Ministry of Defence

Defence Standard 02-729 (NES 729)

Issue 1 Publication Date 01 April 2000

Requirements For Non-Destructive

Examination Methods
Part 4
Liquid Penetration

Incorporating NES 729 Category 2

Issue 2 Publication Date December 1991

AMENDMENT RECORD
Amd No

Date

Text Affected

REVISION NOTE
This standard is raised to Issue 1 to update its content.
HISTORICAL RECORD
This standard supersedes the following:
Naval Engineering Standard (NES) 729 Part 4 Issue 2 dated December 1991.

Signature and Date

Ministry of Defence

Naval Engineering Standard

NES 729 Part 4

Issue 2 (Reformatted)

December 1991

REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE

EXAMINATION METHODS
PART 4
LIQUID PENETRANT

This NES Supersedes

NES 729 PART 4 ISSUE 1

Record of Amendments
AMDT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

INSERTED BY

DATE

NAVAL ENGINEERING STANDARD 729

REQUIREMENTS FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION METHODS
PART 4
ISSUE 2 (REFORMATTED)
LIQUID PENETRANT

The issue and use of this Standard

is authorized for use in MOD contracts
by MOD(PE) Sea Systems and
the Naval Support Command

ECROWN COPYRIGHT
Published by:
Director of Naval Architecture
Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence
Sea Systems, Foxhill, Bath BA1 5AB
i

ii

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

SCOPE
1.

This part of NES 729 defines the minimum requirements for methods of detection of surface
discontinuities in ferrous and non-ferrous materials using liquid penetrant examination
techniques.

2.

The requirements of this part of NES 729 applies to all items for which specifications,
standards, drawings, refit or repair instructions require liquid penetrant examination.

3.

The NES is also applicable to the Quality Assessment of Examining Authorities who perform
liquid penetrant examination.

4.

This NES does not cover:

a.

acceptance criteria for defects;

b.

the extent to which liquid penetrant examination is required. This requirement is to be

stated in relevant Contract Documents;

c.

the examination of nuclear plant and machinery.

iii

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

iv

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

FOREWORD
Sponsorship
1.

This Naval Engineering Standard (NES) is sponsored by the Procurement Executive, Ministry
of Defence, Director Naval Architecture (Submarines) (DNA(SM)), Section NA 133.

2.

It is to be applied as required by any Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence contract for

the Non-Destructive Examination of Metals and is applicable to Surface Ships and
Submarines.

3.

This NES comprises:

Requirements for Non-Destructive Examination Methods
Part 1

Radiographic

Part 2

Magnetic Particle

Part 3

Eddy Current

Part 4

Liquid Penetrant (This Part)

Part 5

Ultrasonic

4.

If it is found to be technically unsuitable for any particular requirement the Sponsor is to be

informed in writing of the circumstances with a copy to Director Naval Architecture (Surface
Ships) (DNA(SS)), Section NA 145.

5.

Any user of this NES either within MOD or in industry may propose an amendment to it.
Proposals for amendments which are:
a.

not directly applicable to a particular contract are to be made to the Sponsor of the NES;

b.

directly applicable to a particular contract are to be dealt with using existing procedures
or as specified in the contract.

6.

No alteration is to be made to this NES except by the issue of an authorized amendment.

7.

Unless otherwise stated, reference in this NES to approval, approved, authorized or similar
terms means by the Procurement Executive, Ministry of Defence.

8.

Any significant amendments that may be made to this NES at a later date will be indicated
by a vertical sideline. Deletions will be indicated by 000 appearing at the end of the line
interval.

9.

This NES has been reissued to reflect the changes in nomenclature and technical
requirements in line with current policy.

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

Conditions of Release
General
10.

This Naval Engineering Standard (NES) has been prepared for the use of the Crown and of
its contractors in the execution of contracts for the Crown. The Crown hereby excludes all
liability (other than liability for death or personal injury) whatsoever and howsoever arising
(including but without limitation, negligence on the part of the Crown, its servants or agents)
for any loss or damage however caused where the NES is used for any other purpose.

11.

This document is Crown Copyright and the information herein may be subject to Crown or
third party rights. It is not to be released, reproduced or published without written permission
of the MOD.

