Rac Lab Manual

RAC LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHAIBASA

(Run/Managed By Techno India Group)
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING LAB

(ME 1610-P)
RAC LAB MANUAL
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
VAPOUR COMPRESSION CYCLE
SYSTEM TEST RIG
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RAC LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO-1
Aim:- To study Vapour Compression refrigeration cycle, determine of coefficient of
performance of cycle.
TECHNICAL DETAIL:
1. COMPRESSOR: - HERMETICALLY SEALED COMPRESSOR 1/3 TR TO WORK ON 220V AC50HZ OPERATE
ON REFRIGERANT R-134 A WITH STANDARD ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES.
2. CONDENSER: - FINS AND TUBE TYPE NATURAL AIR-COOLED CONDENSER.
4.. CAPILLARY EXPANSION VALVE
4. EVAPORATOR : AIR COOLED BASED EVAPORATOR.
CONTROLS AND STANDARD ACCESSORIES
1. ENERGY METER FOR COMPRESSOR .
2. FILTER DRIER.
3. PRESSURE GAUGES SUCTION AND DISCHARGE IMPORTED ESPECIALLY FOR R 134 A
REFRIGERANT.
4. DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR AT VARIOUS POINTS IN 0C WITH PT. 100 PROBES.
5. SWITCHES FOR OTHER PARTS.
6. GAS CHARGING VALVE.
THEORY:
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
A VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IS AN IMPROVED TYPE OF AIR REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM IN WHICH A SUITABLE WORKING SUBSTANCE, TERMED AS REFRIGERANT IS USED. IT
CONDENSES AND EVAPORATES AT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES CLOSE TO THE ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS.
THE REFRIGERANT USED DOES NOT LEAVE THE SYSTEM BUT IS CIRCULATED THROUGHOUT THE
SYSTEM
ALTERNATELY
CONDENSING
AND
EVAPORATING.
THE
VAPOUR
COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IS NOW DAYS USED FOR ALL-PURPOSE REFRIGERATION. IT IS USED FOR
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RAC LAB MANUAL
ALL INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE FR0OM A SMALL DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR TO A BIG AIR CONDITIONING
PLANT.
THE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING FACTOR:
REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE.

