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ASPIRATINGSMOKEDETECTION
VESDAVESDA
VESDA
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COLDSTORES
ColdStores
VESDA
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Thispublicationisaguideonly.Referencetolocalcodesandstandardsforcomplianceofsystem
designshouldalwaysbesought.Nopartofthisdocumentmaybereproducedortransmittedinany
formorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,includingphotocopyingandrecording,forany
purposewithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofVisionSystems.Formoreinformation,please
contactyournearestVisionFire&Securityoffice.
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CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................4
2.
DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS.......................................................................................5
3.
LEVELOFPROTECTION............................................................................................6
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3.1.
3.2.
3.2.1.
PERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGN..............................................................................7
ROOMPROTECTION..................................................................................................7
SamplingPointLocation..........................................................................................8
3.3.
AlongUndersideofCeiling........................................................................................9
3.4.
3.4.1.
3.4.2.
CONDENSATIONCONSIDERATIONS......................................................................12
ExternalCondensation...........................................................................................12
InternalCondensation............................................................................................12
3.5.
INRACKPROTECTION............................................................................................14
3.6
VOIDPROTECTION...................................................................................................14
4.0
GLOSSARY...............................................................................................................15
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1.
VESDA
INTRODUCTION
Refrigeratedwarehousesandcoldstoragefacilitiesaretemperaturecontrolledenvironmentsthat
containawiderangeofinventorysuchasfreshandfrozenfoods,pharmaceuticalsandprepackaged
productlines. Theultradryenvironment,andhighlycombustiblenatureoftheinsulationand
packagingmaterialspresentasignificantfireriskinthesefacilities.Reliable,veryearlysmoke
detectionsystemscanassistinprotectingthesefacilitiesandtheassociatedstockassetsfromthe
threatoffire.
Asaninnovativepioneerofaspiratingtechnology,VESDAprovidestheearliestpossiblewarningofa
potentialfirebydetectingtheincipient(precombustion)stageofafireevent.Thisguidehasbeen
developedbyVESDAengineerswhohaveextensivedesignandinstallationknowledgeincold
storageenvironments.
TheColdStoreDesignGuideisintendedasareferenceforconsultantsanddesignersinvolvedinthe
specificationofrefrigeratedstoragefacilities.Itdiscussesrelevantdesignconsiderationsand
recommendationsregardingtheinstallationofanaspiratingsmokedetectionsystemincoldstorage
environments.
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2.
ColdStores
DESIGNCONSIDERATIONS
Thefollowingaspectsshouldbeconsideredduringthespecificationanddesignofanaspirating
system:
Temperaturerangesofthecoldstoreandassociatedrooms
Airflowcharacteristicsoftheroom
Defrostcyclesandassociatedcondensation
Penetrationsintheceilinginsulation.
Productflammabilityandtoxicityrisksand
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3.
VESDA
LEVELOFPROTECTION
Coldstorageenvironmentsexhibitharshclimaticconditions.Theiroperatingtemperaturestypically
rangebetween8Cto40C(46Fto40F)resultinginextremelydryatmospheres.Keycoldstore
risksinclude:a)ignitionhazardsfromelectricalandmechanicalfaultsfromconveyor/transport
equipment,b)lightingorhotspotscausedbymaintenanceoperations,andc)thefuelhazardsfrom
thehighlycombustiblenatureofpolystyreneandpolyurethanefoams,woodenpalletsandplastic
wrapping. Thelowhumiditylevelsofcoldstoresfurtherexacerbatetheheatreleaserateofburning
materials.
Highbaystoragerackingcanalsoaffecttheairflowandimpedethedetectionandresponsetoafire
event.
Theextremetemperaturesofrefrigeratedstoragefacilitiesareaprimarychallengetodetectingacold
storefireasmostformsofdetectionarenotdesignedtooperateinharshclimaticenvironments.High
airflowscreatedbyblastchillerunitsandcondensation(iceformationwithinthefacility)canimpede
theoperationofconventionalpassivedetectors.Internationallyrecognisedfirestandardsfurther
state,thatunlessspecified,smokedetectorsshouldnotbeinstallediftheoperatingtemperatureis
1
below0C(NFPA72).