12.

The Crown reserves the right to amend or modify the contents of this NES without consulting
or informing any holder.

MOD Tender or Contract Process

13.

This NES is the property of the Crown and unless otherwise authorized in writing by the MOD
must be returned on completion of the contract, or submission of the tender, in connection
with which it is issued.

14.

When this NES is used in connection with a MOD tender or contract, the user is to ensure that
he is in possession of the appropriate version of each document, including related documents,
relevant to each particular tender or contract. Enquiries in this connection may be made of
the local MOD(PE) Quality Assurance Representative or the Authority named in the tender
or contract.

15.

When NES are incorporated into MOD contracts, users are responsible for their correct
application and for complying with contracts and any other statutory requirements.
Compliance with an NES does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.

Related Documents
16.

In the tender and procurement processes the related documents listed in each section and
Annex A can be obtained as follows:
a.

British Standards

British Standards Institution,

389 Chiswick High Road,
London W4 4AL

b.

Defence Standards

Directorate of Standardization and Safety Policy,

Stan 1, Kentigern House, 65 Brown Street,
Glasgow G2 8EX

c.

Naval Engineering Standards

CSE3a, CSE Llangennech, Llanelli,

Dyfed SA14 8YP

d.

Other documents

Tender or Contract Sponsor to advise.

Note: Tender or Contract Sponsor can advise in cases of difficulty.

17.

All applications to Ministry Establishments for related documents are to quote the relevant
MOD Invitation to Tender or Contract Number and date, together with the sponsoring
Directorate and the Tender or Contract Sponsor.

18.

Prime Contractors are responsible for supplying their subcontractors with relevant
documentation, including specifications, standards and drawings.

vi

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

Health and Safety

Warning
19.

This NES may call for the use of processes, substances and/or procedures that may be injurious
to health if adequate precautions are not taken. It refers only to technical suitability and in
no way absolves either the supplier or the user from statutory obligations relating to health
and safety at any stage of manufacture or use. Where attention is drawn to hazards, those
quoted may not necessarily be exhaustive.

20.

Because of the flammability of most liquid penetrant materials the use of an open flame for
heating components prior to liquid penetrant examination is prohibited.

21.

Protective goggles are to be worn when viewing if the UV-A source is not filtered. For the
assessment of UV-A lamps BS 4489 is to apply.

22.

Photochromic lenses react to ultraviolet light by darkening. Viewing through photochromic

spectacles when examining by fluorescent liquid penetrant methods is therefore prohibited.
Contrast-aid spectacles, ie with sodium glass lenses, and similar clip-on lenses are however
permissible.

23.

All equipment involving the use of mains electrical supply is to conform to the relevant
statutory requirements and safety regulations.

24.

All examinations referred to in this NES are to be carried out with due regard to the applicable
statutory requirements, safety regulations and Codes of Practice.

25.

Attention is drawn to the Safety Guidance and Statutory Requirements clauses of BS 6443,
which are to be regarded as applicable to all liquid penetrant examination operations
performed in accordance with the NES.

26.

Highly volatile solvents are to be used with caution. Their vapours are relatively toxic and the
liquids are primary skin irritants. Extreme care is to be exercised in handling volatile solvents
as many of them are highly flammable liquids. The appropriate safety precautions are to be
carried out at all times.

vii

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

viii

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

CONTENTS
Page No

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sponsorship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conditions of Release . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MOD Tender or Contract Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Health and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i
iii
v
v
vi
vi
vi
vi
vii
vii
ix

SECTION

1.

ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1

SECTION

2.
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

EXAMINATION PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedure Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Production Testing, Techniques and Reporting . . . .

2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.2

SECTION

3.
3.1
3.2
3.3

EQUIPMENT AND TEST MATERIALS . . . . . . . .

Functioning Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Maintenance of Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Types of Penetrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIGURE 3.1 TYPICAL LIQUID PENETRANT
TEST REPORT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.2

SECTION

4.
4.1
4.2

PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION . . . . . . . . .

Surface Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1
4.1
4.1

SECTION

5.
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5

EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application of Penetrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Removal of Penetrant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Surface Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Application of Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.2
5.2

SECTION

6.

