GENDER GLOSARY

(https://trainingcentre.unwomen.org/mod/glossary/view.php?
id=36&mode&lang=en)

Gender
Gender refers to the roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given
society at a given time considers appropriate for men and women. In addition to
the social attributes and opportunities associated with being male and female
and the relationships between women and men and girls and boys, gender also
refers to the relations between women and those between men. These
attributes, opportunities and relationships are socially constructed and are
learned through socialization processes. They are context/ time-specific and
changeable. Gender determines what is expected, allowed and valued in a
woman or a man in a given context. In most societies there are differences and
inequalities between women and men in responsibilities assigned, activities
undertaken, access to and control over resources, as well as decision-making
opportunities. Gender is part of the broader socio-cultural context, as are other
important criteria for socio-cultural analysis including class, race, poverty level,
ethnic group, sexual orientation, age, etc.

Gender roles
Gender roles refer to social and behavioral norms that, within a specific culture,
are widely considered to be socially appropriate for individuals of a specific sex.
These often determine the traditional responsibilities and tasks assigned to
men, women, boys and girls (see gender division of labor). Gender-specific
roles are often conditioned by household structure, access to resources,
specific impacts of the global economy, occurrence of conflict or disaster, and
other locally relevant factors such as ecological conditions. Like gender itself,
gender roles can evolve over time, in particular through the empowerment of
women and transformation of masculinities.

Gender (or sexual) division of labor

This is an important concept in basic gender analysis that helps deepen
understanding about social relations as an entry point to sustainable change
through development. The division of labor refers to the way each society
divides work among men and women, boys and girls, according to sociallyestablished gender roles or what is considered suitable and valuable for each
sex. Anyone planning a community intervention needs to know and understand
the division of labor and allocation of assets on a sex-and-age disaggregated
basis for every community affected by development interventions. Within the
division of labor, there are several types of roles:
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Productive roles: Activities carried out by men and women in order to produce
goods and services either for sale, exchange, or to meet the subsistence needs
of the family.
Reproductive roles: Activities needed to ensure the reproduction of societys
labor force. This includes house work like cleaning, cooking, childbearing,
rearing, and caring for family members. These tasks are done mostly by
women.
Community managing role: Activities undertaken primarily by women at the
community level, as an extension of their reproductive role, to ensure the
provision and maintenance of scarce resources of collective consumption such
as water, health care and education. This is voluntary unpaid work performed
during free time.
Community politics role: Activities undertaken primarily by men at the
community level, often within the framework of national politics. This officiallyrecognized leadership role may be paid directly or result in increased power or
status.
Triple role: This refers to the fact that women tend to work longer and more
fragmented days than men as they are usually involved in three different roles:
reproductive, productive and community work.

Gender analysis
Gender analysis is a critical examination of how differences in gender roles,
activities, needs, opportunities and rights/entitlements affect men, women, girls
and boys in certain situation or contexts. Gender analysis examines the
relationships between females and males and their access to and control of
resources and the constraints they face relative to each other. A gender analysis
should be integrated into all sector assessments or situational analyses to
ensure that gender-based injustices and inequalities are not exacerbated by
interventions, and that where possible, greater equality and justice in gender
relations are promoted.

Gender blindness
This term refers to the failure to recognize that the roles and responsibilities of
men/boys and women/girls are assigned to them in specific social, cultural,
economic, and political contexts and backgrounds. Projects, programs, policies
and attitudes which are gender blind do not take into account these different
roles and diverse needs. They maintain the status quo and will not help
transform the unequal structure of gender relations.

Gender discrimination
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Gender discrimination is defined as: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction

made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their
marital status, on the basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and
fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any
other field. [United Nations, 1979. Convention on the Elimination of all forms of
Discrimination Against Women. Article 1]
Discrimination can stem from both law (de jure) or from practice (de facto). The
CEDAW Convention recognizes and addresses both forms of discrimination,
whether contained in laws, policies, procedures or practice.
De jure discrimination
E.g. In some countries, the law states that women (citizens) who marry foreign
men lose their citizenship and/or property rights. On the other hand, men
(citizens) married to foreigners do not lose their citizenship and/or property
rights.
De facto discrimination
E.g. The practice of many immigration officials in various countries is to find a
woman traveling alone with her minor children "suspicious" while men traveling
with their children are seldom questioned.
Source: Convention to Eliminate All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
(CEDAW)

Gender diversity
Gender diversity is a term that recognizes that many peoples' preferences and
self-expression fall outside commonly understood gender norms.

Gender equality (Equality between women and men)

This refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities of women and
men and girls and boys. Equality does not mean that women and men will
become the same but that womens and mens rights, responsibilities and
opportunities will not depend on whether they are born male or female. Gender
equality implies that the interests, needs and priorities of both women and men
are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups of
women and men. Gender equality is not a womens issue but should concern
and fully engage men as well as women. Equality between women and men is
seen both as a human rights issue and as a precondition for, and indicator of,
sustainable people-centered development.

