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Problems

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Problems Section . Source Transformations

P . The circuit shown in Figure P .a has been divided into two parts. The circuit shown in

Figure P .b was obtained by simplifying the part to the right of the terminals using source
transformations. The part of the circuit to the left of the terminals was not changed.

a Determine the values of R t and v t in Figure P .b. b Determine the values of the current i
and the voltage v in Figure P .b. The circuit in Figure P .b is equivalent to the circuit in Figure
P .a. Consequently, the current i and the voltage v in Figure P .a have the same values as do
the current i and the voltage v in Figure P .b. c Determine the value of the current ia in Figure
P .a.

FIGURE P .

P . Consider the circuit of Figure P .. Find ia by simplifying the circuit using source
transformations to a singleloop circuit so that you need to write only one KVL equation to find
ia.

FIGURE P .

P . Find v o using source transformations if

in the circuit shown in Figure P ..

edugen.wileyplus.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.enc
coursecrsampidref

//

Problems

FIGURE P . Hint Reduce the circuit to a single mesh that contains the voltage source labeled
v o. Answer v o V

P . Determine the value of the current ia in the circuit shown in Figure P ..

FIGURE P .

P . Use source transformations to find the current ia in the circuit shown in Figure P ..

FIGURE P . Answer ia A

P . Use source transformations to find the value of the voltage v a in Figure P ..

FIGURE P . Answer
edugen.wileyplus.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.enc
coursecrsampidref /

. contains an unspecified resistance R. FIGURE P . FIGURE P . b Determine the value of the

voltage v when R . P . c Determine the value of R that will cause i A. FIGURE P . a
Determine the value of the current i when R
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.wileyplus.. edugen.
The circuit shown in Figure P . Determine the value of the power supplied by the current
source in the circuit shown in Figure P . Determine the power supplied by each of the
sources in the circuit shown in Figure P . P .enccoursecrsampidref / . d Determine the value
of R that will cause v V.// Problems va V P .

v s and is.wileyplus.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.
the inputs are v V and v V..enccoursecrsampidref / . v o. The output is related to the inputs by
the equation Given the following two facts and Determine the values of the constants a and b
and the values of the resistances are R and R .// Problems Section . Use superposition to
find v for the circuit of Figure P . The circuit shown in Figure P . V. A/A. What is the value of
the output in the third measurement P . has two inputs. Answer a . The inputs to the circuit
shown in Figure P . The second measurement shows that the output is v o V when the inputs
are v and v . Three measurements are made. R . The output is related to the inputs by where
a and b are constants. edugen. Superposition P . b . are the voltage source voltages v and
v . The output of the circuit is the voltage v o. Determine the values of a and b. v and v .
FIGURE P . A particular linear circuit has two inputs. In the third measurement. and one
output io. P . P . and R . and one output. A/V. FIGURE P . The first measurement shows that

the output is v o V when the inputs are v V and v .

. P . FIGURE P ..wileyplus. Use superposition to find i for the circuit of Figure P .. mA P .//
Problems FIGURE P .enccoursecrsampidref / . FIGURE P . edugen. Answer i mA P . Answer
i . Use superposition to find the value of the voltage v a in Figure P
..com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Use superposition to
find the value of the current ix in Figure P . Answer va V P . Use superposition to find i for the
circuit of Figure P . FIGURE P .

Finally. edugen. The input to the circuit shown in Figure P . The output is the voltage v o. is
used to adjust the relationship between the input and output. Answer P . and A . The plot
shown in Figure P .a is the voltage source voltage v s. P . specify a value of ia to cause the
required value of dia. FIGURE P . is the voltage source voltage. The current source current.
ia. Hint Use superposition to express the output as v o cv s dia where c and d are constants
that depend on R .b. v
s.wileyplus.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. R
.enccoursecrsampidref / . and A to cause the required value of c. Design the circuit shown in
Figure P . Design the circuit so that input and output are related by the equation v o v s .b
specifies a relationship between the input and output of the circuit. FIGURE P . Specify
values of R .// Problems FIGURE P .a to satisfy the specification shown in Figure P . The
output is the voltage v o. R . The input to the circuit shown in Figure P . The current source
current. ia. is used to adjust the relationship between the input and output.

has three inputs v .com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.

