ZOO 120 Animal Physiology

EXERCISE 7. Systemic Circulation

Name Josephine D. Carandang
Section/Group # ST-2L/ Group 1

Date September 28, 2016

Score ______________

Table 7.1. Effect of different solutions to blood flow in peripheral and cardiac capillaries of
toad.
SOLUTIONS
PERIPHERAL
CARDIAC CAPILLARIES
CAPILLARIES
Adrenaline
increased
increased
Acetylcholine
decreased
decreased
Acetic acid
decreased
decreased
Lactic acid
decreased
decreased
Nicotine
increased
increased
Alcohol
Warm water
Ice water
Pithing
decreased
Decreased
Sympathetic stimulus- increases cardiac output or the amount of blood pumped each minute
VasoconstrictionVasodilation
A. Effects of adrenaline to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
Adrenaline is a sympathetic stimulus
It causes the blood to go skeletal muscle and heart and away from the internal organs
o -2 receptors which are found predominantly in blood vessels of heart and
skeletal muscle.

o
o either vasoconstriction or vasodilation (receptor on blood vessels).
In this particular set-up, upon application of the adrenaline, diameter of the peripheral
capillary enlarged as adrenaline was applied, hence vasodilation occurred as the
adrenaline bind to Effects of acetylcholine to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?

Acetylcholine interacts with muscarinic cholinergic receptors

of the endothelium lining the precapillary arterioles. It triggers
the production and release of nitric oxide (NO) which, in turn,
diffuses to the smooth muscle of the sphincters and causes it
to relax. ACh, therefore, acts indirectly as a vasodilator. The
difficulty with seeing this effect is that most tissues, including
blood, have high levels of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase,
which rapidly hydrolizes and inactivates acetylcholine. The
vasodilatory effect of applied ACh is therefore very transient.

B. Effects of acetic acid to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?

Acid: High ions = high CO2 , metabolic acidosis

pH= constriction of arterioles = blood flow
C. Effects of lactic acid to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?

Lactic acid is acidic and an indicator of high metabolic demands

and/or inadequate circulation, leading to anaerobic metabolism.
Lactic acid should, therefore have the effect of increasing local
circulation.
D. Effects of nicotine to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
Cause the release of chemicals such as adrenaline and acetylcholine
Local symphatetic stimulation leads to constrict coronary circulation (muscarinic mechanism),
followed by vasodilation due to release of acetylcholine
E. Effects of alcohol to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
In moderate amounts, alcohol is known to dilate peripheral blood vessels, increases circulation
Flushing
In cardiac capillaries, can cause impairement
F. Effects of warm water to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
Temperature increase cause dilation and creases flow
G. Effects of ice water to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
exposure to low temperature leads to increases affinity for postjunctional -adrenoreceptors for
norepinephrine and cause blood vessel to contrict hence there is cessation of blood flow in
surrounding tissue
H. Effects of pithing to the peripheral and cardiac capillaries?
Based on the table above, pithing decreases blood flow in peripheral and cardiac capillaries of
toad. However, according to Nishimoto et.al, decerabration found to confer no significant change
in blood flow for peripheral capillaries (2006). The obtained results may be due to