Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praise is to Almighty ALLAH, the Beneficent, and the Merciful. He showered His great
blessings upon us in the form of HOLY PROPHET, HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (P.B.U.H).
With much effort and time spent, we thank God for being able to complete the internship in
HEAVY ELECTRICAL COMPLEX HATTAR.
We wish to take this space and opportunity to express our thanks to all workers for providing
us with helpful information and exchanging thoughts, family members for their financial
support and HEC for supporting us in doing our project. It is always a pleasure to remind the
fine people in the Engineering Workshops for their sincere guidance I received to uphold my
practical as well as theoretical skills in engineering.
Finally I apologize all other unnamed who helped me in various ways to have a good
training.
Knowledge is power and unity is strength.
Thank you.
PREFACE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chp. No
1
2
3
Page no.
Introduction
6
7
11
Planning Machine
11
13
Shaper
14
Hand Drill
16
17
17
Machine Specifications
18
20
An Example Program
21
25
27
Introduction
27
28
Couplings
29
Generator
30
32
CHP NO 1
32
INTRODUCTION OF HEC
Provide above mentioned services to the engineering undergraduates to carry out their
academic activities such as practicals, experiments and etc.
Provide above mentioned services to the Faculty of Engineering and the University as a
whole if requested.
Within the feasibility limits, provide above mentioned services to the public. (Service cost
is usually expected to be charged from the service consumers).
It is important to distinctly note that the Engineering Workshops could provide related
knowledge wise services to other engineering organizations and to the public who need
assistance in their work.
DIFFERENT SECTIONS
Metal Workshop
The Metal Workshop is the place for machining metals. It comprises the following prominent
machine tools with other supporting machines and equipments.
Drilling machines
Milling machines
Engraving machines
Planers
Gear shapers
Shaping machines
Grinding machines
Slotting machines
Lathe machines
Several varieties of some of these machine tools could be found for specialized operations.
The Welding and Foundry shop comprised equipment to deploy following services:
Arc welding
oxyacetylene welding
Metal casting
Spot welding
Mig welding
Tig welding
The Smithy and Fitting Shop mostly comprised hand tools (anvils, hammers, chisel, etc.) and
some machine tools (Electric hammer and sheet metal rollers, benders and cutters).
Woodwork Shop
Comprised of 10 carpenters and 2 laborers the Woodwork Shop enclosed the following machine
tools.
Band saw
Circular saw
Thickness planner
Wood planer
Drill
Router
The Vehicle Repair Unit extends its services to the whole University. It comprised the following
work force:
Electricians (1)
Greasers (3)
Mechanics (3)
Welders (1)
Other Sections
The Tool Store and the Consumable Good Store being separate from the above supply the tools
and consumable goods to all the above five subsections.
CLOSE RELATIONSHIPS
The Engineering Workshops has close relationships with the other departments of the Faculty
and especially with the Department of Production Engineering through which the academic
activities are conducted. On the other hand, machine tools and equipments of the Department of
Production Engineering are also used to carry out the tasks of the Engineering Workshops freely.
METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING EFFECT OF MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS ON
MACHINABILITY
Page 8
CHP NO 2
Production of an item with desired qualities inherently involves the knowledge of the materials
that should be used for the product and the qualities of them. A simple example is using stainless
steel for a product that should not get stained.
Furthermore the effective processing of these materials until a finished product is obtained
requires the knowledge of processing characteristics of the materials. For example consider
machining stainless steel. Some important points to be considered are:
The tool material that should be used.
The level of machining (i.e. rough or finish)
The cutting speed
Work
piece
Cast Mild
Cast
Material iron Steel Malleable iron
iron
Brass
Rough
cut
50-60 40-50 80-110 45-60 110-150
400
100-120 200-300
700
100-120 200-300
800
140-200 600-1000
1000
240-360 600-1000
HSStools
(ft/min)
Carbide tools
Finish
cut 80-110 65-90 110-130 70-90 150-180
(ft/min)
Rough
cut
120- 140150200 160 250-300 180
600
(ft/min)
Finish
cut
1000
(ft/min)
Requirement of coolants
Table 2-1 gives the cutting speeds of the commonly used materials under different conditions.