TYPE OF REFRIGERANT USED.
KIND OF APPLICATION VIZ AIR-CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION, DEHUMIDIFICATIONETC.
THE OPERATION DESIGN PARAMETERS.
THE SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS/ COMPONENTS PROPOSED TO BE USED IN THE SYSTEM.
THE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE IS BASED ON A CIRCULATING FLUID MEDIA, VIZ,
A REFRIGERANT HAVING SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF VAPORIZING AT TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN
THE AMBIENT AND CONDENSING BACK TO THE LIQUID FORM, AT SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN AMBIENT
CONDITIONS BY CONTROLLING THE SATURATION TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. THUS, WHEN THE
REFRIGERANT EVAPORATES OR BOILS AT TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN AMBIENT, IT EXTRACTS
OR REMOVES HEAT FROM THE LOAD AND LOWER THE TEMPERATURE CONSEQUENTLY PROVIDING
COOLING.
THE SUPER-HEATED VAPOUR PRESSURE IS INCREASED TO A LEVEL BY THE COMPRESSOR TO REACH
A SATURATION PRESSURE SO THAT HEAT ADDED TO VAPOUR IS DISSIPATED/ REJECTED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE, USING OPERATIONAL AMBIENT CONDITIONS, WITH
COOLING MEDIAS THE LIQUID FROM AND RECYCLED AGAIN TO FORM THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE.
THE COMPONENTS USED ARE:
1. EVAPORATOR
2. RECIPROCATING DEVICE
3. CONDENSER
4. THROTTLING DEVICE
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RAC LAB MANUAL
THE WORKING OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF EACH ABOVE
COMPONENT IS GIVEN BELOW.
(A)EVAPORATOR:
THE LIQUID REFRIGERANT FROM THE CONDENSER AT HIGH PRESSURE IS FED THROUGH A
THROTTLING DEVICE TO AN EVAPORATOR AT A LOW PRESSURE. ON ABSORBING THE HEAT TO BE
EXTRACTED FROM
MEDIA TO BE COOLED, THE LIQUID REFRIGERANT BOILS ACTIVELY IN THE EVAPORATOR AND
CHANGES STATE. THE REFRIGERANT GAINS LATENT HEAT TO VAPORIZES AT SATURATION
TEMPERATURE/ PRESSURE AND FURTHER ABSORBS SENSIBLE HEAT FROM MEDIA TO BE COOLED
AND GETS FULLY VAPORIZED AND SUPER HEATED. THE TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELATION
CHART TABLE CAN DETERMINE THE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE EVAPORATOR.
THESE ARE DIFFERENT TYPE OF EVAPORATORS USED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATION AND ARE
ACCORDINGLY DESIGNED. THESE ARE IN THE FORM OF COOLING COILS (FINNED OR PRIME SURFACE
TYPE) MADE OUT OF COPPER OR STEEL, OR SHELL AND TUBE COOLERS (FLOODED OR DIRECT
EXPANSION TYPE), RACEWAY TYPE OF BAUD LET COOLERS, FOR ICE ACCUMULATION OR ICE BANKS
ETC.
(B) COMPRESSOR
THE COMPRESSOR IS KNOWN AS THE HEART OF THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. IT PUMPS THE
REFRIGERANT VAPOUR IN REFRIGERATION CYCLE AS THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD IN THE BODY. THE
LOW TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, SUPERHEATED VAPOUR FROM THE EVAPORATOR IS CONVEYED
THROUGH SUCTION LINE AND COMPRESSED BY THE COMPRESSOR TO A HIGH PRESSURE, WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE OF GASEOUS STATE AND THE SAME IS DISCHARGE INTO CONDENSER. DURING THIS
PROCESS HEAT IS ADDED TO THE REFRIGERANT AND KNOWN AS HEAT OF COMPRESSION RATION
TO RAISE THE PRESSURE OF REFRIGERANT TO SUCH A LEVEL THAT THE SATURATION
TEMPERATURE OF THE DISCHARGE REFRIGERANT IS HIGHER THAN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
AVAILABLE COOLING MEDIUM, TO ENABLE THE SUPER HEATED REFRIGERANT TO CONDENSE AT
NORMAL AMBIENT CONDITION.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPRESSORS ARE RECIPROCATING, ROTARY AND CENTRIFUGAL AND ARE
USED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
(C) CONDENSER
THE HEAT ADDED IN THE EVAPORATOR AND COMPRESSOR TO THE REFRIGERANT IS REJECTED IN
CONDENSER AT HIGH TEMPERATURE/ HIGH PRESSURE. THIS SUPER HEATED REFRIGERANT
VAPOUR ENTERS THE CONDENSER TO DISSIPATE ITS HEAT IN THREE STAGES. FIRST ON ENTRY THE
REFRIGERANT LOSES ITS SUPER HEAT, IT THEN LOSES ITS LATENT HEAT AT WHICH THE
REFRIGERANT IS LIQUEFIED AT SATURATION TEMPERATURE PRESSURE. THIS LIQUID LOSES ITS
SENSIBLE HEAT, FURTHER AND THE REFRIGERANT LEAVES THE CONDENSER AS A SUB COOLED
LIQUID. THE HEAT TRANSFER FROM REFRIGERANT TO COOLING MEDIUM (AIR OF WATER) TAKES
PLACE IN THE CONDENSER. THE SUB-COOLED LIQUID FROM CONDENSER IS COLLECTED IN A
RECEIVER (WHEREVER PROVIDED) AND IS THEN FED THROUGH THE THROTTLING DEVICE BY
LIQUID LINE TO THE EVAPORATOR.
THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS OF DISSIPATING THE REJECTED HEAT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY
CONDENSER. THESE ARE WATER-COOLED, AIR COOLED OR EVAPORATIVE COOLED CONDENSERS.
IN THE WATER-COOLED CONDENSER THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES VIZ. SHELL AND TUBE, SHELL AND
COIL, TUBE IN TUBE ETC. IN EVAPORATIVE COOLED CONDENSER, BOTH AIR AND WATER ARE USED.
AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS ARE PRIME SURFACE TYPE, FINNED TYPE OR PLATE TYPE.
(D) THROTTLING DEVICE
THE HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID FROM THE CONDENSER IS FED TO EVAPORATOR THROUGH DEVICE,
WHICH SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO PASS MAXIMUM POSSIBLE LIQUID REFRIGERANT TO OBTAIN A
GOOD REFRIGERATION EFFECT. THE LIQUID LINE SHOULD BE PROPERLY SIZED TO HAVE MINIMUM
PRESSURE DROP.
THE THROTTLING DEVICE IS A PRESSURE-REDUCING DEVICE AND A REGULATOR FOR CONTROLLING
THE REFRIGERANT FLOW. IT ALSO REDUCES THE PRESSURE FROM THE DISCHARGE PRESSURE TO
THE EVAPORATOR PRESSURE WITHOUT ANY CHANGE OF STATE OF THE PRESSURE REFRIGERANT.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
THE TYPES OF THROTTLING DEVICES ARE:

