Chapter 2

PROBLEM 2.1
2.1 A steel rod is 2.2 m long and must not stretch more than 1.2 mm when a 8.5 kN load is applied to
it. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the smallest diameter rod which should be used, (b)
the corresponding normal stress caused by the load.
SOLUTION
(a) d =

A=

(b) s =

PL
AE
p 2
d
4

A=

ia f

8.5 10 3 2.2
PL
=
= 77.92 106 m2
Ed
200 10 9 1.2 10 -3

\ d=

4A
=
p

id

( 4 ) ( 77.92 10 -6 )
= 9.96 103 m
p
= 9.96 mm

8.5 10 3
p
=
= 109.1 106 Pa = 109.1 MPa
-6
A
77.92 10

PROBLEM 2.2
2.2 A 1.5 m long steel wire of 6 mm diameter steel wire is subjected to a 3.4 kN tensile load. Knowing
that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the elongation of the wire, (b) the corresponding
normal stress.
SOLUTION
(a) L = 1.5 m = 1500 mm
d=
(b) s =

A=

p 2 p
d = (6)2 = 28.27 mm2
4
4

(3.4 1000 N ) (1500 mm)

PL
=
= 0.902 mm = 0.902 mm
AE ( 28.27 mm 2 ) (200 1000 N / mm 2 )
3400 N
P
=
= 120.26 N/mm2 = 120.26 MPa
28.27 mm 2
A

74 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.3
2.3 Two gage marks are placed exactly 250 mm apart on a 12 mm diameter aluminium rod with
E = 70 GPa and an ultimate strength of 110 MPa. Knowing that the distance between the gage
marks is 250.230 mm after a load is applied, determine (a) the stress in the rod, (b) the factor of
safety.
SOLUTION
(a) d = 250.230 250 = 0.230 mm

d s
=
L E

ES ( 70000 N / mm 2 ) (0.230 mm)

=
= 64.4 N/mm2
L
250 mm

s=

= 64.4 MPa
(b) F.S. =

sU
110
=
= 1.708
s
64.4

PROBLEM 2.4
2.4 A control rod made of yellow brass must not stretch more than 3 mm when the tension in the wire
is 4 kN. Knowing that E = 105 GPa and that the maximum allowable normal stress is 180 MPa,
determine (a) the smallest diameter that can be selected for the rod, (b) the corresponding maximum length of the rod.
SOLUTION
(a) s =

A=

(b) d =

P
A
p 2
d
4

PL
AE

A=

4 10 3
P
=
= 22.222 106 m2
180 10 6
s

d=

\ L=

( 4) 22.222 10 -6

4A
=
p

id

i = 5.32 10

= 5.32 mm

id

22.222 10 -6 105 10 9 3 10 -3
AEd
=
P
4 10 3

= 1.750 m
PROBLEM 2.5
2.5 A 9 m length of 6 mm diameter steel wire is to be used in a hanger. It is noted that the wire
stretches 18 mm when a tensile force P is applied. Knowing that E = 200 GPa, determine (a) the
magnitude of the force P, (b) the corresponding normal stress in the wire.

Chapter 2

75

SOLUTION
(a) A =

d=

p 2 p
d = (0.006)2 = 28.274 106 m2
4
4
PL
AE

\ P=

28.274 10 -6 (200 10 9 ) 18 10 -3
AEd
=
L
9

= 11.31 103 N = 11.31 kN

(b) s =

11.31 10 3
P
=
= 400 106 Pa = 400 MPa
-3
A
28.274 10

PROBLEM 2.6
2.6 A 1.4 m aluminum pipe should not stretch more than 1.2 mm when it is subjected to a tensile load.
Knowing that E = 70 GPa and that the allowable tensile strength is 96 MPa, determine (a) the
maximum allowable length of the pipe, (b) the required area of the pipe if the tensile load is 560 kN.
SOLUTION
PL
(a) d =
AE

(b) s =

P
A

\
\

id

70 10 9 Pa 1.2 10 -3 m
EAd
Ed
L=
=
=
= 0.875 m
96 10 6 Pa
P
s
A=

560 103 N
P
=
= 5833.3 mm2
96 N / mm 2
s

PROBLEM 2.7
2.7 A nylon thread is subjected to a 8.5 N tension force. Knowing that E = 3.3 GPa and that the length
of the thread increases by 1.1%, determine (a) the diameter of the thread, (b) the stress in the
thread.
SOLUTION
(a)

d
11
.
L
=
\
= 90.909
L 100
d
(8.5) (90.909)
PL
PL
d=
\ A=
=
= 234.16 109 m2
AE
Ed
3.3 10 9