Table 2-1 Cutting Speeds
The mach inability rating of a material attempts to quantify the mach inability of various
materials. It is expressed as a percentage or a normalized value. The American (AISI)
determined mach inability ratings for a wide variety of materials by running turning tests at
180 surface feet per minute (spam). It then arbitrarily assigned 160 Brinell B1112 steel a mach
inability rating of 100%. The mach inability rating is determined by measuring the weighed
averages of the normal cutting speed, surface finish, and tool life for each material. Note that a
material with a mach inability rating less than 100% would be more difficult to machine than
B1112 and material with a value more than 100% easier. Mach inability ratings can be used in
conjunction with the Taylor tool life equation, Van = C, in order to determine cutting speeds or
tool life. It is known that B1112 has a tool life of 60 minutes at a cutting speed of 100 spams. If a
material has a mach inability rating of 70%, it can be determined, with the above knowns, that
in order to maintain the same tool life (60 minutes) the cutting speed must be 70 spam (assuming
the same tooling is used).When calculating for other copper alloys the machine rating is arrived
at by assuming the 100 rating of 600 SFM. For example, phosphorus bronze (grades AD) has a
mach inability rating of 20. This means that phosphor bronze runs at 20% the speed of 600 SFM
or 120 SFM. However, 165 SFM is generally accepted as the basic 100% rating for "grading
steels".
Spindle speed
The spindle speed is the rotational frequency of the spindle of the machine, measured in
revolutions per minute (RPM). The preferred speed is determined by working backward from the
desired surface speed (s-m or m/min) and incorporating the diameter (of work piece or cutter).
The spindle may hold the:
Or it may hold the chuck, which then holds the work piece in a lathe. In these cases the
tool is often a stationary tool bit, although there are plenty of exceptions, such as in thread
milling.
Excessive spindle speed will cause premature tool wear, breakages, and can cause tool chatter,
all of which can lead to potentially dangerous conditions. Using the correct spindle speed for the
material and tools will greatly enhance tool life and the quality of the surface finish.
For a given machining operation, the cutting speed will remain constant for most situations;
therefore the spindle speed will also remain constant. However, facing, forming, parting off, and
recess operations on a lathe or screw machine involve the machining of a constantly changing
diameter. Ideally this means changing the spindle speed as the cut advances across the face of the
work piece, producing constant surface speed (CSS). Mechanical arrangements to affect CSS
have existed for centuries, but they were never applied commonly to machine tool control. In the
pre-CNC era, the ideal of CSS was ignored for most work. For unusual work that demanded it,
special pains were taken to achieve it. The introduction of CNC-controlled lathes has provided a
practical, everyday solution via automated CSS. By means of the machine's software
and variable speed electric motors, the lathe can increase the RPM of the spindle as the cutter
gets closer to the center of the part.
Grinding wheels are designed to be run at a maximum safe speed, the spindle speed of the
grinding machine may be variable but this should only be changed with due attention to the safe
working speed of the wheel. As a wheel wears it will decrease in diameter, and its effective
cutting speed will be reduced. Some grinders have the provision to increase the spindle speed,
which corrects for this loss of cutting ability; however, increasing the speed beyond the wheels
rating will destroy the wheel and create a serious hazard to life and limb.
Generally speaking, spindle speeds and feed rates are less critical in woodworking than
metalworking. Most woodworking machines including power saws such as circular and band
saws, jointers, Thickness planers rotate at a fixed RPM. In those machines, cutting speed is
regulated through the feed rate. The required feed rate can be extremely variable depending on
the power of the motor, the hardness of the wood or other material being machined, and the
sharpness of the cutting tool.
In woodworking, the ideal feed rate is one that is slow enough not to bog down the motor, yet
fast enough to avoid burning the material. Certain woods, such as black and maple are more
prone to burning than others. The right feed rate is usually obtained by "feel" if the material is
hand fed, or by trial and error if a power feeder is used. In thicknesses (planers), the wood is
usually fed automatically through rubber or corrugated steel rollers. Some of these machines
allow varying the feed rate, usually by changing pulleys. A slower feed rate usually results in a
finer surface as more cuts are made for any length of wood.