Althoughwatersupressioni.e.sprinklers,maybeusedinwarehouseapplications,theymaybe
ineffectiveincoldstorageenvironments.Intheeventofafire,theactivationofwatercancreate
environmentalandoccupationalhazardssuchasiceformation(blackice*).Thereleaseofwatercan
alsogeneratelargeamountsofdensefog,causingreducedvisibilityandimpedinganappropriatefire
brigaderesponse.
Tominimisedamageandlossincoldstores,afiremustbedetectedataveryearlystage.VESDAs
reliable,veryearlywarningminimisesthelikelihoodofproductloss(eitherfromfireand/or
contamination),facilitydamageandoperationaldowntime.
Thefollowingguidelinesaretoassistconsultantsanddesignerstoachievetheoptimumlevelof
protectionrequiredbyacoldstorefacility.Internationallyrecognisedfirestandardsandcodesof
practiceorrequirementsshouldalwaysbetakenintoconsideration.
Thespacingordensityofthesamplingholesaredictatedbylocalstandards.Sensitivitylevelsare
determinedbytheapplicationenvironmentandthelevelofresponsetospecifictestsandwillnotbe
addressedinthisguide.
Table1showsthepossibleareasofprotectionofacoldstoreenvironment.
Areas
Freezers/Chillers
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Required
Recommended
Optional
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Plant/Maintenance
Areas
ReturnAirPath
Protection
AnteRooms/Loading
Bays
RackingProtection
CeilingVoid
Table1
AreasofProtection
Thefollowingsectionswilldescribedesignrecommendationsrelatedtothedifferentprotectionareas.
ASPIRE . Thisprogramillustratesthesignificanceofvariousparametersinanaspiratingsmoke
AllpipeworkdesignsshouldbeverifiedusingtheVESDASamplingPipeModellingProgram
detectionsystemsothatthemostappropriatedesigncanbeapplied.
TM
NFPA72NationalFireAlarmCode,1999.
* Athinlayerofice,whichformsonconcreteduetosprinkleractivation.
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1
VESDA
3.1.
ColdStores
PERFORMANCEBASEDDESIGN
PerformanceBaseddesigndeterminesthebestfireprotectionsystembyassessingtheenvironmental
risksattheconceptdesignstage.VESDAsadvanceddetectiontechnologycomplementsexisting
coldstoreoperationsofcontinualrefrigeration,humiditycontrolandstorageconfigurationsbyutilising
thisperformancebasedapproach.
ItisrecommendedthatsmoketestingbeperformedtodeterminetheoptimallocationfortheVESDA
detectionsystem.Thisalsoallowsaccurateidentificationofdirectionofsmoketravelandlevelof
smokestratification.Thesetestsareusuallyperformedduringthecommissionphaseofthecold
store,i.e.priortocontaininggoods.
NOTE:
Theadditionofstockwillfurtheraltertheairdynamics(airflowandairdirection)of
thecoldstorefacility.
Thisshouldbeacknowledgedduringthedesignstage.
3.2.
ROOMPROTECTION
VESDAprovidesearlywarningsmokedetectionoffreezers/chillers,anterooms,loadingbays,plant
andmaintenanceroomsviapipeworkpositionedeitheralongtheundersideoftheceilingordirectly
throughtheceilingusingcapillarytubes.
Thefirstconsiderationisachievingthebestairsamplingconfiguration.Therearetwo(2)alternate
approaches:
1)
2)
Samplingpipeinstalledinsidethecoldstore
Samplingpipeinstalledexternaltothecoldstorewithcapillarytubesenteringthecoldstore.
Inmostcoldstorefacilities,samplingpipeworkinstalledwithinthecoldstoreisthepreferredoptionas
fewerceilingpenetrationsarerequired.
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3.2.1.
VESDA
SamplingPointLocation
Themethodoflocatingthesamplingholesisidenticalineitherpipeworksamplingconfiguration.
Samplingholesinaspiratedsmokedetectionsystemsarepositionedwhereconventionaldetectors
wouldnormallybeplaced,andaccordingtolocalprescriptivestandards.