CAPILLARY TUBES
THE MOST COMMONLY USED THROTTLING DEVICE IS THE CAPILLARY TUBE FOR APPLICATION
UPTO APPROX. 10 REFRIGERATION TONS. THE CAPILLARY IS A COPPER TUBE HAVING A SMALL DIAORIFICE AND IS SELECTED, BASED ON THE SYSTEM DESIGN, THE REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE, THE
OPERATING PARAMETERS (SUCH AS SUCTION AND DISCHARGE PRESSURES), TYPE OF
REFRIGERANT, CAPABLE OF COMPENSATING ANY VARIATIONS/ FLUCTUATIONS IN LOAD BY
ALLOWING ONLY LIQUID REFRIGERANT TO FLOW TO THE EVAPORATOR.
SUMMARY
THE WORKING PRESSURES, TEMPERATURES AND STATES OF THE REFRIGERANT IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE ARE SHOWN. IN FIG. THERE ARE MAINLY TWO PRESSURES
OPERATING IN THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE HIGH SIDE AND THE LOW
SIDE. THE HIGH SIDE IS REFERRED TO HIGH PRESSURE PREVAILING FROM COMPRESSOR ONWARD
RIGHT UP TO THE INLET OF THE THROTTLING DEVICE AND FROM THE THROTTLING DEVICE UP TO
THE SUCTION OF THE COMPRESSOR IS CALLED THE LOW SIDE.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Temperature sensor details :1.
T1 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line
2.
T2 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Suction Line.
T3 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed before Condenser
4.
T4 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Condenser
5.
T5 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Capillary tube (Evaporator IN)
6.
T6 = Temperature Sensor : Inside the Chamber.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Theory :The coefficient of performance of refrigeration plant is given by the ratio of heat absorbed, by the
refrigeration when passing through the evaporator of the system, to the working input to the compressor to
compress the refrigeration.
Co efficient of Performance = Heat removed by refrigeration / Power input
Cop Plant = m Cp T / K. Wh
Where
m
mass of water kept in cooling chamber

Cp = specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj / kg K
T = temperature of cooling water (Initial Final)
Kwh = VxIx0.9/1000 x 3600 KJ/sec.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Co efficient of refrigeration cycle is given by the ratio of net refrigeration effect to the power required to run
the compressor.
COP (cycle) Net refrigerant effect in unit time / Power input in unit time = mr .CpT / KwH
Where (mr), = mass flow rate of the refrigerant Kg / sec.
Liquid density at 25 C (77 F) : 1208 kg/m3
Flow rate Q : _______ LPH = _______/3600 x 1000 m3/sec.
mass flow rate of the refrigerant = Q x 1208 Kg / sec

Cp
= Specific heat of refrigerant (Liquid) = 1.26 Kj / kg K
= Temperature different (T1 T5)
The co efficient of performance of a refrigeration system is given by the ratio of heat absorb, to the work
input.
COP = Heat removed by refrigerant / Power input
= m x CpT / K. Wh
Where,
m = mass of water kept in cooling chamber
Cp = specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj / Kg K
T = temperature of cooling water
Kwh = power consumed by the compressor in unit time.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
REFRIGARATION TEST RIG
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RAC LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO-2
Aim:- To study refrigeration cycle, determine of coefficient of performance of cycle &
determine of tonnage capacity of refrigeration unit.
TECHNICAL DETAIL:
1. COMPRESSOR: - HERMETICALLY SEALED COMPRESSOR 1/3 TR TO WORK ON 220V AC50HZ OPERATE
ON REFRIGERANT R-134 A WITH STANDARD ELECTRICAL ACCESSORIES.
2. CONDENSER: - FINS AND TUBE TYPE AIR-COOLED CONDENSER.
3. FAN MOTOR: - CONDENSER FAN MOTOR WITH FAN.
4.. CAPILLARY EXPANSION VALVE
5. EVAPORATOR : WATER BASED EVAPORATOR. CONTROLS AND STANDARD ACCESSORIES
1. ENERGY METER FOR COMPRESSOR .
2. FILTER DRIER.
3. PRESSURE GAUGES SUCTION AND DISCHARGE IMPORTED ESPECIALLY FOR R 134 A
REFRIGERANT.
4. HP LP CUT OUT
5. DIGITAL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR AT VARIOUS POINTS IN 0C WITH PT. 100 PROBES.
6. SWITCHES FOR OTHER PARTS.
7. GAS CHARGING VALVE.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
THEORY:
VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE
A VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IS AN IMPROVED TYPE OF AIR REFRIGERATION
SYSTEM IN WHICH A SUITABLE WORKING SUBSTANCE, TERMED AS REFRIGERANT IS USED. IT
CONDENSES AND EVAPORATES AT TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES CLOSE TO THE ATMOSPHERIC
CONDITIONS.
THE REFRIGERANT USED DOES NOT LEAVE THE SYSTEM BUT IS CIRCULATED THROUGHOUT THE
SYSTEM
ALTERNATELY
CONDENSING
AND
EVAPORATING.
THE
VAPOUR
COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION SYSTEM IS NOW DAYS USED FOR ALL-PURPOSE REFRIGERATION. IT IS USED FOR
ALL INDUSTRIAL PURPOSE FR0OM A SMALL DOMESTIC REFRIGERATOR TO A BIG AIR CONDITIONING
PLANT.
THE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE IS BASED ON THE FOLLOWING FACTOR:
REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE.

