Professional Documents
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of Civil Engineering
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Chapter 1 DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Columns are the members that take axial compressive load and bending moments. The bending
effect may be due to the lateral loads, end moments, and/or due to eccentricity of the axial loads.
Reinforced concrete columns are classified in EBCS 2, as un-braced (sway) or braced (nonsway), based on how the horizontal loads are transmitted by the super structure to the foundation.
Un-braced Columns (in sway frames): An un-braced structure is one in which frame action is
used to resist horizontal loads (lateral loads due to wind or earthquake). In such structure, beam
and column members may be designed to act together as a rigid frame in transmitting the lateral
forces down to the foundations through bending action in the beams and columns. In such an
instance the columns are said to be un-braced and must be designed to carry both the vertical
(compressive) and lateral (bending) loads. Moments in the columns can substantially reduce the
vertical load carrying capacity.
displacement. The bending moment can increase due to second order effect.
Braced columns (in non-sway frames): If the lateral loads in a frame are transmitted to the
foundation through a system of bracing or shear walls, the column member in such a frame is
said to be braced column and consequently carry only vertical loads. In such a case, second
order effect will be negligible.
Second order effect or P- effect: Consider a slender column subjected only to equal and
opposite end moment, M, as shown in figure. The column is bent into a single curvature with a
maximum deflection at the mid height as shown. If the axial compression is applied at the ends
of the column now, additional bending moment is caused due to the axial load acting on the
deformed shape. This additional bending moment causes additional deflection and so on, until
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
P
Max. Moment = M
Max. Moment = M + P
M
P
15
50 25
M1
M2
Where M1and M2 are the first-order (calculated) moments at the ends, M2 being always positive
and greater in magnitude than M1, and M1 being positive if member is bent in single curvature
and negative if bent in double curvature.
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
d N sd
f cd Ac
N sd
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0.7L
0.5L
e 0.65L
e L
e 0.8 L
1.2L 0.8L
e 1.2 L
e 0.8 L
e 1.5 L
In accordance with EBCS-2, 1995, the effective length Le for an RC Column is given as,
a. Non-sway mode
Le m 0.4
0.7
L m 0.8
7.5 41 2 1.61 2
1.15
7.5 1 2
Le
1 0.8 m 1.15.
Or Conservatively
L
For the theoretical model shown below.
b. Sway mode
K1 K c
K 11 K 12
K2 Kc
K 21 K 22
2
m 1
2
Le
Lc2
Ic2
Ib22
Ib21
Lc
Ic
Ib12
Lc1
Ib11
Ic1
where K1 and K2 are column stiffness coefficients (EI/L) for the lower and the upper column
respectively. Kc is the stiffness coefficient (EI/L) of the column being designed.
Kij is the effective beam stiffness coefficient (EI/L)
= 1.0 (EI/L) for opposite end elastically or rigidly restrained.
= 0.5 (EI/L) for opposite end free to rotate.
= 0.0 (EI/L) for a cantilever beam.
N sd
0.1
N cr
Where: Nsd the design value of the total vertical load.
Ncr critical vertical load for failure in a sway mode given as
2 EI e
N cr
L2e
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Ec
1100 f cd
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(or EIe =
Curvature
M bal
0.4 E c I c )
1 rbal
rbal
5 10 3
d
A frame may be classified as braced if its sway resistance is supplied by a bracing system which
is sufficiently stiff to assume that all horizontal loads are resisted by the bracing system. (Not
more than 10% of the horizontal loads are attracted by the frame)
Reinforcement arrangement & Minimum Code Requirements.
Functions of Lateral Reinforcement.
- they hold the longitudinal bars in position in the forms while the concrete is being
placed
- they prevent the slender longitudinal bars from buckling out ward by bursting the
thin concrete cover.
