Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NAME
ALLAH
by
JACOBUS
ADRlAAN
NAUDE
DOCTOR
LITTERARUM
University of Pretoria,
Pretoria.
University of Pretoria
ii
CON TEN T S
Page
Preface.
Abbreviations.
Concerning the transcription.
VOLUME
I.
Introduction.
A. Historical perspective.
B. The design of the study.
C.
D.
II.
vii
viii
12
the Arabs.
12
1.
The identity between name and substance.
12
2. Names of repute and disrepute.
1~
3. Names of association.
16
4. Th'(i ; 'ri~'rde' and death.
17
5.
Names of places.
6.
Aspects of the Koranic usage of names.
B.
18
19
2.
3.
~.
5.
III.
Multinomial gods.
Anonymous gods.
.
Avoidance of the name
of a god.
Prevalent use of the name of the god.
'
.."
23
25
29
31
33
33
33
3~
39
40
iii
5.
B.
IV.
42
Syriac origin.
46
47
48
3. Conclusion.
52
54
54
56
59
63
66
68
69
71
v.
Arabia.
71
J. The Hanl.fs.
73
75
75
B..
81
85
89
5. Manifestations of Allah.
6. The holiness of Allah.
97
98
99
101
101
102
103
105
108
iv
The action of Allah according to the Koran.
1. The instruments of God's Action.
2. Allah, the creator of the world.
3. Allah and man.
4. Allah and history.
5. Allah and the religious institutions.
6. Some eschatological aspects.
C.
VI.
VII. Resume.
109
109
112
115
117
-119
124
128
128
130
131
133
136
137
Appendix
Afrikaans Summary.
English Summary.
2.
VOLUME
II
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
Notes
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
Chapter
One.
Two.
Three.
Four.
Five.
Six.
Seven.
147
150
163
243
244
"
,~--- - ----
--
..
...~.-
- .--_._ ....-
.
177
202
v.
PREFACE
vi.
and Prof.
J.H. Kritzinger and later Prof. A.H. van Zyl of the Department
of Old Testament Studies.
Again I wish to thank the Rand Afrikaans
vii.
LIS T 0 F
A B B REV I A T ION S
AKM
Al\1ET
J.B. Pritchard,
1959.
ARW
CIS
EI
ERE
J. Hastings,
IC
Islamic Culture.
. JAOS
JBL
JEOL
JJS
JNES
JSS
MW
OLZ
Orientalistische Literaturzeitung.
PRU
J. Nougayrol etc.,
ThW
G. Kittel,
Testament.
. TLZ
Theologisches
W~rterbuch
Theologische Literaturzeitung
zum Neuen
. . ..
UF
Ugarit-Forschungen.
UM
C.H. Gordon,
Ugaritic Manual,
UT
C.H. Gordon,
Ugaritic Textbook,
VT
Vetus Testamentum.
WM
H.W. Haussig,
WZKM
ZA
ZAW
ZDMG
ZDPV
W~rterbuch
1955.
1965.
Viii.
a.
lS
The trans
th
~
kh
dh
sh
b.
When ~, wand
<
c.
~,
i, u.
~,
i, and
u.
No
Harnzat al-Wasl
lS
The specialist
to the
lS
6o-G~11ed
aun-letters is not
in~icated.
thus,
al-ra~ul.
g.
In
Mohammed,
Mu~ammad,
etc.
8tC.,
instead of
objectionable as
the
it
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING
Titel:
II
Outeur:
Promotor:
Departement:
SemitiGse Tale.
Graad:
All~h lS
die Islam .
van God die wesenlike a ard van sy lew ende natuur en ma nif es
teer die totaliteit van sy goddelike p e rsoon .
ondersoek van die naam
All~h
Die naam
Daarom is In
All~h
na~Lm
reeds
17001'
in die Lihyanies8
hOll
lS,
Die
WOOI'd
tu sscnvorn'.