Spindle speed becomes important in the operation of routers, spindle molders or shapers, and
drills. Older and smaller routers often rotate at a fixed spindle speed, usually between 20,000 and
25,000 rpm. While these speeds are fine for small router bits, using larger bits, say more than 1inch (25 mm) or 25 millimeters in diameter, can be dangerous and can lead to chatter. Larger
routers now have variable speeds and larger bits require slower speed. Drilling wood generally
uses higher spindle speeds than metal, and the speed is not as critical. However, larger diameter
drill bits do require slower speeds to avoid burning.
Cutting feeds and speeds, and the spindle speeds that are derived from them, are the ideal cutting
conditions for a tool. If the conditions are less than ideal then adjustments are made to the
spindle's speed, this adjustment is usually a reduction in RPM to the closest available speed, or
one that is deemed (through knowledge and experience) to be correct.
Some materials, such as machinable wax, can be cut at a wide variety of spindle speeds, while
others, such as stainless steel require much more careful control as the cutting speed is critical, to
avoid overheating both the cutter and work piece. Stainless steel is one material that work
hardens very easily, therefore insufficient feed rate or incorrect spindle speed can lead to less
than ideal cutting conditions as the work piece will quickly harden and resist the tool's cutting
action. The liberal application of cutting fluid can improve these cutting conditions; however, the
correct selection of speeds is the critical factor.
This speed at the periphery (of a point on the circumference, moving past a stationary point) will
depend on the rotational speed (RPM) and diameter of the object.
One analogy would be a skateboard rider and a bicycle rider travelling side by side along the
road. For a given surface speed (the speed of this pair along the road) the rotational speed (RPM)
of their wheels (large for the skater and small for the bicycle rider) will be different. This
rotational speed (RPM) is what we are calculating, given a fixed surface speed (speed along the
road) and known values for their wheel sizes (cutter or work piece).
Feed rate
Feed rate is the velocity at which the cutter is fed, that is, advanced against the work piece. It is
expressed in units of distance per revolution for turning and boring (typically inches per
revolution [pier] or millimeters per revolution). It can be expressed thus for milling also, but it is
often expressed in units of distance per time for milling (typically inches per minute [imp]
or millimeters per minute), with considerations of how many teeth (or flutes) the cutter has then
determining what that means for each tooth.
Feed rate is dependent on the:
Type of tool (a small drill or a large drill, high speed or carbide, a box tool or recess, a
thin form tool or wide form tool, a slide knurl or a turret straddle knurl).
Power available at the spindle (to prevent stalling of the cutter or work piece).
Rigidity of the machine and tooling setup (ability to withstand vibration or chatter).
Strength of the work piece (high feed rates will collapse thin wall tubing)
Characteristics of the material being cut, chip flow depends on material type and feed
rate. The ideal chip shape is small and breaks free early, carrying heat away from the tool
and work.
Threads per inch (TPI) for taps die heads and threading tools.
When deciding what feed rate to use for a certain cutting operation, the calculation is fairly
straightforward for single-point cutting tools, because all of the cutting work is done at one point
(done by "one tooth", as it were). With a milling machine or jointer, where multi-tipped/multifluted cutting tools are involved, then the desirable feed rate becomes dependent on the number
of teeth on the cutter, as well as the desired amount of material per tooth to cut (expressed as
chip load). The greater the number of cutting edges, the higher the feed rate permissible: for a
cutting edge to work efficiently it must remove sufficient material to cut rather than rub; it also
must do its fair share of work.
CHP NO 3
PLANNING MACHINE
Unlike most of other machines, the planning machine contains a sliding table which carries the
work piece. Cutting tools do not move but the work piece. The one in Metal Workshop was not
frequently used because of the heavy operating cost. It was only used for heavy duty metal
works.
Linear planning
The most common applications of planers and shapers are linear-tool path ones, such as:
Generating accurate flat surfaces. (While not as precise as grinding, a planer can remove a
tremendous amount of material in one pass with high accuracy. Cutting slots (such as keyways).
It is even possible to do work that might now be done by wire EDM in some cases. Starting from
a drilled or cored hole, a planer with a boring-bar type tool can cut internal features that don't
lend themselves to milling or boring (such as irregularly shaped holes with tight corners).
Helical planning
Although the archetypal tool path of a planer is linear, helical cutting can be
accomplished by coupling the table's linear motion to simultaneous rotation.
