Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.1
1.1 Two solid cylindrical roads AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that d1 = 30 mm and d2 = 50 mm, find the average normal stress in the mid section of (a) rod AB,
(b) rod BC.
d1

125 kN

d2

A
60 kN
125 kN
0.9 m

1.2 m

SOLUTION
(a) rod AB
Force:

P = 60 103 N tension

Area:

A=

Normal stress:

sAB =

p 2 p
d1 = (30 103)2 = 706.86 106 m2
4
4

60 10 3
P
=
706.86 10 - 6
A

= 84.88 106 Pa

sAB = 84.9 MPa

(b) rod BC
Force:

P = 60 103 (2)(125 103) = 190 103 N

Area:

A=

Normal stress:

sBC =

p 2 p
(50 103)2
d2 =
4
4

= 1.9635 103 m2

- 190 103
P
=
A 1.9635 10 - 3

= 96.77 106 Pa
sBC = 96.8 MPa

2 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.2
1.2 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that the average normal stress must not exceed 150 MPa in either rod, determine the smallest
allowable values of the diameters d1 and d2.
d1

d2

125 kN B

A
60 kN
125 kN
0.9 m

1.2 m

SOLUTION
(a) rod AB
Force:

P = 60 103 N

Area:

A=
sAB =

Stress: sAB = 150 106 Pa

p 2
d1
4

P
A

\ A=

P
s AB

P
p 2
d1 =
4
s AB
d21 =

( 4)(60 10 3 )
4P
6 2
=
6 = 509.3 10 m
p s AB
p (150 10 )

d1 = 22.56 103 m

d1 = 22.6 mm

(b) rod BC
Force P = 60 103 (2) (125 103) = 190 103 N
Stress : sBC = 150 106 Pa
s BC =

d22 =

Area : A =

p 2
d2
4

4P
P
=
A
p d22
( 4) ( - 190 103 )
4P
=
= 1.6128 103 m2
6
ps BC
p ( - 150 10 )

d2 = 40.16 103 m

d2 = 40.2 mm

Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.3
1.3 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that d1 = 30 mm and d2 = 20 mm, find the normal stress at the midpoint of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
A

750 mm
d1
B
54 kN
600 mm
d2
C
45 kN

SOLUTION
(a) rod AB
P = 54 + 45 = 99 kN
A=

p 2 p
d1 =
(30)2 = 706.9 mm2
4
4

sAB =

99 1000
P
=
= 140 N/mm2
706.9
A

b g

or 140 MPa
(b) rod BC
P = 45 kN
A=

sAB =

p 2 p
d2 =
(20)2 = 314.2 mm2
4
4

b g

45 1000
P
=
= 143.2 N/mm2
314.2
A
or 143.2 MPa

4 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.4
1.4 Two solid cylindrical rods AB and BC are welded together at B and loaded as shown. Knowing
that the normal stress must not exceed 172 MPa in either rod, determine the smallest allowable
values of the diameters d1 and d2.
A

750 mm
d1
B
54 kN
600 mm
d2
C
45 kN

SOLUTION
(a) rod AB:
P = 54 + 45 = 99 kN
s AB = 172 MPa
s AB =

d12 =

AAB =

p 2
d1
4

P
4P
=
AAB
p d12

b gb g
b g

4 99000
4P
=
= 732.8 mm2
p s AB
p 172

d1 = 27.07 mm
(b) rod BC:
P = 45 kN
s BC = 172 MPa

d22 =

b gb g
b g

ABC =

p 2
d2
4

4 45000
4P
=
= 333.1 mm2
p s BC
p 172

d2 = 18.25 mm

Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.5
1.5 A strain gage located at C on the surface of bone AB indicates that the average
normal stress in the bone is 3.80 MPa when the bone is subjected to two 1200N forces as shown. Assuming the cross section of the bone at C to be annular
and knowing that its outer diameter is 25 mm, determine the inner diameter of
the bones cross section at C.

1200 N

SOLUTION
P
s =
A

Geometry:

A=

p
( d12 - d22 )
4

d22 = d12

d22

P
\A=
s

4P
4A
= d12
p
ps

1200 N

( 4) (1200)
= (25 10 )
p (3.80 10 6 )
3 2

= 222.9 10 6 m2
d1 = 14.93 10 3 m

d1 = 14.93 mm

PROBLEM 1.6
1.6 Two steel plates are to be held together by means of
6 mm diameter high-strength steel bolts fitting snugly
inside cylindrical brass spacers. Knowing that the
average normal stress must not exceed 200 MPa in the
bolts and 120 MPa in the spacers, determine the outer
diameter of the spacers which yields the most
economical and safe design.
SOLUTION
At each bolt location the upper plate is pulled down by the tensile force Pb of the bolt. At the same time
the spacer pushes that plate upward with a compressive force Ps. In order to maintain equilibrium
Pb = Ps
P
4Pb
p
For the bolt
sb = b =
or Pb =
s b db2
Ab
4
p db2
P
4 Ps
p
For the spacer
ss = s =
or Ps =
s s ( ds2 - db2 )
2
2
As
4
p ds - db