VIEWING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.1

SECTION

7.
7.1

EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . .

Retests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.1
7.1

SECTION

8.

POST-EXAMINATION CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.1

SECTION

9.

RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.1

ANNEX

A.

RELATED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A.1

ANNEX

B.

DEFINITIONS AND TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B.1

ANNEX

C.

PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C.1

ALPHABETICAL INDEX
ix

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

1.

ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS
a.

The standards for acceptance of defect indications detected by liquid penetrant

examination are to be in accordance with DG Ships/G/10000B or NES 745
Parts 1 and 2 as appropriate or as specified in the Contract Document.

1.1

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

1.2

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

2.

EXAMINATION PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

2.1

General

2.2

2.3

a.

Unless specified in the NES, mandatory requirements of BS 6443 are to apply

to liquid penetrant examination required by any MOD(PE) contract for Surface
Ships or Submarines.

b.

It is not the intent of this NES to exclude proven liquid penetrant inspection
procedures which can be demonstrated to the satisfaction of the MOD(PE) to
meet the quality requirements. Prior approval is to be obtained before such
procedures are used.

c.

Under no circumstances is a fluorescent liquid penetrant examination to follow

a colour contrast dye examination on the same component.

Personnel Requirements
a.

The examining authority is to ensure that all personnel associated with liquid
penetrant testing have been trained and certificated to the levels appropriate
to their responsibilities. This certification is to relate to a National or
International Accreditation Scheme, eg Personnel Certification in
Non-Destructive Testing (PCN).

b.

A register of approved personnel is to be kept by the examining authority.

Procedure Requirements
a.

Liquid penetrant examination is to be performed in accordance with a written

examination procedure. Each Examining Authority is to certify that the
procedure is in accordance with this NES and is to submit each procedure to the
MOD(PE) for written approval.

b.

Separate technique procedures are to be produced to cover the requirements for

liquid penetrant testing of structural welding, pipewelds, forgings and castings.

c.

The relevant contract is to define the extent of the liquid penetrant examination
and the appropriate acceptance standards.

d.

Inspection of liquid penetrant procedures are to be carried out by approved

personnel in accordance with Clause 2.2a.

e.

Liquid penetrant procedures are to reference all relevant documents,

specifications and acceptance standards. The procedures are to be recorded and
maintained by the examining authority for audit purposes.

f.

Liquid penetrant procedures are to cover all prerequisites and technical

requirements associated with the relevant application and are to contain
guidance information on all relevant parameters and are to include the
following:
(1)

description and identity including material type of each item to be tested;

(2)

equipment details. Type and manufacturer of the test materials to be used

for the examination;

(3)

surface preparation and details of the pre-cleaning technique;

2.1

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

(4)

method of applying the penetrant and the penetrant wetting time;

(5)

method of penetrant removal and the removal time;

(6)

method of application of the developer and the development time;

(7)

maintained temperature of the item and the penetrant at the time of

examination;

(8)

post-cleaning technique;

(9)

control methods to be used to check the efficiency of the examination;

(10) type and strength of viewing illumination.

g.

2.4

Further guidance on techniques for liquid penetrant examination may be found

in BS 4080 and BS 6443.

Production Testing, Techniques and Reporting

a.

All liquid penetration examinations are to be recorded in a report that is to

include the following information:
(1)

relevant liquid penetrant procedure;

(2)

name/s of operator/s;

(3)

description of component;

(4)

contractual details;

(5)

liquid penetrant technique details;

(6)

inspection coverage;

(7)

date and time of examination;

(8)

results of the examination.

A specimen liquid penetration report showing the minimum information to be

recorded is at FIGURE 3.1.

2.2

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

3.

EQUIPMENT AND TEST MATERIALS

3.1

Functioning Test
a.

3.2

Maintenance of Equipment
a.

3.3

The test equipment and liquid penetrant system used are to be capable of
consistently obtaining results of the specified quality. Prior to the
commencement of testing in every working period, checks are to be carried out
on test equipment and materials to verify the effectiveness of the inspection
system by using standard test pieces as a function test. Specific tests will depend
on the makes and types of materials being used and, for the most part, reliance
should be placed on tests recommended by the manufacturers or suppliers of the
items.