Internationalcodesandstandardsrecommendboththeareaofcoverageperdetector,andalsoarea
coverageatvariousairchangerates.Thepositioningoftheactualdetectorisusuallydeterminedbya
simplegridlayout. Moststandardsdefinedifferentgridspacingdependentoncertaincriteria.
Referenceshouldbemadetoyourrelevantstandard.RefertoFigure1.
NOTE:
ItisadvisabletolocatethesamplingholesoutsidethedirectairflowpathoftheChillerunit.
Endcapwith
SamplingHole
Chiller
Airflow
SamplingHoles
Figure1
GridLayoutforSamplingHoleLocations
(X=samplingholedistancerefertorelevantstandard)
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3.3.
ColdStores
ALONGUNDERSIDEOFCEILING
Usingtheabovegridlayoutmethod,thesamplingpipesmaybepositionedalongtheundersideofthe
ceiling.RefertoFigure2.
CeilingVoid
Penetrations
CeilingInsulation
Sampling
Hole
Figure2
SaddleClip
SamplingPipeAlongUndersideofCeiling
Wheninstallingceilingmountedpipework,penetrationsaredrilledthroughtheceilinginsulationpanels
andmustbefullysealedbyeitherurethanefoam(solid/rigidmaterial)ormastic(flexible).Thepipe
mayalsohaveasealand/orinsulationbootinstalledtosealthepenetratingpipethroughthecold
storeceiling.RefertoFigure3.
Icingdueto
condensation
PipeLagging
CeilingVoid
RubberInsulation
Boot
CatchmentTray
CeilingInsulation
UreaFoam
Figure3
Mastic
Sealant
SealingHolesThroughColdStoreCeiling
Foreaseofinstallation,asemiflexiblepipematerial(e.g.PVC,UPVC,HFT,ABS)isusedwithceiling
mountedsampling,withparticularconsiderationgiventointernaltemperaturefluctuations.
Anymountingclipmustallowforpipemovementtoaccommodateexpansionandcontractioncaused
bytemperaturefluctuations.Inparticular,wherethepipeisinstalledinambientconditions,reference
mustbemadetotheamoutofcontractionthatwilloccurasthetemperatureisreduced.
Forexample,ABSpipewillcontractby0.1%foreach10 C(50 F)dropintemperature.Thisis
equivalentto40mm(1.57)inalengthof40m(131.2ft)pipe,andwillcausethepipetopullapartifthe
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VESDA
mountingclipsconstrainthecontraction.Itmaybenecessarytolocateexpansion/contractionoffsets
every1020m(32.865.6ft)toaccommodatethechangeinpipelength.
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NOTE:Pipeconnectorsshouldnotbepositionedadjacenttothemountingclipasthismay
alsoconstrainmovement.
Toreducetheeffectofpipeworkexpansionandcontractioncausedbyclimaticchanges,pipeworkis
supportedbyeithersaddleoroffsetclips.RefertoFigure4.
Offsetclipsarethepreferredoptionincoldstoreenvironments.Thisallowsforexpansionand
contractionofthepipeworkduringdefrostingcyclesandothermajortemperaturechangesand
removestheneedtopenetratetheinsulation.
Figure4
NOTE:
OffsetClip
SaddleClip
Samplingholesshouldbedrilledinthesideofthesamplingpipe.Thisreducesthe
accumulationofcondensationandice,whichcouldblocksamplingholesifdrilled
underneaththepipe.RefertoFigure4.
TheVESDAdetectorcanbepositionedintheceilingvoidorexternaltotheprotectedcoldstorearea.
NOTE:Theincidenceofcondensationaccumulatinginthesamplingpipesandenteringthe
detectorispreventedbyensuringthedetectorisinaninvertedposition,i.e.thepipework
entersthedetectorfromunderneath.
VESDAdetectorscanreliablydetectsmokesamplestoaminimumtemperatureof20 C(18 F),
however,itisrecommendedthattheairsampleentersthedetectoratatemperatureof0 C(32 F).