6 Mechanics of Materials

Equating Pb and Ps
p
p
s b db2 =
s s ( d s2 - d b2 )
4
4

ds2 = db2 +

FG
H

FG
H

sb 2
s
db = 1 + b
ss
ss

200
120
ds = 9.8 mm

ds2 = 1 +

IJ b6g
K

IJ
K

db2

= 96 mm2

PROBLEM 1.7
1.7 Link BD consists of a single bar 30 mm wide and 12 mm thick. Knowing that each pin has a
10 mm diameter, determine the maximum value of the average normal stress in link BD if (a)
q = 0, (b) q = 90.
20 kN
C

20 kN

150 mm

300 mm
FBD
30

A
Ax
Ay

SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as free body
S MA = 0
(a) q = 0 (0.450 sin 30) (20 103) (0.300 cos 30) FBD = 0
FBD = 17.32 103 N
(b) q = 90 (0.450 cos 30) (20 103) (0.300 cos 30) FBD = 0
FBD = 30 103 N
Areas
(a) tension loading

A = (0.030 0.010)(0.012) = 240 106 m2

(b) compression

A = (0.030)(0.012) = 360 106 m2

Chapter 1

Stresses
(a) s =

17.32 103
FBD
=
= 72.2 106
-6
A
240 10

72.2 MPa

(b) s =

FBC
- 30 103
=
= 83.3 106
-6
A
360 10

83.3 MPa

PROBLEM 1.8

0.4 m

1.8 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 36 mm uniform

rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a 16
mm diameter. Determine the maximum value of the
average normal stress in the links connecting (a) points B
and D, (b) points C and E.

C
0.25 m

0.2 m

B
E

20 kN
D

SOLUTION

Use bar ABC as a free body.

20 kN
0.025
A

S MC = 0

0.040
B

FBD

FCE

(0.040)FBD (0.025 + 0.040)(20 103) = 0

FBD = 32.5 103 N

S MB = 0

Link BD is in tension

(0.040)FCE (0.025) (20 102) = 0

FCE = 12.5 103 N

Link CE is in compression

Net area of one link for tension = (0.008) (0.036 0.016)

= 160 106 m2. For two parallel link Anet = 320 106 m2
Tensile stress in link BD
(a) s BD =

32.5 103
FBD
=
= 101.56 106
Anet
320 10- 6

or

101.6 MPa

Area for one link in compression = (0.008) (0.036)

= 288 106 m2. For two parallel links
(b) s CE =

- 12.5 103
FCE
=
= 21.70 106
-6
A
576 10

or

21.7 MPa

A = 576 106 m2

8 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.9

12 mm

1.9 Two horizontal 22 kN forces are applied to pin B of the

assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 20 mm diameter is
used at each connection, determine the maximum value of
the average normal stress (a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.

B
45 mm

SOLUTION
A

Use joint B as free body.

22 kN
22 kN
60
45

12 mm
45 mm

44 kN
75

FAB
FAB

60

FBC

FBC
45

44 kN
Force triangle

Law of Sines

FAB
FBC
44
=
=
sin 45
sin 60
sin 75
FAB = 32.2 kN

FBC = 39.4 kN

Link AB is a tension member

Minimum section at pin
(a) Stress in AB

Anet = (45 20)(12) = 300 m2

s AB =

a f

32.2 1000
FAB
=
107.3 N/mm2
300
Anet
or 107.3 MPa

Link BC is a compression member

Cross sectional area is A = (45)(12) = 540 mm2
(b) Stress in BC

sBC =

b g

- 39.4 1000
- FBC
=
= 72.96 N/mm2
540
A
or 72.95 MPa

PROBLEM 1.10
1.10 The frame shown consists of four wooden members, ABC, DEF, BE, and CF. Knowing that each
member has 50 100 mm rectangular cross section and that each pin has a 12 mm diameter,

Chapter 1

determine the maximum value of the average normal stress (a) in member BE, (b) in member CF.
1.2 m

0.8 m

Ax

Ay

2 kN
100 mm

100 mm

1.0 m

Dy
Dx

0.4 m

0.8 m

SOLUTION
Add support reactions to figure as shown.
Using entire frame as free body
S MA = 0

1.0 Dx (1.2 + 0.8)(2000) = 0

Dx = 4000 N

or

4 kN

Use member DEF as free body

SF = 0

3
4
Dy
Dx = 0
5
5
Dy =

(0.8)(

S ME = 0

(0.8)

4
Dx
3

4
FBE) (0.8 + 0.4)Dy = 0
5

FG 4 F IJ (0.4)D = 0
H5 K
CF

FBE

FCF

4
3

= 5.33 kN
S MF = 0

Dy

Dx
D

FBE = 9.99 kN

FCE = 3.33 kN

Stress in compression member BE

Area A = 50 100 mm = 5000 mm2

10 Mechanics of Materials
- 9.99 kN

(a) s BE =

FBE
- 9990
=
= 1.998 N/mm2
A
5000
or 1.998 MPa

Stress in tension member CF

Minimum section area occurs at pin.
Amin = (50) (100 12) = 4400 mm2

- 9.99 kN

- 9.99 kN

3.33 kN

(b) s CF =

FCF
3330
=
= 0.757 N/mm2
4400
Amin

or 0.757 MPa
3.33 kN

Minimum
section

PROBLEM 1.11

1.11 For the Pratt bridge truss and loading shown,

determine the average normal stress in member BE,
knowing that the cross-sectional area of the member
is 3780 mm2.
SOLUTION