TYPE OF REFRIGERANT USED.
KIND OF APPLICATION VIZ AIR-CONDITIONING, REFRIGERATION, DEHUMIDIFICATIONETC.
THE OPERATION DESIGN PARAMETERS.
THE SYSTEM EQUIPMENTS/ COMPONENTS PROPOSED TO BE USED IN THE SYSTEM.
THE VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE IS BASED ON A CIRCULATING FLUID MEDIA, VIZ,
A REFRIGERANT HAVING SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF VAPORIZING AT TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN
THE AMBIENT AND CONDENSING BACK TO THE LIQUID FORM, AT SLIGHTLY HIGHER THAN AMBIENT
CONDITIONS BY CONTROLLING THE SATURATION TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE. THUS, WHEN THE
REFRIGERANT EVAPORATES OR BOILS AT TEMPERATURES LOWER THAN AMBIENT, IT EXTRACTS
OR REMOVES HEAT FROM THE LOAD AND LOWER THE TEMPERATURE CONSEQUENTLY PROVIDING
COOLING.
THE SUPER-HEATED VAPOUR PRESSURE IS INCREASED TO A LEVEL BY THE COMPRESSOR TO REACH
A SATURATION PRESSURE SO THAT HEAT ADDED TO VAPOUR IS DISSIPATED/ REJECTED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE, USING OPERATIONAL AMBIENT CONDITIONS, WITH
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RAC LAB MANUAL
COOLING MEDIAS THE LIQUID FROM AND RECYCLED AGAIN TO FORM THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE.
THE COMPONENTS USED ARE:
1. EVAPORATOR
2. RECIPROCATING DEVICE
3. CONDENSER
4. THROTTLING DEVICE
THE WORKING OF VAPOUR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE AND FUNCTION OF EACH ABOVE
COMPONENT IS GIVEN BELOW.
(A)EVAPORATOR:
THE LIQUID REFRIGERANT FROM THE CONDENSER AT HIGH PRESSURE IS FED THROUGH A
THROTTLING DEVICE TO AN EVAPORATOR AT A LOW PRESSURE. ON ABSORBING THE HEAT TO BE
EXTRACTED FROM
MEDIA TO BE COOLED, THE LIQUID REFRIGERANT BOILS ACTIVELY IN THE EVAPORATOR AND
CHANGES STATE. THE REFRIGERANT GAINS LATENT HEAT TO VAPORIZES AT SATURATION
TEMPERATURE/ PRESSURE AND FURTHER ABSORBS SENSIBLE HEAT FROM MEDIA TO BE COOLED
AND GETS FULLY VAPORIZED AND SUPER HEATED. THE TEMPERATURE-PRESSURE RELATION
CHART TABLE CAN DETERMINE THE PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE EVAPORATOR.
THESE ARE DIFFERENT TYPE OF EVAPORATORS USED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATION AND ARE
ACCORDINGLY DESIGNED. THESE ARE IN THE FORM OF COOLING COILS (FINNED OR PRIME SURFACE
TYPE) MADE OUT OF COPPER OR STEEL, OR SHELL AND TUBE COOLERS (FLOODED OR DIRECT
EXPANSION TYPE), RACEWAY TYPE OF BAUD LET COOLERS, FOR ICE ACCUMULATION OR ICE BANKS
ETC.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
(B) COMPRESSOR
THE COMPRESSOR IS KNOWN AS THE HEART OF THE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM. IT PUMPS THE
REFRIGERANT VAPOUR IN REFRIGERATION CYCLE AS THE HEART PUMPS BLOOD IN THE BODY. THE
LOW TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE, SUPERHEATED VAPOUR FROM THE EVAPORATOR IS CONVEYED
THROUGH SUCTION LINE AND COMPRESSED BY THE COMPRESSOR TO A HIGH PRESSURE, WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE OF GASEOUS STATE AND THE SAME IS DISCHARGE INTO CONDENSER. DURING THIS
PROCESS HEAT IS ADDED TO THE REFRIGERANT AND KNOWN AS HEAT OF COMPRESSION RATION
TO RAISE THE PRESSURE OF REFRIGERANT TO SUCH A LEVEL THAT THE SATURATION
TEMPERATURE OF THE DISCHARGE REFRIGERANT IS HIGHER THAN THE TEMPERATURE OF THE
AVAILABLE COOLING MEDIUM, TO ENABLE THE SUPER HEATED REFRIGERANT TO CONDENSE AT