4A
p 2
d \ d=
= 0.546 103 m = 0.546 mm
p
4
8.5
P
(b) s =
=
= 36.3 106 Pa = 36.3 MPa
234.16 10 -9
A
A=

76 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.8
2.8 A cast-iron tube is used to support a compressive load. Knowing that E = 70 GPa and that the
maximum allowable change in length is 0.025 percent, determine (a) the maximum normal stress
in the tube, (b) the minimum wall thickness for a load of 7 kN if the outside diameter of the tube
is 50 mm.
SOLUTION

d
0.025
=
= 0.00025
L
100
Ed
= (70 109) (0.00025) = 17.5 106 Pa = 17.5 MPa
s=
L
P
P
7000
(b) s =
\ A=
=
= 400 mm2
A
s
17.5
p
A=
do2 - di2
4
4A
( 4 ) ( 400 )
= 502
= 1990.7 mm2 \ di = 44.6 mm
di2 = do2
p
p
1
1
t = (do di) = (50 44.6) = 2.7 mm
2
2
(a)

PROBLEM 2.9
2.9 A block of 250 mm length and 45 40 mm cross section is to support a centric compressive load
P. The material to be used is a bronze for which E = 95 GPa. Determine the largest load which
can be applied, knowing that the normal stress must not exceed 124 MPa and that the decrease in
length of the block should be at most 0.12 percent of its original length.
SOLUTION
Considering allowable stress

s = 124 MPa = 124 N/mm2

A = (45)(40) = 1800 mm2

s=

P
A

P = s A = (124)(1800) = 223.2 kN
Considering allowable deformation

d 0.12
=
= 0.0012
L 100
d=

Smaller value governs

PL
AE

\ P = AE

P = 205.2 kN

d
= (1800)(95 109) (0.0012) = 205.2 kN
L

Chapter 2

77

PROBLEM 2.10
2.10 A 9 kN tensile load will be applied to a 50 m length of steel wire with E = 200 GPa. Determine the
smallest diameter wire which can be used, knowing that the normal stress must not exceed
150 MPa and that the increase in the length of the wire should be at most 25 mm.
SOLUTION
Considering allowable stress s = 150 106 Pa
s=

P
A

A=

P
9 10 3
=
= 60 106 m2
150 10 6
s

Considering allowable elongation d = 25 103 m

d=

PL
AE

\ A=
6

ia f

9 10 3 50
PL
=
= 90 106 m2
-3
9
Ed
200 10 25 10

id

A = 90 10 m

Larger area governs

p
A = d2
4

d=

4A
=
p

( 4) 90 10 -6
p

i = 10.70 10

= 10.70 mm
PROBLEM 2.11
2.11 The 4-mm-diameter cable BC is made of a steel with E = 200 GPa.
Knowing that the maximum stress in the cable must not exceed
190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must not exceed
6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown.

B
2.5 m
P
3.5 m

SOLUTION

LBC = 6 2 + 4 2 = 7.2111 m

4.0 m

Use bar AB as a free body

S MA = 0

3.5 P (6)

F 4 F I =0
H 7.2111 K
BC

FBC

P = 0.9509 FBC
Considering allowable stress

s = 190 106 Pa
A=

s=

FBC
A

p 2
p
d =
(0.004)2 = 12.566 106 m2
4
4

Ax
Ay

FBC = sA = (190 106)(12.566 106) = 2.388 103 N

78 Mechanics of Materials

Considering allowable elongation d = 6 103 m

d=
\

FBC =

F LBC
AB

id

id

12.566 10 -6 200 10 9 6 10 -3
AES
=
LBC
7.2111

= 2.091 103 N
FBC = 2.091 103 N

Smaller value governs

P = 0.9509 FBC = (0.9509)(2.091 103) = 1.988 103 N = 1.988 kN

P= 580 kN

PROBLEM 2.12
2.12 Rod BD is made of steel (200 GPA) and is used to brace the axially
compressed member ABC. The maximum force that can be developed in
member BD is 0.02 P. If the stress must not exceed 124 MPa and the
maximum change in length of BD must not exceed 0.001 times the length of
ABC, determine the smallest diameter rod that can be used for member BD.