Rules for the arrangement:
- Diameter of ties, t
t 6mm or 4
- C/C spacing
Ties shall be arranged such that every bar or group of bars placed in a corner and
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie
with an included angle of not more than 135o and no bar shall be farther than
150mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Equal or less
than 150mm
At center
0
135
At center
15t 300mm
l = longitudinal bars
t = main ties
15t 300mm
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
As
0.08
Ac
600
C
300
350
300
3.80 m
300 x 400
A
9m
M1 = 30 KNm
M2 = 45 KNm
E
400
3.80 m
300 x 350
600
B
525 KN
7.5 m
Solution:
Moments of inertia
3
300 x 600
54 x108 mm 4
12
300 x 400 3
16 x10 8 mm 4
Columns: I DE
12
300 x350 3
I EF
10.71875 x10 8 mm 4 .
12
Girders: I g
Stiffness Coefficients:
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Girders : K g
EI g
Lg
K BE KcF
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E 54x108 6x105 E.
9000
E 54 x108
5
K EH K FI 7500 7.2 x10 E.
K DE
E 16 x108
4.21 x105 E
K EF
E 10.71875 108
2.82 x105 E
EIc
Columns: K c
Lc
3.8 x103
3.8x103
Joint E:
Joint F:
EI col / L
I col / L
f EI g / Leff f I g / Leff
4.21x105 2.82 x105
0.53
6 x105 7.2 x105
2.82 x105
F
0.21
6 x105 7.2 x105
E F 0.53 0.21
0.37
2
2
For a braced column (Non sway structure ) for design
Le m 0.4 0.37 0.4
0.66 0.7
L m 0.8 0.37 0.8
Le= (0.7) (3.8) = 2.66m = 2660mm
m
Le
Le
I A
26.327.
2660
30
50 25
66.66 ok!
45
The colum is short .
Axial compression
The ultimate capacity of an axially loaded short column can be determined by
Pdu = fcd(Ag - As) + fyd Ast , = fcdAg (1 ) + Ag fyd
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
Ast
Ag
or Ast = Ag
Pd
[ f cd (1 ) f yd ]
S2 =
1000 * 103
13.6(1 0.01) 0.01( 260.87)
S = 249 mm
Ties: d 6 mm (or)
Dia of main bar/4 = 16/4 = 4 mm
Pd
[ f cd (1 ) f yd ]
S2 =
1000 * 103
13.6(1 0.02) 0.02(260.87)
S = 232 mm
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
Ties: d 6 mm (or)
Dia of main bar/4 = 20/4 = 5 mm
f cu ;
A
I
P
My
1
f cu A f cu I
or
&
Mmax =
P
-------------------------(1)
f cu I
y
1;
Equation (1) becomes, P M
max
max
Reinforced concrete is not elastic, and it has ft << fc. Tensile strength, of course, is developed by
rebars, on the tensile zone of the member. Therefore, calculation of interaction in concrete
member is complicated. However the general shape of the diagram resembles the figure given
below.
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
Pure compression
Interaction curve
Axial load
Moment
When a member is subjected to combined axial load and bending moment it is more convenient
to replace the axial load and moment with an equivalent load applied at an eccentricity e.
Pd
Md
Pd
Pd
e
Le
20mm
300
e2 = Second-order eccentricity .
For non sway frames,
K1
20
K1 1.0
e2 =
K 1 L2e 1 r
10
0.75 for 15 35
for 35.
K2
Where d = the Column dimension in the buckling plane less the cover to the center of the
longitudinal reinforcement.
K2 =
Md
M bal
Ac f cd
f yd
Example 1
Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to uniaxail bending.
Given: - factored load=1650KN
-factored 1st order equivalent constant
Moment=130KNM
-Geometric length: l=7m and le=0.7l
-Material data; C-30, S-460 class I work
Required: - quantity of reinforcement.
Solution
Assume Column size
b = 400mm;
d'
40
ea >=
ea >=
d'
40
Le
0.7 * 7000
=
= 16.33 or
300
300
20mm
Therefore; ea=20mm
Check for second order effect
- =
-
max
4900
Le
I =
A
400 2 = 42.4
12
M1
= 50-25( M ) ; here first order moment is constant through out the column.
