Table 1 Ten Differences Between Small- and Large Power Distance Societies ‘Small Power Distance Large Power Distance Use of power shouid be legitimate andis subject to criteria of good and evil Parents treat children as equals Older people are neither respected nor feared Student-centered education Hiorarchy means inequaity of roles, established for convenience ‘Subordinates expect to be consulted Pluraiist governments based on majority vote and changed peacefully Corruption rare; scandals end poitical careers Income distribution in society rather even Religions stressing equality of believers Powers a basic fact of society antedating good or evil its legitimacy is irrelevant Parents teach children obedience Older people are both respected and feared ‘Teacher-centered education Hierarchy means existential inequality ‘Subordinates expect to be told what to do ‘Autocratic governments based on co-optation and changed by revolution Corruption frequent; scandals are covered up Income distribution in society very uneven Religions with a hierarchy of priests Table 3 Ten Differences Between Collectivist and Individualist Societies Individualism Collect Everyone is supposed to take care of him- or herself and his or her immediate family only "1" consciousness Right of privacy ‘Speaking one’s mind is healthy Others classified as individuals Personal opinion expected: one person one vote Transgression of norms leads to guilt feelings Languages in which the word "I"is indispensable Purpose of education is learning how to learn Task prevails over relationship People are bom into extended families or clans which protect them in exchange for loyalty "We" consciousness Stress on belonging Harmony shoud always be maintained Others classified as in-group or out-group Opinions and votes predetermined by in-group Transgression of norms leads to shame feelings Languages in which the word "I" is avoided Purpose of education is leaming how to do Relationship prevails over taskTable 2 Ten Differences Between Weak- and Strong- Uncertainty Avoidance Societies Weak Uncertainty Avoidance ‘Strong Uncertainty Avoldance The uncertainty inherent in Ife is accepted and ‘each day is taken as it comes, Ease, lower stress, self-control, low anxiety Higher scores cn subjective health and well being Tolorance of deviant porsons and ideas: what is differert is curious Comfortable with ambiguity and chaos ‘Teachers may say don't know’ hanging jobs no problem Disike of rules - written or unwritten In politics, citizens feel and are seen as ‘competent towards authorities In religion, philosophy and science: relativism and empiricism The uncertainty inherent in ifeis felts @ continuous threat that must be fought Higher stress, emotionality, anxiety, neuroticism Lower scores on subjective heath and well-being Intolorance of deviant persons and ideas: what is diferent is dangerous Need for clarity and structure Teachers supposed to have all he answers Staying in jobs even # disliked Emotional need for rules — even if not obeyed In politics, citizens feel and are seen as incompetent towards authorties In religion, philosophy and science: belief in uioate truths and grand theories Table 4 Ten Differences Between Feminine and Masculine Soci Femininity Minimum emotional and socal role differentiation between the genders Men and women should be modest and caring Balance between family and work ‘Sympathy for the weak Bott fathers and mothers deal wth facts and feelings Both boys and gis may cry but nether should fight Mothers decide on number of children Many women in elected political positions Religion focuses on fellow human beings Natter-cf-fact attitudes about sexuality; sex is a way of relating Maximum emotional and social role differentiation between the genders ‘Men should be and women may be assertive and ambitious Work prevails over family Admiration for the strong Fathers deal with facts, mothers with feelings Girls cry, boys dor't; boys should fight back, girls shouldn't fight Fathers decide on family size Few women in elected politcal positions Religion focuses on God or gods Moralistc attitudes about sexuality; sex is @ way of performingTable 5 Ten Differences Between Short- and Long-Term-Oriented Societies Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation Most important events in ife occurred in the past or Most important events in life will oocur in the take place now Personal steadiness and stabilty: 2 good person is always the same future ‘A good person adapts to the circumstances There are universal guidelines about what is good What is good and evil depends upon the and ovil Traditions are sacrosanct, Family life quided by imperatives ‘Supposed to be proud of one’s country Service to olhers is an important goal Social spending and consumption Students attribute success and failure to luck Table 6 ciroumstances Traditions are adaptable to changed circumstances Family ite guided by shared tasks “Trying to leam trom other countries ‘Thrift and perseverance are important goals Large savings quote, funds available for investment ‘Students attribute success to effort and failure to lack of effort Fact enannmie nrnuth af enuntrioe 1m fll a Ten Differences between Induigent and Restrained Societies Indulgence Higher percentage of people declaring thomselves very happy Apperception of personal Ife control Freedom of speach seen as important Higher importance of leisure More likely to remember positive emotions Incountries with educated populations, higher birthrates. More people actively involved in sports Incountries with enough food, higher percentages of obese people Inwealthy countries, lenient sexual norms Maintaini high priority order in the nation is not given a Restrained Fewer very happy people A perception of helplessness: what happens to me is not my own doing Freedom of speech is net a primary concern Lower importance of leisure Less likely to remember positive emotions In countries with educated populations, lower birthratos. Fewer people actively involved in sports In countries with enough food, fewer obese people In wealthy countries, stricter sexual norms Higher number cf police officers per 100,000 population