A
1.8 m
D
B
1.8 m

SOLUTION

FBD = 0.02 P = (0.02) (580) = 11.6 kN

Considering stress

s = 124 MPa = 124 106 N/m2

F
d = BD
A
Considering deformation

\
Larger area governs

or 124 N/mm2
1.35 m

F
11.6 10 3
A = BD =
= 93.54 mm2
s
124
d = (0.001)(3.6 103) = 3.6 mm

d=

FBD LBD
AE

A =

11.6 10 3 1.35 10 3
FBD LBD
=
= 21.75 mm2
9
6
Ed
200 10 /10
3.6

id

ia f

A = 93.54 mm
A=

p 2
d
4

\ d=

4A
=
p

( 4) ( 93.54)
= 10.91 mm
p
30 mm

PROBLEM 2.13
2.13 A single axial load of magnitude P = 58 kN is applied at end C of
the brass rod ABC. Knowing that E = 105 GPa, determine the
diameter d of portion BC for which the deflection of point C will
be 3 mm.

d
A
1.2 m

B
C
0.8 m

Chapter 2

SOLUTION

RS L + L UV
TA A W
d105 10 i d3 10 i =

dC =

Ed C
LBc
L
=
- AB
ABC
P
AAB

Pi Li
P
=
Ai E
E

AB

BC

AB

BC

-3

1.2
= 3.7334 103 m1
p
2
( 0.030 )
4

58 10 3

LBC
0.8
=
= 214.28 106 m2
3
3.7334 10
3.7334 10 3

ABC =
ABC =

p 2
d BC
4

4ABC
=
p

\ dBC =

( 4 ) (214.28 10 -6 )
= 16.52 103 m
p
= 16.52 mm

PROBLEM 2.14

30 mm

2.14 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for
which E = 73 GPa. Knowing that the diameter of portion BC is
d = 20 mm, determine the largest force P that can be applied if
sall = 160 MPa and the corresponding deflection at point C is
not to exceed 4 mm.

d
A
1.2 m

B
C
0.8 m

SOLUTION
p
(0.030)2 = 706.86 106 m2
4
p
ABC = (0.020)2 = 314.16 106 m2
4
s = 160 106 Pa

AAB =

Considering allowable stress

s=

P
A

P = As

Portion AB P = (706.86 106)(160 106) = 113.1 103 N

P = (314.16 106)(160 106) = 50.3 103 N

Portion BC

Considering allowable deflection dC = 4 103 m

dC =
P = EdC

79

FL
GH A

AB
AB

L
+ BC
ABC

Smallest value for P governs

I
JK

PLi
P
=
AE
E

-1

FL
GH A

LBC
ABC

I
JK

AB

AB

F 1.2
)G
H 706.86 10

= (73 10 ) (4 10

= 68.8 103 N
P = 50.3 103 N = 50.3 kN

-6

0.8
+
314.16 10 -6

IJ
K

-1

80 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.15
2.15 The specimen shown is made from a 25 mm diameter
cylindrical steel rod with two 38 mm outer-diameter sleeves
bonded to the rod as shown. Knowing that E = 200 GPa,
determine (a) the load P so that the total deformation is 0.05
mm, (b) the corresponding deformation of the central
portion BC.

P'

38 mm diameter
A
25 mm diameter
B
38 mm diameter
C
50 mm
D
75 mm
P

SOLUTION

50 mm

F LI
P = Ed G J
H AK

PL
P
L
(a) d = i i =
i
Ai Ei
E
Ai

Ai =

L, mm

d, mm

A, mm2

50
75
50

38
25
38

1134
491
1134

AB
BC
CD

-1

p 2
di
4

L /A, mm1
0.04409
0.1527
0.04409
0.2409

P = (200
(b) dBC =

10 9
1
6 )(0.05)(0.2409) = 41.511 kN = 41.5 kN
10

PL BC
P LBC
41.5 10 3
=
=
(0.1527) = 0.0317 mm
ABC E
E ABC
10 9
200 6
10
P

PROBLEM 2.16
2.16 Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E
= 70 GPa. Knowing that the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a)
the value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the
corresponding deflection of B.