Ja s maar da t hy ,
as g evo l g van
11
sy oude rdo m,
teofore name ge e ook a andag aan ' 0 ve r houding tus sen god
en mens .
po~sie wG er sp ie ~l
die uiters te
Di t v erbilld Allah
ffiP- +-v
C~.l'
e T/\.no.c) e ba
J
~1' 1 em
rOS.
t
1
ou-eurs
ne t
lik
monote~stiese
ko nnotasie
be~odig .
te bewys nle.
vad e r,
M o ~a m
ed he t nooit
' lh.
wat in aI le
h ou ' n
111
D'1e enge l e 1S
'
.L'l}. -
bloot die uit vo8rd.e rs van God se hc3"'l de linge met c.,ue men ,s "
'
ma'r
Al l~h
v~j,n
sy toorn
die ondankbare
ontvlaffi ~een
genadig en regverdigo
hy tSt:t:
~AA
1 '
alles bepaa l
ongelowige~
All~h,
V ElD
sy
wat
Allah is nie
absoluu~
Sy
All~h
is sy woord,
aanbi 3.di ng tot Allah t e wend mp- t da nkb aarh o id vir al die gawes
van dis skeppin g .
All ~h
om hom te dien en
lS
s y l ewe .
e n selfs
wan t da arin \llO rd d i.e hand e 1 8 1Ta n AllA h met die me ns domonstrcCl.'.
Di e mens mo et All&h i n 'n ri tue el r e in to estand aanb id d eu_
iv
sy naam Hl die salat -be ve rmeld_ eo deuT' aalmoese t e geo'.
All ~ h
hU,_i S
II _
1TClll
V G. _A]
_
l a"h If
,
off8r~
ni e,
maa r
so ~d 2s,
b e keri~lg
die
verdige
reg~8r,
reg
AG
Gods
AII~h
~ese.
~1oham m ed
v a n die
dH~
E~
GLI SE
Sm'1:vfAHY
Title:
Author:
Promoter :
Professor
Department:
Semitic Langua88sa
Degree:
D. Litt.
A~
van Se1ms.
Therefore an investigation
1S
meaning" god" .
B.C.
from
t~
the fift h
cen tu. rv
<.I
~l"le
Th e
Ar" bi a n mat e r ial
U g ar i ~ ic
th e ir p a nt heo ns b ut
that 1 1
t ~13. t,
ancLcmt
as the mo st im po rt s.TIt
b e c ~u se
of h i s
8. b e
g od i n
h e c o-me to
t~ o
II
ve
The Ara bi a n
the o ~ or i c
names a l s o
L nd mEL1.
It conn ects
All~h
the Kacba.
Quraish iDtroduc ed
the name Alla h ,
A ll~h
Je ws
l\i~;ccaQ
Using
with
of QJammed.f
the
the pagan
res t o~in g
tence of Allh.
8_
f a th8r ,
This
All~h
i s exa lt ed
of~,
o~
th e un i verse .
'lh"
who
;u'o
in a ll
c onstitut es a -hreat
iii
pO~2rs
Sa t an r epr es ents
but he is completely
Alllh1s
determines everything,
huma n will,
All~h that
All&h is often
kin g ~
His
All~h's
All{lh appointed
Th e believe r
his posses si on s ,
a nd
in them All a h
I S
Man should
f l e~3 h EU1
.) 1 00d
o f sa c r i f ic es ,
but
de vo ti on o f the
iV
bel iever .
of All ah ",
1S
th e "ho ~Ge
Me ri toriou s de e d s
are accept e d in exp i qtion of sin but the Kora n stresses the
necessity of re pent a nce.
will
app e~ r
unrivalled
k ~l am
-~
C HAP T E R ON E
INTRODUCTION
C~ ~i
/
'"
I .,
J:
0 ...,
.0;-; I
~
,.
lS
I' 0 I'
.....
fJ1;' J6
'"
)F ~
"~
C--I
A dark green
pious Moslems:
II
I' I'
.)Ji,
.. J
L-JI~
.
.
~
.,
..
'"
it
of the mosque,
walls;
to ward
1
Green is said to be the colour of Allah ).
all-embracing
A.
Historical perspective.
subject as yet.
In
1779
1831.
(1905)
(1909)
by W.H.T. Gairdner.
deserves
Its treatment
to be written.
In 1948 Nashwan
ibn Sa'id al-Himyari published
-
God~
Originally intent
stern justice.
3.
brought about by
life,
A correct
1t)
Exegesis on a
Islam.
..
B.
as clear or
based
'~~------..--- --~--
4.