E
2.7 m

350 kN

G
2.7 m

350 kN

2.7 m

350 kN

S MH = 0

FBD

FBE

3.6 m

2.7 m

Use entire truss as free body

(2.7) (350) + (5.4) (350) + (8.1)(350) 10.8 Ay = 0

Ay = 525 kN
Use portion of truss to the left of a section cutting members BD, BE, and CE.
+ S Fy = 0

C
FCE

525 kN

350 kN

525 350

3.6
FBE = 0
4.5
sBE =

FBE = 218.8 kN

FBE
218.8 (1000)
=
= 57.9 N/mm2
A
3780
or 57.9 MPa

PROBLEM 1.12
1.12

Knowing that the average normal stress in member CE of the Pratt bridge truss shown must not
exceed 144 MPa for the given loading, determine the cross-sectional area of that member which

Chapter 1

11

will yield the most economical and safe design. Assume that both ends of the member will be
adequately reinforced.
B

3.6 m
H

C
2.7 m

E
2.7 m

350 kN

G
2.7 m

350 kN

2.7 m

350 kN

FBD

SOLUTION
Use entire truss as free body

FBE

SMH = 0
(2.7)(350) + (5.4) (350) + (8.1) (350) 10.8 Ay = 0

FCE

Ay = 525 kN
525 kN

Use portion of truss to the left of a section cutting members BD, BE, and CE.

350 kN

S MB = 0
3.6 FCE (2.7)(525) = 0
s CE =
ACE =

FCE
ACE

FCE = 393.75 kN

b g

393.75 1000
FCE
=
= 2734 mm2
144
s CE

PROBLEM 1.13
1.13

A couple M of magnitude 1500 N m is applied to the crank of an

engine. For the position shown, determine (a) the force P required
to hold the engine system in equilibrium, (b) the average normal
stress in the connecting rod BC, which has a 450 mm2 uniform
cross section.

SOLUTION

C
200 mm
B
M

Use piston, rod, and crank together as free body. Add wall reaction H and
bearing reactions Ax and Ay.

A
60 mm

80 mm

12 Mechanics of Materials
P

S MA = 0
(0.280 m) H 1500 N m = 0
H

H = 5.3571 103 N
Use piston alone as free body. Note that rod is a two-force member; hence the direction of force FBC is known. Draw the force triangle and solve for P and FBE by proportions.

B
M

2002 + 602 = 208.81 mm

l=
Ax

P
200
=
H
60

Ay

P = 17.86 103 N

P = 17.86 kN
P
FBC
H

60
FBC

FBC
208.81
=
\
FBC = 18.643 103 N
H
60
Rod BC is a compression member. Its area is 450 mm2 = 450 106 m2

(a)

P
200

- FBC
- 18.643 103
=
= 41.4 106 Pa
-6
A
450 10
(b) s BC = 41.4 MPa
Stress: sBC =

PROBLEM 1.14
1.14 Two hydraulic cylinders are used to control the position of the robotic arm ABC. Knowing that
the control rods attached at A and D each have a 20 mm diameter and happen to be parallel in the
position shown, determine the average normal stress in (a) member AE, (b) member DG.
150 mm
800 N
300 mm

600 mm
A

400 mm
E

D
F

150 mm

SOLUTION
Use member ABC as free body.

200 mm

13

Chapter 1

S MB = 0

(0.150)

800 N

4
FAE (0.600) (800) = 0
5
FAE = 4 103 N

A
FAE

p 2 p
d =
(20 103)2
4
4
= 314.16 106 m2

Area of rod in member AE is A =

Bx
By

800 N
B

Stress in rod AE:

4 10
FAE
=
A
314.16 10 - 6
= 12.73 106 Pa

FAE

sAE =

(a) sAE = 12.73 MPa

FDG

Fx

Use combined members ABC and BFD as free body.

Fy

SMF = 0
(0.150)

FG 4 F IJ
H5 K
AE

(0.200)

(1.050 0.350)(800) = 0
Area in rod DG is

A=

Stress in rod DG:

s DG =

F4 F I
H5 K
DG

FDG = 1500 N

p 2 p
d =
(20 103)2 = 314.16 106 m2
4
4

- 1500
FDG
=
= 4.77 106 Pa
A
.
31416
10 - 6

(b) s DG = 4.77 MPa

24 kN

PROBLEM 1.15
1.15 The wooden members A and B are to be joined by plywood splice plates
which will be fully glued on the surfaces in contact. As part of the
design of the joint and knowing that the clearance between the ends of
the members is to be 8 mm, determine the smallest allowable length L if
the average shearing stress in the glue is not to exceed 800 kPa.

L
8 mm

SOLUTION
There are four separate areas of glue. Each area must transmit half of the 24 kN
load.
Therefore
F = 12 kN = 12 103 N
Shearing stress in glue

t = 800 103 Pa
t=

F
A

100 mm
B

24 kN

A=

F
12 103
=
= 15 103 m2
3
t
800 10

14 Mechanics of Materials

Let

l = length of glue area and

\

A = lw

l=

w = width = 100 mm = 0.1 m

15 10- 3
A
=
= 150 103 m = 150 mm
.
01
W

L = 2l + gap = (2)(150) + 8 = 308 mm

PROBLEM 1.16
1.16 Determine the diameter of the largest circular hole which can be punched into a sheet of polystyrene 6 mm thick, knowing that the force exerted by the punch is 45 kN and that a 55 MPa average
shearing stress is required to cause the material to fail.
SOLUTION
A = p dt for cylindrical failure surface
P
\
Shearing stress:
t=
A
Equating As

p dt =

Solving for d:

d=

A=

P
t

P
t

P
45 10 3
=
= 43.4 103 m
p t t p 0.006 55 10 6

fd

d = 43.4 mm
PROBLEM 1.17
1.17 Two wooden planks, each 22 mm thick
and 150 mm wide, are joined by the
glued mortise joint shown. Knowing
that the joint will fail when the average
shearing stress in the glue reaches 0.8
MPa, determine the smallest allowable
length d of the cuts if the joint is to
withstand an axial load of magnitude
P = 5.4 kN.