20-mm diameter

0.4 m

SOLUTION
B

p 2
p
d AB = ( 0.020 ) 2 = 314.16 106 m2
4
4
p 2
p
ABC = d BC
= ( 0.060 ) 2 = 2.8274 103 m2
4
4
Force in member AB is P tension

(a) AAB =

Elongation dAB =

ia f

4 10 3 0.4
PLAB
=
EAAB
70 10 9 314.16 10 -6

id

= 72.756 106 m

Q
0.5 m

60-mm diameter

Chapter 2

81

Force in member BC is Q P compression

Shortening dBC =

(Q - P) LBC
(Q - P)(0.5)
=
EABC
( 70 10 9 )(2.8274 10 -3 )
= 2.5263 109 (Q P)

For zero deflection at A

dBC = dAB

2.5263 109 (Q P) = 72.756 106

\ Q P = 28.8 103 N

Q = 28.3 103 + 4 103 = 32.8 103 N = 32.8 kN

(b) dAB = dBC = dB = 72.756 106 m = 0.0728 mm
PROBLEM 2.17
P

2.17 The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E = 70 GPa.

Knowing that P = 6 kN and Q = 42 kN, determine the deflection of
(a) point A, (b) point B.

SOLUTION

20-mm diameter

0.4 m

AAB =

(a)
P

p 2
p
d AB = (0.020)2 = 314.16 106 m2
4
4

p 2
p
ABC = d AC
= (0.060)2 = 2.8274 103 m2
4
4
PAB = P = 6 103 N

Q
0.5 m

60-mm diameter

PBC = P Q = 6 103 42 103 = 36 103 N

LAB = 0.4 m
dAB

LBC = 0.5 m

ia f
id

6 10 3 0.4
PAB L AB
=
=
AAB E A
314.16 10 -6 70 10 9

= 109.135 106 m
Q

ia f
id
i

-36 10 3 0.5
PBC LBC
d BC =
=
ABC E
2.8274 10 -3 70 10 9

PBC

= 90.947 106 m

d A = dAB + dBC = 109.135 106 90.947 106 m = 18.19 106 m

= 0.01819 mm

(b)

d B = dBC = 90.9 106 m = 0.0909 mm

82 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.18
2.18 The 36-mm-diameter steel rod ABC and a brass rod CD of the
same diameter are joined at point C to form the 7.5-m rod
ABCD. For the loading shown, and neglecting the weight of
the rod, determine the deflection of (a) point C, (b) point D.

A
2m
Steel: E = 200 GPa

B
50 kN

SOLUTION

3m

p
p
A = d2 = (0.036)2 = 1.01787 103 m2
4
4
Portion

Pi

AB
BC
CD

150 kN
100 kN
100 kN

Li
2m
3m
2.5 m

Ei

Pi Li /AEi
1.474 103 m
1.474 103 m
2.339 103 m

200 GPa
200 GPa
105 GPa

(a) d C = dAB + dBC = 1.474 103 + 1.474 103

= 2.948 103 m = 2.95 mm
3

2.5 m

Brass: E = 105 GPa

100 kN

(b) dD = dC + dCD = 2.948 10 + 2.339 10

= 5.287 103 m = 5.29 mm

PROBLEM 2.19
2.19 The brass tube AB (E = 103 GPa) has a cross-sectional
area of 142 mm2 and is fitted with a plug at A. The tube
is attached at B to a rigid plate which it itself attached
at C to the bottom of an aluminum cylinder (E = 72
GPa) with a cross-sectional area of 258 mm2. The
cylinder is then hung from a support at D. In order to
close the cylinder, the plug must move down through
1.2 mm. Determine the force P that must be applied to
the cylinder.

375 mm

SOLUTION
Shortening of brass tube AB
LAB = 375 + 1.2 = 376.2 mm, AAB = 142 mm2
EAB = 72 109 Pa = 72000 MPa
dAB =

1.2 mm

PLAB
P(376.2)
=
= 2.572 105 P
EAB AAB (103 10 3 )(142)

B
C

Lengthening of aluminum cylinder CD

LCD = 375 mm,

ACD = 258 mm2, ECD = 72000 106 Pa

Chapter 2

dCD =

83

PLCD
P(375)
=
= 2.02 105 P
ECD ACD
( 72000) 258

a f

dA = dAB + dCD

Total deflection

1.2 = (2.57 105 + 2.02 105)P

P = 26.14 kN = 26.14 kN

PROBLEM 2.20
2.20

A 1.2-m section of aluminum pipe of cross-sectional area

1100 mm2 rests on a fixed support at A. The 15-mm-diameter
steel rod BC hangs from a rigid bar that rests on the top of the
pipe at B. Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa for
steel and 72 GPa for aluminum, determine the deflection of point
C when a 60 kN force is applied at C.