The helical planning idea is similar to both helical milling and single-point
Volts
Amps
115/39
25/113
HP
15/4.5
Rpm
1500/720/225
Excitation Volts
110
Rating
Cont
Insulation Class
Year
1965
BSS
261 315 7
screw cutting.
The prime mover of the sliding table is a DC motor
with the following specifications.
The DC supply for the above motor is obtained from a DC generator which is directly coupled
to an induction motor driven by main AC supply of the Metal Workshop. The ratings of those are
as follows:
DC Generator Specifications:
Volts
115/39
Current
113 A
The DC supply for the above motor is obtained from a DC generator which is directly coupled to
an induction motor driven by main AC supply of the Metal Workshop. The ratings of those are as
follows:
Power
rpm
13 kW
1440
Excitation
110 V
Winding
Comp.
Int.
Rating
Cont
Insulation Class
Year
1965
BSS
2613/57
Current
27.5 A
Power
21 HP
Rpm
1440
Rating
Cont
Stator
Delta
Insulation Class
Cutter Speeds
Feed rates
33 to 1275 rpm
3/8 to 16 7/8 inch/min
SHAPER
A shaper contains a table on which the work piece is mounted. The linear movement of the
cutting tool wipes away the excess material. This is exactly the opposite of what happens in the
planning machine where the tool is fixed and the work piece is linearly moved.
The Metal Workshop has two shapers, a fully mechanical one and a hydraulic operated one. The
ram moving motor of the fully mechanical shaper is of 2HP and that of the hydraulic one is
7.5HP.
The mechanical shaper has a constant speed prime mover which turns a disk as shown in Figure 3-1
to convert the rotational movement of the prime mover into reciprocal motion of the cutting tool.
TOO
e
This arrangement allows quick return motion. Further more this allows feed rate change without
any gear arrangement or control of speed of motor. This is done by varying the eccentricity e.
The higher the e, the higher the feed rate is. A simple trade off of this feed rate control system is
that as the feed rate is reduced, the stroke of the ram also gets reduced. The hydraulic type shaper
does not have this problem and the feed rate and the stroke can be independently controlled.
Figure 3-2 shows the hydraulic arrangement. This machine has been manufactured by Rockford
Machine Tool, Rockford, Illinois, USA.
CYLINDER
HUDRAULIC
PUMP
OIL
SUMP
HAND DRILL
A hand drill is versatile equipment which can be freely used for drilling holes as well as for some
other purposes where a portable rotational prime mover is required. In the workshop you
probably use a hand drill and a ratchet brace as part of practical work. These are used for
drilling a range of sizes of hole and they are very useful especially if machine drills are not
available. The hand drill generally holds drill sizes from 1mm to 9mm whilst the brace will hold
larger drill bits called forester bits and auger bits. These larger bits can be used to drill blind
holes
(holes
that
do
not
go
the
entire
way
through
material).
When using these drills, always hold them so that they are vertical and turn the handles in a
clockwise direction. The common mistake is to turn the handles anticlockwise as this makes it
almost impossible to drill even the smallest holes. Also, put scrap material underneath the
material to be drilled so that the bench is not damaged by the bit as it bursts through the other
side.
The specifications of the NHP1030 hand drill manufactured by Makita Corporation, Japan are
given below.
Supply
Power
Speed
0-2700 rpm
Maximu
m
bit size
drill
10 mm
CHP NO 4
Manufactured by Hitachi Seiki Co. Ltd., Japan, the control unit of this numerically controlled milling
machine is of Fanuc System 6M-B. The controlling is based on two Intel 8085 microprocessors.
MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL INFORMATION:
Manufacturer
Hitachi Seiki
Co. Ltd., Japan
VA 35II
Model
Control unit
Fanuc System
6MB
Weight
4000 kg
TABLE
Working area
*355 mm
500 Kg
STROKES
x-axis stroke in the crosswise direction of the table
560 mm
350 mm
400 mm
150-550 mm
SPINDLE HEAD
Spindle nose
contour
Spindle speed
Spindle speed
change
NT 40 60-600
rpm Steeples
(s-4 digit)
AC 5.5 kW (30 min)
Spindle motor
Least increment
1.1
3600 mm/min
Rapid traverse
mm
13000 mm/min
FEED
30
BT 40, CAT 40
95 mm
250 mm
10 kg
Random shortest
course
MAS 1
AN EXAMPLE PROGRAM
The listing given below is a program which was used to bore holes in couplings of two turbines
which were manufactured in the Engineering Workshops. It is written in G and M Codes.