NORMAL AMBIENT CONDITION.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPRESSORS ARE RECIPROCATING, ROTARY AND CENTRIFUGAL AND ARE
USED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS.
(C) CONDENSER
THE HEAT ADDED IN THE EVAPORATOR AND COMPRESSOR TO THE REFRIGERANT IS REJECTED IN
CONDENSER AT HIGH TEMPERATURE/ HIGH PRESSURE. THIS SUPER HEATED REFRIGERANT
VAPOUR ENTERS THE CONDENSER TO DISSIPATE ITS HEAT IN THREE STAGES. FIRST ON ENTRY THE
REFRIGERANT LOSES ITS SUPER HEAT, IT THEN LOSES ITS LATENT HEAT AT WHICH THE
REFRIGERANT IS LIQUEFIED AT SATURATION TEMPERATURE PRESSURE. THIS LIQUID LOSES ITS
SENSIBLE HEAT, FURTHER AND THE REFRIGERANT LEAVES THE CONDENSER AS A SUB COOLED
LIQUID. THE HEAT TRANSFER FROM REFRIGERANT TO COOLING MEDIUM (AIR OF WATER) TAKES
PLACE IN THE CONDENSER. THE SUB-COOLED LIQUID FROM CONDENSER IS COLLECTED IN A
RECEIVER (WHEREVER PROVIDED) AND IS THEN FED THROUGH THE THROTTLING DEVICE BY
LIQUID LINE TO THE EVAPORATOR.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
THERE ARE SEVERAL METHODS OF DISSIPATING THE REJECTED HEAT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE BY
CONDENSER. THESE ARE WATER-COOLED, AIR COOLED OR EVAPORATIVE COOLED CONDENSERS.
IN THE WATER-COOLED CONDENSER THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES VIZ. SHELL AND TUBE, SHELL AND
COIL, TUBE IN TUBE ETC. IN EVAPORATIVE COOLED CONDENSER, BOTH AIR AND WATER ARE USED.
AIR-COOLED CONDENSERS ARE PRIME SURFACE TYPE, FINNED TYPE OR PLATE TYPE.
(D) THROTTLING DEVICE
THE HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID FROM THE CONDENSER IS FED TO EVAPORATOR THROUGH DEVICE,
WHICH SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO PASS MAXIMUM POSSIBLE LIQUID REFRIGERANT TO OBTAIN A
GOOD REFRIGERATION EFFECT. THE LIQUID LINE SHOULD BE PROPERLY SIZED TO HAVE MINIMUM
PRESSURE DROP.
THE THROTTLING DEVICE IS A PRESSURE-REDUCING DEVICE AND A REGULATOR FOR CONTROLLING
THE REFRIGERANT FLOW. IT ALSO REDUCES THE PRESSURE FROM THE DISCHARGE PRESSURE TO
THE EVAPORATOR PRESSURE WITHOUT ANY CHANGE OF STATE OF THE PRESSURE REFRIGERANT.
THE TYPES OF THROTTLING DEVICES ARE:
CAPILLARY TUBES
THE MOST COMMONLY USED THROTTLING DEVICE IS THE CAPILLARY TUBE FOR APPLICATION
UPTO APPROX. 10 REFRIGERATION TONS. THE CAPILLARY IS A COPPER TUBE HAVING A SMALL DIAORIFICE AND IS SELECTED, BASED ON THE SYSTEM DESIGN, THE REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE, THE
OPERATING PARAMETERS (SUCH AS SUCTION AND DISCHARGE PRESSURES), TYPE OF
REFRIGERANT, CAPABLE OF COMPENSATING ANY VARIATIONS/ FLUCTUATIONS IN LOAD BY
ALLOWING ONLY LIQUID REFRIGERANT TO FLOW TO THE EVAPORATOR.
16 | P a g e
RAC LAB MANUAL
SUMMARY
THE WORKING PRESSURES, TEMPERATURES AND STATES OF THE REFRIGERANT IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE ARE SHOWN. IN FIG. THERE ARE MAINLY TWO PRESSURES
OPERATING IN THE REFRIGERATION CYCLE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS THE HIGH SIDE AND THE LOW
SIDE. THE HIGH SIDE IS REFERRED TO HIGH PRESSURE PREVAILING FROM COMPRESSOR ONWARD
RIGHT UP TO THE INLET OF THE THROTTLING DEVICE AND FROM THE THROTTLING DEVICE UP TO
THE SUCTION OF THE COMPRESSOR IS CALLED THE LOW SIDE.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
T0 = Thermometer : Inside Chamber (Glass Thermometer Type)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
T6 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Evaporator OUT
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Where
m