1.2 m

A
0.9 m

SOLUTION
Rod BC:

LBC = 2.1 m,
ABC =

EBC = 200 109 Pa

p 2 p
d =
(0.015)2 = 176.715 106 m2
4
4
dC/B =

ia f

60 10 3 2.1
PLBC
=
= 3.565 103 m
E BC ABC
200 10 9 176.715 10 -6

id

Pipe AB: LAB = 1.2 m, EAB = 72 10 Pa, AAB = 1100 mm = 1100 10 m

dB/A =

ia f

60 10 3 1.2
PLAB
=
= 909.1 106 m2
-6
9
EAB AAB
72 10 1100 10

id

dC = dB/A + dC/B = 909.1 10 + 3.565 103 = 4.47 103

= 4.47 mm
P

PROBLEM 2.21
2.21 The steel frame (E = 200 GPa) shown has a diagonal brace
BD with an area of 1920 mm2. Determine the largest
allowable load P if the change in length of member BD is
not to exceed 1.6 mm.

6m

SOLUTION
dBC = 1.6 103 m,
LBC =

5 +6

ABD = 1920 mm2 = 1920 106 m2

= 7.810 m,

EBC = 200 10 Pa
5m

84 Mechanics of Materials

dBC =

FBC L BC
EBC ABC

FBC =

E BC ABCd BC
( 200 109 ) (1920 10 -6 ) (1.6 10 -3 )
=
7.81
LBC

= 78.67 103 N
Use joint B as a free body:

S Fx = 0
+

5
FBC P = 0
7.810

P=

FBC
FAB

( 5)( 78.67 10 3 )
5
FBC =
7.810
7.810

= 50.4 103 N = 50.4 kN

PROBLEM 2.22
2.22

228 kN

For the steel truss (E = 200 GPa) and loading shown,

determine the deformations of members AB and AD,
knowing that their cross-sectional areas are 2400 mm2 and
1800 mm2, respectively.

B
2.5 m
C

SOLUTION
Statics: Reactions are 114 kN upward at A and C.
Member BD is a zero force member

4.0 m

4.0 m

4.0 2 + 2.52 = 4.717 m

LAB =
Use joint A as a free body: +SFy = 0

114

2.5
FAB = 0
4.717

FAB

FAB = 215.10 kN
+

Member AB:

S Fx = 0

FAD

4
FAB = 0
4.717

FAD =

( 4) ( 215.10 )
= 182.4 kN
4.717

dAB =

FAB L AB
( 21510
. 103 ) ( 4.717)
=
E AAB
( 200 10 9 ) (2400 10 -6 )

FAD

114 kN

= 2.11 103 m = 2.11 mm

dAD =

FAB L AB
(182.4 10 3 ) ( 4.0)
=
= 2.03 103 m = 2.03 mm
E AAD
( 200 10 9 ) (1800 10 -6 )

85

Chapter 2

PROBLEM 2.23
2.23

1.8 m

1.8 m

Members AB and BC are made of steel (E = 200 GPa) with

cross-sectional areas of 516 mm2 and 412 mm2,
respectively. For the loading shown, determine the
elongation of (a) member AB, (b) member BC.

1.5 m
A
D

SOLUTION

125 kN

240 kN

(a) LAB = 1.82 + 1.5 2 = 2.34 m = 2340 mm

FAB

Use joint A as a free body

+ SFy = 0

1.5
FAB 125 = 0
2.34

FAD

FAB = 195 kN
125 kN

F L
(125 10 3 ) (2340)
dAB = AB AB =
= 2.83 mm
E AAB
(200 000) (516)
(b) Use joint B as a free body
+ SF = 0

FBC

1.8
FAB = 0
2.34

FBC =

(1.8) (195)
= 150 kN
2.34

dBC =

FBC LBC
(150 10 3 )(1800)
=
= 3.27 mm
E ABC
(200 000)( 412)

FAB

FBC

FBD

PROBLEM 2.24
2.24

Members AB and CD are 28-mm-diameter steel rods, and

members BC and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the
turnbuckle is tightened, the diagonal member AC is put in
tension. Knowing that E = 200 GPa and h = 1.2 m, determine
the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in
members AB and CD do not exceed 1.0 mm.