Glue

20 mm

P'

150 mm
20 mm

SOLUTION
Seven surfaces carry the total load P = 5.4 kN
Area A = (7) (22) d = 154 d
t=

P
A

A=

P
t

154 d =

5400
0.8

d = 43.8 mm

15

Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.18

40 mm

1.18 A load P is applied to a steel rod supported as shown by an

aluminium plate into which a 15 mm diameter hole has been
drilled. Knowing that the shearing stress must not exceed 120
MPa in the steel rod and 70 MPa in the aluminium plate, determine the largest load P which may be applied to the rod.

10 mm
6 mm
15 mm

SOLUTION
For steel

A1 = p dt = p (15)(10)
= 471.2 mm2
t1 =

P
A1

\ P = A1t1 = (471.2)(120)
= 56.5 kN

For aluminium

A2 = p dt = p (40) (6) = 754 mm2

t2 =

P
A2

Limiting value of P is the smaller value \

P = A2t2 = (754)(70) = 52.75 kN

P = 52.75 kN

PROBLEM 1.19
1.19 The axial force in the column supporting the timber beam
shown in P = 75 kN. Determine the smallest allowable
length L of the bearing plate if the bearing stress in the
timber is not to exceed 3.0 MPa.

SOLUTION
140 mm

sb =

Solving for L:

L=

P
P
=
A
LW

P
75 10 3
=
s bW
3.0 10 6 0.140

= 178.6 103 m
L = 178.6 mm

ib

16 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.20
1.20 An axial load P is supported by a short W250 67 column
of cross-sectional area A = 8580 mm2 and is distributed to a
concrete foundation by a square plate as shown. Knowing
that the average normal stress in the column must not exceed
150 MPa and that the bearing stress on the concrete
foundation must not exceed 12.5 MPa, determine the side a
of the plate which will provide the most economical and safe
design.

SOLUTION
Area of column:

A = 8580 mm2 = 8580 106 m2

Normal stress in column:

s = 150 106 Pa
P
\
P = As = (8580 106) (150 106)
A
= 1.287 106 N
P
sb =
and
Ab = a2 for square plate.
Ab

s=

Bearing plate:

A b = a2 =

P
1.287 10 6
=
= 321 103 m or 321 mm
12.5 106
sb

PROBLEM 1.21
1.21 Three wooden planks are fastened together by a series of
bolts to form a column. The diameter of each bolt is 12
mm and the inner diameter of each washer is 16 mm,
which is slightly larger than the diameter of the holes in
the planks. Determine the smallest allowable outer
diameter d of the washers, knowing that the average
normal stress in the bolts is 35 MPa and that the bearing
stress between the washers and the planks must not
exceed 8 MPa.

12 mm

SOLUTION
Bolt:

Abolt =

P
\ Tensile force in bolt P = sb A = (35)(113.1) = 3.96 kN
A
inside diameter = di = 16 mm, outside diameter = do
sbolt =

Washer:

p 2 p
db = (12) 2 = 113.1 mm2
4
4

Chapter 1

Bearing area

Aw =

P
p
( do2 - di2 ) and Aw =
4
s bearing

P
p
( do2 - di2 ) =
s bearing
4

Equating

17

b gb g
bg

4 3960
4P
= (16)2 +
= 886.3 mm2
p s bearing
p 8
do = 29.8 mm

do2 = di2 +

PROBLEM 1.22
1.22 Link AB, of width b = 50 mm, and thickness t = 6 mm, is used to support
the end of a horizontal beam. Knowing that the average normal stress in
the link is 138 MPa and that the average shearing stress in each of the
two pins is 82 MPa, determine (a) the diameter d of the pins, (b) the
average bearing stress in the link.
SOLUTION
Rod AB is in compression.
A = bt

where b = 50 mm

and t = 6 mm
P = s A = ( 138)(50)(6) = 41.4 kN

Pin: t P =

P
Ap

(a) d =

(b) s b =

and AP =

4 Ap
p

p 2
d
4

4P
=
pt p

b4gb41400g
p b82 g

= 25.4 mm

P
41400
=
= 271.7 MPa
dt
25.4 6

b gb g

0.4 m

PROBLEM 1.23

1.8 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 36 mm uniform

rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a
16 mm diameter.
1.23 For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.8, determine (a)
the average shearing stress in the pin at B, (b) the average
bearing stress at B in link BD, (c) the average bearing
stress at B in member ABC, knowing that this member has
a 10 50 mm uniform rectangular cross section.