P . The output of the circuit is v o. Determine the values of a. Determine the value of the
voltage v o in the circuit shown in Figure P .wileyplus. FIGURE P . FIGURE P . The circuit
shown in Figure P .. b. Determine the voltage v ot for the circuit shown in Figure P . P . v . v
and v . The output is related to the inputs by where a. and c are constants. edugen. and c.
and i. The circuit shown in Figure P . b.// Problems Hint Determine the required values of A
and ia. FIGURE P .. The output is related to the input by the equation where a and b are
constants that depend on R . P . P . and R . v o. R . has two inputs.enccoursecrsampidref / .
and one output.

The output is the voltage v

o.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.. FIGURE P
.wileyplus. for the circuit shown in Figure P . is the current i.enccoursecrsampidref / . i. R .
The input to the circuit shown in Figure P . Determine values of the current i and the
resistance. and v . P . b Design this circuit so that a b. that cause the output to be related to
the input by the equation FIGURE P . P . FIGURE P . Determine values of the current. R .
The circuit shown in Figure P . has three inputs v . and the resistance. The current i is used
to adjust the relationship between the input and output. ia. The output of the circuit is the
edugen.// Problems a Use superposition to show that when R R R and R nR . P .

Using the superposition

principle.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. and c.
Determine the values of a. FIGURE P . a A circuit containing two independent sources.a.
Answer P . find the value of the current measured by the ammeter in Figure P . im . FIGURE

P . b.// Problems current io.wileyplus.enccoursecrsampidref / . P . The output of the circuit is

related to the inputs by where a. im. and c are constants.b shows the circuit after the ideal
ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a label has been added to
indicate the current measured by the ammeter. Hint Figure P . b The circuit after the ideal
ammeter has been replaced by the equivalent short circuit and a label has been added to
indicate the current measured by the ammeter. b. find the value of the voltage measured by
the voltmeter in Figure edugen. Using the superposition principle.

b The circuit after the ideal voltmeter has been replaced by the equivalent open circuit and a
label has been added to indicate the voltage measured by the voltmeter.a.a. a A circuit
containing two independent sources.b to be the Thvenin equivalent circuit of the circuit in
Figure P . FIGURE P
.a.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Answer Section .
FIGURE P . Rt . Hint Figure P .// Problems P .b is the Thvenin equivalent circuit of the circuit
shown in Figure P . Determine values of Rt and v oc that cause the circuit shown in Figure
P .wileyplus. Thvenins Theorem P . Hint Use source transformations and equivalent
resistances to reduce the circuit in Figure P .enccoursecrsampidref / . The circuit shown in
Figure P . v m.b.b shows the circuit after the ideal voltmeter has been replaced by the
equivalent open circuit and a label has been added to indicate the voltage measured by the
voltmeter. Find the value of the opencircuit voltage. and Thvenin resistance. v oc. edugen.
Answer R t and v oc V P . vm .a until it is the circuit in Figure P .

Find the Thvenin equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Figure P . The circuit shown in
Figure P . Find the Thvenin equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Figure P
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.// Problems FIGURE
P .a. P .wileyplus. edugen. Find the value of the opencircuit voltage. Rt . Answer v oc V and
R t P . FIGURE P . Answer v oc V and R t P .enccoursecrsampidref / .b is the Thvenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P . v oc. FIGURE P . and Thvenin
resistance...

the shortcircuit current. A resistor. when R k. Answer v oc V and R t / P . of this circuit are
given by and b Let R R k. isc. Determine the Thvenin equivalent of the circuit within the box
and predict the voltage. R. was measured. has four unspecified circuit parameters v
s.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. R t . The voltage.
P . The circuit shown in Figure P . and d. FIGURE P . edugen. v oc. P . R. FIGURE P . and
the Thvenin resistance.wileyplus. Find the Thvenin equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in
Figure P .. a Show that the opencircuit voltage.. where d is the gain of the CCCS. v . The
resistance was changed. was connected to a circuit box as shown in Figure P .// Problems
FIGURE P . R. Determine the values of v s and d required to cause v oc V and R t . v . and
the voltage was measured again.enccoursecrsampidref / . The results are shown in the table.