G0
0
Motion
G01
Move in a
straight line
at rapids
speed.
Motion
XYZ of endpoint
G02
Motion
G03
Motion
Counter-clockwise
circular arc at
(F)federate
G04
Motion
G05
Motion
G09
Motion
FADAL Non-Modal
Rapids
Exact stop check
G10
G15
Compensatio
n
Coordinate
G16
Coordinate
G17
Coordinate
Programmable
parameter input
Turn Polar
Coordinates OFF,
return to
Cartesian
Coordinates
Turn Polar
Coordinates ON
Select X-Y plane
G18
Coordinate
G19
Coordinate
Move in a straight
line at last speed
commanded by a
Federate
Clockwise circular
arc at (F)federate
Linear
Motion:
G00 and
G01
XYZ of
endpoint
XYZ of
endpoint
IJK relative
to center
R for
radius
XYZ of
endpoint
IJK relative
to center
R for
radius
P for
millisecon
ds
X for
seconds
G02 / G03
Tutorial and
Examples
Precise Timing
and Speed:
Dwell, Exact
Stop, Backlash
Compensation
Precise Timing
and Speed:
Dwell, Exact
Stop, Backlash
Compensation
G15/G16 Polar
Coordinates
G15/G16 Polar
Coordinates
CNC G-Code
Coordinates
CNC G-Code
Coordinates
CNC G-Code
G20
Coordinate
G21
Coordinate
G27
Motion
G28
Motion
G29
Motion
G30
Motion
G32
Canned
G40
Compensatio
n
G41
Compensatio
n
G42
Compensatio
n
G43
Compensatio
n
G44
Compensatio
n
G49
Compensatio
n
G50
G52
Compensatio
n
Compensatio
n
Coordinate
G53
Coordinate
G51
Program
coordinates are
inches
Program
coordinates are
mm
Reference point
return check
Return to home
position
Return from the
reference position
Return to the
2nd, 3rd, and 4th
reference point
Constant lead
threading (like
G01 synchronized
with spindle)
Tool cutter
compensation off
(radius comp.)
Tool cutter
compensation left
(radius comp.)
Tool cutter
compensation
right (radius
comp.)
Apply tool length
compensation
(plus)
Apply tool length
compensation
(minus)
Tool length
compensation
cancel
Reset all scale
factors to 1.0
Turn on scale
factors
Local work shift
for all coordinate
systems: add XYZ
offsets
Machine
coordinate
system (cancel
work offsets)
Coordinates
G20 and G21:
Unit Conversion
G20 and G21:
Unit Conversion
G28: Return to
Reference Point
G28: Return to
Reference Point
G28: Return to
Reference Point
G28: Return to
Reference Point
G54
Coordinate
G55
Coordinate
G56
Coordinate
G57
Coordinate
G58
Coordinate
G59
Coordinate
G61
Other
G62
Other
G63
G64
G65
Other
Other
Other
G68
Coordinate
G69
Coordinate
G73
Canned
G74
Canned
G76
G80
Canned
Canned
G81
Canned
G82
Canned
G83
Canned
G84
Canned
Work coordinate
system (1st Work
piece)
Work coordinate
system (2nd Work
piece)
Work coordinate
system (3rd Work
piece)
Work coordinate
system (4th Work
piece)
Work coordinate
system (5th Work
piece)
Work coordinate
system (6th Work
piece)
Exact stop check
mode
Automatic corner
override
Tapping mode
Best speed path
Custom macro
simple call
Coordinate
System Rotation
Cancel
Coordinate
System Rotation
High speed
drilling cycle
(small retract)
Left hand tapping
cycle
Fine boring cycle
Cancel canned
cycle
Simple drilling
cycle
Drilling cycle with
dwell (counter
boring)
Peck drilling cycle
(full retract)
Tapping cycle
Precise Timing
and Speed:
Dwell, Exact
Stop, Backlash
Compensation
Subprograms
and Macros
G68 and G69
Tutorial and
Examples
G68 and G69
Tutorial and
Examples
G85
Canned
G86
Canned
G87
Canned
G88
Canned
G89
Canned
G90
Coordinate
G90.1
Coordinate
G91
Coordinate
G91.1
Coordinate
G92
Coordinate
G92
(alterna
te)
G92.1
Motion
G92.2
Coordinate
G92.3
Coordinate
G94
Motion
G95
Motion
Coordinate
Boring canned
cycle, no dwell,
feed out
Boring canned
cycle, spindle
stop, rapid out
Back boring
canned cycle
Boring canned
cycle, spindle
stop, manual out
Boring canned
cycle, dwell, feed
out
Absolute
programming of
XYZ (type B and
C systems)
Absolute
programming IJK
(type B and C
systems)
Incremental
programming of
XYZ (type B and
C systems)
Incremental
programming IJK
(type B and C
systems)
Offset coordinate
system and save
parameters
Clamp of
maximum spindle
speed
Cancel offset and
zero parameters
Cancel offset and
retain parameters
Offset coordinate
system with
saved parameters
Units per minute
feed mode. Units
in inches or mm.