0.25 m

0.2 m

B
20 kN

E
A

18 Mechanics of Materials

SOLUTION
Use bar ABC as a free body
SMC = 0 (0.040)FBD (0.025 + 0.040) (20 103)
=0
FBD = 32.5 103 N
(a) Shear pin at B

where

t=

A=

t=
(b) Bearing link BD

FBD
for double shear
2A

p 2 p
d =
(0.016) 2 = 201.06 106 m2
4
4
32.5 10 3

b2g d201.06 10 i
-6

= 80.8 106 80.8 MPa

A = dt = (0.016) (0.008) = 128 106 m2

b gd

1
FBD
0.5 32.5 103
2
sb =
=
A
128 10 - 6

i = 126.95 10

127.0 MPa

(c) Bearing in ABC at B

A = dt = (0.016)(0.010) = 160 106 m2
sb =

FBD
32.5 10 3
=
= 203 106
160 10 - 6
A

203 MPa

PROBLEM 1.24
1.8 Each of the four vertical links has an 8 36 mm uniform
rectangular cross section and each of the four pins has a
16 mm diameter.
1.24 For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.8, determine (a)
the average shearing stress in the pin at C, (b) the average
bearing stress at C in link CE, (c) the average bearing
stress at C in member ABC, knowing that this member has
a 10 50 mm uniform rectangular cross section.

0.4 m
C
0.25 m

0.2 m

B
20 kN

19

Chapter 1

SOLUTION

0.040

0.025

Use bar ABC as a free body

SMB = 0 (0.040)FCE (0.025)(20 103) = 0

FCE = 12.5 103

(a) Shear in pin at C

A=

p 2 p
d =
4
4

FBD

FCE

(0.016)2

= 201.06 106 m2
t=

Double shear

12.5 10 3
FCE
=
= 31.1 106
( 2) ( 201.06 10 - 6 )
2A
31.1 MPa

(b) Bearing in link CE at C

A = dt = (0.016) (0.008) = 128 106 m2

1
FCE
( 0.5) (12.5 10 3 )
sb = 2
=
= 48.8 106
128 10 - 6
A

48.8 MPa

(c) Bearing in ABC at C

A = dt = (0.016)(0.010) = 160 106 m2
sb =

12.5 103
FCE
=
= 78.1 106
160 10 - 6
A

PROBLEM 1.25

78.1 MPa
12 mm

1.9 Two horizontal 22 kN forces are applied to pin B of the

assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 20 mm diameter is
used at each connection, determine the maximum value of
the average normal stress (a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.
1.25 For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.9, determine (a)
the average shearing stress in the pin at A, (b) the average
bearing stress at A in member AB.

B
45 mm

22 kN
22 kN
60
45

12 mm
45 mm

SOLUTION
C

Use joint B as free body.

44 kN

FAB

FBC

75

FAB
60

FBC
45

44 kN
Force triangle

20 Mechanics of Materials

Law of Sines

FAB
FBC
44
=
=
sin 45
sin 60
sin 75
t=

(a) Shearing stress in pin at A

When

Ap =

FAB = 32.2 kN

FAB
2 Ap
p 2 p
d =
(20)2 = 314.2 mm2
4
4

32200
= 51.2 N/mm2
314.2

t=

51.2 MPa

(b) Bearing stress at A in member AB

Ab = td = (12)(20) = 240 mm2
sb =

FAB
32200
=
= 134.2 N/mm2 or 134.2 MPa
Ab
240

PROBLEM 1.26

12 mm

1.9 Two horizontal 22 kN forces are applied to pin B of the

assembly shown. Knowing that a pin of 20 mm diameter is
used at each connection, determine the maximum value of
the average normal stress (a) in link AB, (b) in link BC.
1.26 For the assembly and loading of Prob. 1.9, determine (a) the
average shearing stress in the pin at C, (b) the average
bearing stress at C in member BC, (c) the average bearing
stress at B in member BC.

B
45 mm

22 kN
22 kN
60

SOLUTION

45 mm

Use joint B as free body

44 kN

FAB

45

12 mm

FBC

75

FAB
60

FBC
45

44 kN
Force triangle

Law of Sines

FAB
FBC
44
=
=
sin 45
sin 60
sin 75

FBC = 39.45 kN

Chapter 1

(a) Shearing stress in pin at C

FBC
2 Ap

t=

p 2 p
d = (20) 2 = 314.2 mm2
4
4

Ap =

b g = 62.8 N/mm
b gb g

39.45 1000

t=

2 314.2

(b) Bearing stress at C in member BC

sb =

or

62.8 MPa

FBC
A

A = td = (12)(20) = 240 mm2

39450
= 164.4 N/mm2
240
F
(c) Bearing stress at B in member BC
sb = BC
A
sb =

or

164.4 MPa

A = 2td = 2 (12)(20) = 480 mm2

39450
= 82.2 N/mm2
480

sb =

or

82.2 MPa

PROBLEM 1.27
1.27 Knowing that q = 40 and P = 9 kN, determine (a)
the smallest allowable diameter of the pin at B if the
average shearing stress in the pin is not to exceed
120 MPa, (b) the corresponding average bearing
stress in member AB at B, (c) the corresponding
average bearing stress in each of the support
brackets at B.

P
A

16 mm

750 mm
750 mm

q
50 mm

SOLUTION
Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle with angle
shown here.
A
50

20
75
0

q = 40

140
B

20
750

12 mm

21

22 Mechanics of Materials

Use joint A as a free body.

