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Rectilinear Kinematics
Rectilinear Kinematics
Kinematics characterized by specifying at any given
instant (t), position (s), velocity (v), and acceleration (a)
Position, s
Location of the particle at any given instant
Continuous Motion
Displacement, Δ𝑠
Change of its position
Δ𝑠 = 𝑠 ′ − 𝑠
Continuous Motion
Velocity, v
Rate of change of a displacement
Average velocity
Δ𝑠
𝑣𝑎𝑣𝑔 =
Δ𝑡
Instantaneous velocity
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
+ve & -ve velocity indicates direction of a speed
Continuous Motion
Acceleration, a
Rate of change of a velocity
Average acceleration
Δ𝑣
𝑎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = Δ𝑡
Instantaneous acceleration
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
𝑎 = 0 means 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
+ve & -ve acceleration indicates accelerating / decelerating
Continuous Motion
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑣
By eliminating 𝑑𝑡 for 𝑣 = and 𝑎 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Continuous Motion
Constant acceleration, 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐
𝑑𝑣
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑐 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Continuous Motion
Position
𝑠 𝑡
0
𝑑𝑠 = 0
𝑣 𝑑𝑡
Acceleration
𝑑𝑣
𝑎=
𝑑𝑡
Example 2
Changing motion
Position (s), velocity (v), acceleration (a) cannot be
described by a single continuous mathematical
function
It is convenient to represent the motion as a graph
s-t, v-t, and a-t graph
s
𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑡
v
𝑎 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑡
a
v-s and a-s graph
𝑠1
1 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑣1 − 𝑣02 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑠 𝑎=𝑣
2 𝑠0 𝑑𝑠
Example 3
Time, t’
Δ𝑣 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
Δ𝑣 = 0 (car in stop condition)
Distance, Δ𝑠
Δ𝑠 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣 − 𝑡 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ
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