All of the equipment used as part of the liquid penetrant process is to be

calibrated and maintained in a manner that will ensure reliable and uniform
operation. UV-A lamps are to be checked at least once a month.

Types of Penetrant
a.

For the purpose of this NES, penetrants are classified as follows:

(1)

Group 1

solvent removable;

(2)

Group 2

water washable;

(3)

Group 3

post-emulsified.

Penetrants in the above groups may be of three types:

(4)

fluorescent;

(5)

colour contrast;

(6)

combined colour contrast and fluorescent.

b.

Penetrants, emulsifiers and developers are to be compatible with each other as

a complete system. Materials used in combination for each particular process
are to be as recommended by the manufacturers.

c.

All materials used as part of the liquid penetrant process are to be non-corrosive
towards and compatible with the material to be examined. The chemical or
physical properties of some non-metallic materials may be adversely affected by
liquid penetrant process materials. Compatibility is to be established prior to
use. In situations where deterioration of adjacent surfaces may occur, the
surfaces are to be masked to ensure that the penetrant process materials are
confined to the surface under examination.

3.1

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

Procedure No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
....................
...................

Issue No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Date . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Procedure draft by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Approved by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Examination conducted by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MOD Contract Order No . . . . . .

Material Spec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drg No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Method of manufacture: Casting/Forging/Weld/Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Area examined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TECHNIQUE DETAILS
1.
Surface preparation (cleaning data) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.........................................................................
2.

Penetrants
(i)
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii)
Method of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii)
Soak time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.

Penetrant Removal
(i)
Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii)
Method of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii)
Soak time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.

Details of Component Drying

5.

Developer

6.

(i)

Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii)

Method of Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(iii)

Soak time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Removal of Test Materials

(i)

Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii)

Cleaning agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.

Details of final component drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.

Acceptance Standard Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9.

Results of the examination

10.

Other Information.

FIGURE 3.1 TYPICAL LIQUID PENETRANT TEST REPORT

3.2

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

4.

PREPARATION FOR EXAMINATION

4.1

Surface Condition
a.

4.2

Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, liquid penetrant

examination for final acceptance is to be performed on an item in the final
surface condition and after all heat treatment has been completed.

Surface Preparation
a.

Surfaces for examination are to be dry and free from loose rust, scale, grease and
any contamination.

b.

Surfaces are not to be peened, abrasive or vapour blasted prior to examination

without specific approval of the MOD(PE).

c.

Where wire brushing or grinding is applied to remove imperfections that would

interfere with the examination, the material thickness is not to be reduced
below the minimum thickness permitted by the design specification and the
dressed areas are to be faired with the surrounding surface.

d.

Weld surfaces from which the slag has been removed and weld contours that
blend smoothly into the base metal are to be considered acceptable for
examination without grinding.

e.

Protective coatings which would interfere with examination and interpretation

are to be removed from the areas of examination and made good after the
examination is complete.

f.

All openings are to be plugged wherever necessary to prevent accumulation of

penetrant or other material which cannot be subsequently removed by washing
or air blasting. On machined items, the inability to post-clean restricted
passageways effectively may limit the application of liquid penetrant
examination. Holes in items that have been in service are not to be plugged if
there is a possibility of cracking being present in the internal surfaces. Plugs are
not to be materially affected by the penetrant and are not to obstruct
examination of adjacent external surfaces.

g.

All surfaces being tested, and adjacent areas within 25mm, are to be cleaned
before application of penetrant. If a non-volatile liquid is used for preliminary
cleaning, the surface is to be heated, or dried with hot air, to ensure complete
removal of the cleaner. Final cleaning is to be performed only with approved
volatile liquids and surfaces dried by removing excess liquid with a clean dry
cloth or absorbent paper and allowing the remainder to evaporate for at least
5 minutes.

4.1

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

4.2

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

5.

EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES

5.1

Temperature
a.

5.2

Application of Penetrant
a.

5.3

Effective penetration into extremely small openings requires that the penetrant
and the test surface be maintained within the temperature range recommended
by the penetrant manufacturer (see Foreword 20.).

