17/05/2013

Floral organs
Berdasarkan hipotesis ABC, bagaimanakah struktur bunga yang
dihasilkan (dari karangan paling luar) oleh tumbuhan yang memiliki
ekspresi gen A dan C tetapi tidak terjadi ekspresi gen B pada
keempat karangan bunganya?
A. carpel-petal-petal-carpel
B. Petal-petal-stamen-stamen
C. sepal-carpel-carpel-sepal
D. sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel
E. carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

Floral architecture
B
A

Floral Organ Organization

Floral organ whorls replace the meristem
Sepals Petals Stamens Carpels

Floral organs are:

ABC model explains determination
- initiated sequentially by of floral organ identity
the floral meristem
- A alone sepals
- produced as successive
- A+B petals
whorls (concentric circles)
- B+C stamen
- C alone carpels
Floral organ identity is specified by five MADS box genes:
APETALA1 (AP1)
APETALA2 (AP2)
PISTELLATA (PI)
AGAMOUS (AG)
APETALA3 (AP3)

MADS box genes control flower development

Whorl
1
2
3
4

ABC Model of Floral Organ Identity

A genes: APETALA1*, APETALA2
B genes: APETALA3*, PISTILLATA*
C gene: AGAMOUS*
*Produce MADS box transcription factors.

Loss of A function ->

spread of C function

Loss of B function ->

only expression of
A and C

Loss of C function ->

spread of A function

Cadastral
genes

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Summary

Floral Organ Identity Genes

Vegetative
Apical
Meristem

Inflorescence
Meristem

Floral
Meristem

Floral
Organs

1. Give organs their identity

2. Homeotic genes: Major developmental switches
3. Transcription factors
4. Some are Cadastral genes boundary genes that
mutually repress each other.

Homeotic floral gene mutations: apetala2

Wild type

apetala2-2

No sepals
No petals

Floral Organ Identity Genes

1.

Give floral organs their identity

2.

Major developmental switches

3.

Originally determined through homeotic mutations

Mutations: Floral organs appeared in the wrong place

Encode transcription factors

4.

Determine location at which specific floral organs develop

Belong to class of related DNA sequences having MADS box

gene domains encode protein structures known as MADS
domains.

Three classes: A, B & C

Homeotic floral organ gene

mutations: agamous

1. No stamens
2. No carpels
3. Whorls of petals
or sepals

Quadruple Mutant in Arabidopsis Flowers

Whats the
phenotype of a
ap1, ap2, pi, ag
mutant flower?
1.No sepals
2.No petals
3.No stamens
4.No carpels
5.All Leaf-like appendages

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Fotoperiode
Fenomena pd berbagai jenis tumbuhan dimana panjang hari
menentukan apakah meristem pucuk /lateral mampu membentuk
bunga atau tidak

* obligate fotoperiod : tetap vegetatif jika

panjang hari tak sesuai
* facultative fotoperiod : dpt berbunga pada
kondisi panjang hari yg tak sesuai, tetapi
pembungaan tetap diinduksi oleh LD atau SD

Shade avoidance (phytochromes)

Perception of light
Plants have specific photoreceptors
Different photoreceptors detect
different wavelengths of light
- Phytochromes (red and far-red light)
- Cryptochromes (blue, green, UV-A light)
- Phototropin (blue light)
- UV-B receptor (still not identified)

Sensor panjang hari (day length)

Terletak pada daun
*satu daun yang menerima fotoperiod yang tepat
mampu menginduksi terbentuknya bunga

Vegetation absorbs/reflects
light of wavelengths below
700nm
Between 700 and 800nm
transmitted
Plants in shade receive more
far-red light than red light
Results in increase in rate of
internode elongation
Grow beyond shading
plants, growth slows as red
light perceived

* stimulus pembungaan dapat ditransmisikan

melalui sambung pucuk pada tanaman yang
sama atau bahkan berbeda spesiesnya

Key regulatory interactions in the leaf and at the shoot apex

Direct interactions are indicated
by bold lines (regulation of
mRNA levels refers to
transcriptional control)

Photoperiodism

The ability of an organism to

detect day length

Kobayashi and Weigel 2007

Genes Dev 21: 2371-2384

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Seleksi olimpiade tingkat propinsi 2009

Tim olimpiade biologi indonesia 2008

Sistem Fitokrom

Pada waktu tengah malam, suatu tumbuhan berbunga didedahkan

kepada cahaya merah dan merah jauh dengan urutan sebagai berikut:
merah, merah jauh, merah. Pernyataan berikut ini benar, KECUALI;
A. Bentuk aktif dari fitokrom adalah Pfr
B. Pfr dalam jumlah besar akan terdapat pada akhir perlakuan
C. Pr dalam jumlah kecil akan terdapat pada akhir perlakuan
D. Pada tumbuhan hari pendek, pembungaan akan terinduksi
E. Pada tumbuhan panjang hari netral, pembungaan tidak akan
terinduksi