Thisismosteasilyachievedbyextendingthesamplingpipelengthoutsidethe0 areaandallowing
theambientairtoincreasethetemperatureofthesampledairinthepipe.Copperpipemaybeused
forthisprocessduetoitsheattransferabilities
Thisconfigurationissufficientinthemajorityofcoldstoragefacilities,andpiperunsof510m(16
32. 8ft)intheambientenvironmentisoftensufficient.
Incoldstoreconditionswherespaceislimitedorpiperunsinambienttemperaturesisnotpossible,
thefollowingoptionsmaybeemployed:
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HeatTracing:
Ifextendingthepipelengthisnotpossible,itmaybenecessarytotraceheatthepipeorcapillary
tube.Thisinvolvesacombinationofsamplingpipewithheattracingifthedetectorispositionedinthe
ceilingvoid.RefertoFigure5.
CeilingVoid
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overpipework
Heattracing
Topowersupply
CeilingInsulation
Figure5
HeatTracing
HeaterBox:
Aheaterboxmaybeemployedifthelengthofsamplingpipeisnotsufficienttoallowtheairto
warmnaturally.Theheaterishousedwithinanairtightboxandisdesignedtoraisethe
temperatureofthesampledairbeforeitreachestheVESDAdetector.RefertoFigure6.
100 wattdehumidifierheater
HeatedAir
AirfromColdStore
Topowersupply
Figure6
11
HeaterBoxArrangement
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3.4.
CONDENSATIONCONSIDERATIONS
3.4.1.
ExternalCondensation
VESDA
Samplingpipesorcapillarytubesthatpenetratetheinsulationlayerareinevitablycoldastheyenter
theambientairspace(ceilingvoid).Asaresult,condensationislikelytooccurontheoutsideofthe
samplingpipeandmayfreeze.
Considerationshouldbegiventoinsulatingthepipeortubeforashortlengthasitexitsthecoldstore
andtomovetheriskofmeltcondensation(i.e.water)awayfromthepenetrationtoanareawhereit
canbetoleratedorcontained. Awatercatchmenttrayisrecommendedtocapturethemelt
condensation.RefertoFigure3.
3.4.2.
InternalCondensation
Condensationmayoccurinsidethesamplingpipeiftheexternalenvironmentiscoolerthanthe
VESDAprotectedarea.Whileunlikely,somecoldstoreapplicationsmaypresentfreezingfogwhich,
ifdrawnthroughthesamplingpipe,maymelt.Theoccuranceoffreezingfogisusuallypresentinthe
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vicinityofdoorsandchillersduringdefrostcycles.
CeilingVoid
Tfitting
Clearpipetoshowwaterbuildup
StopValve
WaterCatchmentTray
CeilingInsulation
Figure7
Condensation/WaterTrap
AtypicalwatertrapconfigurationrequiresaTfittingbeforethepipeenterstheinverteddetector,
allowinganypresenceofwatertopoolatthestopvalve.RefertoFigure7.
Theclearsectionofthesamplingpipeallowsmaintenancepersonneltoidentifyandreleaseaywater
accumulationbyopeningthestopvalve.
NOTE:
Itisadvisedthatthestopvalveshouldbeopennomorethan5secondstominimise
theoccuranceofanairflowfaultbeingreportedbythedetector.
VESDAsASPIRESamplingPipeModellingProgramshouldbeusedtoverifytheperformanceofthe
system.Ascoldtemperaturescauseairtotravelataslowerrate,thesampletemperaturecanbeset
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VESDA
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toarangeofvaluesintheASPIREprogramandresponsetimescanthenberecorded.Itisalways
recommendedthatasmoketestbeperformedtoverifythedetectionsystem.
PointstoConsider:
ItisrecommendedtheVESDAsystembefullyinstalledandpowereduptoensureoptimumair
movementthroughthepipe,andtoavoidtheincidenceoficing.Thisisperformedduringthe
commissioningstageofthecoldstoragefacility.
Tominimiseheattransferduringinstallationinexistingcoldstoreretrofits,itisrecommendedthat
pipeworkisblockedatthepointthatthepipeleavestheprotectedareaintotheceilingvoid.The
pipeworkcanbeunblockedoncetheVESDAdetectorisconnected.