Law of Sines applied to force triangle

P
110

FAB
FAC
P
=
=
sin 20
sin 110
sin 50

50

FAC
20

P sin 110
=
sin 20

FAB

50
FAB
110

FAB

20

FAC

Force triangle

b9g sin 110 = 24.73 kN

sin 20

(a) Allowable pin diameter

t=

d2 =

FAB
FAB
2 FAB
=
=
p 2
2 Ap
p d2
2 d
4

where FAB = 24.73 103 N

2 FAB
( 2) ( 24.73 103 )
=
= 131.18 106 m2
6
pt
p (120 10 )

d = 11.45 103 m

11.45 mm

(b) Bearing stress in AB at A

Ab = td = (0.016)(11.45 103) = 183.26 106 m2
sb =

FAB
24.73 103
=
= 134.9 106
Ab
183.26 10- 6

134.9 MPa

(c) Bearing stress in support brackets at B

A = td = (0.012)(11.45 103) = 137.4 106 m2

1
FAB
( 0.5) ( 24.73 103 )
sb = 2
=
= 90.0 106 90.0 MPa
A
137.4 10 - 6
P

PROBLEM 1.28
1.28 Determine the largest load P which may be applied at
A when q = 60, knowing that the average shearing
stress in the 10 mm-diameter pin at B must not exceed
120 MPa and that the average bearing stress in
member AB and in the bracket at B must not exceed
90 MPa.

16 mm

750 mm
750 mm

q
50 mm

B
12 mm

Chapter 1

SOLUTION
Geometry: Triangle ABC is an isosceles triangle with angles shown here.
A
30
75
0

q = 60

120
B

30
C

750

Use joint A as free body

Law of sines applied to force triangle

P
P
120

FAB
P
FAC
=
=
sin 120 sin 30
sin 30

FAB

30
30

F sin 30
P = AB
= 0.57735 FAB
sin 120
P=

30

FAC

FAB

120
FAC

FAC sin 30
= FAC
sin 30

If shearing stress in pin at B is critical

AP =

p 2 p
d =
(0.010) 2 = 78.54 106 m2
4
4

FAB = 2At = (2)(78.54 106) (120 106) = 18.850 103 N

If bearing stress in member AB at bracket at A is critical
Ab = td = (0.016)(0.010) = 160 106 m2
FAB = Abs b = (160 106) (90 106) = 14.40 103 N
If bearing stress in the bracket at B is critical
Ab = 2td = (2)(0.012) (0.010) = 240 106 m2
FAB = Abs b = (240 106) (90 106) = 21.6 103 N
Allowable FAB is the smallest, i.e. 14.40 103 N
Then, from statics

Pallow = (0.57735)(14.40 103)

= 8.31 103 N

8.31 kN

30

Force triangle

23

24 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.29
1.29 The 6 kN load P is supported by two wooden members of 75
125 mm uniform rectangular cross section which are joined by the
simple glued scarf splice shown. Determine the normal and shearing
stresses in the glued splice.

125 mm
75 mm

SOLUTION
P = 6 103 N

q = 90 70 = 20

Ao = (0.075)(0.125) = 9.375 103 m2

s=

P
cos2
Ao

d6 10 i cos 20 = 565 10
q=
3

70

9.375 10 - 3

s = 565 kPa

d i
b gd

6 103 sin 40
P
sin 2q =
= 206 103
t=
2 Ao
2 9.375 10- 3

t = 206 kPa
PROBLEM 1.30
1.30 Two wooden members of 75 125 mm uniform rectangular cross
section are joined by the simple scarf splice shown. Knowing that the
maximum allowable tensile stress in the glued splice is 500 kPa,
determine (a) the largest load P which can be safely supported, (b) the
corresponding shearing stress in the splice.

125 mm
75 mm

SOLUTION
Ao = (0.075) (0.125) = 9.375 103 m2
q = 90 70 = 20

s = 500 103 Pa

s=

P
cos2q
Ao

P=

Ao s
( 9.375 10 -3 ) ( 500 10 3 )
=
= 5.3085 103
2
cos q
cos 2 20

70

Chapter 1

(a) P = 5.31 kN

25

5.3085 103 sin 40

P sin 2q
t=
=
= 181.99 103
2 Aq
2 9.375 10 - 3
(b) t = 182.0 kPa

b gd

PROBLEM 1.31
1.31 Two wooden members 75 150 mm uniform rectangular
cross section are joined by the simple glued scarf splice
shown. Knowing that the maximum allowable shearing
stress in the glued splice is 0.62 MPa determine (a) the
largest load P which can be safely applied, (b) the corresponding tensile stress in the splice.

P'
150 mm
40
P
75 mm

SOLUTION
q = 90 40 = 50
Ao = (75) (150) = 11250 mm2
t = P sin 2q
2A
2 11250 0.62
2A
P=
=
= 14165 N
sin 100
sin 2q
(a) P = 14.16 kN
P cos 2 q 14165 cos 2 50
(b) s =
=
= 0.52 N/mm2
s = 0.52 MPa
Ao
11250

fa f

PROBLEM 1.32
1.32 Two wooden members of 75 150 mm uniform
rectangular cross section are joined by the simple glued
scarf splice shown. Knowing that P = 10 kN, determine the
normal and shearing stresses in the glued splice.