FIGURE P . which is known to be made up only of independent and dependent voltage

sources and current sources and resistors. b Given that R gt . A resistor. determine the
maximum possible value of the current i.a. edugen. R. Find the Thvenin equivalent circuit.
yield the currentvoltage characteristics shown in Figure P .// Problems FIGURE P . a Specify
the value of R required to cause i mA. Figure P . and the current was measured
again.wileyplus.b. The current. The results are shown in the table. Hint Use the data in the
table to represent the circuit by a Thvenin

equivalent.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ..enccourse
crsampidref / . was connected to a circuit box as shown in Figure P . The resistance was
changed. P . was measured. i. Measurements made on terminals ab of a linear circuit. P .

specify the resistance R that will cause current ib to be mA.enccoursecrsampidref / . Answer

edugen. P . For the circuit of Figure P . For the circuit of Figure P . Hint Find the Thvenin
equivalent circuit of the circuit connected to R .wileyplus. FIGURE P . FIGURE P . The
current ia has units of amps. specify the value of the resistance R L that will cause current iL
to be A. P ...// Problems FIGURE P
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.

edugen. The resistance R can be set to any value in the range R k. contains an unspecified
resistance. FIGURE P . c Determine the maximum value of the power supplied to the
adjustable resistor that can be obtained by adjusting R . the source to the left of the terminals
and the load. The resistance R is fixed but unspecified. The circuit shown in Figure P .
Determine the corresponding value of R . a Write and solve mesh equations. P . the value of
the load current is io . b Determine the maximum value of the voltage v a that can be
obtained by adjusting R . When R L . Determine the value of R in each of the following two
ways. A. Determine the corresponding value of R . b Replace the part of the circuit
connected to the resistor R by a Thvenin equivalent circuit. Analyze the resulting circuit. b
Determine the value of R . R . a Determine the maximum value of the current ia that can be
obtained by adjusting R . Determine the corresponding value of R . The load consists of a
single adjustable resistor having resistance R L . When R L . FIGURE P . a Determine the
value of the load current when R L . contains an adjustable resistor.// Problems R L P
.enccoursecrsampidref /
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. The circuit shown in
Figure P . the load current is measured to be io . A.wileyplus. P . The circuit shown in Figure
P . consists of two parts.

the voltmeter is replaced by the model of an ideal voltmeter.enccoursecrsampidref / . P . the

ideal value of v m. Figure P . Determine the value of the current
io.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. edugen. FIGURE P
.wileyplus. P .. An ideal voltmeter is modeled as an open circuit. an open circuit. The
voltmeter measures v mi. A more realistic model of a voltmeter is a large resistance.b.
Replace the part of the circuit to the left of terminals ab by its Thvenin equivalent circuit.a
shows a circuit with a voltmeter that measures the voltage v m.// Problems FIGURE P .
Consider the circuit shown in Figure P . In Figure P .

a Determine the value of v mi.wileyplus. Determine the Thvenin equivalent circuit for the
circuit shown in Figure P . b Express the measurement error that occurs when R m as a
percentage of v mi. the voltmeter becomes an ideal voltmeter. c Determine the minimum
value of R m required to ensure that the measurement error is smaller than percent of v mi.
the voltmeter is not ideal. The difference between v m and v mi is a measurement error
caused by the fact that the voltmeter is not ideal.enccoursecrsampidref / . consider these two
observations edugen. and v m v mi. Given that in the circuit shown in Figure P
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.. P . and v m gt v mi.
FIGURE P . As R m . P .// Problems FIGURE P . When R m lt ..

wileyplus. using source transformations and equivalent resistance. will be characterized by

the parameters a Determine the values of b Given that power. and of the edugen..a to the left
of the terminals can be reduced to its Norton equivalent circuit. Answer and R . determine the
maximum values of the voltage. . Determine a The value of v R that occurs when R .//
Problems Determine the following a The maximum value of iR and the value of R that causes
iR to be maximal b The maximum value of v R and the value of R that causes v R to be
maximal c The maximum value of and the value of R that causes pR to be maximal FIGURE
P . p vi.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Section .
FIGURE P . P . b The value of R that causes v R . Consider the circuit shown in Figure P
.enccoursecrsampidref / . The resulting Norton equivalent circuit. v . shown in Figure P . V. c
The value of R that causes iR mA.b. Nortons Equivalent Circuit P . The part of the circuit
shown in Figure P .

