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Accepted name: glyoxylate reductase
Reaction: glycolate + NAD+ = glyoxylate + NADH + H+
Other name(s): NADH-glyoxylate reductase; glyoxylic acid reductase; NADHdependent glyoxylate reductase
Systematic name: glycolate:NAD+ oxidoreductase
Comments: Reduces glyoxylate to glycolate or hydroxypyruvate to D-glycerate.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, vMetacyc, PDB,
CAS registry number: 9028-32-4
References:
1. Zelitch, I. Oxidation and reduction of glycolic and glyoxylic acids in plants. II.
Glyoxylic acid reductase. J. Biol. Chem. 201 (1953) 719-726.
2. Zelitch, I. The isolation and action of crystalline glyoxylic acid reductase from
tobacco leaves. J. Biol. Chem. 216 (1955) 553-575.
EC 1.1.1.3
Accepted name: homoserine dehydrogenase
Reaction: L-homoserine + NAD(P)+ = L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + NAD(P)H +
H+
For diagram click here.
Other name(s): HSDH; HSD
Systematic name: L-homoserine:NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase
Comments: The yeast enzyme acts most rapidly with NAD+;
the Neurospora enzyme with NADP+. The enzyme from Escherichia coli is a
multi-functional protein, which also catalyses the reaction of EC 2.7.2.4 (aspartate
kinase).
EC 2.1.1.147
Accepted name: corydaline synthase
Reaction: S-adenosyl-L-methionine + palmatine + 2 NADPH + H+ = S-adenosyl-Lhomocysteine + corydaline + 2 NADP+
For diagram click here.
Systematic name: S-adenosyl-L-methionine:protoberberine 13-C-methyltransferase
Comments: Also acts on 7,8-dihydropalmatine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, CAS registry number:
155807-67-3
References:
1. Rueffer, M., Bauer, W. and Zenk, M.H. The formation of corydaline and related alkaloids
in Corydalis cava in vivo and in vitro. Canad. J. Chem. 72 (1994) 170-175.
[EC 2.1.1.147 created 2002]
EC 2.1.1.148
Accepted name: thymidylate synthase (FAD)
Reaction: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate + dUMP + NADPH + H+ = dTMP +
tetrahydrofolate + NADP+
For diagram of reaction click here.
Other name(s): Thy1; ThyX
Systematic name: 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate,FADH2:dUMP C-methyltransferase
Comments: Contains FAD. All thymidylate synthases catalyse a reductive methylation
involving the transfer of the methylene group of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to the C5position of dUMP and a two electron reduction of the methylene group to a methyl group.
Unlike the classical thymidylate synthase, ThyA (EC 2.1.1.45), which uses folate as both a 1carbon donor and a source of reducing equivalents, this enzyme uses a flavin coenzyme as a
source of reducing equivalents, which are derived from NADPH.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS registry
number: 850167-13-4
References:
1. Myllykallio, H., Lipowski, G., Leduc, D., Filee, J., Forterre, P. and Liebl, U. An alternative
flavin-dependent mechanism for thymidylate synthesis. Science 297 (2002) 105-107.
[PMID: 12029065]
2. Griffin, J., Roshick, C., Iliffe-Lee, E. and McClarty, G. Catalytic mechanism of Chlamydia
trachomatis flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase. J. Biol. Chem. 280 (2005) 5456-5467.
[PMID: 15591067]
3. Graziani, S., Bernauer, J., Skouloubris, S., Graille, M., Zhou, C.Z., Marchand, C.,
Decottignies, P., van Tilbeurgh, H., Myllykallio, H. and Liebl, U. Catalytic mechanism and
structure of viral flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase ThyX. J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006)
24048-24057. [PMID: 16707489]
4. Koehn, E.M., Fleischmann, T., Conrad, J.A., Palfey, B.A., Lesley, S.A., Mathews, I.I. and
Kohen, A. An unusual mechanism of thymidylate biosynthesis in organisms containing
the thyX gene. Nature 458 (2009) 919-923. [PMID: 19370033]
5. Koehn, E.M. and Kohen, A. Flavin-dependent thymidylate synthase: a novel pathway
towards thymine. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 493 (2010) 96-102. [PMID: 19643076]
[EC 2.1.1.148 created 2003, modified 2010]
1kq4
+
5,10methylenete
dUMP
trahydrofol
ate
=
NADPH
+
dTMP
+
tetrahydrof
olate
NADP(+)
Molecule diagrams generated from .mol files obtained from the KEGG ftp site.