(It should
such an
itself,
ay~
in the context,
purpose
6)
Semit~c
philoloBJ,
backgroun~
Consequently
5.
For the
We may add
followed by
i~
a~r~~er
:;
'
we were compelled to
Particularly regrettable is
however
6.
deserts 8 ).
on the person
doctrine of Allah.
living God in
wo~d
fallible "
words or dogmas.
In this respect
these people.
7.
c.
assumptions.
based~
12
).
tested
by
consists of glosses,
unacceptable sayings,
Thus it
8.
liars~
c
consequently the repeated falaya_lamanna
was changed to
C a 3:.jibta
D.
in some
Uti
To understand the
ins~ances,
to understand
of this matter.
9.
Mohammed spoke a Meccan dialect which deviated
In many forms from the poetic koine.
of the Koran is the Meccan dialect,
poetic idiom (Brockelmann),
it
in their opinion,
of . ~he
..
The position can be best explained by means
of a few examples.
In the
10.
To
and pronoun
by
Sura CIV,
lS
poets as ilah,
was
To
the alif
~~
became
~ I~
(for poetic
~~~
)19).
Meccan
step further and inserted this external alif in the ' consonan
tal text of his edition of the text of the Koran,
establish a "correct" text.
to
20
both of which
).
Please note:
11.
volume.
Mention
1842.
,,
"
C HAP T E R TWO
A.
world,
1.
The
identit~
At Sakkara in Egypt
when he had
The
i~
13.
i~
DiQrCQd into
accompanied by the
and
are
10
the
and a lion
man
der
14.
ll
11 )
the quince,
2.
in
lotusfruit,
diQQOVG~
H~sslichkeit
roses,
thG
nQffiGg
th~r~6f ~vourable
omens
1j ).
attached
The names
14
Thus the names Maslama and Talha )
..
His
According
16
).
Abu Muhammad,
18
).
19 ).
Henceforth
called cAbd Amr20 ). His new name changed him into a new
per~Qn
21 )
the
written down:
II
Rabah (Profit),
For
you may ask if he is ' there when he is not and receive the
negative reply,
According to Muslim,
compilers of the traditions of Islam,
11
16.
a slave c Abd ,
towar~All~h24).
26
This principle
3.
Names of association:
Often the significance of a name is not its
Ibr~him
kun~
usually Abu
Ish~q
sister of
H~run II
Ibr~him
The kunya of an
is called
way30)
Amongst the Arabs it was common practice to
The
whose
tribal name
of
with
a forefather
originated
the
his ancestors.
the greater
lS
his own
prestige3~).
In
common that the Arab nomad can name his ancestors as far
back as ten to fifteen generations (i.e. over a few hundred
years) without being able to say how old he is 33 ).
Against
this background it is clear why the genealogy of Mohammed 34 )
is traced back to Ishmael and Abraham.
in the Koran as apostle and prophet,
Ishmael is venerated
as builder of the Kacba
friend of God 35 ).
4.
18.
should live
35:20).
was
firmly
against the
the
On such tombstones,
entire mausoleum,
part at the
which was the task of the eldest son 39 ).
ku~~
played an important
d
l-S
ead t 0 ensure th e con t"lnue
existence of the deceased needs further investigation.
If a man died in
5.
Names of places:
19.
but was
of
that
~aiut
linked
with
the sanctuary.
Under the
cloak of
WQ
the
grave
of a
according to tradition,
further
al-Bukh~ri
This is the
lS
All~h
is
6.
20.
We read in the
acknowledged
Maryam. Similarly
L~8
49 ).
Contrary to the determining function of names,
These names,
empty
In the post-
The written
confirms the
means of distinction.
It implies
of the god .
name
In the Semitic
name
world
of
the gOd.
it
was regarded as
A prayer
can only
men began to call upon the name Yahwe in the time of Seth, is
not incidental.
"God ll may be
insigni~icant,
knowledge of the name was the first requirement for any true
communication 55 ).
the name gives the knower a certain power over the one who
is known.
old
Greek epic the Odyssey where Homer described how one of the
Cyclops,Polyphemus,
the pseudonym,
"Nobody".
murderous plans and saved his own life and that of his men 57 ).
After
22.