Box A contains the Thvenin equivalent of some linear circuit. and box B contains the Norton
equivalent of the same circuit. P .. using only one shorting wire FIGURE P
.enccoursecrsampidref / ... how can you determine which is which. FIGURE P . With access
to just the outsides of the boxes and their terminals. Two black boxes are shown in Figure P .
FIGURE P .com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Black
boxes problem. Answer R t and isc . Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in
Figure P . A P . edugen.// Problems . and .wileyplus. Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the
circuit shown in Figure P . P .

Answer isc . using mesh equations. Solve the mesh equations to determine the value of R .
isc.b is the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P .b is the Norton
equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure P . Answer isc A and R t P . P . edugen.
FIGURE P .// Problems FIGURE P . The circuit shown in Figure P .wileyplus. Determine the
value of the resistance R in the circuit shown in Figure P . Use current division to determine
the value of R . b Analyze the circuit shown Figure P . R t
.a.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.enccoursecrsampid
ref / . A and R t . Find the value of the shortcircuit current.a. FIGURE P . and Thvenin
resistance. P . R t . The circuit shown in Figure P . by each of the following methods a
Replace the part of the circuit to the left of terminals ab by its the Norton equivalent circuit.
isc. and Thvenin resistance. Find the value of the shortcircuit current.

com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Find the Norton

equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Figure P .. P . P . The device to the right of terminals
ab in Figure P . edugen. P .enccoursecrsampidref / . FIGURE P . FIGURE P . is a nonlinear
resistor characterized by Determine the values of i and v .// Problems FIGURE P . P
.wileyplus.. FIGURE P . Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown in Figure P .

FIGURE P .a. The ammeter measures imi.a shows a circuit with an ammeter that measures
the current im. a Determine the value of imi. the ideal value of im.b. the ammeter becomes
an ideal ammeter and im imi. a short
circuit.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. P .// Problems
An ideal ammeter is modeled as a short circuit.b to be the Norton equivalent circuit of the
circuit in Figure P .enccoursecrsampidref / . the ammeter is not ideal and im lt imi. In Figure P

. As R m . When R m gt . The difference between im and imi is a measurement error caused

by the fact that the ammeter is not ideal. Figure P . b Express the measurement error that
occurs when R m as a percentage of imi. edugen. A more realistic model of an ammeter is a
small resistance. the ammeter is replaced by the model of an ideal ammeter.wileyplus. c
Determine the maximum value of R m required to ensure that the measurement error is
smaller than percent of imi. Determine values of R t and isc that cause the circuit shown in
Figure P .

Answer i / R A Section . and the resistance R and b the resistance R that maximizes the
power delivered to the resistor to the right of the terminals. FIGURE P . The circuit shown in
Figure P . for maximum power
transfer.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. Edelson.
Maximum Power Transfer P . R L. Use Nortons theorem to formulate a general expression
for the current i in terms of the variable resistance R shown in Figure P . Consider the part of
the circuit to the left of the terminals. FIGURE P . consists of two parts separated by a pair of
terminals. V s.. P . . Determine the values of a the voltage source voltage. The current is is
proportional to the solar insolation kW/m.wileyplus. b Find the maximum power transferred
when is A.// Problems FIGURE P . and shortcircuit current is . a Find the load resistance.
edugen. and the corresponding maximum power. The circuit model for a photovoltaic cell is
given in Figure P . The open circuit voltage is . Answer R t and isc A P .enccoursecrsampidref
/.

edugen... FIGURE P . FIGURE P .wileyplus. For the circuit in Figure P . FIGURE P . Specify
the required value of R . P . a find R such that maximum power is dissipated in R and b
calculate the value of maximum power.// Problems FIGURE P . Find the maximum power to
the load RL if the maximum power transfer condition is met for the circuit of Figure P . For the
circuit in Figure P . connected to terminals ab of the circuit shown in Figure P . Answer R and
P max mW P . W P . prove that for Rs variable and RL fixed.. Answer max pL . the power
dissipated in R L is maximum when R s .. R. Determine the maximum power that can be
absorbed by a resistor. P . Circuit model of photovoltaic cell.enccoursecrsampidref /
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.

