roots are m =cp,-cp

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Case 2. Let k = -p2 , p is positive

therefore , X = C 5 cos px +C 6 sin px

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

therefore , X = (C 9 + C10 x)e

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Since wave equation is periodic in

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Solve the heat equation by separation

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,

Let Y = XT be the solution

Case2. when k is negative

slides prepared by Sivadas PV,AP,