T = temperature of cooling water (Initial Final)
Kwh = VxIx0.9/1000 x 3600 KJ/sec.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
the compressor.
COP (cycle) Net refrigerant effect in unit time / Power input in unit time = mr .CpT / KwH
Where (mr), = mass flow rate of the refrigerant Kg / sec.
Liquid density at 25 C (77 F) : 1208 kg/m3
Flow rate Q : _______ LPH = _______/3600 x 1000 m3/sec.
mass flow rate of the refrigerant = Q x 1208 Kg / sec

Cp
input.
= m x CpT / K. Wh
Where,
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Tonnage capacity :
The capacity of a refrigeration machine is the refrigeration effect in a given time from a body. This capacity
of machine is given by standard commercial ton of refrigeration. This is called as refrigeration effect i.e
making of 1 ton of ice at 0C in 24 hours.
1TR=1TON*LATENT HEAT*24 HOURS
=1000kg X 335kj/KG X 24 x 60 x 60 sec
= 3.5 kj /s
Tonnage capacity of the machine = Net refrigeration effect of machine / 3.5

= m x CpT / 3.5
Procedure :
1. Switch on the compressor and let it run for considerable time.
2. Fill the chamber a measured quantity of water by Measuring Jar.
3. Measure initial temperature of water.
4. Note down the energy meter reading.
5. After starting the compressor note down the temperature T1 at the interval of every 15 minutes and note it
down as T1c.
6. Note down the power consumed by compressor till the Chamber Temperature at 4C. At 4C of Measuring
Bottle note down all the temperature i.e. T1, T2, T3, T4 , T5, T6 also note down the suction and discharge
pressure by the respective gauges.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Observation Table
Sr.
No.
Energy Meter Reading
Initial
Final
(a)
(b)
Mass
of
water
C = (a-b)
Calculation :
1-
COP (plant) = m x CpT / KWH
Where m
= Mass of water kept in cane (kg)
Cp
= Specific heat of water = 4.18
= T1i T1c
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Temperatur
e of chilling
water initial
final T
T0
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
RAC LAB MANUAL
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
DETERMINE OF EFFICIENCY OF
REFRIGERATION TESTING MACHINE
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RAC LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO-3
Aim:- To study refrigeration cycle, determine of coefficient of performance of cycle &

determine of tonnage capacity of refrigeration unit.
Apparatus used :Refrigeration test Rig consist of (Compressor (rotary). Air cooler condenser, Capillary tube, Evaporator coil,
voltmeter, current meter, Thermocouple pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, and Chamber
Description of the Test Rig :The experimental refrigeration cycle test rig consist of a compressor unit, condenser, evaporator, cooling
chamber, controlling devices and measuring instruments those are fitted on a stand and a control panel. The
apparatus is fabricated in such a way, to refrigeration system hermetically sealed compressor is fitted on stand
with the help of flexible foundation bolts to minimize vibrations. Electric power input to the compressor is
given through thermostatic switch.
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T0 = Temperature Sensor : Inside Chamber
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
T5 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Evaporator OUT
7.
T6 = Temperature Sensor :Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line
Where
m