Other Fdts. Flavin dependent thymidylate synthase.
name(
s):
Com Contains Fad. All thymidylate synthases catalyze a reductive methylation involving
ments the transfer of the methylene group of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to the C5: position of dUMP and a two electron reduction of the methylene group to a methyl
group. Unlike the classical thymidylate synthase, ThyA (EC 2.1.1.45), which uses
folate as both a 1-carbon donor and a source of reducing equivalents, this enzyme
uses a flavin coenzyme as a source of reducing equivalents, which are derived from
Nadph.
Links:
EC 3.1.1.8
Accepted name: cholinesterase
Reaction: An acylcholine + H2O = choline + a carboxylate
Other name(s): pseudocholinesterase; butyrylcholine esterase; non-specific
cholinesterase; choline esterase II (unspecific); benzoylcholinesterase; choline
esterase; butyrylcholinesterase; propionylcholinesterase; BtChoEase
Systematic name: acylcholine acylhydrolase
Comments: Acts on a variety of choline esters and a few other compounds.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS
registry number: 9001-08-5
References:
1. Augustinsson, K.-B. Cholinesterases. A study in comparative enzymology. Acta
Physiol. Scand. 15, Suppl. 52 (1948).
2. Augustinsson, K.-B. and Olsson, B. Esterases in the milk and blood of swine. I.
Substrate specificity and electrophoresis studies. Biochem. J. 71 (1959) 477-484.
3. Koelle, G.B. Cholinesterases of the tissues and sera of rabbits. Biochem. J. 53
(1953) 217-226.
4. Nachmansohn, D. and Wilson, I.B. The enzymic hydrolysis and synthesis of
acetylcholine. Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Subj. Biochem. 12 (1951) 259-339.
5. Sawyer, C.H. Hydrolysis of choline esters by liver. Science 101 (1945) 385-386.
6. Strelitz, F. Studies on cholinesterase. 4. Purification of pseudo-cholinesterase
from horse serum. Biochem. J. 38 (1944) 86-88.
[EC 3.1.1.8 created 1961]
EC 4.1.1.14
Accepted name: valine decarboxylase
Reaction: L-valine = 2-methylpropanamine + CO2
Other name(s): leucine decarboxylase
Systematic name: L-valine carboxy-lyase
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein. Also acts on L-leucine.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, UM-BBD,
CAS registry number: 9031-16-7
References:
1. Sutton, C.R. and King, H.K. Inhibition of leucine decarboxylase by thiolbinding reagents. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 96 (1962) 360-370.
[EC 4.1.1.14 created 1961]
EC 4.1.1.15
Accepted name: glutamate decarboxylase
Reaction: L-glutamate = 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
Glossary: 4-aminobutanoate = -aminobutyrate = GABA
EC 5.1.1.1
Accepted name: alanine racemase
Reaction: L-alanine = D-alanine
Other name(s): L-alanine racemase
Systematic name: alanine racemase
Comments: A pyridoxal-phosphate protein.
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, GTD, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB,
CAS registry number: 9024-06-0
References:
1. Marr, A.G. and Wilson, P.W. The alanine racemase of Brucella abortus. Arch.
Biochem. Biophys. 49 (1954) 424-433.
2. Wood, W.A. Amino acid racemases. Methods Enzymol. 2 (1955) 212-217.
3. Wood, W.A. and Gunsalus, I.C. D-Alanine formation: a racemase
in Streptococcus faecalis. J. Biol. Chem. 190 (1951) 403-416.
[EC 5.1.1.1 created 1961]
EC 5.1.1.2
Accepted name: methionine racemase
Reaction: L-methionine = D-methionine
Systematic name: methionine racemase
EC 6.1.1.14
Accepted name: glycinetRNA ligase
Reaction: ATP + glycine + tRNAGly = AMP + diphosphate + glycyl-tRNAGly
Other name(s): glycyl-tRNA synthetase; glycyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase;
glycyl-transfer RNA synthetase; glycyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase; glycyl
translase
Systematic name: glycine:tRNAGly ligase (AMP-forming)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS
registry number: 9037-62-1
References:
1. Fraser, M.J. Glycyl-RNA synthetase of rat liver: partial purification and effects
of some metal ions on its activity. Can. J. Biochem. Physiol. 41 (1963) 1123-1233.