Toavoidicingandcondensation,samplingholesshouldbepositionedaminimumof5m(16.4ft)
fromdoorwaysorchillers(refertolocalcodes/standards).
NOTE:Temperatureandhumidityfluctuationsmaycausecondensationtoformontheexterior
ofthepipeasitenterstheceilingvoidfromthecoldstorearea.Insulatingthepipeworkasit
enterstheceilingvoiddecreasestheleveloficingthatmayformontheexteriorofthesample
pipeasitexitsthefreezer.(RefertoFigure3)
Capillarysamplingisanalternativemethodtoceilingpipeworksampling.Thesamplingpipeis
locatedintheceilingspaceandacapillarysamplingtubeisconnectedfromthepipethroughthe
ceilinginsulation.Airisthendirectlysampledfromthecoldstorearea.RefertoFigure8.
ThecapillarysamplingholepositionshouldcoincidewiththegridlayoutasdescribedinSection3.2.1.
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CeilingVoid
CeilingInsulation
Figure8
CapillarySampling
Capillarysamplingcanbelabourintensiveaseachsamplingpointmustbedrilledthroughthe
insulationskinoftheceiling.Penetrationsneedtobefullysealedtopreventmeltcondensation
seepingintotheinsulationbarrierandcausingdamagetothepanel.
PointstoConsider:
Ceilingmountedpipeworkonlyrequiresonepipeworkpenetrationthroughthecoldstoreceiling.
(RefertoFigure2)
Incomparison,capillarysamplingrequiresapenetrationpersamplingpoint.RefertoFigure8.
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3.5.
VESDA
INRACKPROTECTION
Samplingpipesforaspiratedsmokedetectionsystemsmayalsobelocatedalongthecoldstore
rackingsystems.Itisrecommendedthatthedetectorispositionedinanexternalareawitheasy
accessforserviceandmaintenance.RefertoFigure9.
VESDADetector
Figure9
InRackSampling
Theidenticalsamplingpipeconfigurationcanalsobeachievedforrackingsystemsinstorage/loading
bayareasi.e.anterooms.
3.6
VOIDPROTECTION
Freezers/Chillers,anterooms,loadingbays,plantandmaintenanceroomscanalsohaveprotectionin
theceilingvoids.Thisisespeciallyrelevantifthevoidcontainscablingandequipmentwhich
increasestheriskoffire. RefertoFigure10.
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Todeterminethespacingofthesamplingholes,thepreviouslydescribedgridlayoutmethodshould
beemployedwithreferencetolocalcodesandstandards.
CeilingVoid
SamplingHoles
CeilingInsulation
Figure10
CeilingVoidProtection
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VESDA
4.0
ColdStores
GLOSSARY
BlackIce:
Athinlayeroficethatformsonconcreteduetosprinkler
activation.
HeaterBox:
Anairtightboxthattypicallyhousesa100wattdehumidifier
heater.Theheaterraisesthetemperatureofthesampledair
beforeitreachestheVESDAdetector.
HeatTracing:
Amethodofwrappingtapearoundacoppersamplingpipe
andrunningacurrentthroughthepipetoproduce
approximately30wattspermetre.Thetemperatureofthe
sampledairisraisedbytheheatgeneratedinthecopper
samplingpipebeforeitreachestheVESDAdetector.
InsulationBoot:
Awatertightsealmadeofrubberwhichisfittedaroundthe
samplingpipetokeepthesampledairatfreezertemperature
untilitpassesthrougharaisedsectioninthepipework.
SmokeStratification:
Thermallayerswhichcanoccurinhighroofapplicationsthat
canpreventsmokefromrisingtotherooflevel.
MeltCondensation:
Theconditionthatoccursaftersampledairiswithdrawnfrom
theprotectedarea,andbeginstoriseintemperatureonce
outsidethecoldstore,causingmoisturetobecomeliquid.
FreezingFog:
Moisturecloudwhichtypicallyformneardoorsorotherareasof
heatentryintothecoldstore.
Commissioning(acoldstore):
Theprocessofsealingthecoldstorearea(includingall
fixtures),installingthechillersandbringingthecoldstoretoan
operationaltemperature.
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