Units per
revolution feed
mode. Units in
inches or mm.
G96
Motion
G97
Motion
G98
Canned
G99
Canned
Constant surface
speed
Cancel constant
surface speed
Return to initial Z
plane after
canned cycle
Return to initial R
plane after
canned cycle
G96: Constant
Surface Speed
G96: Constant
Surface Speed
M-Codes
Cod
e
Categor
y
Function
M00
M01
M-Code
M-Code
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M07
M08
M09
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M17
M29
M30
M-Code
M-Code
M-Code
M97
M-Code
M98
M-Code
Subprogram Call
M99
M-Code
Tutorials
Note
s
Subprograms and
Macros
Subprograms and
Macros
Subprograms and
Macros
CHP NO 5
INTRODUCTION
During the time of training, two similar 280kW cross flow turbines were manufactured in the
Engineering Workshops. They were intended to be directly coupled to the generator as
shown in Figure 5-1.
WATER
TURBINE
GENERATOR
COUPLING
WATER
In a cross flow turbine, the blades are arranged in a squirrel cage. Water from the penstock hits a
blade and travels across the cage, hits a second blade and leaves out. This is illustrated in Figure
5-2.
The turbine shown in Figure 5-2 has a governor connected to it internally. The latter produced
ones do not contain governors.
COUPLINGS
The connection between the turbine and the generator is established by a set of cast iron
couplings shown in Figure 5-5. Each of these couplings contains fifteen nylon bushes. Each bush
on the turbine side coupling is connected to one bush on the generator side coupling using a
metal rod. The nylon bush arrangement reduces vibrations and related failures due to possible
eccentricities that may exist between two shafts.
one set of
connectors
METAL ROD
Nylon Bushes
Turbine Side
Generator Side
GENERATOR
The alternator for an above turbine is of brushless self excited type with an automatic voltage
regulator fitted into it. Figure 5-6 is a simple representation of such an alternator.
GENERATOR
EXCITER
ARMATUR
3
RECT
FIELD
FIELD
ARMATURE
AVR
3 OUT
Figure 5-4 Brushless, Automatic Voltage Regulated Alternator
CHP NO 6
Several problems and difficulties that were encountered during the training are listed below.
Getting a job done by a lazy workman:
Sometimes it was very difficult to find some workmen and get something done. Some
workmen were inherently lazy and they seemed to be postponing their work giving
CONCLUSION
The profit of an organization entirely depends on the way the top chairs manage the resources
the organization has. Whatever the other aspects may be, it was seen that managing human
resource was extremely difficult. The stability or the sustainability of the organization mostly
depends on this factor.
On the other hand, it was prominently seen that thinking should precede doing. In most cases it
could be seen that there exists easier or better ways to do something.
As far as the above mentioned factor is considered, continuous knowledge mining followed by
experience in a cycle upholds the entire system in every aspect.
Earning and living a satisfactory life is the desire of all.
improved ourselves collectively. The participation of the training supervisor would have been a
further encourage.
Furthermore I suggest that it would have been better if all the undergraduates were exposed to
some presentations on the in-plant training before we were released. Some illustrative.