2. Niyomporn, B., Dahl, J.L. and Strominger, J.L. Biosynthesis of the
peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. IX. Purification and properties of glycyl
transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Staphylococcus aureus. J. Biol.
Chem. 243 (1968) 773-778. [PMID: 4295604]
[EC 6.1.1.14 created 1972]
EC 6.1.1.15
Accepted name: prolinetRNA ligase
Reaction: ATP + L-proline + tRNAPro = AMP + diphosphate + L-prolyl-tRNAPro
Other name(s): prolyl-tRNA synthetase; prolyl-transferRNA synthetase; prolyltransfer ribonucleate synthetase; proline translase; prolyl-transfer ribonucleic acid
synthetase; prolyl-s-RNA synthetase; prolinyl-tRNA ligase
Systematic name: L-proline:tRNAPro ligase (AMP-forming)
Links to other databases: BRENDA, EXPASY, KEGG, Metacyc, PDB, CAS
registry number: 9055-68-9
References:
1. Norton, S.J. Purification and properties of the prolyl RNA synthetase
of Escherichia coli. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 106 (1964) 147-152.
2. Peterson, P.J. and Fowden, L. Purification, properties and comparative
specificities of the enzyme prolyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase
from Phaseolus aureus and Polygonatum multiflorum. Biochem. J. 97 (1965) 112124.
1d2d
+
ATP
+
Lprolin
e
AMP
tRNA(Pro
+
diphosp
hate
L-
prolyltRNA(
Pro)
Molecule diagrams generated from .mol files obtained from the KEGG ftp
site.
Other na Proline translase. Prolyl-tRNA synthetase.
me(s):
Links:
1fyj
1h4q
1h4s
1h4t
1hc7
1nj1
1nj2
1nj5
1nj6
proline
Source: Thermus thermophilus. Organism_taxid: 274. Strain: hb8. Other_details: purification described in reference 2
Chains: A, B, C, D (464 residues) CATH
domains: 3.30.930.10 3.40.50.800 3.30.110.30
Bound
Het Group PRO corresponds to enzyme reactant
ligand:
L-proline
Prolyl-tRNA synthetase from thermus thermophilus
Source: Thermus thermophilus. Organism_taxid: 274. Strain: hb8. Gene: pros. Other_details: purification described in reference 2
Chains: A, B, C, D (464 residues) CATH
domains: 3.30.930.10 3.40.50.800 3.30.110.30
Crystal structure of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from methanother
thermautotrophicus bound to cysteine sulfamoyl adenylate
Source: Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
organism_taxid: 145262. Gene: mth611. Expressed in:
escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562. Other_details:
strain supplemented with additional plasmid rare trnas
Chain: A (463 residues) CATH
domains: 3.30.930.10 3.40.50.800 3.30.110.30
Bound
Het Group 5CA is 57.58% similar to enzyme
ligand:
product AMP
Crystal structure of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from methanother
thermautotrophicus
Source: Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
organism_taxid: 187420. Strain: delta h. Gene: mth611.
Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Other_details: strain supplemented with additional plasmid rare
trnas
Chain: A (452 residues) CATH
domains: 3.30.930.10 3.40.50.800 3.30.110.30
Crystal structure of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from methanother
thermautotrophicus bound to proline sulfamoyl adenylate
Source: Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
organism_taxid: 187420. Strain: delta h. Gene: mth611.
Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Other_details: strain supplemented with additional plasmid rare
trnas
Chain: A (463 residues) CATH
domains: 3.30.930.10 3.40.50.800 3.30.110.30
Bound
Het Group P5A is 55.88% similar to enzyme
ligand:
product AMP
Crystal structure of prolyl-tRNA synthetase from methanother
thermautotrophicus bound to alanine sulfamoyl adenylate
Source: Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus
organism_taxid: 187420. Strain: delta h. Gene: mth611.
Expressed in: escherichia coli. Expression_system_taxid: 562.
Other_details: strain supplemented with additional plasmid rare
trnas
Chain: A (463 residues) CATH
1nj8
1r1b
2i4l
2i4m
2i4n
2i4o
2j3l
2j3m
3ial
4hvc
4k86
4k87
4k88
4ncx
4olf
4twa
4wi1
4ydq
5a34
5bmu