58 ),
lithe
for example),
i~e.,
This
lS
13: 17 and.
certainly the
of
Moses expects that the people will ask the name of the God
who sent him.
A.ccording to Psalm
Name60~.
.
61)
Others may
Psalm 20:8.
According to the
Fakhr aI-Din al
23.
R~zi,
who died in
1209 A.D.,
Moslem faith can take place only through the proper name of
G0 d_,
hIS
Alla"'h65 ).
of revealing himself
he
starts by uttering
his
name 66 ).
The
correct as
possible in the prayer67 ) lest the prayer does not reach its
destination,
for whom
rece:Lve
the god
1S
it
for evgry
Qommuni~~ti6i'l lN~ th
The
Israelites did not rest before they knew the proper name of
their God.
2.
Multinomial gods :
24.
way prosperous 70 ).
character~
This lS
names of God
attribut89 in
pairs.
name secret.
or
gods~
The sungod
The goddess
I sis planned to find out this name so that she may obtain
the power for herself.
and work many other miracles for him who knows this name 75 ).
25.
proper name
3.
An~mous
gods:
of
Nevertheless we
idu u sha la
idu is frequent In
and similar
fI
the merciful,
inscriptions
and numerous
Although
26 .
was anonymous l"n the old South Arabian state Saba ' where
she was merely indicated by the place of her first appearance
" . an d _adh~c ba c dan 79 ) .
or display of power as d:Q.at ~llmalm
----- - -
al - khala~a
dh~
an d __u
anonymous
~82)
~l-~h
_ara
-
. d'lca t lve
"
ln
Dusares .
In Hellenistic times
like dhu .
employed as
This explains
c "
Ba al- Melkart ,
they
worshipped in
2'7.
like Pausanias,
_cert~
The
a nd di incerti87)
to the gods since they wer e the foundatio n of the cult and a
prerequisite for the dhikr,
that the succe s s of a ritual was not only depend ent upon the
corre ct procedure and the correct offerin gs,
Unfortunately the priest did not always know which god (or
d emon) caus e d the
th e stricken.
misfor~une
By
28.
but
dhat,
In
It is interesting
according to Exodus 6 :2 .
The
29.
by
by identifying
or
The
4.
a proper
The name
which
name~
The written
using 81 instead 95 ).
as in
From this
30.
found in the Cairo Geniza the proper name
Yahw~
was
script 99 ).
as follows:
11 I
7T I
The Koran
a lthou gh
102 ).
Allah
Religious scruple
I swear"
105)
in
the
106 ).
In contrast the
31 .
107
).
108 ).
Musicians and
sin5ers of Egypt
Arabs111). '
32.
and so forth,
enters a
falls,
spills
achieve the same results the names of God are worn on amulets
and applied to the doors of shops and private homes 118 ). One
of the firat obligatj_ons after the birth of a
child in Egypt
itiB enBured that the newly born will know the name Allah
and is protected against the sUinn.
Every Semitic
This rule
of
Nevertheless
name Allah had for Mohammed will come to light in the course of
this study120)
,.
C HAP T E R T H R E E
A.
and fear
1.
LV, 1L~(13);
XV,86;
twb,
khlq,
II, 37(35);
V, 109(108);
etc .,
~br,
rzq,
LIX , 2 -"7 , .,
LI,58;
ggfr,
qhr,
XII, 39;
XXXVIII , 66;
m,
The
34-.
The
~h
that attributes of
Allah
2.
Allah
al+ilah:
Then
wastrffi~ferred
resulting in
Allahu 4)
If Allat came
not indisputabl e .
8
The variant readings a liat 7) and alital )
I, 1)1 but
using
alilat for
lS
lS
It
18
The reading
~receding
Mylitta.
chapter 25,
in this case a
He then
the
~on
which is In accordance
of Nilus,
that the
Herodotus I, 105
36.
of Allah.
B.C.
In these inscriptions~
hn'lt (han-'il~t)
were directed.
R~binovJitz12) in ~9Sb
'ilgt.
is clear that the donors were of Arab stock and probably have
. .
13)
been settled in the vicinity of the Tell el-Maskhuta
shrine
for at least a genera tion. Now han- is a dialectical form of
14
the definite article ) notably of the North~Arabian dialect
Lihygnite 15 ).
as "the goddess".
referring to
V1Z.