Figure P . R. Determine the value of R L that maximizes the power delivered to the load and
the corresponding maximum load power.// Problems FIGURE P . FIGURE P . The variable
resistor can safely receive / W power. Consider three cases a A V/V and R o
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ.wileyplus. P
.enccoursecrsampidref / . Is the circuit safe FIGURE P . shows a source connected to a load
through an amplifier. Determine the value of A that maximizes the power delivered to the load
and the corresponding maximum load power. The resistance of the variable resistor varies
over the range R . Determine the value of R o that maximizes the power delivered to the load
and the corresponding maximum load power. edugen.. P . contains a variable resistance. c R
o and R L . find the power delivered to the load when RL is fixed and Rt may be varied
between and . FIGURE P . Determine the maximum power received by the variable resistor.
Select R t so that maximum power is delivered to R L. b A V/V and R L . The load can safely
receive up to W of power. implemented using a potentiometer. P . For the circuit of Figure P .
The circuit in Figure P . Bridge circuit.

W P . FIGURE P . and the power delivered to the resistor was measured as shown in Figure

P . c Replace circuit A by its Thvenin equivalent and determine the node voltages of the
modified circuit.wileyplus. The circuit shown in Figure P . Use PSpice to do the following a
Determine the node voltages for the entire circuit... Are the data consistent edugen. Answer
R t and v oc V Section . For the circuit of Figure P . b Determine the Thvenin equivalent
circuit of circuit A.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. the
current i has been measured for three different values of R and is listed in the table. d
Compare the node voltages of circuit B before and after replacing circuit A by its Thvenin
equivalent.// Problems Answer . Determine the Thvenin equivalent circuit. is separated into
two parts by a pair of terminals. FIGURE P . How Can We Check P .enccoursecrsampidref / .
Section . Using PSpice to Determine the Thvenin Equivalent Circuit P . Call the part of the
circuit to the left of the terminals circuit A and the part of the circuit to the right of the terminal
circuit B. A resistive circuit was connected to a variable resistor.

In preparation for lab. P .wileyplus. regardless of the value of the resistance R

.enccoursecrsampidref / . In lab. Your lab partner built the circuit shown in Figure P . Do you
agree edugen. Your lab partner says that R L is required to cause i mA. The results are
shown in the table in Figure P . Your lab partner claims that the current i in Figure P . mA. P .
Is this measurement consistent with the prelab calculations Justify your answers. and
measured the current i and voltage v corresponding to several values of the resistance R .
P .. your lab partner determined the Thvenin equivalent of the circuit connected to R L in
Figure P . you built the circuit using R and R L FIGURE P .// Problems FIGURE P
.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. and .. mA. will be no
greater than . FIGURE P . Do you agree Justify your answer. She says that the Thvenin
resistance is the opencircuit voltage is and measured that i .

P . Two resistances. A ll rights reserv ed. Copy right John Wiley amp Sons. The tabulated
data provide values of the current.enccoursecrsampidref / . corresponding to several values
of the resistance R . the Thvenin resistance. c Fill in the blanks in the table. i. shows a circuit
and some corresponding data. and the opencircuit voltage.wileyplus. R and
R.com/edugen/courses/crs/dorf/dorfc/ZGyZjENzFjMDVfMTNfMCZmybQ. b Use the results of
part a to verify that the tabulated data are consistent. edugen. Inc. Use the data in rows and
of the table to find the values of R t and v oc.// Problems FIGURE P . and the current source
current are unspecified. v . FIGURE P . Figure P . and voltage. a Consider replacing the part
of the circuit connected to the resistor R by a Thvenin equivalent circuit. d Determine the
values of R and is.