2
fyd =
f yk
rs
0.85 f ck
0.85 * 24
=
= 13.6MPa
rs
1.5
460
= 400MPa
1.15
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
N sd
1650 * 10 3
=
= 0.76
Ac f cd
400 2 * 13.6
sd
M sd
163 *10 6
=
=0.187
Ac f cd h 400 2 * 13.6 * 400
Using chart no- 2; for sd = 0.76 and sd = 0.187; = 0.32; bal = 0.25
K2 =
sd
0.187
=
= 0.75,
bal
0.25
1
5
5
* 10 3 = 10.42*10-6
= K2 ( ) 103 = 0.75(
r
d
360
K 2 Le 2 1
( ) here K1 = 1 for > 35
e2 =
r
10
2
= 1(4900) (10.42 *10 6 ) = 25mm
10
e tot = ee + ea+e2 =
Msd = 1650*
130 * 10 3
20 25 123.8mm
1650
123.8
= 204.3kNm
1000
204.3 *10 3
400 3 * 13.6
0.23
= 0.77 ,
0.3
1
5
= 0.77(
) * 10 3 = 10.69*10-6 = 26mm
r
360
etot = 124.3
Msd = 1650* 124.3 = 205.09 kNm ,
sd
1000
6
M sd
= 205.1 * 10
= 0.236
Ac f cd h 400 2 *13.6 * 400
= 0.45
Interaction can be stopped.
Ast
Hence ok
Hence use 6 bar
=240
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Example 2
A uniaxial column is to be constructed from a materials C-30, S-400 class I works. If the
diagram for 1st order end moment and axial force are as shown, determine the area of
reinforcement assuming non-sway frame system.(use b/h =300/400 and Le=0.75L)
d'
h
40
= 0.1
400
ee 0.6eo2+0.4eo1 or 0.4eo2
155
* 1000 =121.1mm
1280
82
* 1000 =-64.1mm
eo1=
1280
eo2=
le
0.75 * 7500
=
=18.75mm or 20mm; use ea =20mm
300
300
0.75 * 7500
82
Check for e2; = 400 2 * 300 =48.7 ; max=50-25(
)=63.2
155
12
ea
Msd= 1280*
Aspov= 8*
22 2 *
=3041mm2
4
edx
Mdy
=arc tan
M dx
edy
An combination of Pdn, Mdx,and Mdy ling inside the surface can be applied safety.
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
Due to the mathematical complication arising from the construction of interaction surface,
in practice a simpler approximation methods are used of which the one developed by
Bresler is satisfactory.
It is given as reciprocal load equation.
1
1
1
1
Pdn
Pdnx
Pdny
Pdo , which simplifies to
Pdn
Where:
Pdn is the desing axial load capacity when applid at edx and edy
simultaneously.(biaxial bending ).
Pdnx and Pdny- design axial load capacity when edx and edy are only actoing ( case of
uniaxal loading).
Pdo Design axial force capacity for concentric load case.
However, interaction charts prepared for this purpose can be easly used for actual design where
the following procdures need be followed.
Given : Pd; Mb and Mh
h'
h
Calculate b , h, and
Nd
Mb
Mh
, b
and h
f cd Ac
f cd Ac b
f cd Ac b
h ' and
h
Note:
Select corresponding to , b , h
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1
Adama University
Example 1
Design a column to sustain a factored design axial load of 900KN and biaxial moments of
Mdx=270KNM and Mdy=180KNm including all other effects. Use C-30, S-300 class I works.
Soln:
b' h'
=
=0.1,
b
h
Nsd= 900kN
Mh=Mdx=270kNm
Mb=Mdy=180kNm
=
900 * 10 3
=0.28(between0.2 and0.4)
13.6 * 400 * 600
Mb
Mh
180 *10 6
270 * 10 6
h
=
=0.14
and
=
=0.14
f cd Ac b 13.6 * 600 * 400 2
f cd Ac b 13.6 * 400 * 600 2
Using biaxial chart no- 9 and for =0.2; h =0.14 , b =0.14; =0.4
And for =0.4; h =0.14, b =0.14;
=0.4
By interpolation for =0.28;
=0.4
As=
b' h'
=
=0.1,
b
h
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1000 * 10 3
=0.44(between 0.4and 0.6)
11 .33 * 450 * 450
Mb
115 .7 * 10 6
=
=0.11
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3
Mh
127.8 * 10 6
=
=0.12
f cd Ac b 11.33 * 450 3
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Reinforced Concrete II (CEng 3112)
Chapter 1