SOLUTION
dAB = dCD = 1.0 mm

h = 1.2 m = LCD

p
p
ACD = d 2 = (28)2 = 615.8 mm2
4
4

0.9 m

86 Mechanics of Materials

dCD =

FCD LCD
EACD

FCD =

E ACDd CD
( 200 000 )(615.8)(1.0 )
=
LCD
1200

= 102.63 kN

FBC

Use joint C as a free body

+S Fy = 0:
FAC

FCD

4
FAC = 0 \
5

FAC =

5
FCD
4

4
3

FCD

FAC

5
= (102.63) = 128.29 kN
4

PROBLEM 2.25
2.24 Members AB and CD are 28-mm-diameter steel rods, and members
BC and AD are 22-mm-diameter steel rods. When the turnbuckle is
tightened, the diagonal member AC is put in tension. Knowing that
E = 200 GPa and h = 1.2 m, determine the largest allowable tension in AC so that the deformations in members AB and CD do not
exceed 1.0 mm.
2.25 For the structure in Prob. of 2.24, determine (a) the distance h so
that the deformations in members AB, BC, CD and AD are all equal
to 1.0 mm, (b) the corresponding tension in member AC.

SOLUTION

0.9 m

(a) Statics: Use joint B as a free body

FBC

FAB

FBD

FBD

FAB

FBC

Force triangle

Geometry

From similar triangles

F
F
FAB
= BC = BD
b
LBC
h
FAB =

LBD

h
FBC
b

Chapter 2

87

For equal deformations

dAB = dBC \

FAB h
F b
= BC
E AAB
E ABC

FAB =

b AAB
FBC
h ABC

Equating expressions for FAB

h
b AAB
FBC =
FBC
b
h ABC

p 2
d AB
AAB
d2
h2
= 4
= AB
2 =
2
p 2
ABC
b
d BC
d BC
4

d
h
28
= AB =
= 1.273
b d BC
22

b = 0.9 m

h = 1.273 b = 1.273 (0.9) = 1.146 m

(b) Setting dAB = dBC = 1.0 mm

F b
dBC = BC
E ABC

p
( 200 000) ( 22)(1.0)
E ABC d BC
4
FBC =
=
b
900

= 84.473 kN
FAB =

h
FBC = 1.273 (84.473) = 107.535 kN
b

From the force triangle

FBD = FAC =

2
2
= 136.746 kN
+ FAB
FBC

PROBLEM 2.26
2.26 Members ABC and DEF are joined with steel links (E =
200 GPa). Each of the links is made of a pair of 25 35-mm
plates. Determine the change in length of (a) member BE,
(b) member CF.

180 mm

260 mm

SOLUTION

C
FCF

Use member ABC as a free body

S MB = 0

B
FBE

A
18 kN

(0.260) (18 103) (0.180) FCF = 0

FCF =

( 0.260)(18 10 3 )
= 26 103 N
0.180

18 kN

240 mm

18 kN

88 Mechanics of Materials

S MC = 0
FBE =

(0.440) (18 103) + (0.180) FBE = 0

( 0.440)(18 103 )
= 44 103 N
0.180

Area for link made of two plates

A = (2)(0.025) (0.035) = 1.75 103 m2
(a) dBE =

FBE LBE
( - 44 10 3 )(0.240)
=
= 30.2 106 m = 0.0302 mm
EA
( 200 10 9 )(1.75 10 3 )

(b) dCF =

FCF LCF
(26 10 3 )(0.240)
=
= 17.83 106 m = 0.01783 mm
EA
( 200 10 9 )(1.75 10 3 )

PROBLEM 2.27
2.27 Each of the links AB and CD is made of aluminum (E =
75 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 125 mm2.
Knowing that they support the rigid member BC, determine
the deflection of point E.

D
P = 5 kN

0.36 m
E

SOLUTION
B

Use member BC as a free body

0.20 m
FAB

0.44 m

FCD

C
5 103 N

S MC = 0

(0.64)FAB + (0.44)(5 103) = 0

FAB = 3.4375 103 N

S MB = 0

(0.64)FCD (0.20)(5 103) = 0

FCD = 1.5625 103 N

For links AB and CD

A = 125 mm2 = 125 106 m2

dAB =

(3.4375 10 3 )(0.36)
FAB L AB
=
= 132.00 106 m = dB
-6
9
EA
( 75 10 )(125 10 )

dCD =

FCD LCD
(1.5625 10 3 )(0.36)
=
= 60.00 106 m = dC
EA
( 75 10 9 )(125 10 -6 )

Chapter 2

Slope q =

dB - dC
72.00 10 -6
=
= 112.5 106 rad
0.64
l BC

dE = dC + lEC q

C
dC

dE

dB

q
6

= 60.00 10

89

+ (0.44) (112.5 10 )

= 109.5 106 m = 0.1095 mm

Deformation diagram

PROBLEM 2.28
2.28 Link BD is made of brass (E = 103 GPa) and has a crosssectional area of 258 mm2. Link CE is made of aluminum (E =
72 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 322 mm2. Determine
the maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point A if
the deflection of A is not to exceed 0.35 mm.