The surface to be tested is to be uniformly coated with penetrant by flooding,

brushing, immersion or spraying and is to be kept wetted for the time
recommended by the penetrant manufacturer or 10 minutes whichever is the
longer.

Removal of Penetrant
a.

Surfaces are to be clear of evidence of penetrant before surface drying.

Fluorescent penetrant removal is to be verified by viewing under UV-A
(black light) illumination.

b.

For Group 1 penetrants (see Clause 3.3a.) as much excess as possible is to be

removed by wiping the surface with a clean, dry cloth or absorbent paper. The
remaining penetrant is to be removed by wiping the surface with a clean cloth
or absorbent paper dampened with a penetrant remover. Acetone is not to be
used to remove excess penetrant. Other methods of removal eg by air/water
spray gun are not precluded from use under controlled conditions but, in all
cases, care is to be taken to avoid over-washing.

c.

Group 2 penetrants are to be removed by swabbing with a clean, lint-free cloth

saturated with clean water or by spraying with warm water at a temperature
not exceeding 50 C and a pressure not exceeding 2.8kg/cm 2. Alternatively
excess penetrant is to be removed as far as possible by wiping the surface with
a clean, dry, lint-free cloth followed by a clean cloth dampened with a suitable
solvent, until all traces of penetrant have been removed from the area to be
inspected.

d.

Before water-washing (Clause 5.3c.), the surface may be pre-cleaned by

application of a penetrant removal solution which is water-soluble (hydrophilic)
by either immersion or spray techniques.

e.

Group 3 penetrants are insoluble in water and require the use of a separate
emulsifier to assist in the removal of excess surface penetrant. Emulsifier is to
be applied by flooding, immersion or spraying. The time of application is to be
kept to the minimum required for effective emulsification of excess
penetrantgenerally 1 to 2 minutes after which the emulsion is to be removed
from the surface by washing with warm water, at a temperature not exceeding
50 C.

5.1

NES 729
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5.4

5.5

Surface Drying
a.

The drying of test surfaces after removal of excess group 1 penetrants is to be

accomplished by normal evaporation, or by blotting with absorbent paper or
clean, lint-free cloth. Forced air circulation in excess of normal ventilation in the
inspection area is not to be used. The time for surface drying after removal of
excess penetrant and before application of the developer is to be not more than
the minimum required to achieve the purpose. Excessive drying time is to be
avoided to prevent evaporation of penetrant in the flaws.

b.

The drying of groups 2 and 3 penetrants from test surfaces is to be accomplished

by using circulating air, blotting with paper towels or clean, lint-free cloth, or
by normal evaporation. It is important that during the drying operation no
contaminating material be introduced on to the surface which may lead to
misinterpretation during the inspection operation.

Application of Developer
a.

Liquid developers are to be agitated in order to prevent settling of solid particles.

Concentrations of liquid developer in pools on the inspection area are not to be
permitted, since these will dry to an excessively heavy coating in such areas
which may mask defect indications.

b.

For group 1 penetrants a non-aqueous liquid developer recommended by the

penetrant manufacturer is to be used. The developer is to be applied as a thin
coating on the test surfaces by spraying wherever practicable. If the geometry
of the item being inspected precludes the use of a spray, a brush or similar
applicator is to be used provided that a thin coating of developer can be
produced.

c.

Dry developing powder is to be applied only to dry surfaces so that matting will
not occur. Immediately after drying of the test surface, the powder is to be thinly
applied to provide a dusty appearance. Time for development of indications
after the powder has been applied is to be controlled to the minimum necessary.

d.

Aqueous type developer is to be applied to surfaces by dipping or spraying as

soon as possible, and never more than 15 minutes after removal of all excess
penetrant.

e.

Prior to examination, the developer is to remain on the test surface for a time
within the period recommended by the manufacturer. This time will normally
be in the range of 7 to 15 minutes.

5.2

NES 729
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6.

VIEWING
a.

The test area to be subjected to viewing is to be adequately illuminated to permit

a meaningful evaluation of the indications revealed on the test surfaces.

b.