P'
150 mm
40
P
75 mm

SOLUTION
q = 90 40 = 50
P = 10 kN
2
Ao = (75)(150) = 11250 mm
10 000 cos 2 50
P
s=
cos2 q =
= 0.367 N/mm2
11250
Ao
s = 0.367 MPa
10 000 sin 100
P
t=
sin 2q =
= 0.438 N/mm2
2 11250
2A
t = 0.438 MPa

a fa

26 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 1.33

1.33 A centric load P is applied to the granite block shown. Knowing

that the resulting maximum value of the shearing stress in the
block is 17 MPa, determine (a) the magnitude of P, (b) the
orientation of the surface on which the maximum shearing stress
occurs, (c) the normal stress exerted on that surface, (d) the
maximum value of the normal stress in the block.
SOLUTION
A0 = (150)(150) = 22500 mm2

t max = 17 MPa

q = 45 for plane of t max

P
2 Ao

(a) t max =

150 mm
150
mm

|P| = 2Ao tmax = (2) (22500) (17)

= 765 kN

(b) sin 2q = 1
(c) s 45 =

2q = 90

q = 45

P
P
- 765
cos2 45 =
=
= 17 N/mm2 or 17 MPa
Ao
2 Ao
2 22500

(d) s max =

a fa

P
- 765
=
= 34 N/mm2 or 34 MPa
Ao
22500

PROBLEM 1.34
P

1.34 A 1065 kN load P is applied to the granite block shown. Determine

the resulting maximum value of (a) the normal stress, (b) the
shearing stress. Specify the orientation of the plane on which each
of these maximum value occurs.
SOLUTION
Ao = (150)(150) = 22500 mm2
s=

a f

-1065 1000
P
cos2 q =
cos2 q = 47.3 cos2 q
Ao
22500

(a) max. tensile stress = 0 at q = 90

max. compressive stress = 47.3 MPa at q = 0
(b)

t max =

a f
a fa f

1065 1000
P
=
= 23.6 N/mm2
2 22500
2 Ao
= 23.6 MPa

at q = 45

150 mm
150
mm

Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.35

1.35 A steel pipe of 300 mm outer diameter is fabricated from

6 mm-thick plate by welding along a helix which forms an
angle of 25 with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
pipe. Knowing that a 250 kN axial force P is applied to the
pipe, determine the normal and shearing stresses in
directions respectively normal and tangential to the weld.

6 mm

Weld
25

SOLUTION
do = 0.300 m

27

ro =

1
do = 0.150 m
2

ri = ro t = 0.150 0.006 = 0.144 m

Ao = p ( ro2 - ri2 ) = p (0.1502 0.1442)
= 5.54 103 m2
q = 25
s=

- 250 10 3 cos2 25
P
cos2 q =
5.54 10 - 3
Ao

= 37.1 106
t=

s = 37.1 MPa

P
- 250 10 3 sin 50
sin 2q =
2 Ao
2 5.54 10 - 3

a fd

= 17.28 106

t = 17.28 MPa

PROBLEM 1.36

1.36 A steel pipe of 300 mm outer diameter is fabricated from

6 mm thick plate by welding along a helix which forms an
angle of 25 with a plane perpendicular to the axis of the
pipe. Knowing that the maximum allowable normal and
shearing stresses in directions respectively normal and
tangential to the weld are s = 50 MPa and t = 30 MPa,
determine the magnitude P of the largest axial force that
can be applied to the pipe.
SOLUTION
do = 0.300 m

ro =

1
do = 0.150 m
2

6 mm

Weld
25

28 Mechanics of Materials

ri = ro t = 0.150 0.006 = 0.144 m

A0 = p ( r02 - ri2 ) = p (0.1502 0.1442)
= 5.54 103 m2
q = 25
Based on

P
cos2 q
Ao

id

5.54 10 - 3 50 10 6
Ao s
=
= 337 103 N
cos2 q
cos 2 25

P=
Based on

s=

|s | = 50 MPa:

|t | = 30 MPa

t=

a fd

P
sin 2q
2 Ao

id

2 5.54 10 - 3 30 10 6
2 Ao t
=
= 434 103 N
P=
sin 50
sin 2q
Smaller value is the allowable value of P \ P = 337 kN
600 mm

PROBLEM 1.37
1.37 Link BC is 6 mm thick, has a width w = 25 mm, and is made of a steel
with a 480 MPa ultimate strength in tension. What was the safety
factor used if the structure shown was designed to support a 16 kN
load P?

w
90
480 mm
C

SOLUTION
Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BD is a two force member

SMA = 0

Ay

(480) FBC (600)P = 0

a fd

600 16 10 3
600
FBC =
P=
= 20 103 N
480
480

Ultimate load for member BC

A
FBC

FU = s V A

FU = (480 106) (0.006) (0.025) = 72 103 N

Factor of safety, F.S.=

Ax

FU
72 10 3
=
= 3.60
FBC
20 103

29

Chapter 1

PROBLEM 1.38

600 mm

1.38 Link BC is 6 mm thick and is made of a steel with a 450 MPa ultimate
strength in tension. What should be its width w if the structure shown
is being designed to support a 20 kN load P with a factor of safety
of 3?

w
90
480 mm
C

SOLUTION

Use bar ACD as a free body and note that member BC is a two-force member.
P

S MA = 0
A

480 FBC 600 P = 0

FBC

FBC

(600 )( 20 10 3 )
600 P
=
=
= 25 103 N
480
480

For a factor of safety F.S. = 3, the ultimate load of member BC

P

FU = (F.S.)(FBC) = (3)(25 103) = 75 103 N

But

For a rectangular section

FU = sU A \

A = wt

or

A=

w=

FU
75 103
6
2
=
6 = 166.67 10 m
450 10
sU

A 166.67 10 -6
=
0.006
t

w = 27.8 103 m or 27.8 mm

PROBLEM 1.39

40

1.39 Member ABC, which is supported by a pin and bracket at

C and a cable BD, was designed to support the 18 kN load
P as shown. Knowing that the ultimate load for cable BD
is 110 kN, determine the factor of safety with respect to
cable failure.