A1I~t.
but
37 .
It is there
16 ).
If
ever a tribe had good re ason to spell the name of the goddess
as han-Il~t,
But Allah as a
proper name fits both instances well and the translation lithe
god II is not in demand21 ) .
38.
In later Islam,
of a l - il&h into All &hu not only the creation of a new word,
'but also of a new god.
god as
II
the god II
Every tribe
Allahu ,
24
).
name of a new
This in addition
All~h,
namely
----~.-
elided 27 ).
Ugaritic, Aramaic,
Ethiopic.
But in t he
39.
r emained.
This furnishes a
Allah.
suk~~g
In modern
will suffice:
in
(Palestinian)
" t
" th e f orm mar ,tun"d
" tl1e same wordeX1S-S
Ara b lC
ln
a
31 e by ' 31"de
with mara t ~n ,
The form er
In North
iiuQ.
Waha_ba~lal].
whblh for
Similarly we fin d
Ouaballas.
be it with caution,
of
plus lah.
1n
the
one
alif
as
instance and
a rootletter
dropped
in
was
40.
the other,
AII~h.
If
plus lah 34 ).
In fact the
All~h
wag
lS
4.
as well as the
ale
Thi s
In addition the
'+1 .
com '0'l _n aJ.'
Glans Jl-k'"
_. v
_~l-t._
'J.h~
_ t~_
7,8)
"Allat tll.e goddess"'/
and
'It or lh,
It in Lihyanic etc .
as Arabic common
Ilat ,
J
or Lah and Lat +O).
ilah had not yet taken place in Lihyan i te and Thamudic and
also not yet,
at the
-vI/here the
ac.cording to
it is seldomly met with outside Sinai 41 ). This
42.
.42)
S lYBl
AII~h
All~h
and
All~t
in
All~h-nnmes,
The
Lihy~nic
~)
and in
AII~t
(at least
where we
~am-Q.dicl-l-3) Seem5
4h)
t~e
even
in Arabia 46 ).
Li~yanites
must have
dep e ~
inevi t ~
Winnett
Sy ri~;.
43.
Sinai and
Lihy ~n,
where
home to the Ye men!l50) These data would then turn our search for
the origin of the word Allah away from the Sinai region,
(where al-:. was used
as
All~h
closely in spelling .
a~!~h:.,
The final
of the
1,
must be
1S
in an unstressed open
or to a shewa mobile.
Thus the
All~h
There is,
however,
one difference:
In
both
Arabico
1 ~ :3 .
with
al-was l,
ha::rt~~ 3.t
_0'_..____"_____,
" ,_
In
due especially to
l~)
y'~~:.ah
(the ,Q with
This process of
weakening the ali must then have been fac i litated by the
outward similarity between the first syllable of
definite article al- which has
Some
and the
All~h
1S
ha~~~
of the article
There
be satisfied :
1S
however,
We
found
beyond doubt that the name Allah was already well established
amongst the Nabataeans in the third century B.C. and
even earlier .
in
Li~yanic
p~rhaps
and iJ'hamlldic,
B.C~,
which is the
4-5.
to Albright 57 )
and ThamQd.
year
73 A.D.
It
late to
B.e. 58 ).
applies to Mandaic,
II
god ll
The same
spelling 59 ).
(Urhai)
kep~
~n id~ntical
What is lacking is
~rrefutable
or old e r.
61 )
Aram~ic
as it
aflai~s
lS
in Biblical
it can as well
nor to the
Th e Moslem
To him it will
be indicative of the fact that man cannot grasp God with hi.
46.
mind.
---, ._----_..- .,
had no derivation 63 ).
Lihy~nites
used it
as such,
century B.C.
~lh,
which
"
64)
lS
In
The translation
me~ning
of the common
Semitic 'd ord for "God II and to arrive at the; ba sic concept
of the root,
Wl.
1.
in
Pro~o-gemi~ic times.
il~h68).
N~
-~t.
this was expres,sed by -ht which means that the long vQl..vel
was often pronounc ed
a-a
~'hus
co~pared:
The
48"
'\
rogative particle
~=hi~ In
HOSe
'eY ;
II
familil
usual
written bhsh72 ).
development
.il~
>-
In
ilahU
aba
a ll three cases 73 ).
modified:
separated
by~.
not necessarily
2.
pronunciation76~
i~,
we will have
thou~h
this word is
t..:>
c)
lordship80).