Illumination for non-fluorescent media is to be even ie without highlights or

shadows, and at a level of 500 lux daylight or artificial light.
NOTE:

As a guide, the above illumination level can be achieved using either

a fluorescent tube of 80W at a distance of approximately 1m or a
tungsten filament pearl lamp of 100W at a distance of approximately
0.2m.

c.

When examination is undertaken with fluorescent inks a darkened area or

booth with ambient white light level not greater than 10 lux and a properly
filtered UV-A (black light) source is to be provided. A period of not less than 15
minutes is to be allowed for the UV-A lamp(s) to achieve full intensity prior to
use and for the eyes to adjust to the low ambient lighting. The UV-A irradiance
level at the surface being examined is to be not less than 0.5mW/cm 2 when
checked in accordance with BS 4489.

d.

The intensity of UV-A lamps may decrease due to age, variations of line voltage,
tarnishing of the reflector or dirt on the filter. Lamps are to be regularly
maintained as required by Clause 3.2a. (see Foreword 21.).

6.1

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6.2

NES 729
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7.

7.1

EXAMINATION AND EVALUATION

a.

Examination of test surfaces are to be made under the correct viewing

conditions and after the appropriate development time has elapsed
(see Clause 5.5e.).

b.

During assessment of fluorescent penetrant indications, caution is to be

exercised as halation effects may tend to exaggerate the size of defects revealed
by this process.

c.

Relevant indications are those caused by discontinuities and may be classified

as, for example, cracks and crack-like flaws; inclusions and rounded indications;
linear indications. Non-relevant indications are spurious effects not caused by
discontinuities.

d.

All indications in weld metal, or in the fusion line between base material and
weld metal, are to be considered relevant and are to be evaluated in accordance
with applicable acceptance standards (see Clause 1.a.)

e.

At least 10% of each type of indication believed to be non-relevant, is to be

explored by re-examination after surface dressing, to determine if defects are
present. If re-examination confirms the presence of defects, these and all similar
original indications are to be considered relevant and are to be evaluated in
accordance with applicable standards and recorded accordingly. Otherwise the
original indications are confirmed as proven non-relevant.

Retests
a.

Any change of penetrant used for retesting is to include a cleaning procedure

which is to ensure complete removal of the penetrant used initially. Unless the
surface has been cleaned, fluorescent penetrants are not to be used for retesting
an area previously subjected to colour contrast penetrants since residual dye
may react with the fluorescent penetrant resulting in complete or partial
quenching of the fluorescence.

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7.2

NES 729
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8.

POST-EXAMINATION CLEANING
a.

On completion of the examination, all test materials used are to be removed

from the items as soon as possible using water or solvents as appropriate.

b.

All temporary plugs are to be removed from holes and cavities.

8.1

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8.2

NES 729
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9.

RECORDS
a.

All records of liquid penetrant examination are to be sufficiently detailed, in

compliance with the agreed procedure, for the proper application of the
specified standard of acceptance.

9.1

NES 729
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9.2

NES 729
Part 4
Issue 2 (Reformatted)

ANNEX A.
RELATED DOCUMENTS
A.1

The following documents and publications are referred to in this NES:

See Clause
BS 3683

Glossary of terms used in non-destructive

testing:
Part 1: Penetrant flaw detection

B.2

BS 4080

2.3g.

BS 4489

Methods for non-destructive testing of

steel castings
Method for measurement of UV-A
radiation (black light) used in
non-destructive testing

BS 6443

Methods for penetrant flaw detection

NES 745

Classification, Inspection Requirements

and Acceptance Standards for Castings

Foreword 25.,
2.1a., 2.3g.
1.a.

Foreword 21.,
2.3g., 6.c., 6.d.

Part 1: Copper and Nickel Alloy Castings

Part 2: Steel Castings
DG Ships/G/10000B
(*NES 773)
NOTE:

Minimum Acceptance Standards for Welds 1.a.

in HM Ships and Submarines

*In course of preparation. When published will supersede stated

document.

A.1

ANNEX A.

NES 729
Part 4
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ANNEX A.

A.2

NES 729
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ANNEX B.
DEFINITIONS AND TERMS
B.1

B.2

Definitions
Examining Authority

The Company, Organization,

Establishment or Naval Base that carries
out liquid penetrant examination within
the scope of this Part.