30

A
B
0.38 m

SOLUTION
0.45 m

Use member ABC as a free body and note that member BD is a

two-force member
S MC = 0

0.3 m

FBD

(P cos 40)(0.75 m) + (P sin 40)(0.38 m) (FBD cos 30) (0.38 m)

(FBD sin 30) (0.3 m) = 0

30 Mechanics of Materials

FBD =
Factor of safety for cable BD F.S. =

0.819
( 0.819 ) (18 kN )
P=
= 30.77 kN
0.479
0.479

Fult
110
=
= 3.57
FBD
30.77

PROBLEM 1.40
1.40 Knowing that the ultimate load for cable BD is 110 kN
and that a factor of safety of 3.2 with respect to cable
failure is required, determine the magnitude of the largest
force P which can be safely applied as shown in member
ABC.

40

30

A
B
0.38 m

SOLUTION
Use member ABC as a free body and note that member BD is a
two-force member.

0.45 m

S MC = 0

0.3 m

(P cos 40) (0.75 m) + (P sin 40) (0.38 m)

FBD

A
B

(FBD sin 30) (0.30 m) = 0

P=
Allowable load for member BD is
Allowable load

0.479
FBD = 0.5849 FBD
0.819

FBD =

Fult
110 kN
=
= 34.38 kN
F. S.
3.2

P = (0.5849) (34.38) = 20.1 kN

PROBLEM 1.41

0.75 m

1.41 Members AB and AC of the truss shown consist of bars of square

cross section made of the same alloy. It is known that a 20 mm
square bar of the same alloy was tested to failure and that an
ultimate load of 120 kN was recorded. If bar AB has a 15 mm
square cross section, determine (a) the factor of safety for bar AB,
(b) the dimensions of the cross section of bar AC if it is to have the
same factor of safety as bar AB.

A
0.4 m
B
1.4 m
28 kN

SOLUTION
C

Length of member AB
lAB = 0.752 + 0.4 2 = 0.85 m

31

Chapter 1

Use entire truss as a free body

Ay

S MC = 0

1.4 Ax (0.75) (28) = 0

Ax = 15 kN

+ SFy = 0

Ay 28 = 0

Ay = 28 kN

Ax

A
B

Use joint A as free body

Ay

+ SF = 0

Ax
FAB

FAB =

FAC

+ S Fy = 0

Ay FAC

( 0.85) (15)
= 17 kN
0.75

For the material

(a) For bar AB

( 0.4) (17)
= 20 kN
0.85

A = (0.020)2 = 400 106 m2

sU =
F.S. =

0.4
FAB = 0
0.85

FAC = 28
For the test bar

28 kN

0.75
FAB Ax = 0
0.85

PU = 120 103 N

PU
120 103
6
=
-6 = 300 10 Pa
A
400 10
FU
s A (300 10 6 ) (0.015) 2
= U =
FAB
17 10 3
FAB
= 3.97

(b) For bar AC

F.S. =
a2 =

FU
s A s a2
= U = U
FAC
FAC
FAC
( F. S.) FAC
(3.97) (20 10 3 )
=
= 264.7 106 m2
6
300 10
sU

a = 16.27 103 m

or

16.27 mm
0.75 m
A

PROBLEM 1.42
1.42 Members AB and AC of the truss shown consist of bars of square
cross section made of the same alloy. It is known that a 20 mm
square bar of the same alloy was tested to failure and that an
ultimate load of 120 kN was recorded. If a factor of safety of 3.2 is
to be achieved for bars, determine the required dimensions of the
cross section of (a) bar AB, (b) bar AC.

0.4 m
B
1.4 m
28 kN

32 Mechanics of Materials

SOLUTION

Ay
Ax

Length of member AB

lAB = 0.752 + 0.4 2 = 0.85 m

Use entire truss as a free body

28 kN

S MC = 0

1.4 Ax (0.75) (28) = 0

Ax = 15 kN

+ SFy = 0

Ay 28 = 0

Ay = 28 kN
c

Use joint A as free body

S Fx = 0
+

+ S Fy = 0
FAC = 28
For the test bar
For the material

(a) For member AB

Ax

( 0.85) (15)
= 17 kN
0.75

Ay FAC

sU =

F.S. =

( 0.4) (17)
= 20 kN
0.85

b2 =

PU = 120 103 N

PU
120 10 3
=
= 300 106 Pa
400 10 -6
A

PU
s A s a2
= U = U
FAB
FAB
FAB
( F. S. ) FAB (3.2 ) (17 10 3 )
=
= 181.33 106 m2
300 10 6
sU

a = 13.47 103 m
F.S. =

FAB
FAC

0.4
FAB = 0
0.85

A = (0.020)2 = 400 106 m2

a2 =

(b) For member AC

Ay

0.75
FAB Ax = 0
0.85

FAB =

or

13.47 mm

PU
s A s b2
= U = U
FAC
FAC
FAC
( F. S. ) FAC
(3.2) (20 103 )
=
= 213.33 106 m2
300 106
sU

b = 14.61 103 m

or

14.61 mm