Others derived it
'to be strong"
81 )
ll
N~ ldek e
who
. explained the word from the root 'wI "to be in front, first"82~
ill the
II is in fact a
II
god"
50~
brother,
etc. 86) ,
uncle,
his servants,
etc.
of the members
his priests,
his
illustrious clan
These facts
inter alia and the meaning of the (in our opinion derived)
root
~ql
following conclusion:
d e s nomades,
ont certainement
con~u
qui etaient
sollici tude,
et d u
dieu I
If this hypothesis is
A~abian
inscriptions
m~y
be analysed
1,
for ali i
lS
51.
thut which
In th e biblical phrase
---._--'--
w.
Baum3artner95) while
in the
monstrative pr onoun .
30:34). The
Hebr ew ),
la
can be explained.
In this context it
77:45,
may be,
Hebrc 'cr,
Lj6 :
hither"
52.
3.
Conclusion:
In conclusion we may
All~h
il ~h
t an t"lqUlty 100)
of all the Semitic peoples 99 ) and because OIlS
ro
it
If
God ".
101 )
Th'l S
t a'-emen
l:;
t
fiUS t -
b e approac h e d
. f-h_.
Wl\J
I~
53~
perso~al
name s
10 /+)
M.
H~fn er
handelt;
man
m~ chte
an einen gemeinsemit.
der
sp~ter
Stammesg~ttern
hint e r den
u. dgl.
zuriicktritt" 105 ).
at th e
Allah.
C HAP T E -R
FO U R
1\
ALLAl-I
BEFORE
THE
ADVEI fr
OF
ISLAM
numerous inscriptions
Allah
(1951)
of G.
Ryckma~s
lah.
concerned
Ren~
Dussaud
1S
Consequently
The roots of a
A.
11 of Ugarit:
55.
charact~ristic
The Ugaritic
earth 7 ).
He
m1k
ab_~nE!.9),
thr11),
matters,
16)
B~ca115),
he is
In fact he is rather
Pleasure17~
1 1-vpn
1 apl
" . d 20 )
He does not
56.
as successor 2 +)
B.
Thamud
and Safa,
writing of the
Lihy~nic
South Arabia.
In form the
26
).
23
Li~yanic
28
) with
In this context
was
Wadd
TharnQdeans
and
The proph e t
II
The faith is of
to
It 1S v e ry interesting
or Ih
34 )
(Sab a '),
'lh
As in Ugarit,-
~tCly3'7),
fk~r
II
In a
which
s~~erely
punishes 49 )
addressed as father 51 ).
Children 52 ),
11 is
agricultural fertility53)
He pastures
61
58e
. t
64)
over
'h . . .. . . .
elr enemIes
65)
These names by
But according to a
is difficult to say.
the Morningstar,
Sinc e Ditlef
N~elsen71)
id e ritified II in
South Arabian religion with the moongod and r educ e d the gods
of the South Arabian pantheon to an exclusive triad consisting
of the moongod,
. . 72)
- eory me t W1 th severe cr1. t 1C1sm
th
this
Teh '1mport
tl
anpace
0f
how ever,
Nevertheless it is
59.
th~
Moon,
Sun 75 ).
reminding us of our
ab 78 ) , Saml"'c 79)
officigl ngmQ
In Qddi.tion the
was ~lmgh,
(IIU~9Uhu)80).
translated
However we may
82
).
But
84
).
The
C.
B.C.
In Lihyanic,
The e1 2ment
~lh,
50.
ln alternation with i1
87 ).
91 \
).
88 ).
93 ).
the manifest 90 )
He is father-in-law
Qh) ,
uncle0
S),
he is the
100
11 is
).
near9~)
11 is jealOus
lion10L~).
102
).
101
11 is as strong103 ) as
guiding
) of his people
glves victory107).
him,
to his people,
In wartime 11
he crushes 109 )
saves 116 )
his people from their distress and gives them
. ass1stance
.
117)
120
).
When they
cry ou t 121) 1n
124
likened to a king
) . He is 10rd 125 ) and the people are
-
{::,h
All ct
128 ).