Colour Contrasts Penetrant

A solution of dyes, typically red, in an

organic carrier system.

Terms
a.

BS 3683 Part 1 is to apply to the terms used in this Part.

B.1

ANNEX B.

NES 729
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ANNEX B.

B.2

NES 729
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Issue 2 (Reformatted)

ANNEX C.
PROCUREMENT CHECK LIST
TITLE ...................
REFERENCE .................

Notes:
1.

This Check List is to ensure that certain aspects of this Naval Engineering
Standard are consulted when preparing a Statement of Technical
Requirements for a particular application.
Clauses where a preference for an option is to be used or where specific data is
to be added are included in the Check List.
Each item is to be marked either

2.
3.

= included

NA

= not applicable

CHECK
CHECK
No
1
Extent of liquid penetrant examination

CLAUSE No
SCOPE 4.

Standards for acceptance of defect indications

1.a.

Surface condition and heat treatment condition

4.1a.

C.1

! or NA

ANNEX C.

NES 729
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ANNEX C.

C.2

NES 729
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX

A
Acceptance standards, 1.1, C.1
Accredited certification scheme, 2.1
Authorization, i

C
Coatings, protective, 4.1
Colour contrast penetrant, 3.1, 7.1, B.1
Combined penetrants, 3.1
Compatibility, materials, 3.1
Contract, 2.1
Conditions of issue, vi
Contents, ix
Contrast-aid spectacles, vii
Cracks, 7.1

D
Definitions, B.1
Developer
application method, 5.2
aqueous, 5.2
dry, 5.2
liquid, 5.2
non-aqueous, 5.2
time, 2.1, 5.2

E
Emulsifier, 5.1
Equipment
details, 2.1
functioning tests, 3.1
maintenance, 3.1
Examination general, 2.1
Examination procedure requirements, 2.1, 2.2, 3.2
Examination techniques, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1
Examining authority, 2.1, B.1
Extent of examination, iii, C.1

F
Fusion line, indications in, 7.1

H
Halation effects, 7.1
Heat treatment condition, 4.1, C.1

INDEX.1

INDEX

NES 729
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I
Inclusions, 7.1
Indications
false, 7.1
non-relevant, 7.1
relevant, 7.1
rounded, 7.1

L
Linear indications, 7.1

M
Maintenance of equipment, 3.1

N
Non-corrosivity, 3.1
Non-relevant indications, 7.1
Nuclear plant and machinery, iii

P
Penetrant
application method, 2.1, 7.1
method, 5.1
removal method, 2.1
solution, 5.1
time, 2.1
types, 3.1
wetting time, 2.1, 5.1
Personnel
requirements, 2.1
Photochromic lenses, vii
Plugs, 4.1, 8.1
Post-cleaning technique, 2.1, 4.1, 8.1
Pre-cleaning, 2.1, 4.1
Preparation for examination, 4.1
Procedure requirements, 2.1, 2.2
Procurement check list, C.1
Protective coatings, 4.1
Protective goggles, UV-A, vii

Q
Quality assessment, iii

INDEX

INDEX.2

NES 729
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R
Re-examination, 7.1
Records, 7.1, 9.1
Registration of personnel, 2.1
Related documents, A.1
Relevant indications, 7.1
Removal of penetrant, 5.1
Reporting, 2.2
Retests, 7.1
Rounded indications, 7.1

S
Safety, vii
Scope, iii
Solvent removable penetrants, 3.1
Solvents, volatile, vii
Spurious effects, 7.1
Surface
condition, 4.1, C.1
drying, 5.2
preparation, 2.1, 4.1

T
Techniques, procedures, 2.1, 2.2
Temperature, 2.1, 5.1
Terms, B.1
Test materials, 2.1
functioning test, 3.1
Thickness reduction, material, 4.1

U
UV-A
lamps, vii
protective goggles, vii

V
Viewing, 6.1
booth, 6.1
non-fluorescent media, 6.1
Volatile solvents, vii

W
Water washable penetrants, 3.1
Weld metal, indications in, 7.1
Wire brushing, 4.1

INDEX.3

INDEX

NES 729
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INDEX

INDEX.4

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