Red light
660 nm

Pr

Pfr

Response

730 nm
Far red light

long dark
period

Photoperiodic regulation of flowering

Photoperiodic induction of flowering (phytochromes)

Short-day plant: light period shorter than a critical length to flower (flower in
late summer, fall, or winter: poinsettias, chrysanthemums)
Long-day plant: light period longer than a critical length to flower (flower in
late spring or early summer: spinach, radish, lettuce, iris)
Day-neutral plant: unaffected by photoperiod (tomatoes, rice, dandelions)
Critical night length controls flowering (genetic factor), it varies widely
between species

Short-day plants flower when the day length

is less than (or the night length exceeds) a
certain critical duration in a 24-h cycle.

Short-day (long-night) plants flower

when night length exceeds a critical
dark period. Interruption of the dark by
brief light treatment prevents flowering.

Effects of the duration of the dark period on flowering

Treating short- and longday plants with different
photoperiods shows that
the length of the dark
period is critical.

Chrysanthemum
Rice, Kalanchoe
Poinsettias
Morning glory (Pharbitis)
Cocklebur (Xanthium)
Soybean

Day-neutral plants
Hibiscus
Fuchsia
Spinach
Arabidopsis
Sugar beet
Radish

Kidney bean
Desert plants
Cucumber
Tomato

Long-day plants flower when the day length

exceeds (or the night length is less than) a
certain critical duration in a 24-h cycle.

Long-day (short-night) plants flower if

the night length is shorter than a critical
period. In some long-day plants,
shortening the night with a night break
induces flowering.

Phytochrome is the primary photoreceptor in photoperiodism

Short-day
(long night) plant

Long-day
(short night) plant
A flash of red light during the dark period induces flowering in a long-day plant, and
effect is reversed by far-red light. involvement of phytochrome
In a short-day plant, red light prevents flowering, and effect is reversed by flash of
far-red light.

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How does an oscillation with a 24-h period

measure a critical duration of darkness?
Short-day
(long night) plant

Example:

Plant Reproduction

How does Chrysanthemum know

that it needs 10-12 hrs to induce
flowering?

Long-day
(short night) plant

The life cycle of a flowering plant with emphasis on egg cell formation
and seed development
Pada Angiospermae, setiap butir pollen menghasilkan dua sperma.
Apa yang dilakukan oleh kedua sperma ini?
A. Masing-masing memfertilisasi sel telur yang terpisah
B. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain
memfertilisasi buah
C. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain tetap
dipertahankan
D. Keduanya memfertilisasi satu sel telur
E. Salah satu memfertilisasi satu sel telur dan yang lain
memfertilisasi suatu sel yang akan berkembang menjadi tempat
cadangan makanan

Life circle of Angiosperm

Pada angiosperma,
fase sporofit
dominan :
Menghasilkan
spora yang
berkembang
menjadi gamet
jantan
Menghasilkan
gametofit betina
(kantung embrio)

Stigma
Carpel
Anther

Style

Stamen

Filament

Ovary

Petal

Ovule

Sepal

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Polinasi
Polinasi : melekatnya serbuk sari ke
kepala putik
Setelah terjadi pembuahan (fertilisasi)
ovulum akan berkembang menjadi biji
dan ovarium akan menjadi buah
Banyak tumbuhan angiospermae
melakukan perkembangbiakan vegetatif

Fertilization

Male gametogenesis

Diploid pollen mother cells undergo meiosis to

produce a tetrad of haploid microspores.
Each microspore develops into a pollen grain
containing two haploid cells (mitosis I):
the generative cell (small)
The vegetative cell (large)

generative
cell

Pollen tubes grow, by tip growth, down through the stigma and
style and into the ovary, toward the ovules.
The pollen tube navigates to the micropyle and discharges the
two sperm cells.

the vegetative cell grows to produce the pollen tube

the generative cell produce 2 sperm cells (mitosis II)

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Double fertilization
Ovule

One sperm fertilizes

the egg cell to develop
into the embryo.

Antipodal cells

Central cell
nuclei

the other sperm

fertilizes the diploid
central cell nucleus to
develop into the
endosperm.

Egg
Synergids

Micropyle
Sperms

Manakah dari aktivitas bakteri tanah berikut ini yang

tidak berkontribusi untuk menghasilkan persediaan
nitrogen yang dapat digunakan untuk tumbuhan
A. Fiksasi nitrogen atmosfer
B. Pengubahan ion amonium menjadi nitrat
C. Dekomposisi hewan yang mati
D. Penyusunan asam amino menjadi protein
E. Pemprosesan amonium dari protein pada daun mati

Pollen
tube

Siklus Nitrogen