"1
29)
But he 1S
good
"
61e
1 A1)
~
He rewards their
illnesses .
Indeed,
11 is great 139 ) ,
11 IS
11
is
nature.
He became slow149),
became
He is no
longer described
--
..
The root
..
1
Alternatively
one could take the element il inthese and other names like
C '1
_m_,
sn'l
---,
shhr'l
as an appellative and
etc.
of the
~1oreover
159 ).
gOd Il160 ),
Amm,
5enBeof
IIcArnm
is my
particular god.
c
conveys the
etc.,
162)
This leads to the conclusion that her
as the sungoddess.
in drawings,
and as an
most frequently.
Venus
He guides
16L~ )
0
We give an example of
All~h.
It reads:
h'lh
epithet of Allah.
Mohammed's enemies.
In
giving
64.
present the
168)
0
the
This
It was generally
usage
of
the
language.
In fact the
pa 6an
poetrJ
of
improvisatio~s
fro~
We have
Naturally many
po
'~
are authentic.
pas~n
Subject to thi s
174)
lS
thing;
Allah
called upon as
Wl. t
182
181
);
).
therefore he can
be
Id
ness .M"
an lS _lS
servan t 183 )]\n
.lan s h ou
or
deat~8~.
.
190)
Ne ve rtheless Allah does not desire the death of man
The
mercy of Allah191 )
lS
1 0 1:-" )
to do evi l 77 .
I t is Allah who provid e s the r a in,
the
Medinan poet,
of the building
I.e.
8).
He states that
Interesting is
II
By Allat
and by Allgh,
and
he
2OO
).
E.
XXI,
According to
This a necdote,
however,
implies a connection
their
who si ts
king 203 ).
Above all
67
they recognized him as the creator205 ) and the glver of
rain206 ).
All ~h209)_
C:l.
210
),
It
lS
the
216
21=)
Qurai~sh
!lO
Sfira CVI
Later when the relation between Mohammed and the Meccans was
severed
219
In spite of the
he insisted
222).
+remove th
- e parvners
glven t
221
0
).
AllAh
_a b y th e
~pag ans .
This
F.
22G
).
contained
Wellhausen poin ted
out the remarkable fact that the Koran contains no pol emic
a gainst Hub a l whereas Mohammed as well as hi s oppon ents
c
acknowledged Allah as lord of the Ka ba 227 ).
He
suggested
that Hubal was th e ori ginal proper name and Allah originally
the appel l ative of the lord of the Kacba.
name All~h
however,
knowledge of
not yet
Huba1 229 )
Furthe r mor e a
l_at e ~
No Mecc a rl could
This story
Uhu~
1S
- - - - - -23 3 )
.
From
well--ku owu historian of th e s econd c entury A .H.
n
70.
and
cent"~J AID~35).
Knt~a
D. S.
Moslem
According to
The
declared
in Me sopotamia.
or part of it.
All~h,
territorial god(s),
the
Qurai~!2,
Mohammed rejected
Qurai~b.
H.
?A8)
date-)
S strong
Judais~ic ~endency
Z39J .
In the sixth
II
Chu~ch.
God" viz.
Arabic by a l lah.
would be presented in
a way accidental 2 +0 ) .
I.
A r_~~bia:
This
J eWlS_.
. h
poet from
~8.ima,
4ff.
~1aclfna
is an
In this
Hebrew,
Rahm&n,
Greek,
A~abic
and Aramaic
246
).
-----. ~-
Arabia 21.1-7 )
Yahw~~
h~'~16him248).
but rather
no doubt that Allah was also the name of the God of the
Jews 249 ).
this
name
250)
He
251 ) .
73.
J.
.,-
we
understand people
later to propagate.
Though they
they wer e
One of the most
His veraea
Allah,
creator
and
lord of th e world,
p~ace
in
In addition
in his poetry .
He was n eve r
following the
By implication Zaid
He
throne~
AII~h
under the heavens who will remaln when everything else has
perished.
. d an lmpOT"vant
.
~
.
exerCIse
lnfluence
on Mohammed. 254) .
of
In a following
It should. however be
All~h
words:
The name
All~h
In other
pre-Islamic Arabia,
depend~ng
on the
Thus as far
8S
the name
All~h