Gender equity
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The preferred terminology within the United Nations is gender equality, rather
than gender equity. Gender equity denotes an element of interpretation of social
justice, usually based on tradition, custom, religion or culture, which is most
often to the detriment to women. Such use of equity in relation to the
advancement of women has been determined to be unacceptable. During the
Beijing conference in 1995 it was agreed that the term equality would be
utilized.
This was later confirmed by the CEDAW committee in its General
Recommendation 28: States parties are called upon to use exclusively the
concepts of equality of women and men or gender equality and not to use the
concept of gender equity in implementing their obligations under the
Convention. The latter concept is used in some jurisdictions to refer to fair
treatment of women and men, according to their respective needs. This may
include equal treatment, or treatment that is different but considered equivalent
in terms of rights, benefits, obligations and opportunities.
Source: Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2010),
General recommendation No. 28 on the core obligations of States parties under
article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination
against Women.

Gender stereotypes
Gender stereotypes are simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes,
differences and roles of women and men. Stereotypical characteristics about
men are that they are competitive, acquisitive, autonomous, independent,
confrontational, concerned about private goods. Parallel stereotypes of women
hold that they are cooperative, nurturing, caring, connecting, group-oriented,
concerned about public goods. Stereotypes are often used to justify gender
discrimination more broadly and can be reflected and reinforced by traditional
and modern theories, laws and institutional practices. Messages reinforcing
gender stereotypes and the idea that women are inferior come in a variety of
packages from songs and advertising to traditional proverbs.

Gender-based Violence (GBV)

GBV is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a
persons will and that is based on socially ascribed (gender) differences
between females and males. The nature and extent of specific types of GBV
vary across cultures, countries and regions. Examples include sexual violence,
including sexual exploitation/abuse and forced prostitution; domestic violence;
trafficking; forced/early marriage; harmful traditional practices such as female
genital mutilation; honour killings; and widow inheritance.
There are different kinds of violence, including (but not limited to) physical,
verbal, sexual, psychological, and socioeconomic violence.
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Physical violence: Physical violence is an act attempting to or resulting in pain

and/or physical injury. It includes beating, burning, kicking, punching, biting,
maiming, the use of objects or weapons, or tearing out hair. At its most extreme,
physical violence may lead to femicide, or the gender-based killing of a woman.
Some classifications also include trafficking and slavery in the category of
physical violence because initial coercion is often experienced, and the young
women and men involved end up becoming victims of further violence as a
result of their enslavement.
Verbal violence: Verbal abuse can include put-downs in private or in front of
others, ridiculing, the use of swear-words that are especially uncomfortable for
the other, threatening with other forms of violence against the victim or against
somebody or something dear to them. Other times the verbal abuse is related to
the background of the victim, insulting or threatening her on the basis of
religion, culture, language, (perceived) sexual orientation or traditions.
Sexual violence: Sexual violence includes many actions that are equally hurtful
to every victim and are used similarly in the public and private sphere.
Examples include rape (sexual violence including some form of penetration of
the victims body), marital rape and attempted rape. Other types of forced
sexual activities include being forced to watch somebody *****, forcing
somebody to ***** in front of others, forced unsafe sex, sexual harassment, and,
in the case of women, abuse related to reproduction (forced pregnancy, forced
abortion, forced sterilization).
Psychological violence: Psychological violence can include, for example,
threatening behaviors that do not necessarily involve physical violence or even
verbal abuse. It can include actions that refer to former acts of violence, or
purposeful ignorance and neglect of the other. Psychological violence may also
be perpetrated through isolation or confinement, withholding information,
disinformation, etc.
Socio-economic violence: Socio-economic violence is both a cause and an
effect of dominant gender power relations in societies. Some of the most typical
forms of socio-economic violence include taking away the victims earnings, not
allowing her to have a separate income (forced housewife status, working in
the family business without a salary), or making her unfit for work through
targeted physical abuse. In the public sphere this can include denial of access
to education or (equally) paid work (mainly to women), denial of access to
services, exclusion from certain jobs, denial of the enjoyment and exercise of
civil, cultural, social, or political rights.

Gender-responsive budgeting
Gender-responsive budgeting or GRB is a method of determining the extent to
which government expenditure has detracted from or come nearer to the goal of
gender equality. A gender-responsive budget is not a separate budget for
women, but rather a tool that analyzes budget allocations, public spending and
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taxation from a gender perspective and can be subsequently used to advocate

for reallocation of budget line items to better respond to womens priorities as
well as mens, making them, as the name suggests, gender-responsive.

Glass ceiling
The term glass ceiling is a metaphor that has often been used to describe
invisible barriers (glass) through which women can see elite positions, for
example in government or the private sector, but cannot reach them (coming up
against the invisible ceiling). These barriers prevent large numbers of women
and ethnic minorities from obtaining and securing the most powerful,
prestigious, and highest-paying jobs in the workforce.

Global care chains

This is a concept used to describe the ways in which care responsibilities are
transferred from one household to another, across national borders, forming
chains. As individuals move, work in the care sector is internationalized.
Through these chains, households in different places around the world are
interconnected, as they transfer care giving tasks from one household to
another based on power hierarchies such as gender, ethnicity, social class, and
place of origin. Global care chains are a phenomenon which is taking place
within the context of globalization, feminization of migration, and the
transformation of social welfare states. Chains are formed when women migrate
to work in the care sector (domestic work, personal healthcare services, etc.),
while transferring care work in their own households in origin and sometimes in
destination to other women.