D
225 mm
C
A

SOLUTION

B
150 mm

Use member ABC as a free body.

FBD
C

225 mm

125 mm

B
FCE

S MC = 0,

350 P 225 FBD = 0,

FBD = 1.5556 P

S MB = 0,

125 P 225 FCB = 0,

FCB = 0.5556 P

dB = dBD =

(1.5556 P)(225)
FBD LBD
=
= 13.17 106 P
(103000)(258)
EBD ABD

dC = dCE =

FCE LCE
( 0.5556 P)(150)
=
= 3.5 106 P
ECE ACE
( 72000)(322)

From the deformation diagram

Slope

SA

q=

SB

dB + dC
16.67 10 -6 P
=
= 0.074 106 P
225
lBC

dA = dB + lAB q
= 13.17 106 P + (125)(0.074 106) P = 22.42 106 P
Apply displacement limit

dA = 0.35 mm = 22.42 106 P

P=

0.35
= 15.611 kN
22.42 10 -6

SC

90 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.29
2.29 A homogenous cable of length L and uniform cross section is suspended
from one end. (a) Denoting by r the density (mass per unit volume) of the
cable and by E its modulus of elasticity, determine the elongation of the
cable due to its own weight. (b) Assuming now the cable to be horizontal,
determine the force that should be applied to each end of the cable to obtain
the same elongation as in part a.

y
P
L
Ly

SOLUTION
(a) For element at point identified by coordinate y

P = weight of portion below the point

= rg A (L y)
dd =

Pdy
rgA( L - y)dy r g( L - y)
=
=
dy
EA
EA
E

z
L

d=

(b) For d =

rL
EA

P=

rg ( L - y)
rg
dy =
E
E

rg
E

FG L
H

L2
2

IJ = 1
K 2

F Ly - 1 y I
H 2 K

rgL2
E

EAd
EA rgL2
1
1
=
= rgL = W
L
L 2E
2
2

PROBLEM 2.30
2.30 Determine the deflection of the apex A of a homogenous circular cone of height h, density r, and
modulus of elasticity E, due to its own weight.
SOLUTION
A

Let b = radius of the base and

y

Element

h
r

r=
b

Volume of portion above element

V=

r = radius at section with

coordinate y.

1
1 b2
p r 2y = p 2 y3
3
3 h

b
y
h

Chapter 2

prgb 2 y 3
3h 2

P = rgV =

z
h

P Dy
d=
=
EA

rg y 2
=
3E 2

=
0

A = pr2 =

P dy
=
EA

p b2 2
y
h2

p r gb 2 y 3

3 h2

91

h2
E p b2 y 2

z
h

dy =

rgy
dy
3E

rgh 2
6E

PROBLEM 2.31
2.31 The volume of a tensile specimen is essentially constant while plastic deformation occurs. If the
initial diameter of the specimen is d1, show that when the diameter is d, the true strain is
t = 2 ln (d1/d).
SOLUTION
If the volume is constant

p 2
p 2
d1 L0
dL=
4
4

F I
H K

d
d2
L
= 12 = 1
d
L0
d
et = ln

F I
H K

d
L
= ln 1
d
L0

= 2 ln

d1
d

PROBLEM 2.32
2.32 Denoting by e the engineering strain in a tensile specimen, show that the true strain is
et = ln (l + e).
SOLUTION
et = ln

L
L +d
= ln 0
L0
L0

FG
H

= ln 1 +
Thus

d
L0

IJ = ln (1 + e)
K

et = ln (1 + e)

PROBLEM 2.33
2.33 An axial force of 60 kN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid end plates. Determine

92 Mechanics of Materials

(a) the normal stress in the brass shell, (b) the corresponding
deformation of the assembly.

5 mm
20 mm
5 mm

5 mm

20 mm
5 mm

SOLUTION
Let

Pb = portion of axial force carried by brass shell

Steel core
E = 200 GPa

Ps = portion of axial force carried by steel core

PL
d= b
Ab Eb
d=

Ps L
As Es

Brass shell
E = 105 GPa

E Ad
Pb = b b
L
Ps =

250 mm

Es Asd
L

P = Pb + Ps = (Eb Ab + Es As)

d
L

d
P
=e=
L
Eb Ab + Es As
As = (0.020) (0.020) = 400 106 m2
Ab = (0.030) (0.030) (0.020) (0.020) = 500 106 m2

d
60 10 3
=e=
= 452.83 106
L
(105 10 9 )(500 10 6 ) + (200 10 9 )(400 10 -6 )
(a) sb = Ebe = (105 109) (452.83 106) = 47.5 106 Pa
= 47.5 MPa
(b) d = Le = (250 103) (452.83 106) = 113.2 106 m
= 0.1132 103 m
= 0.1132 mm
PROBLEM 2.34
2.34 The length of the assembly decreases by 0.15 mm when an axial force is applied by means of rigid
end plates. Determine (a) the magnitude of the applied force, (b) the corresponding stress in the
steel core.