Kwh = 1000 x V.I x 60 x 60 KJ = V.I x KJ = V.I x 3600 KJ
KWH = reading of energy meter.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
the compressor.
COP (cycle) Net refrigerant effect in unit time / Power input in unit time = Q.CpT / KwH
Where (Q), = mass flow rate of the refrigerant m3 / sec.
Cp
KWH
= Kilowatt hours energy meter reading.
input.
= m x CpT / K. Wh
Where,
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Tonnage capacity :
The capacity of a refrigeration machine is the refrigeration effect in a given time from a body. This capacity
of machine is given by standard commercial ton of refrigeration. This is called as refrigeration effect i.e
melting of 1 ton of ice at 0C in 24 hours.
TR
= 336 x 1000 / 24 x 60 x 60 = 3.88 Kj / sec.
Tonnage capacity of the machine = Net refrigeration effect of machine / 3.88

= m x CpT / 3.88
Procedure :
1. Switch on the compressor and let it run for considerable time.
2. Fill a measured quantity of water in ice cane (100 gm) and put it into cooling chamber.
3. Measure initial temperature of water before putting into cooling chamber.
4. Note down the energy meter reading.
5. After starting the compressor note down the temperature T1 at the interval of every 15 minutes and note it
down as T1c.
6. Note down the power consumed by compressor till ice forms i.e temperature T1 should reach 0C. At 0C
of ice cane note down all the temperature i.e. T2, T3, T4, T5 , T6, T7 also note down the suction and
discharge pressure by the respective gauges. Note down the flow rate of refrigerant by rotometer.
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RAC LAB MANUAL
Hence Refrigeration effect TR = 336 x 1000 / 24 x 14000 KJ / hour

Where latent heat of fusion of ice = 336 KJ / kg.
Tonnage capacity of the plant
= Net refrigerant effect of plant / 14000 KJ / hour
= m x CpT / 14000
Where, m = mass of water kept in cooling chamber
Cp
= specific heat of water = 4.18 Kj / Kg K
= Ti = initial temp - Tc = final temperature water (Ti Tc)
T1
= initial temperature of water.
Tc
= final temperature of water.
Tonnage capacity of cycle

= Net refrigerating effect produced by refrigerant / 14000 Kj /h
= m x CpT / 14000 tones
Where, m
28 | P a g e
= mass flow rate of refrigerant

Cp
= Specific heat of refrigerant
= Temperature of refrigerant at discharge and suction = T7, T5
RAC LAB MANUAL
Observation Table
Sr.
No.
Energy meter
reading
Initial
Final
(a)
(b)
Mass
of
water
Temperature of
chilling water
initial final T
C=
(a-b)
Calculation :
1-
COP (plant) = m x CpT / KWH
Where m
= Mass of water kept in cane (kg)
Cp
= Specific heat of water = 4.18
= T1i T1c
KWH = Total energy meter reading

(Final value initial value of energy meter.
29 | P a g e
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5 T6 T7
RAC LAB MANUAL
INSTRUCTION MANUAL
AIR CONDITIONER TEST RIG
30 | P a g e
RAC LAB MANUAL
EXPERIMENT NO-4
Aim: - To Determine COP and Tonnage capacity of a Air Conditioning system.
Apparatus: - Compressor, Condenser, Evaporator, Capillary Tube, Energy Meter.
Theory: Air conditioning equipment is used to maintain controlled atmospheric conditions as per required.
The controlled atmospheric conditions may be required for human comfort or manufacturing processes of
engineering goods. Air conditioning systems are classified in two groups.
1. Packed Units
2. Central Unit
A packed unit is self-contained unit, because complete unit including compressor, evaporator, condenser, fan
motor etc. are kept in a common enclosure. Capacity of packed or window AC is 0.75 T.R. This AC is
mounted with the room which is required for controlled atmosphere. A window AC mainly consists of
following sub-assemblies:
1. System assembly includes compressor, condenser, evaporator, expansion device, and filter.
2. Motor with blower & fan assembly includes, a double ended shaft motor, a fan and a motor and suitable
bracket for it.
3. Cabinet and air distributing assembly it includes a cabinet as enclosure for whole system, an air
distributing system.
4. Control panel assembly it includes the switched those required to control the entire AC system as per the
requirement, IC temperature, humidity etc.
31 | P a g e
The AC Test Rig is designed and fabricated, to determine the performance and to study its working
principle. The AC test Rig consist a 0.75 T sealed compressor unit, a finned condenser (heating coil)
and evaporator (cooling coil), a motor to run fan and another blower and fitted on a Frame stand.
The velocity of the air passing through the coil is measured by using Digital Anemometer. Control
panel consist of 1 p hase energy meter to measure power consumed by compressor, a pressure gauge
to measure pressure of discharge side compound vacuum gauge to measure suction side pressure, a
digital temperature indicator to measure temperature at various places. The desired temperature find
out by changing position of selector switch with it.
Window type air conditioner

The performance of an air-conditioning system is expressed in terms of co-efficient of performance.
And COP is the ratio of net refrigerating effect and power supplied to do the work i.e.
COP = Rn / W
Where
Rn
= heat removed by system
= m. Cp T
Where
m
Cp
T
= mass of air supplied / minute.