Chapter 2

5 mm
20 mm
5 mm

5 mm

20 mm
5 mm

Steel core
E = 200 GPa

Brass shell
E = 105 GPa

250 mm

SOLUTION
Pb = portion of axial force carried by brass shell.

Let

Ps = portion of axial force carried by steel core.

d=

Pb L
Ab Eb

Pb =

Eb Ab d
L

d=

Ps L
As Es

Ps =

Es Asd
L

P = Pb + Ps = (Eb Ab + Es As)

d
L

As = (0.020) (0.020) = 400 106 m2

Ab = (0.030) (0.030) (0.020) (0.020) = 500 106 m2
(a) P = [(105 109) (500 106) + (200 109) (400 106)]

0.15 10 -3
250 10 -3

= 79.5 103 N = 75.9 kN

(b) ss = Ese =

E sd
( 200 10 9 )( 0.15 10 -3 )
=
= 120 106 Pa
-3
L
250 10
= 120 MPa

93

94 Mechanics of Materials

PROBLEM 2.35

2.35 The 1.35 m concrete post is reinforced with six steel bars, each with a
28 mm diameter. Knowing that Es = 200 GPa and Ec = 29 GPa,
determine the normal stresses in the steel and in the concrete when a
1560 kN axial centric force P is applied to the post.
1.35 m

SOLUTION
Let

0.45 m

Pc = portion of axial force carried by concrete

Ps = portion carried by the six steel rods
d=

Pc L
Ec Ac

Pc =

Ec Acd
L

d=

Ps L
Es As

Ps =

Es Asd
L

P = Pc + Ps = (Ec Ac + Es As)

e=

d
P
=
L Ec Ac + Es As

As = 6

Ac =

d
L

p 2 6p
ds =
(28)2 = 3694.5 mm2
4
4

p 2
p
dc As = (450)2 3694.5 = 155348.6 mm2
4
4

L = 1.35 m = 1350 mm
e=

-1560 10 3

FG 29 10 IJ (155348.6)FG 200 10 IJ (3694.5) = 297.48 10

H 10 K
H 10 K
9

FG 200 10 IJ ( 297.48 10 ) = 59.5 N/mm = 59.5 MPa

H 10 K
F 10 IJ ( 297.48 10 ) = 8.627 N/mm = 8.627 MPa
= E e = G 29
H 10 K
9

s s = E se =

sc

Chapter 2

PROBLEM 2.36
2.36 An axial centric force of magnitude P = 450 kN
is applied to the composite block shown by
means of a right end plate. Knowing that h =
10 mm, determine the normal stress in (a) the
brass core, (b) the aluminum plates.

95

Brass core
(E = 105 GPa)
P

Aluminum plates
(E = 70 GPa)

Rigid
end plate

SOLUTION
Let

Pb = portion of axial force carried by

brass core

300 mm

Pa = portion carried by two aluminum plates

d=

Pb L
Eb Ab

Pb =

Eb Abd
L

60 mm
h

d=

Pa L
Ea Aa

Pa =

Ea Aad
L

P = Pb + Pa = (Eb Ab + Ea Aa)

e=

40 mm
h

d
L

d
P
=
L Eb Ab + Ea Aa

Ab = (60) (40) = 2400 mm2 = 2400 106 m2

Aa = (2) (60) (10) = 1200 mm2 = 1200 106 m2
e=

450 10 3
= 1.3393 103
-6
9
6
(105 10 )(2400 10 ) + ( 70 10 )(1200 10 )
9

(a) sb = Ebe = (105 109) (1.3393 103) = 140.6 106 Pa = 140.6 MPa
(b) sa = Ea e = (70 109) (1.393 103) = 93.75 106 Pa = 93.75 MPa
PROBLEM 2.37
2.37 For the composite block shown in Prob. 2.36, determine (a) the value of h if the portion of the load
carried by the aluminum plates is half the portion of the load carried by the brass core, (b) the
total load if the stress in the brass is 80 MPa.