= Specific heat of air
= Difference in temperatures.
T7 T6
T7
= Surrounding temperature
T6
= Air duct temperature
Mass of circulated air can be calculated by

m
= Va / Vsa
3|Page
Where
Va
= Quantity of air supplied m3 / min.

Vsa = Area of duct x velocity of the air.
W
= Power input time and measured by energy meter reading.
Procedure: Switch on the power supply to system i.e. start the compressor simultaneously start fan blower
motor also. Now compressed refrigerant passing through the condenser and after condensing. It goes
to evaporator, where due to cooling effect air, which is sucked by blower cools. After few minute the
air at the outlet of air duct will become cool at that time.
Temperature sensor details: 1.
2.
3.
4.
T4 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Suction Line
5.
T5 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at after Capillary.
6.
T6 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Evaporator Air Duct.
4|Page
Observation Table:
SL NO.
T7
T6
PRESSURE
VACUUM
W= TOTAL
NO. OF
REVOLUTION POWER
CONSUMED
Precautions: 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Run the system for quite some time before taking readings.
Note down number of revolutions of energy meter carefully with the help of stop watch.
Insure considerable cooled air output from air duct.
The system should not switch OFF immediately after once switched ON.
The control valve of pressure and compound gauge should open partly; when it is required to
measure pressure otherwise valves must be closed.
Do not twist any pipe line and handle all switches valves very carefully only as and when
required.
5|Page
HEAT FACTOR :
SENSIBLE HEAT PROCESS
HEATING OR COOLING Heating or cooling of air without addition or subtraction of moisture is termed as
SENSIBLE HEATING OR COOLING . Heating can be achieved by passing the air over heating coil like
electric resistance heating coils or steam coils. Sensible cooling can be achieved by passing the air over
cooling coli like evaporating coil of the refrigerant cycle or secondary brine coil.
HEATING COILS
Sensible heating : Air flows over a heating coil Surface temperature ts higher than tdb of air
The Sensible Heat Ratio - SHR - express the ratio between the sensible heat load and the total heat load and
can be expressed as:
SHR = qs / qt
(1)
where
SHR = sensible heat ratio (ratio of sensible heat load to total heat load)
qs = sensible heat (kW, Btu/hr)
qt = total heat - sensible heat and latent heat (kW, Btu/hr)
(1) can be modified to:
SHR = cp (to - ti) / (ho - hi)
(2)
where
cp = specific heat air (kJ/kgoC, Btu/lboF)
to = outlet temperature (oC, oF)
ti = inlet temperature (oC, oF)
ho = outlet enthalpy (kJ/kg, Btu/lb)
hi = inlet enthalpy (kJ/kg, Btu/lb)
6|Page
7|Page

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RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE, CHAIBASA

REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING LAB

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE.

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

THE TYPES OF THROTTLING DEVICES ARE:

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

Temperature sensor details :1.

T1 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line

T2 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Suction Line.

T3 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed before Condenser

T4 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Condenser

T5 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Capillary tube (Evaporator IN)

T6 = Temperature Sensor : Inside the Chamber.

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

Co efficient of Performance = Heat removed by refrigeration / Power input

mass of water kept in cooling chamber

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

mass flow rate of the refrigerant = Q x 1208 Kg / sec

= Specific heat of refrigerant (Liquid) = 1.26 Kj / kg K

= Temperature different (T1 T5)

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE.

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

Temperature sensor details :1.

T0 = Thermometer : Inside Chamber (Glass Thermometer Type)

T1 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Discharge Line

T2 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Compressor Suction Line.

T3 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed before Condenser

T4 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Condenser

T5 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed after Capillary tube (Evaporator IN)

T6 = Temperature Sensor : Fixed at Evaporator OUT

RAC LAB MANUAL

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING, GECC

Co efficient of Performance = Heat removed by refrigeration / Power input